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NGC 890 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Triangulum. It is estimated to be 183 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 130,000 ly. was discovered on September 13, 1784 by Wilhelm Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63414661 |
NGC 900 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Aries about 435 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German astronomer Albert Marth in 1864. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63414741 |
NGC 901 is a galaxy in the constellation Aries. It is estimated to be 441 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 50,000 ly. was discovered on September 5, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63432250 |
NGC 902 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 301 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 50,000 Ly. was discovered on November 28, 1885 by Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63432445 |
NGC 903 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Aries. It is estimated to be 230 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 35,000 Ly. was on 13 December 1884 by the astronomer Edouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63432468 |
NGC 910 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda. was discovered on October 17, 1786 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63432496 |
NGC 940 is a lenticular galaxy in constellation triangulum. It is estimated to be 234 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 80,000 Ly. was discovered by Heinrich d'Arrest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63434654 |
NGC 980 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 256 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German - British astronomer William Herschel in 1786. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63434692 |
NGC 790 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 239 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 90,000 light years. NGC790 was discovered on September 10, 1785 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63440197 |
NGC 530 , also known as IC 106, is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is approximately 226 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of around 100,000 light years. The object was discovered on November 20, 1886 by the American astronomer Lewis A. Swift, he listed it as "NGC 530" and rediscovered on November 16, 1887 by Guillaume Bigourdan, he listed it as "IC" "106". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63440841 |
NGC 550 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 263 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 110,000 light years. The object was discovered on October 8, 1785 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63440881 |
NGC 825 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus, estimated to be 154 million light years from the Milky Way's center. The object was by astronomer Albert Marth on November 18, 1863. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63445194 |
NGC 904 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Aries. It is estimated to be 244 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 85,000 ly. was on 13 December 1884 by the astronomer Edouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63450596 |
NGC 905 is a lenticular galaxy with an active nucleus in the constellation Cetus south.. It is estimated to be 609 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 85,000 ly. was by astronomer Francis Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63450622 |
NGC 906 is a beam spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda in the northern sky . It is estimated to be 215 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 110,000 Ly. was discovered on October 30, 1878 by astronomer Édouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63450637 |
NGC 811 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus about 656 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Francis Leavenworth in 1886. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63452220 |
NGC 812 is a spiral galaxy located in the Andromeda constellation, an estimated 237 million light years from the Milky Way. was discovered on December 11, 1876 by astronomer Édouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63452262 |
NGC 813 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Hydrus. It is estimated to be 355 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 140,000 Ly. was discovered on November 24, 1834 by the British astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63452313 |
NGC 814 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 71 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 30,000 ly. was discovered on January 6, 1886 by the American astronomer Ormond Stone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63452688 |
List of gene therapies This page contains a list of commercially available gene therapies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63455108 |
NGC 911 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 258 million light years from the Milky Way . It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1878. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63456035 |
NGC 912 is a compact lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 197 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1878. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63456091 |
NGC 913 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 224 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1878. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63456127 |
John Lycett (1804-1882) was an English paleontologist. He was a physician at Minchinhampton from c.1840-1860. In 1860 he moved to Scarborough in Yorkshire and the "wide dispersal of his magnificent collection of fossils from this area [quarries on Minchinhampton Common ] commenced". His monograph on the Great Oolite is one of just a handful of monographs describing and illustrating the British Jurassic gastropod and bivalve fauna. partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63456443 |
NGC 802 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Hydrus. It is about 59 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of about 20,000 light years. was discovered on November 2, 1834 by the British astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63459562 |
NGC 803 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Aries about 94 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German - British astronomer William Herschel in 1784. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63460022 |
NGC 804 is a lenticular galaxy located in the Triangulum constellation about 235 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis Swift in 1885. This galaxy was also observed by the French astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan the December 24 , 1897 and it has been added to the Index Catalogue under the symbol IC 1773. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63460177 |
NGC 781 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Aries. It is estimated to be 159 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 70,000 light years. was discovered on October 16, 1784 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63460433 |
NGC 782 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Eridanus about 272 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1834. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63460570 |
NGC 996 is an elliptical galaxy of the Hubble type E0 in the constellation Andromeda. It is estimated to be 210 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 75,000 ly. The Supernova "SN 1996bq" was observed here. was discovered on December 7, 1871 by astronomer Édouard Stephan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63465088 |
NGC 998 is a spiral galaxy of the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 294 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 90,000 ly. Together with NGC 997, it forms a gravitationally bound pair of galaxies. was by astronomer Albert Marth using on 10 November 1863 a 48-inch - telescope discovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63465115 |
NGC 991 is a barred spiral galaxy the constellation Cetus. This galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63465176 |
NGC 992 is a spiral galaxy in the Aries constellation and is estimated to be 188 million light years from the Milky Way. was discovered by astronomers Lewis A. Swift on September 6, 1886. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63465767 |
NGC 542 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda, which is approximately 215 million light years from the Milky Way. Together with the galaxies NGC 529, NGC 531, and NGC 536 forms the Hickson Compact Group 10, abbreviated HCG 10. It was discovered by Irish astronomer R.J. Mitchell in 1885. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63470073 |
NGC 531 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda with a visual magnitude of 10.51. It is a distance of 65.7 Mpc from the sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63474575 |
NGC 3003 is a nearly edge-on barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo Minor, discovered by William Herschel on December 7th, 1785.. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.261, at a distance of 19.6 Mpc from the sun. It has a recessional velocity of 1480 km/s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63474946 |
NGC 937 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 251 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1884. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63480925 |
NGC 938 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Aries, approximately 184 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the Prussian astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest in 1863. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63480943 |
NGC 939 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Eridanus . It is estimated to be 226 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 80,000 ly. was discovered on October 18, 1835 by astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63480970 |
NGC 941 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation triangulum. It is an estimated 72 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 55,000 light years. The galaxies NGC 926 , NGC 934 , NGC 936 , NGC 955 are located in the same sky area. was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel using on 6 January 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63481031 |
NGC 534 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Sculptor about 260 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the British astronomer John Herschel in 1835. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63483604 |
NGC 535 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 222 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 65,000 light years. The supernova "SN 1988ad" was observed here. was discovered on October 31, 1864 by astronomer Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63483648 |
NGC 706 is a spiral galaxy located in the Pisces constellation about 222 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German - British astronomer William Herschel in 1786. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63489902 |
NGC 3005 is an edge-on spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major, discovered by Bindon Stoney on January 25th, 1851. It has an apparent magnitude of 16.00, at a distance of 141 Kpc from the sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63495042 |
Gustav Schellenberg Gustav August Ludwig David Schellenberg (28 September 1882; 4 June 1963) was a German botanist and newspaper publisher. He was born and died in Wiesbaden. Schellenberg was a botanist in Zurich, Berlin, Kiel and Göttingen. He lectured in Kiel and Göttingen from 1925 to 1934. One of his specialties was the plant family Connaraceae. Schellenberg's family had owned the weekly "Wiesbadener Tagblatt" newspaper since its founding in the 1840s, and in 1949 Schellenberg restarted the newspaper and served as its publisher. The plant species "Aizoon schellenbergii" and the plant genus "Schellenbergia" are named for Schellenberg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63497368 |
Calconcarboxylic acid (IUPAC name 3-hydroxy-4-[(2-hydroxy-4-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid; commonly called Patton and Reeder's Indicator) is an azo dye (chemical formula CHCHOHCH) which is used as an indicator for complexometric titrations of calcium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the presence of magnesium. Structurally, it is similar to eriochrome blue black R, which is obtained from calconcarboxylic acid by decarboxylation and reaction with sodium hydroxide. Calconcarboxlic acid is soluble in water and a variety of other solvents, including water, sodium hydroxide, ethanol and methanol. It has a violet colour in dissolved form in ethanol. The melting point of calconcarboxylic acid is at approximately 300 °C, where it undergoes thermal decomposition. Though the determination of calcium and magnesium by complexometric titration with standard solutions of disodium dihydrogen tetraacetate, utilising Eriochrome Black T as indicator is widely accepted and quite adequately understood, it, like other complexometric titration methods, suffers from the limitations of having an indistinct end point (where a photometric titrator is needed to provide acceptable accuracy) and/or having to separate the metals before titration can occur. was thus adopted as a superior alternative due to its ability to give a good and visual end point and its rapid performance even with the presence of magnesium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498286 |
Calconcarboxylic acid As described by Patton & Reeder (1956), calconcarboxylic acid can be synthesised by coupling diazotized 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid with 2-hydroxy-3-napthoic acid. As mentioned previously, calconcarboxylic acid (or Patton-Reeder Indicator) is used for the determination of calcium ion concentration by complexometric titration. The method uses EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to form a complex with calcium (Ca) ions. The Patton-Reeder Indicator (hereafter PR) is used as the indicator. PR alone is a dye with blue colour, but when it forms a complex with the suspended calcium ions, it undergoes a colour change from blue to pink/red. However, it must be noted that the metal ion-PR complex has less stability than the metal ion-EDTA complex. Hence, when a Ca-PR complex comes into contact with EDTA, the Ca2+ ions react with EDTA to form a stronger, more stable complex with it (Ca-EDTA). For the complexometric titration, the indicator is first added to the titrant containing the calcium ions to form the calcium ion-indicator complex (Ca-PR) with a pink/red colour. This is then titrated against a standard solution of EDTA. The endpoint can be observed when the indicator produces a sharp, stable colour change from wine red to pure blue, which occurs at pH values between 12 and 14, this indicates the end point of the titration, as the Ca-PR complexes have been completely replaced by the Ca-EDTA complexes and hence the PR indicator reverts to its blue colour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498286 |
Calconcarboxylic acid The reaction can be given by: The Patton-Reeder Indicator is often used here in the form of a triturate. It also must be noted that this method of complexometric titration is dependent on the pH of the solution being sufficiently high to ensure that magnesium ions precipitate as magnesium hydroxide before the PR indicator is added to prevent interference with the results, as if magnesium were present, the EDTA would also form complexes with it. Concentrated sodium hydroxide or Potassium hydroxide is usually added to the solution to this end. The accuracy of this method may also be affected by the presence of metal ions such as copper, iron, cobalt, zinc or manganese in sufficiently high concentrations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498286 |
NGC 821 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Aries. It is estimated to be 80 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 55,000 light years. was discovered on September 4, 1786 by astronomer Wilhelm Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498700 |
NGC 822 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Phoenix. It is estimated to be 239 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 80,000 light years. was discovered on September 5, 1834 by astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498746 |
C12-15 pareth-12 is the INCI name for an emulsifier and surfactant commonly used in cosmetics formulations. It is a polyethylene glycol ether formed by combining synthetic C–C fatty alcohols with 12 moles of ethylene oxide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63499308 |
NGC 823 NGC 823, also known as IC 1782, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Fornax. It is estimated to be 196 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 100,000 light years. was discovered on October 14, 1830 by astronomer John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63499323 |
NGC 824 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Fornax about 260 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1837. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63499928 |
NGC 734 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Cetus, which is about 538 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered on November 9, 1885 by the American astronomer Francis Preserved Leavenworth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63506592 |
NGC 736 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Triangulum. It is an estimated 200 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 85,000 light years. was discovered on September 12, 1784 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63506637 |
NGC 766 is an elliptical galaxy located in the Pisces constellation about 362 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1828. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63513954 |
NGC 767 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus about 241 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Francis Leavenworth in 1886. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63513992 |
NGC 768 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus about 314 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis Swift in 1885. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63514033 |
NGC 769 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Triangulum about 197 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the American astronomer Truman Safford in 1866. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63514080 |
Henry A. Bent (December 21, 1926–January 3, 2015) was a professor of physical chemistry who studied molecular orbitals to develop atomic hybridization and valence bond theories. Bent's rule, which predicts the orbital hybridization of an central atom as a function of the electronegativities of the substituents attached to it, is named for him. He made major contributions to the analysis of the entropy component of thermodynamic free energy in relation to the second law of thermodynamics and whether various chemical processes are spontaneous. Bent was also interested in the periodic laws of the elements and promoted the left-step alternative periodic table (based on orbital-filling rules). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63514630 |
Nitensidine D is a toxic alkaloid natural product that was isolated from the leaves of the South American legume Pterogyne nitens.. It is also hypothesized to be a possible intermediate in the still unknown, seemingly monoterpene based, terrestrial biosynthetic pathway for tetrodotoxin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63530577 |
Letovirinae is a subfamily of "Coronaviridae". It includes one genus and one subgenus. Currently there is only one species in the subfamily, "Microhyla letovirus 1". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63534975 |
Cabassou virus is an RNA virus in the genus "Alphavirus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63535323 |
UGC 9391 is a Magellanic spiral galaxy in constellation Draco. It is located 130 milion light-years away and it is not a member of any group of galaxies. It is moving away at a speed of 1939 km/s. The Hubble Space Telescope took a photo of this galaxy in 2016. In 2003, a supernova catalogued as SN 2003du was detected within the galaxy. It had an apparent magnitude of 15.9. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63535776 |
Pavel Kaskarov (June 5, 1947, Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union born) — was a Soviet and Russian physicist. Doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences, honored Professor of Moscow state University. Head of the Department of General physics for the faculty of chemistry/General physics and molecular electronics Research interests: physics of surface phenomena in semiconductors. H-Index - 23. P. Kashkarov was born on June 5, 1947 in Moscow. In 1971 he graduated from the physics Department of Moscow State University. In 1975 he defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of physical and mathematical Sciences. In 1980-1981, he completed an internship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge , Massachusetts, USA). In 1990, he defended his thesis for the degree of doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences. Prepared 20 candidates of science. He has published 329 scientific papers in domestic and foreign journals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63541057 |
NGC 644 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix in the southern sky. It is estimated to be 275 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 105,000 light years. Together with NGC 641 , it probably forms a gravitationally bound pair of galaxies. The object was discovered on September 5, 1834 by John Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63552742 |
NGC 645 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is estimated to be 151 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 115,000 light years. The object was discovered on October 27, 1864 by astronomer Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63552766 |
NGC 3302 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Antlia. It has a right ascension of 10h 35' 47" and a declination of -32° 21' 30". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63557748 |
NGC 2803 NGC 2803, also known as PCG 26181, is a Spiral Galaxy in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered March 21, 1784, by William Herschel. It is interacting with NGC 2802. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63557998 |
NGC 623 is a large elliptical galaxy located in the Sculptor constellation about 400 million light years from the Milky Way . It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1837. List of NGC objects (1–1000) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63559978 |
NGC 624 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus, which is about 264 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered on November 28, 1785 by the German-British astronomer William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63560008 |
Living medicine A living medicine is a type of biologic that consists of a living organism that is used to treat a disease. This usually takes the form of a cell (animal, bacterial, or fungal) or a virus that has been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. Perhaps the oldest use of a living medicine is the use of leeches for bloodletting, though living medicines have advanced tremendously since this time. Examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics), phage therapeutics, and bacterial therapeutics, a subset of the latter being probiotics. Development of living medicines is an extremely active research area in the fields of synthetic biology and microbiology. Currently, there is a large focus on: 1) identifying microbes that naturally produce therapeutic effects (for example, probiotic bacteria), and 2) genetically programming organisms to produce therapeutic effects. There is tremendous interest in using bacteria as a therapy to treat tumors. In particular, tumor-homing bacteria that thrive in hypoxic environments are particularly attractive for this purpose, as they will tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other bacteria that would be quickly cleared by the immune system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63567957 |
Bacterial therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteria to treat diseases. Bacterial therapeutics are living medicines, and may be wild type bacteria (often in the form of probiotics) or bacteria that have been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. Other examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics) and phage therapeutics. Development of bacterial therapeutics is an extremely active research area in the fields of synthetic biology and microbiology. Currently, there is a large focus on: 1) identifying bacteria that naturally produce therapeutic effects (for example, probiotic bacteria), and 2) genetically programming bacteria to produce therapeutic effects. There is tremendous interest in using bacteria as a therapy to treat tumors. In particular, tumor-homing bacteria that thrive in hypoxic environments are particularly attractive for this purpose, as they will tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other bacteria that would be quickly cleared by the immune system. There is considerable interest in using bacterial therapeutics to alter human gastrointestinal microbiota, which would be helpful in treating diseases like small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and other forms of dysbiosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63568142 |
NGC 656 is a barred lenticular galaxy located in the Pisces constellation about 175 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the Prussian astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest in 1865. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63570283 |
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics is a textbook written by Herbert Callen that explains the basics of classical thermodynamics and discusses advanced topics in both classical and quantum frameworks. The textbook contains three parts, each building upon the previous. The first edition was published in 1960 and a second followed in 1985. The first part of the book starts by presenting the problem thermodynamics is trying to solve, and provides the postulates on which thermodynamics is founded. It then develops upon this foundation to discuss reversible processes, heat engines, thermodynamics potentials, Maxwell's relations, stability of thermodynamics systems, and first-order phase transitions. As the author lays down the basics of thermodynamics, he then goes to discuss more advanced topics such as critical phenomena and irreversible processes. The second part of the text presents the foundations of classical statistical mechanics. The concept of Boltzmann's entropy is introduced and used to describe the Einstein model, the two-state system, and the polymer model. Afterwards, the different statistical ensembles are discussed from which the thermodynamics potentials are derived. Quantum fluids and fluctuations are also discussed. The last part of the text is a brief discussion on symmetry and the conceptual foundations of thermostatistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572008 |
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics In the final chapter, Callen advances his thesis that the symmetries of the fundamental laws of physics underlie the very foundations of thermodynamics and seeks to illuminate the crucial role thermodynamics plays in science. Callen advises that a one-semester course for advanced undergraduates should cover the first seven chapters plus chapters 15 and 16 if time permits. The second edition provides a descriptive account of the thermodynamics of critical phenomena, which progressed dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on feedback from students and instructors, Callen improved many explanations, explicitly solved examples, and added many exercises, many of which have complete or partial answers. He also provided an introduction to statistical mechanics with an emphasis on the core principles rather than the applications. However, he sought to neither separate thermodynamics and statistical mechanics completely nor subsume the former under the latter under the banner of "thermal physics." Indeed, thermal physics courses often emphasizes statistical mechanics at the expense of thermodynamics, despite its importance for industry, as a survey of business leaders conducted by the American Physical Society in 1971 suggested. Callen observed that thermodynamics had subsequently been de-emphasized. Robert B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572008 |
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics Griffiths, a specialist in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics at the Carnegie Mellon University, commented that both editions of this book presents clearly and concisely the core of thermodynamics within the first eight chapters. At the time of writing (1987), Griffiths knew of books that explained the principles of thermodynamics, but Callen's was had the best presentation of the material. He believed Callen offered a pedagogical, if abrupt, treatment of the subject. His book begins in an abstract manner, assuming the existence and properties of entropy and derive the consequences for various processes of interest rather than through heat engines and thermodynamic cycles or by statistical mechanics and Boltzmann's entropy formula formula_1. However, he argued that Callen's treatment of critical phenomena (Chapter 10) contains some technical flaws. Callen thought that classical analysis had broken down. But Griffiths wrote that the problem lies not in the breakdown of thermodynamics but rather the Taylor-expansion of thermodynamic quantities, and that precise expressions of the functions appearing in a fundamental relation should be determined by statistical mechanics and experiments, not thermodynamics. Nevertheless, Griffiths still believed this book to be an excellent resource for learning the basics of thermodynamics. According to L.C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572008 |
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics Scott, who studied statistical mechanics and biophysics at Oklahoma State University, "Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics" is a popular textbook that begins with some basic postulates based on intuitive classical, empirical, and macroscopic arguments. He found that it is remarkable for the whole edifice of classical thermodynamics to follow from just a few basic assumptions. However, Scott preferred the discussion of temperature in "Heat and Thermodynamics" by Mark W. Zemansky and Richard H. Dittman because it is based on thermometry and forces students to contemplate the empirical basis of concept of temperature, leaving aside the molecular basis of heat. He argued that such an approach yields greater appreciation for the meaning of temperature and its statistical-mechanical basis which students will encounter later. In contrast, Callen's book does not mention temperature till Chapter 2, where Callen defines temperature as the reciprocal of the derivative of entropy with respect to internal energy then shows, using the postulates, that this definition is consistent with our intuition. While Zemansky and Dittman cover the first law of thermodynamics empirically, Callen simply assumes the existence of the internal energy function the invokes the conservative nature of inter-atomic forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572008 |
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics Whereas Zemansky and Dittman treated the second law of thermodynamics using heat engines and simply state the Clausius and Kelvin formulations of it, in Callen's book, the second law is contained within the postulates. Scott was unsure which approach is more understandable for students. In general, Zemansky and Dittman employed an empirical approach while that of Callen is deductive. Scott opined that Zemansky and Dittman's book is more suitable for beginning students while Callen's is more appropriate for an advanced course or as a reference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572008 |
Henry Whitely (ornithologist) Henry Whitely (18 June 1844, Woolwich - 11 July 1892 (or 1893), British Guiana) was an English naturalist and explorer. He was particularly interested in ornithology and entomology. He made his first expedition to Japan in 1864, and the ornithological results were published in the "Ibis". Later he collected birds in Peru, in Amazonia, and in British Guiana, where he resided mostly. Among his bird discoveries are: "Oreonympha nobilis" Gould, "Lophornis pavoninus" Salvin, "Hylocharis guianensis" Boucard, "Uranomitra whitelyi" Boucard, "Amazilia cupreicauda" Salvin "Aglaeactis caumatonata" Gould, "Iolaema whitelyana" Gould, "Hemistephania guianensis" Boucard, "Milornis rupuninii" Boucard and "Eretnita whitelyi" Boucard. Besides bird skins he also made large collections of insects, chiefly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, among which were many new species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63574375 |
Ndumu virus is an RNA virus in the genus "Alphavirus". It was first isolated in 1961 from culicine mosquitoes collected in northern Natal, Union of South Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63579110 |
Chick syncytial virus The chick syncytial virus is a virus in the genus "Gammaretrovirus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63579965 |
Oz Terra is the unofficial name given to a major geological region on Charon. The Pluto-facing hemisphere of Charon is divided onto two primary regions; in the north and Vulcan Planum in the south. These regions are separated by a series of scarps near Charon's equator. The region was discovered by "New Horizons" during its flyby of Pluto in July 2015. sits about a kilometer higher than Vulcan Planum, and is typified by large crustal blocks, having fractured early in Charon's history. The region was formed about 4 billion years ago, when a subsurface ocean of water and amonia flowed to the surface, and then solidified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63584990 |
NGC 635 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of the Cetus about 626 million light years from the Milky Way. discovered by the American astronomer Francis Leavenworth in 1885. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63591906 |
NGC 636 is an elliptical galaxy in the Cetus constellation about 83 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the German - British astronomer William Herschel in 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63591986 |
Bebaru virus is an RNA virus in the genus "Alphavirus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63598831 |
Strunzite (MnFe(PO)(OH)6HO) is a light yellow mineral of the strunzite group, first discovered in 1957. It crystallizes in the triclinic system and has a light, vitreous luster, a specific gravity of 2.52 and a Mohs hardness of 4. Associated minerals include beraunite, quartz and strengite. It is named after Hugo Strunz, a Professor of Mineralogy at Technical University, Berlin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63602547 |
Tumor-homing bacteria are ones that thrive in hypoxic environments (such as hypoxic tumors), which upon entering into the bloodstream, tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other bacteria that would be quickly cleared by the immune system. There is tremendous interest in using tumor-homing bacteria as living medicines to treat cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63604103 |
Lunar Crater Radio Telescope The (LCRT) is a proposal by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts to create an ultra-long-wavelength radio telescope inside a crater on the far side of the moon. If completed, the telescope would be the largest filled-aperture radio telescope in the solar system at 1km in diameter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63605501 |
NGC 721 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 250 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the Prussian astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest in 1862. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63607722 |
NGC 606 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Pisces constellation about 446 million light years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by the French astronomer Édouard Stephan in 1881. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63607768 |
Mandjet Chasma is a chasma on Pluto's moon, Charon. is long, and about deep, its typical width is . The chasma is part of a global tectonic belt; a series of canyons, scarps, and troughs that traverse the face of Charon along the northern edge of Vulcan Planum. The feature was discovered using stereoscopic processing of "New Horizons" images. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63612643 |
Serenity Chasma is the unofficial name given to a large pull-apart fault on Pluto's moon, Charon. It is part of a series of faults that run along the perimeter of Vulcan Planum. It was discovered by the "New Horizons" mission, and informally named after the fictitious spaceship, "Serenity". is long, and about deep, and its typical width is . The northern wall continues for an additional as a scarp after exiting the chasma. The chasma is part of a global techtonic belt; a series of canyons, scarps, and troughs that traverse the face of Charon. This series of faults is the longest known in the solar system. formed as the result of a subsurface ocean on Charon, which expanded as it froze. This expansion pushed the Oz Terra region higher and produced the fault belt across Charon's equatorial region. Landslides have been observed within Serenity Chasma. This is the only known occurrence of landslides in the Kuiper Belt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63614611 |
Dorothy (crater) Dorothy Crater is the official name used to describe two features in the solar system; an impact crater on Venus, and a large impact basin on Pluto's moon, Charon. Dorothy Crater is the largest known impact basin on Pluto's moon Charon. The crater was discovered by the "New Horizons" space probe in 2015 during its flyby of Pluto and its moons. It was named after Dorothy Gale from the novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". The crater is located near Charon's north pole, and overlaps the edge of Mordor Macula. The names for small craters on Venus (with a diameter less than ) are chosen from common female names. is a Greek first name, and the crater was officially designated by the IAU in 1997. The crater is east of Tamfana Corona, and south of Seoritsu Farra. Like many impact craters on Venus, Dorothy has been flooded and buried by lava flows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63614998 |
NGC 538 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. It is located about 250 million light-years from the Milky Way with a diameter of approximately 95,000 ly. was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis Swift in 1886. is estimated to be about 2.5 billion years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63617960 |
NGC 539 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus south. It is estimated to be 429 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 200,000 Ly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63617992 |
NGC 543 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It is estimated to be 239 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 40,000 Ly. was discovered by the German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63618028 |
NGC 1325 is a barred spiral galaxy situated in constellation of Eridanus. Located about 73 milion light years, it is a member of the Eridanus cluster of galaxies, a cluster of about 200 galaxies. It was discovered by William Herschel on 19 December 1799. has a Hubble classification of SBbc, which indicates it is a barred spiral galaxy. It is moving from away from the Milky Way at a rate of 1,589 km/s. Its size on the night sky is 4.8' x 1.6' which is proportional to its real size of the 102 000 ly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63626991 |
NGC 1353 is a barred spiral galaxy situated in constellation of Eridanus. Located about 70 milion light years, it is a member of the Eridanus cluster of galaxies, a cluster of about 200 galaxies. It was discovered by William Herschel on 9 December 1784. has a Hubble classification of SBb, which indicates it is a barred spiral galaxy. It is moving from Milky Way 1547 km/s. Its size on the night sky is 3.4' x 1.4' which is proportional to its real size of the 69 000 ly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63627025 |
NGC 1332 is an almost edge-on elliptical galaxy located in constellation of Eridanus. Situated about 70 milion light years, it is a member of the Eridanus cluster of galaxies, a cluster of about 200 galaxies. It is also the brightest member of the Group. It was discovered by William Herschel on 9 December 1784. has a Hubble classification of E, which indicates it is an elliptical galaxy. It is moving from away from the Milky Way at a rate of 1,553 km/s. Its size on the night sky is 4.5' x 1.4' which is proportional to its real size of the 92 000 ly. is an early-type galaxy. Despite their name, early-type galaxies are much older than spiral galaxies, and mostly comprise old, red-colored stars. Very little star formation occurs in these galaxies; the lack of star formation in elliptical galaxies appears to start at the center and then slowly propagates outward. is known by its possessing a supermassive black hole at the center. In 2016, a team from United States and China used a Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to collect a high resolution data. They were able to measure the mass of the black hole. They determined the mass of about 660 milion solar-masses with uncertanity of just 10%. NGC 1332's black hole is the most massive black hole in the Eridanus Cluster, and it is even more massive than NGC 1399's black hole (NGC 1399 is the Fornax cluster's central galaxy). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63627281 |
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