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Social democracy The German High Command opposed the Peace Resolution, but it did seek to end the war with Russia and presented the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Bolshevik government in 1918 that agreed to the terms and the Reichstag passed the treaty which included the support of the SPD, the Progressives and the Cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The new social democratic government in Germany faced political violence in Berlin by a movement of communist revolutionaries known as the Spartacist League, who sought to repeat the feat of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Russia by overthrowing the German government. Tensions between the governing majorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The situation soon went completely out of control when the recruited Freikorps went on a violent rampage against workers and murdered the communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. The atrocities by the government-recruited Freikorps against the communist revolutionaries badly tarnished the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The SPD coalition government's acceptance of the harsh peace conditions of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919 infuriated the German right, including the Freikorps that had previously been willing to cooperate with the government to fight the Spartacists. In the June 1919 German federal election, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Delegates attending the International's founding meeting were stunned, particularly the Bolshevik representative from Russia Mecheslav Bronsky, who refused to believe this and left the meeting to seek confirmation of this. Upon confirmation, Bronsky did not return to the meeting. The overall response f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Multiple social democratic parties were disgusted with Russia's Bolshevik regime, particularly Germany's SPD and the Netherlands' Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) that denounced the Bolsheviks for defiling socialism and declared that the Bolsheviks had "driven out the best of our comrades, throw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The stock market crash of 1929 that began an economic crisis in the United States that globally spread and became the Great Depression profoundly affected economic policy-making. The collapse of the gold standard and the emergence of mass unemployment resulted in multiple governments recognizing the ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Hjalmar Branting, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) from its founding to his death in 1925, asserted: "I believe that one benefits the workers so much more by forcing through reforms which alleviate and strengthen their position, than by saying that only a revolution can help them". A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy MacDonald emphasized that the Labour minority government's first and foremost commitment was to uphold democratic and responsible government over all other policies. MacDonald emphasized this because he knew that any attempt to pass major socialist legislation in a minority government would endanger th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Labour lost the 1924 general election and a Conservative government was elected. Although MacDonald faced multiple challenges to his leadership of the party, the Labour Party stabilized as a capable opposition to the Conservative government by 1927. MacDonald released a new political programme for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy He said that this had the consequence of creating effective collectivization within capitalism and had prepared the way for socialism. Originally, Hilferding's vision of a socialism replacing organized capitalism was highly Kautskyan in assuming an either/or perspective and expecting a catastrophic cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Despite advocating reformism rather than revolution as means for socialism, those social democrats had supported political revolutions to establish liberal democracy such as in Russia and social democratic parties both in exile and in parliaments supported the forceful overthrow of fascist regimes such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Karleby and Sandler developed a new conception of social democracy known as the Nordic model which called for gradual socialization and redistribution of purchasing power, provision of educational opportunity and support of property rights. The Nordic model would permit private enterprise on the condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The most important Mexican social democratic government of this time was that led by president Lázaro Cárdenas and the Party of the Mexican Revolution, whose government initiated agrarian reform that broke up vast aristocratic estates and redistributed property to peasants. While deeply committed to so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Cárdenas strengthened the rights of Mexico's labour movement, nationalized the property of foreign oil companies (which was later used to create PEMEX, Mexico's national petroleum company) and controversially supported peasants in their struggle against landlords by allowing them to form armed militias... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Meanwhile, the opposition attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The year after Labour's first win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In the post-war period, ongoing shortages and industrial problems cost Labour considerable popularity and the National Party under Sidney Holland gained ground, although Labour was able to win the 1943 and 1946 general elections. Eventually, Labour was defeated in the 1949 general election. Fraser died... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy According to Michael Harrington, this represented a compromise between capitalism and socialism. While the post-war period of social democracy saw several social democratic parties renouncing orthodox Marxism, they did not lose their revisionist Marxist character, nor did they stop looking at Marx for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy This "social democratic compromise" goes back to the 1930s, when there was "a ferment in the movement, a break with the old either/or Kautskyan tradition, a new willingness to develop socialist programs that could work with and modify capitalism, but that fell far short of a "revolutionary" transformat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Initially, there were strong direct controls by the state in the economy that had already been implemented by the British government during World War II, but after the war these controls gradually loosened under the Labour government and were eventually phased out and replaced by Keynesian demand manag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Crosland claimed that the Labour Party was associated in the public's mind as having "a sectional, traditional, class appeal" that was reinforced by bickering over nationalization. He argued that in order for the Labour Party to become electable again it had to drop its commitment to nationalization an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy While power, Nehru's government emphasized state-guided national development of India and took inspiration from social democracy, although India's newly formed Planning Commission also took inspiration from post-1949 China's agricultural policies. The newly independent and sovereign state of Israel ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy This policy also meant the endorsement of Keynesian economic management, social welfare and a degree of economic planning. Some argue that this was an abandonment of the classical conception of socialism as involving the replacement of the capitalist economic system. It declared that the SPD "no longer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The Godesberg Program was a major revision of the SPD's policies and gained attention from beyond Germany. At the time of its adoption, in neighbouring France the stance of the French Section of the Workers' International was divided on the Godesberg Program while the Unified Socialist Party denounced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In 1982, the Social Democratic government adopted the Meidner Plan of Meidner to pursue a gradualist socialist agenda to first pursue the enhancement of political democracy and citizenship; second, to pursue entrenching social rights; and third, to then be able to implement economic democracy and socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The Singaporean prime minister Lee Kuan Yew also stated that he has been influenced by the democratic socialist British Labour Party. Originally, there was infighting between moderates and radicals, including a left-wing and communist wing in the party which saw many imprisoned. While being the most ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The Declaration of Principles stated that socialist values and vision include "a peaceful and democratic world society combining freedom, justice and solidarity" while arguing that [n]either private nor State ownership by themselves guarantee either economic efficiency or social justice". The Socialist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy After the congress, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's newspaper "Pravda" noted that thanks to dialogue between the Soviet Union and the Socialist International since 1979 that the positions of the two organizations on nuclear disarmament issues "today virtually coincide". The Revolutions of 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In each case, they advocated government policies that would immediately help working people rather than revolution and in both cases their critics accused them of having sold out to the establishment and therefore not being real socialists. In particular, the Third Way has been strongly criticized with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy However, in practice New Labour sought to avoid regular public use of the word "socialism" even in this new definition, out of concerns that it would remind the British electorate of the strongly left-wing political strategy of the Labour Party in the early 1980s. Later, One Nation Labour was born as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Giddens rejects what he considers top-down socialism as well as rejecting neoliberalism and criticizes conventional socialism for its common advocacy that socialization of production as achieved by central planning can overcome the irrationalities of capitalism. According to Giddens, this claim "can no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Giddens commends Crosland's "A Future of Socialism" for recognizing that socialism cannot be defined merely in terms of a rejection of capitalism because if capitalism did end and was replaced with socialism, then socialism would have no purpose with the absence of capitalism. From Crosland's analysis,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Cammack claims that Giddens devotes a lot of energy into criticizing conventional social democracy and socialism—such as Giddens' claim that conventional socialism has died because Marx's vision of a new economy with wealth spread in an equitable way is not possible—while at the same time making no cri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Former SPD chairman Oskar Lafontaine condemned then-SPD leader and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder for his Third Way policies, saying that the SPD under Schröder had adopted a "radical change of direction towards a policy of neoliberalism". After resigning from the SPD, Lafontaine co-founded The Lef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Lafontaine claims that a "de facto" British left movement exists, identifying the Green Party of England and Wales MEP Caroline Lucas as holding similar values. Others have claimed that social democracy needs to move past the Third Way, including Olaf Cramme and Patrick Diamond in their book "After the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Cramme and Diamond state that social democracy has five different strategies both to address the economic crisis in global markets at present that it could adopt in response, namely market conforming, market complimenting, market resisting, market substituting and market transforming. Cramme and Diamon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy According to them, a form of competitive socialism that rejects dictatorship and authoritarian allocation whilst supporting democracy could work and prove superior to free-market capitalism. Beginning in the 2000s, the social democratic parties that had dominated some of the post-World War II political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Some political commentators highlight that the social democratic support of national fragmentation and labour market deregulation had become less popular among potential voters. Others such as French political scientist Pierre Manent emphasized the need for social democrats to rehabilitate and reinvigo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy After the Norwegian Labour Party's surprising loss in the 2017 parliamentary election, commentators such as the editor of "Avisenes Nyhetsbyrå" highlighted that the party had ignored a strong surge in discontent with mass immigration among potential voters. Hanne Skartveit of "Verdens Gang" later claim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy By 2019 and 2020, Denmark, Finland and Italy saw a return of their main social democratic party back in power while Portugal, Spain and Sweden confirmed their social democratic governments. In the case of Italy and Spain, the centre-left parties allied with anti-establishment, populist and other left-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy In a recent biography, the Danish Social Democrats party leader and prime minister Mette Frederiksen argued: "For me, it is becoming increasingly clear that the price of unregulated globalisation, mass immigration and the free movement of labour is paid for by the lower classes". Frederiksen later shif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy It was a set of social programs implemented in Germany that were initiated by Bismarck in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the working class and reduce support for socialism and the Social Democrats following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Contrary to early predictions, this period of high economic growth and national development also included many countries that have been devastated by the war such as Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), West Germany and Austria (Wirtschaftswunder), South Korea (Miracle of the Han River), France ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The United Nations "World Happiness Report" shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in social democratic nations, especially in Northern Europe, where the Nordic model is applied. This is at times attributed to the success of the social democratic Nordic model in the region, where similar demo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy is criticized by other socialists because it serves to devise new means to strengthen the capitalist system which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist system. According to this view, social democracy fails to address the systemic issues inherent in capitalism. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy Accordingly, social democratic programs intended to ameliorate living conditions in capitalism—such as unemployment benefits and taxation on profits—creates further contradictions by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system by reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy The economists John Roemer and Pranab Bardhan point out that social democracy requires a strong labour movement to sustain its heavy redistribution through taxes and that it is idealistic to think such redistribution can be accomplished in other countries with weaker labour movements, noting that socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Social democracy This argument was previously echoed by Joseph Schumpeter in "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy" (1942), writing: "Socialists had to govern in an essentially capitalist world [...], a social and economic system that would not function except on capitalist lines. [...] If they were to run it, they woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247265 |
Theory of conjoint measurement The theory of conjoint measurement (also known as conjoint measurement or additive conjoint measurement) is a general, formal theory of continuous quantity. It was independently discovered by the French economist Gérard Debreu (1960) and by the American mathematical psychologist R. Duncan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement , ). It has been argued that the Rasch model is a stochastic variant of the theory of conjoint measurement (e.g., ; ; ; ; ; ), however, this has been disputed (e.g., Karabatsos, 2001; Kyngdon, 2008). Order restricted methods for conducting probabilistic tests of the cancellation axioms of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement This had important ramifications for psychology, the most significant of these being the creation in 1946 of the "operational theory of measurement" by Harvard psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens. Stevens' non-scientific theory of measurement is widely held as definitive in psychology and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement and Amos Tversky (1967) developed what became known as polynomial conjoint measurement, with providing a schema with which to construct conjoint measurement structures of three or more attributes. Later, the theory of conjoint measurement (in its two variable, polynomial and "n"-component... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement Using Michell's schema, Ben Richards (Kyngdon & Richards, 2007) discovered that some instances of the triple cancellation axiom are "incoherent" as they contradict the single cancellation axiom. Moreover, he identified many instances of the triple cancellation which are trivially true if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement David Krantz wrote the formal proof to prospect theory using the theory of conjoint measurement. In 2002, Kahneman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for prospect theory (Birnbaum, 2008). In physics and metrology, the standard definition of measurement is the estimation of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement Formally expressed, a scientific measurement is: where "Q" is the magnitude of the quantity, "r" is a real number and ["Q"] is a unit magnitude of the same kind. Length is a quantity for which natural concatenation operations exist. That is, we can combine in a side-by-side fashion length... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement Let "a", "b", and "c" represent three independent, identifiable levels of "A"; and let "x", "y" and "z" represent three independent, identifiable levels of "X". A third attribute, "P", consists of the nine ordered pairs of levels of "A" and "X". That is, ("a", "x"), ("b", "y")..., ("c", "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement , (1971) originally called this axiom "independence", as the ordinal relation between two levels of an attribute is independent of any and all levels of the other attribute. However, given that the term "independence" causes confusion with statistical concepts of independence, single canc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement It could be that either ("b", "x") > ("a", "y") or ("a", "y") > ("b", "x") and such ambiguity cannot remain unresolved. The double cancellation axiom concerns a class of such relations upon "P" in which the common terms of two antecedent inequalities cancel out to produce a third inequali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement The number of instances of double cancellation is contingent upon the number of levels identified for both "A" and "X". If there are "n" levels of "A" and "m" of "X", then the number of instances of double cancellation is "n"! × "m"!. Therefore, if "n" = "m" = 3, then 3! × 3! = 6 × 6 = 36... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement "Solvability" means that for any three elements of "a", "b", "x" and "y", the fourth exists such that the equation "a" "x" = "b" "y" is solved, hence the name of the condition. Solvability essentially is the requirement that each level "P" has an element in "A" and an element in "X". Solv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement Archimedes recognised that for any two magnitudes of a continuous quantity, one being lesser than the other, the lesser could be multiplied by a whole number such that it equalled the greater magnitude. Euclid stated the Archimedean condition as an axiom in Book V of the Elements, in whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement It is most commonly interpreted as the latter, given that most behavioural scientists consider that their tests and surveys "measure" attributes on so-called "interval scales" . That is, they believe tests do not identify absolute zero levels of psychological attributes. Formally, if "P",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement For example, "A" consists of masses and "X" consists of volumes, then "P" consists of densities measured as mass per unit of volume. In such cases, it would appear that one level of "A" and one level of "X" must be identified as a tentative unit prior to the application of conjoint measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement , summarized the literature to that date, including the observation that the evaluation of the Thomsen Condition also involves an empirical challenge that they find remedied by the conjoint commutativity axiom, which they show to be equivalent to the Thomsen Condition. found conjoint comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Theory of conjoint measurement Kyngdon found that satisfaction of the cancellation axioms was obtained only through permutation of the matrix in a manner inconsistent with the putative Lexile measures of item difficulty. Kyngdon also tested simulated ability test response data using polynomial conjoint measurement. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18253454 |
Professional Basketball Club LLC is an investment group headed by Clay Bennett that owns the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Oklahoma City Thunder franchise (formerly the Seattle SuperSonics) and the Thunder's NBA G League affiliate Oklahoma City Blue. The group also owned the Women's National Basketball Associ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18258047 |
Professional Basketball Club Ward's interest in Professional Basketball Club, while Jeffrey Records Jr. sold part of his stake to Bennett while two other changed their stakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18258047 |
Documentary collection A documentary collection is a process in which a seller instructs their bank to forward documents related to the export of goods to a buyer's bank with a request to present these documents to the buyer for payment, indicating when and on what conditions these documents can be released to the buye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18265957 |
Documentary collection Possibilities and advantages: Make international trade operations more flexible, Use Documentary Collection in cases when the seller does not want to deliver goods to the buyer on "open account" basis, but due to a long-term stable business relationship between the parties there is no need for se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18265957 |
Home equity protection Home price protection is an agreement that pays the homeowner if a particular home price index declines in value over a period of time after the protection is purchased. The protection is for a new or existing homeowner that wishes to protect the value of their home from future market declines. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18270950 |
Home equity protection On December 4, 2008 at the height of the real estate crisis Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke suggested that what the real estate market needed to recover was a hedge to restore confidence. Any protection contract is essentially providing a hedge to the owner against declining home prices. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18270950 |
Home equity protection The protection generally covers all sales to unrelated parties including short sales but will not cover foreclosures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18270950 |
Moneyfacts Group Plc is a financial information company founded in 1988 based in Norwich in the United Kingdom employing over 80 people. Moneyfacts was founded in 1988 by current chairman John Woods, who lead the Financial Industry Group which established in Norwich the first School of Financial Services outside London... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18290996 |
Moneyfacts Group Moneyfacts' main activities are: In 2004, its rival Moneysupermarket.com paid Moneyfacts £3.9 million in an out of court settlement to settle a dispute of alleged intellectual property theft. At the time, Moneysupermarket was going public at a price between £864 million and £1.05 billion, and it was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18290996 |
Hedonimetry is the study of happiness as a measurable economic asset. The first major work in the field was an 1881 publication of "Mathematical Psychics" by the famous statistician and economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who hypothesized a way of measuring happiness in units. In recent times, it has been applied to ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18295868 |
Beijing Consensus The China Model / (also known as the 中國模式 or Chinese Economic Model) refers to the political and economic policies of the People's Republic of China that began to be instituted by Deng Xiaoping after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. The policies are thought to have contributed to China's "economic miracle"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus Others criticize its vagueness, claiming that there is "no consensus as to what it stands for" other than being an alternative to the neoliberal Washington Consensus, and that the term "is applied to anything that happens in Beijing, regardless of whether or not it has to do with a 'Chinese Model of D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus ” Under XI Jinping, China has become an active participant: launching the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing foreign aid and investment around the world, and by providing training in economic management and various civil-service skills for more than 10,000 bureaucrats from other developing cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus The third guideline urges a policy of self-determination, where the less-developed nations use leverage to keep the superpowers in check and assure their own financial sovereignty. This includes not only financial self-determination, but also a shift to the most effective military strategy, which Ramo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus He again proposes a three-tier model: “democracy at the bottom, experimentation in the middle, and meritocracy at the top.” He concludes that, since these characteristics are unique to China, it is permissible to call it the China Model. Fang defends the China Model—mainly, the state structure of One-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus " In the light of this interpretation, Fang believes that the “impersonality” and “perpetuality”—or the quality and characteristics—of the entity owning the state, rather than the number of rulers (one for monarchy or many for democracy), should be the standard of evaluation of state structure. In the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus The genetics factor is gone, the patronage factor still helps, and the merit factor is of overwhelming importance.”" Fang’s essay was published in 2012, before President Xi removed the Presidential Term limit in 2018. One critic of Ramo's plan is University of Oregon professor Arif Dirlik, a "notable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus " In his January 2012 article in "Asia Policy" Williamson describes the as consisting of five points: Stefan Halper, Director of American Studies at the Department of Politics, Cambridge and former foreign policy official in the Nixon, Ford, and Reagan administrations, offered his own interpretation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus Zhang Feng extends the discussion to the field of international relations, critiquing the development of “IR theory with Chinese characteristics” and “the Chinese School” of IR. The first mention of term “IR theory with Chinese characteristics” was in 1987, it was later developed by Liang Shoude, a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus He points out that Chinese scholars seem to be obsessed with “grand theory” while methodology and empirical research is usually overlooked. Further, he observes that Chinese scholars seem to be not so critical and reflective on how Chinese traditions might play a role in IR; they rather draw ideas fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Beijing Consensus In 2018, Zhang Weiying, professor at Peking University's National School of Development, argued that China's economic development since 1978 was not due to a distinctive "China model". He added that, "From the western perspective, the 'China model' theory makes China into an alarming outlier, and must... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18317411 |
Pool factor In finance, a pool factor is the amount of the initial principal of the underlying mortgage loans that remain in a mortgage-backed security transaction. It is expressed as a factor of one that is used to indicate the remaining principal balance. Pool factors are only used to describe specific classes of sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18346867 |
Knetsch v. United States Knetsch v. United States, 364 U.S. 361 (1960), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court concerning taxation law. The taxpayer was a saver who was convinced to buy a deferred annuity because the inside buildup on such policies is tax-deferred. However, he wanted to claim a deduction on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18352876 |
Model audit A model audit is the colloquial term for the tasks performed when conducting due diligence on a financial model, in order to eliminate spreadsheet error. Model audits are sometimes referred to as model reviews, primarily to avoid confusion with financial audit. A study in 1998 concluded that even MBA studen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18361109 |
Model audit The objective of the model audit should be to the reduce financial risk that is being taken on by under the transaction to which the financial model relates. As such, it is more important to ensure that the model audit has the proper scope, and is undertaken using a robust methodology, to identify material ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18361109 |
Model audit Model auditors may undertake a detailed 'bottom-up' review (cell-by-cell checks) of each unique formula, and/or combine a 'top-down' analysis such as the reperformance of calculations based upon the project's documentation There is some debate as to whether a "cell-by-cell" or reperformance approach is most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18361109 |
Model audit A model audit may take between 1 and 5 weeks, but this does not include the time taken by the model author to rectify the errors identified by the model auditor. The fee is largely dependent upon the scope of review, the number and complexity of the unique formulae in the model, the volume and complexity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18361109 |
Bob Coats Alfred William "Bob" Coats (3 September 1924, Southall, West London, England – 9 April 2007, Middleton-on-Sea, Sussex, England) was a British economist, economic historian and historian of economic thought. He has made important contributions to the study of the history, methodology, sociology, professionalis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18382046 |
Bob Coats He returned to England that same year to accept an appointment as lecturer in Economic History at the University of Nottingham, where he remained until his retirement in 1992, with the exception of two years as a 'founding father' of the (then) new University of York (1962–1964). Since 1964 he held a full Pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18382046 |
Agequake Agequake: Riding the Demographic Rollercoaster Shaking Business, Finance and our World is a book written by Paul Wallace and published in 1999, that investigates what possible ramifications are likely as a significant and unprecedented portion of the human population age. The book argues that rising longevity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18407188 |
Agequake Internationally the relationship between youthful and aggressive developing world and the rich older Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (where elderly women will become an influential constituency) will change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18407188 |
Predictably Irrational Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions is a 2008 book by Dan Ariely, in which he challenges readers' assumptions about making decisions based on rational thought. Ariely explains, "My goal, by the end of this book, is to help you fundamentally rethink what makes you an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18421485 |
Predictably Irrational The decoy effect is the phenomenon whereby consumers will tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when also presented with a third option that is asymmetrically dominated. This effect is the "secret agent" in many decisions. In the example with the honeymoon options, Rome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18421485 |
Predictably Irrational The methods of appointing a value to an object with no previous value, like the Tahitian black pearl, is susceptible to irrational pricing. A value can be as easily (arbitrarily) assigned as by having a fancy ad with "equally" precious items and a high price tag in a window of a store on Fifth Av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18421485 |
Predictably Irrational In chapter 3, Ariely explains how humans react to the words "free" and "zero". Humans make decisions without rationalizing the outcomes of their choices. To illustrate this point, Ariely conducted multiple experiments. The outcome was consistent: when faced with multiple choices, the free option ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18421485 |
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