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Computational anatomy The space of shapes are denoted formula_9, with the group formula_10 with law of composition formula_11; the action of the group on shapes is denoted formula_12, where the action of the group formula_13 is defined to satisfy The orbit formula_15 of the template becomes the space of all shapes, formula_16, being homogenous under the action of the elements of formula_17. The orbit model of computational anatomy is an abstract algebra - to be compared to linear algebra- since the groups act nonlinearly on the shapes. This is a generalization of the classical models of linear algebra, in which the set of finite dimensional formula_18 vectors are replaced by the finite-dimensional anatomical submanifolds (points, curves, surfaces and volumes) and images of them, and the formula_19 matrices of linear algebra are replaced by coordinate transformations based on linear and affine groups and the more general high-dimensional diffeomorphism groups. The central objects are shapes or forms in computational anatomy, one set of examples being the 0,1,2,3-dimensional submanifolds of formula_20, a second set of examples being images generated via medical imaging such as via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The 0-dimensional manifolds are landmarks or fiducial points; 1-dimensional manifolds are curves such as sulcul and gyral curves in the brain; 2-dimensional manifolds correspond to boundaries of substructures in anatomy such as the subcortical structures of the midbrain or the gyral surface of the neocortex; subvolumes correspond to subregions of the human body, the heart, the thalamus, the kidney. The landmarks formula_21 are a collections of points with no other structure, delineating important fiducials within human shape and form (see associated landmarked image). The sub-manifold shapes such as surfaces formula_22 are collections of points modeled as parametrized by a local chart or immersion formula_23, formula_24 (see Figure showing shapes as mesh surfaces). The images such as MR images or DTI images formula_25, and are dense functions formula_26 are scalars, vectors, and matrices (see Figure showing scalar image). Groups and group actions are familiar to the Engineering community with the universal popularization and standardization of linear algebra as a basic model for analyzing signals and systems in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and applied mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In linear algebra the matrix groups (matrices with inverses) are the central structure, with group action defined by the usual definition of formula_27 as an formula_28 matrix, acting on formula_29 as formula_30 vectors; the orbit in linear-algebra is the set of formula_31-vectors given by formula_32, which is a group action of the matrices through the orbit of formula_33. The central group in computational anatomy defined on volumes in formula_1 are the diffeomorphisms formula_35 which are mappings with 3-components formula_36, law of composition of functions formula_37, with inverse formula_38. Most popular are scalar images, formula_39, with action on the right via the inverse. For sub-manifolds formula_22, parametrized by a chart or immersion formula_42, the diffeomorphic action the flow of the position Several group actions in computational anatomy have been defined. For the study of rigid body kinematics, the low-dimensional matrix Lie groups have been the central focus. The matrix groups are low-dimensional mappings, which are diffeomorphisms that provide one-to-one correspondences between coordinate systems, with a smooth inverse. The matrix group of rotations and scales can be generated via a closed form finite-dimensional matrices which are solution of simple ordinary differential equations with solutions given by the matrix exponential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy For the study of deformable shape in computational anatomy, a more general diffeomorphism group has been the group of choice, which is the infinite dimensional analogue. The high-dimensional differeomorphism groups used in Computational Anatomy are generated via smooth flows formula_44 which satisfy the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow fields as first introduced in., satisfying the ordinary differential equation: with formula_45 the vector fields on formula_46 termed the Eulerian velocity of the particles at position formula_47 of the flow. The vector fields are functions in a function space, modelled as a smooth Hilbert space of high-dimension, with the Jacobian of the flow formula_48 a high-dimensional field in a function space as well, rather than a low-dimensional matrix as in the matrix groups. Flows were first introduced for large deformations in image matching; formula_49 is the instantaneous velocity of particle formula_50 at time formula_51 . The inverse formula_52 required for the group is defined on the Eulerian vector-field with advective inverse flow The group of diffeomorphisms is very big. To ensure smooth flows of diffeomorphisms avoiding shock-like solutions for the inverse, the vector fields must be at least 1-time continuously differentiable in space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy For diffeomorphisms on formula_46, vector fields are modelled as elements of the Hilbert space formula_54 using the Sobolev embedding theorems so that each element has strictly greater than 2 generalized square-integrable spatial derivatives (thus formula_55 is sufficient), yielding 1-time continuously differentiable functions. The diffeomorphism group are flows with vector fields absolutely integrable in Sobolev norm: where formula_56 with the linear operator formula_57 mapping to the dual space formula_58, with the integral calculated by integration by parts when formula_59 is a generalized function in the dual space. the images are denoted with the orbit as formula_60 and metric formula_61. In classical mechanics the evolution of physical systems is described by solutions to the Euler–Lagrange equations associated to the Least-action principle of Hamilton. This is a standard way, for example of obtaining Newton's laws of motion of free particles. More generally, the Euler-Lagrange equations can be derived for systems of generalized coordinates. The Euler-Lagrange equation in computational anatomy describes the geodesic shortest path flows between coordinate systems of the diffeomorphism metric. In computational anatomy the generalized coordinates are the flow of the diffeomorphism and its Lagrangian velocity formula_62, the two related via the Eulerian velocity formula_63 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy Hamilton's principle for generating the Euler-Lagrange equation requires the action integral on the Lagrangian given by the Lagrangian is given by the kinetic energy: In computational anatomy, formula_64 was first called the Eulerian or diffeomorphic shape momentum since when integrated against Eulerian velocity formula_65 gives energy density, and since there is a conservation of diffeomorphic shape momentum which holds. The operator formula_27 is the generalized moment of inertia or inertial operator. Classical calculation of the Euler-Lagrange equation from Hamilton's principle requires the perturbation of the Lagrangian on the vector field in the kinetic energy with respect to first order perturbation of the flow. This requires adjustment by the Lie bracket of vector field, given by operator formula_67 which involves the Jacobian given by Defining the adjoint formula_69 then the first order variation gives the Eulerian shape momentum formula_59 satisfying the generalized equation: meaning for all smooth formula_71 is the study of the motions of submanifolds, points, curves, surfaces and volumes. Momentum associated to points, curves and surfaces are all singular, implying the momentum is concentrated on subsets of formula_20 which are dimension formula_74 in Lebesgue measure. In such cases, the energy is still well defined formula_75 since although formula_76 is a generalized function, the vector fields are smooth and the Eulerian momentum is understood via its action on smooth functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The perfect illustration of this is even when it is a superposition of delta-diracs, the velocity of the coordinates in the entire volume move smoothly. The Euler-Lagrange equation () on diffeomorphisms for generalized functions formula_77 was derived in. In Riemannian Metric and Lie-Bracket Interpretation of the Euler-Lagrange Equation on Geodesics derivations are provided in terms of the adjoint operator and the Lie bracket for the group of diffeomorphisms. It has come to be called EPDiff equation for diffeomorphisms connecting to the Euler-Poincare method having been studied in the context of the inertial operator formula_78 for incompressible, divergence free, fluids. For the momentum density case formula_79, then Euler–Lagrange equation has a classical solution:The Euler-Lagrange equation on diffeomorphisms, classically defined for momentum densities first appeared in for medical image analysis. In medical imaging and computational anatomy, positioning and coordinatizing shapes are fundamental operations; the system for positioning anatomical coordinates and shapes built on the metric and the Euler-Lagrange equation a geodesic positioning system as first explicated in Miller Trouve and Younes. Solving the geodesic from the initial condition formula_80 is termed the Riemannian-exponential, a mapping formula_81 at identity to the group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The Riemannian exponential satisfies formula_82 for initial condition formula_83, vector field dynamics formula_84, Computing the flow formula_80 onto coordinates Riemannian logarithm, mapping formula_92 at identity from formula_93 to vector field formula_94; formula_95 Extended to the entire group they become formula_96 ; formula_97 . These are inverses of each other for unique solutions of Logarithm; the first is called geodesic positioning, the latter geodesic coordinates (see Exponential map, Riemannian geometry for the finite dimensional version).The geodesic metric is a local flattening of the Riemannian coordinate system (see figure). In computational anatomy the diffeomorphisms are used to push the coordinate systems, and the vector fields are used as the control within the anatomical orbit or morphological space. The model is that of a dynamical system, the flow of coordinates formula_98 and the control the vector field formula_99 related via formula_100 The Hamiltonian view This function is the extended Hamiltonian. The Pontryagin maximum principle gives the optimizing vector field which determines the geodesic flow satisfying formula_105 as well as the reduced Hamiltonian The Lagrange multiplier in its action as a linear form has its own inner product of the canonical momentum acting on the velocity of the flow which is dependent on the shape, e.g. for landmarks a sum, for surfaces a surface integral, and. for volumes it is a volume integral with respect to formula_107 on formula_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In all cases the Greens kernels carry weights which are the canonical momentum evolving according to an ordinary differential equation which corresponds to EL but is the geodesic reparameterization in canonical momentum. The optimizing vector field is given by with dynamics of canonical momentum reparameterizing the vector field along the geodesic Whereas the vector fields are extended across the entire background space of formula_1, the geodesic flows associated to the submanifolds has Eulerian shape momentum which evolves as a generalized function formula_111 concentrated to the submanifolds. For landmarks the geodesics have Eulerian shape momentum which are a superposition of delta distributions travelling with the finite numbers of particles; the diffeomorphic flow of coordinates have velocities in the range of weighted Green's Kernels. For surfaces, the momentum is a surface integral of delta distributions travelling with the surface. The geodesics connecting coordinate systems satisfying have stationarity of the Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian is given by the extremum along the path formula_112, formula_113, equalling the and is stationary along . Defining the geodesic velocity at the identity formula_114, then along the geodesic The stationarity of the Hamiltonian demonstrates the interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier as momentum; integrated against velocity formula_115 gives energy density. The canonical momentum has many names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In optimal control, the flows formula_47 is interpreted as the state, and formula_117 is interpreted as conjugate state, or conjugate momentum. The geodesi of EL implies specification of the vector fields formula_118 or Eulerian momentum formula_119 at formula_120, or specification of canonical momentum formula_121 determines the flow. In computational anatomy the submanifolds are pointsets, curves, surfaces and subvolumes which are the basic primitives. The geodesic flows between the submanifolds determine the distance, and form the basic measuring and transporting tools of diffeomorphometry. At formula_120 the geodesic has vector field formula_123 determined by the conjugate momentum and the Green's kernel of the inertial operator defining the Eulerian momentum formula_124. The metric distance between coordinate systems connected via the geodesic determined by the induced distance between identity and group element: Given the least-action there is a natural definition of momentum associated to generalized coordinates; the quantity acting against velocity gives energy. The field has studied two forms, the momentum associated to the Eulerian vector field termed Eulerian diffeomorphic shape momentum, and the momentum associated to the initial coordinates or canonical coordinates termed canonical diffeomorphic shape momentum. Each has a conservation law.The conservation of momentum goes hand in hand with the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In computational anatomy, formula_64 is the Eulerian Momentum since when integrated against Eulerian velocity formula_65 gives energy density; operator formula_27 the generalized moment of inertia or inertial operator which acting on the Eulerian velocity gives momentum which is conserved along the geodesic: Conservation of Eulerian shape momentum was shown in and follows from ; conservation of canonical momentum was shown in ^T p_t</math>: LDDMM matching based on the entire tensor matrix has group action becomes formula_130 transformed eigenvectors The variational problem matching onto the principal eigenvector or the matrix is described LDDMM Tensor Image Matching. High angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) addresses the well-known limitation of DTI, that is, DTI can only reveal one dominant fiber orientation at each location. HARDI measures diffusion along formula_132 uniformly distributed directions on the sphere and can characterize more complex fiber geometries. HARDI can be used to reconstruct an orientation distribution function (ODF) that characterizes the angular profile of the diffusion probability density function of water molecules. The ODF is a function defined on a unit sphere, formula_133. Dense LDDMM ODF matching takes the HARDI data as ODF at each voxel and solves the LDDMM variational problem in the space of ODF. In the field of information geometry, the space of ODF forms a Riemannian manifold with the Fisher-Rao metric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy For the purpose of LDDMM ODF mapping, the square-root representation is chosen because it is one of the most efficient representations found to date as the various Riemannian operations, such as geodesics, exponential maps, and logarithm maps, are available in closed form. In the following, denote square-root ODF (formula_134) as formula_135, where formula_135 is non-negative to ensure uniqueness and formula_137. The variational problem for matching assumes that two ODF volumes can be generated from one to another via flows of diffeomorphisms formula_138, which are solutions of ordinary differential equations formula_139 starting from the identity map formula_140. Denote the action of the diffeomorphism on template as formula_141, formula_142, formula_143 are respectively the coordinates of the unit sphere, formula_144 and the image domain, with the target indexed similarly, formula_145,formula_142,formula_143. The group action of the diffeomorphism on the template is given according to where formula_149 is the Jacobian of the affined transformed ODF and is defined as formula_150 This group action of diffeomorphisms on ODF reorients the ODF and reflects changes in both the magnitude of formula_151 and the sampling directions of formula_152 due to affine transformation. It guarantees that the volume fraction of fibers oriented toward a small patch must remain the same after the patch is transformed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The LDDMM variational problem is defined as where the logarithm of formula_154 is defined as where formula_156 is the normal dot product between points in the sphere under the formula_157 metric. This LDDMM-ODF mapping algorithm has been widely used to study brain white matter degeneration in aging, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. The brain white matter atlas generated based on ODF is constructed via Bayesian estimation. Regression analysis on ODF is developed in the ODF manifold space in. The principle mode of variation represented by the orbit model is change of coordinates. For setting in which pairs of images are not related by diffeomorphisms but have photometric variation or image variation not represented by the template, active appearance modelling has been introduced, originally by Edwards-Cootes-Taylor and in 3D medical imaging in. In the context of computational anatomy in which metrics on the anatomical orbit has been studied, metamorphosis for modelling structures such as tumors and photometric changes which are not resident in the template was introduced in for Magnetic Resonance image models, with many subsequent developments extending the metamorphosis framework. For image matching the image metamorphosis framework enlarges the action so that formula_158 with action formula_159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In this setting metamorphosis combines both the diffeomorphic coordinate system transformation of computational anatomy as well as the early morphing technologies which only faded or modified the photometric or image intensity alone. Then the matching problem takes a form with equality boundary conditions: Transforming coordinate systems based on Landmark point or fiducial marker features dates back to Bookstein's early work on small deformation spline methods for interpolating correspondences defined by fiducial points to the two-dimensional or three-dimensional background space in which the fiducials are defined. Large deformation landmark methods came on in the late 1990s. The above Figure depicts a series of landmarks associated three brain structures, the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Matching geometrical objects like unlabelled point distributions, curves or surfaces is another common problem in computational anatomy. Even in the discrete setting where these are commonly given as vertices with meshes, there are no predetermined correspondences between points as opposed to the situation of landmarks described above. From the theoretical point of view, while any submanifold formula_161 in formula_20, formula_163 can be parameterized in local charts formula_164, all reparametrizations of these charts give geometrically the same manifold. Therefore, early on in computational anatomy, investigators have identified the necessity of parametrization invariant representations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy One indispensable requirement is that the end-point matching term between two submanifolds is itself independent of their parametrizations. This can be achieved via concepts and methods borrowed from Geometric measure theory, in particular currents and varifolds which have been used extensively for curve and surface matching. Denoted the landmarked shape formula_165 with endpoint formula_166, the variational problem becomes </math>|}}The geodesic Eulerian momentum is a generalized function formula_167, supported on the landmarked set in the variational problem.The endpoint condition with conservation implies the initial momentum at the identity of the group: The iterative algorithm for large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping for landmarks is given. Glaunes and co-workers first introduced diffeomorphic matching of pointsets in the general setting of matching distributions. As opposed to landmarks, this includes in particular the situation of weighted point clouds with no predefined correspondences and possibly different cardinalities. The template and target discrete point clouds are represented as two weighted sums of Diracs formula_169 and formula_170 living in the space of signed measures of formula_171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The space is equipped with a Hilbert metric obtained from a real positive kernel formula_172 on formula_171, giving the following norm: The matching problem between a template and target point cloud may be then formulated using this kernel metric for the endpoint matching term: where formula_176 is the distribution transported by the deformation. In the one dimensional case, a curve in 3D can be represented by an embedding formula_177, and the group action of "Diff" becomes formula_178. However, the correspondence between curves and embeddings is not one to one as the any reparametrization formula_179, for formula_180 a diffeomorphism of the interval [0,1], represents geometrically the same curve. In order to preserve this invariance in the end-point matching term, several extensions of the previous 0-dimensional measure matching approach can be considered. In the situation of oriented curves, currents give an efficient setting to construct invariant matching terms. In such representation, curves are interpreted as elements of a functional space dual to the space vector fields, and compared through kernel norms on these spaces. Matching of two curves formula_181 and formula_182 writes eventually as the variational problem with the endpoint term formula_184 is obtained from the norm the derivative formula_186 being the tangent vector to the curve and formula_187 a given matrix kernel of formula_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy Such expressions are invariant to any positive reparametrizations of formula_181 and formula_190, and thus still depend on the orientation of the two curves. Varifold is an alternative to currents when orientation becomes an issue as for instance in situations involving multiple bundles of curves for which no "consistent" orientation may be defined. Varifolds directly extend 0-dimensional measures by adding an extra tangent space direction to the position of points, leading to represent curves as measures on the product of formula_20 and the Grassmannian of all straight lines in formula_20. The matching problem between two curves then consists in replacing the endpoint matching term by formula_193 with varifold norms of the form: where formula_195 is the non-oriented line directed by tangent vector formula_186 and formula_197 two scalar kernels respectively on formula_2 and the Grassmannian. Due to the inherent non-oriented nature of the Grassmannian representation, such expressions are invariant to positive and negative reparametrizations. Surface matching share many similarities with the case of curves. Surfaces in formula_20 are parametrized in local charts by embeddings formula_200, with all reparametrizations formula_201 with formula_202 a diffeomorphism of U being equivalent geometrically. Currents and varifolds can be also used to formalize surface matching. Oriented surfaces can be represented as 2-currents which are dual to differential 2-forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy In formula_20, one can further identify 2-forms with vector fields through the standard wedge product of 3D vectors. In that setting, surface matching writes again: with the endpoint term formula_184 given through the norm with formula_207 the normal vector to the surface parametrized by formula_208. This surface mapping algorithm has been validated for brain cortical surfaces against CARET and FreeSurfer. LDDMM mapping for multiscale surfaces is discussed in. For non-orientable or non-oriented surfaces, the varifold framework is often more adequate. Identifying the parametric surface formula_208 with a varifold formula_210 in the space of measures on the product of formula_20 and the Grassmannian, one simply replaces the previous current metric formula_212 by: where formula_214 is the (non-oriented) line directed by the normal vector to the surface. There are many settings in which there are a series of measurements, a time-series to which the underlying coordinate systems will be matched and flowed onto. This occurs for example in the dynamic growth and atrophy models and motion tracking such as have been explored in An observed time sequence is given and the goal is to infer the time flow of geometric change of coordinates carrying the exemplars or templars through the period of observations. The generic time-series matching problem considers the series of times is formula_215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The flow optimizes at the series of costs formula_216 giving optimization problems of the form There have been at least three solutions offered thus far, piecewise geodesic, principal geodesic and splines. The random orbit model of computational anatomy first appeared in modelling the change in coordinates associated to the randomness of the group acting on the templates, which induces the randomness on the source of images in the anatomical orbit of shapes and forms and resulting observations through the medical imaging devices. Such a random orbit model in which randomness on the group induces randomness on the images was examined for the Special Euclidean Group for object recognition in. Depicted in the figure is a depiction of the random orbits around each exemplar, formula_218, generated by randomizing the flow by generating the initial tangent space vector field at the identity formula_94, and then generating random object formula_220. The random orbit model induces the prior on shapes and images formula_221 conditioned on a particular atlas formula_222. For this the generative model generates the mean field formula_223 as a random change in coordinates of the template according to formula_224, where the diffeomorphic change in coordinates is generated randomly via the geodesic flows. The prior on random transformations formula_225 on formula_226 is induced by the flow formula_227, with formula_228 constructed as a Gaussian random field prior formula_229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The density on the random observables at the output of the sensor formula_230 are given by formula_231 Shown in the Figure on the right the cartoon orbit, are a random spray of the subcortical manifolds generated by randomizing the vector fields formula_118 supported over the submanifolds. The central statistical model of computational anatomy in the context of medical imaging has been the source-channel model of Shannon theory; the source is the deformable template of images formula_233, the channel outputs are the imaging sensors with observables formula_234 (see Figure). See The Bayesian model of computational anatomy for discussions (i) MAP estimation with multiple atlases, (ii) MAP segmentation with multiple atlases, MAP estimation of templates from populations. Shape in computational anatomy is a local theory, indexing shapes and structures to templates to which they are bijectively mapped. Statistical shape in computational anatomy is the empirical study of diffeomorphic correspondences between populations and common template coordinate systems. This is a strong departure from Procrustes Analyses and shape theories pioneered by David G. Kendall in that the central group of Kendall's theories are the finite-dimensional Lie groups, whereas the theories of shape in computational anatomy have focused on the diffeomorphism group, which to first order via the Jacobian can be thought of as a field–thus infinite dimensional–of low-dimensional Lie groups of scale and rotations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy The random orbit model provides the natural setting to understand empirical shape and shape statistics within computational anatomy since the non-linearity of the induced probability law on anatomical shapes and forms formula_6 is induced via the reduction to the vector fields formula_236 at the tangent space at the identity of the diffeomorphism group. The successive flow of the Euler equation induces the random space of shapes and forms formula_237. Performing empirical statistics on this tangent space at the identity is the natural way for inducing probability laws on the statistics of shape. Since both the vector fields and the Eulerian momentum formula_119 are in a Hilbert space the natural model is one of a Gaussian random field, so that given test function formula_239, then the inner-products with the test functions are Gaussian distributed with mean and covariance. This is depicted in the accompanying figure where sub-cortical brain structures are depicted in a two-dimensional coordinate system based on inner products of their initial vector fields that generate them from the template is shown in a 2-dimensional span of the Hilbert space. The study of shape and statistics in populations are local theories, indexing shapes and structures to templates to which they are bijectively mapped. Statistical shape is then the study of diffeomorphic correspondences relative to the template. A core operation is the generation of templates from populations, estimating a shape that is matched to the population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Computational anatomy There are several important methods for generating templates including methods based on Frechet averaging, and statistical approaches based on the expectation-maximization algorithm and the Bayes Random orbit models of computational anatomy. Shown in the accompanying figure is a subcortical template reconstruction from the population of MRI subjects. Software suites containing a variety of diffeomorphic mapping algorithms include the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 |
Sonja Ashauer (9 April 1923 – 21 August 1948) was a Brazilian physicist. She was the first Brazilian woman to earn a doctorate in physics and the second to become a physics graduate in Brazil. Born in São Paulo, Ashauer was the daughter of the German-born engineer Walter Ashauer and his wife Herta Graffenbenger. From 1935 to 1939, she pursued her secondary education at Gymnasium of São Paulo state capital. Encouraged by her father, after secondary school, she studied physics under Gleb Wataghin at the University of São Paulo, graduating in 1942. She was the second female physics graduate in Brazil, the first being Yolande Monteux who graduated in 1938. In January 1948, she became the first woman from Brazil to be awarded a doctorate in physics after studying for three years at the University of Cambridge under the Nobel prizewinner Paul Dirac. She was said to have been a brilliant student. Her thesis ("Problems in electrons and electromagnetic radiation)" explored the cutting-edge field of quantum electrodynamics. In March 1948, she returned to Brazil where she was appointed as Wataghin's assistant. Ashauer was the first woman from Brazil elected as a member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Later that year, after catching a cold on a rainy day she contracted pneumonia. She was taken to hospital but she died six days later on 21 August 1948. The cause of death stated on the death certificate was "broncopneumonia, myocarditis, and heart failure". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48534529 |
Maria Elizabeth Holland (1836 - 1878) was a South African botanical artist and plant collector. She was the eldest of fourteen children and was married to John Holland of Port Elizabeth. Her grandfather was Jacob Glen Cuyler. She contributed to volume I (1860) of William Henry Harvey's "Thesaurus capensis", and received praise from Harvey for her "well-executed outline drawings". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48540637 |
Sotio SOTIO a.s. is a biotechnology company based in Prague, Czech Republic. The company was founded in 2010 and since 2012 it is part of PPF Group owned by Petr Kellner. The CEO of the company is Radek Špíšek, who has been with the company from its beginning as Chief Scientific Officer. The company focuses on research and development of innovative medicines for cancer. Besides European countries, it also operates in the USA, Russia and China. In January 2020, the company announced the founding of its subsidiary in Basel, Switzerland. opened a laboratory complexes Prague, Czech Republic and Beijing, China where it produces treatments for people suffering from oncological diseases. is currently testing six oncology products at different stages of development. In 2011, the first clinical trial with active cellular immunotherapy DCVAC started, focusing on prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer. has its own scientific research and development and also collaborates with other partners. In recent years, and PPF have focused on investing in a number of biotechnology companies developing innovative anticancer treatments in Europe and the US. For example, it cooperates with the Swiss NBE-Therapeutics on the development of novel antibody-drug conjugate products (ADC), with its affiliate Cytune Pharma on developing novel IL-15-based immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer and with the Lead Discovery Center and the Max Planck Society on an oncology program addressing a novel target in tumor metabolism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48541646 |
Sotio In August 2018, acquired Cytune Pharma. and announced to continue development of the company's lead program SO-C101 (RLI-15) which is a human fusion protein of IL-15 and the high-affinity binding domain of IL-15Ra. It is a novel immunotherapeutic approach with potential applications in a variety of oncology indications. The first clinical trial for the program was launched in summer 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48541646 |
Liquid whistle Liquid whistles are a kind of static mixer which pass fluid at high pressure through an orifice and subsequently over a blade. This subjects the fluid to high turbulent stresses and may result in mixing, emulsification, deagglomeration and disinfection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48541762 |
NGC 124 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered by Truman Henry Safford on September 23, 1867. The galaxy was described as "very faint, large, diffuse, 2 faint stars to northwest" by John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48547304 |
Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir (27 November 1932 – 23 April 2008) was the first Icelandic woman to complete a degree in geology and was the country's first female geologist. Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir was born in the Vestmannaeyjar. Her parents were Vilmundur Guðmundsson, an engineer from Hafnarnes, Reyðarfjörður (1907–34) and Gudrun Björnsdóttir, a seamstress (1903–75). At the age of three, Elsa moved with her parents from the islands to Siglufjörður; her father drowned shortly thereafter. She then moved in with her maternal grandparents and at the age of 12, she moved to her mother's home in Reykjavík. Elsa graduated from Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík in 1953. In 1958, she went to Sweden and enrolled at Stockholm University. She studied geology from 1958 to 1963. During her university years, she did geological fieldwork in the summers on behalf of Electricity Department, mostly through geological research of the proposed Búrfellsvirkjun hydropower plant. Her interest quickly focused on the geology of Tungnáröræfa. After completing her studies in 1963, she returned home and began working at jobs at the Electricity Department, followed by the National Energy Authority (NEA) of Iceland, when it was formed in 1967, working there until she retired in 2004. In 1980, an agreement was made between the NEA and Landsvirkjun on uniform geological mapping and she was the supervisor of the project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48547760 |
Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir Elsa's research also included mapping tuff and lava north of Vatnajökull, as well as pyroclastic flows associated with prehistoric Hekla eruptions. She wrote about scientific research and was the co-author of "100 Geosites in South-Iceland". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48547760 |
Carolina Villagrán Moraga is a Chilean biologist known for her work on Quaternary biogeography. Her works include models for the past extent of different altitudinal zonations in Chile and on the origin of the Chilean flora. She is part of the Faculty of Science for the University of Chile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48549427 |
Miia Rannikmäe (née Tammeorg, born 4 October 1951) is an Estonian chemist specializing in cognitive learning and scientific literacy. Born in Tartu, Rannikmäe graduated in chemistry and as a chemistry teacher from the University of Tartu in 1975. She went on to gain a master's degree in education there in 1996 with a thesis on "Phenomenographic analyses of students concept of chemical reaction". In 2001, she earned a PhD in Life and Earth Sciences Education from the same university. As of November 2015, she is Professor of Science Education, heading the Science Education Centre at the University of Tartu. Her research has covered work on literacy in chemistry among elementary school pupils and the scientific and technological literacy of schoolchildren. She has worked as a school teacher and has links with science teacher associations at home and abroad. In 2004, she contributed to the European Commission's high level group and the publication "Europe needs more Scientists". She guides her PhD students in scientific literacy, inquiry learning and the nature of science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48550852 |
Saleh Ajeery Saleh Mohammed Saleh Abdulaziz Al Ajeery (June 23, 1920) is a Kuwaiti astronomer. He wrote many books and articles, and gave several seminars and lectures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48550955 |
Terra Nova (journal) Terra Nova is a peer-reviewed scientific journal about geology and planetary science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. As of 2014, it had an impact factor of 2.639. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48559939 |
Stone industry refers to the part of the primary sector of the economy, similar to the mining industry, but concerned with excavations of stones, in particular granite, marble, slate and sandstone. Other products of the industry include crushed stone and dimension stone. is one of the oldest in the world. Creation of stone tools (microliths industry) in the region of South Africa has been dated to about 60,000–70,000 years ago. Granite and marble mining existing as far back as ancient Egypt. Crushed stone was used extensively by the first great road building civilizations, such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48566641 |
NGC 4388 is an active spiral galaxy located in the Virgo Cluster. is also considered to be one of the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster due to its luminous nucleus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48573622 |
Spiroplasma mirum is a bacterium in the genus Spiroplasma. A strain of it, called "Spiroplasma mirum" strain SMCA (Suckling mouse cataract agent), causes cataracts in suckling mice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48581800 |
Judd–Ofelt theory is a theory in physical chemistry describing the intensity of electron transitions within the 4"f" shell of rare-earth ions in solids and solutions. The theory was introduced independently in 1962 by Brian R. Judd of the University of California, Berkeley, and PhD candidate George S. Ofelt at Johns Hopkins University. Their work was published in "Physical Review" and the "Journal of Chemical Physics", respectively. Judd and Ofelt did not meet, however, until 2003 at a workshop in Lądek-Zdrój, Poland. Judd and Ofelt's work was cited approximately 2000 times between 1962 and 2004. Brian M. Walsh of NASA Langley places Judd and Ofelt's theory at the "forefront" of a 1960s revolution in spectroscopic research on rare-earth ions. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters from absorption spectrum of any Lanthanide can be calculated by the RELIC application software. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters and derived quantities (oscillator strengths, radiative transition probabilities, luminescence branching ratios, excited state radiative lifetimes, and estimates of quantum efficiencies) from the emission spectrum of Eu doped compounds, can be obtained by the JOES application software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48590147 |
Confined liquid In condensed matter physics, a confined liquid is a liquid that is subject to geometric constraints on a nanoscopic scale so that most molecules are close enough to an interface to sense some difference from standard bulk conditions. Typical examples are liquids in porous media or liquids in solvation shells. Confinement regularly prevents crystallization, which enables liquids to be supercooled below their homeogenous nucleation temperature even if this is impossible in the bulk state. This holds in particular for water, which is by far the most studied confined liquid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48596894 |
Domeyko Fault The () or Precordilleran Fault System is a geological fault located in Northern Chile. The fault is of the strike-slip type and runns parallel to the Andes, the coast and the nearby Atacama Fault. The fault originated in the Eocene. Along its length the hosts several porphyry copper deposits including Chuquicamata, Collahuasi, El Abra, El Salvador, La Escondida and Potrerillos. The fault is named after 19th century geologist Ignacy Domeyko. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48602317 |
Lisa Ng is a viral immunologist. In 2008, she became the first Singaporean and the first woman to win the ASEAN Young Scientist and Technologist Award. earned a doctorate in molecular virology from the National University of Singapore and later worked in the Genome Institute of Singapore. She is working at the Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) where she is a researcher in infection and immunity, undertaking research on immunology of viral infections that are epidemic or highly endemic in the tropical region. These include chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Zika virus and other related alpha- and flavi-viruses. She has previously developed diagnostic kits for detecting Avian Influenza and Sars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48602668 |
Dorothée Le Maître (; 1 September 1896 – 26 January 1990) was a French paleontologist known for her studies of Devonian flora and fauna in North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Le Maître was educated at Angers Free University and received her bachelor's degree from the Catholic University of Lille in 1926. She remained there for her doctoral studies and earned her Ph.D. in 1934. Her first paper was published in 1926, the same year she earned her bachelor's degree. After her Ph.D., Le Maître became a faculty member at the University of Lille, where she was a geology researcher. Her research included work on the "Spongiomorphides" and included comparative research of North African and Sub-Saharan fossils to those of Europe. In 1941, Le Maître was awarded the Prix Fontannes, and in 1956 she received the Kuhlmann Prize. In 1959, she was honored by the French Academy of Sciences with the Grand Prix Bonnet. She was the president of the Société Géologique du Nord in 1949. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48608070 |
Lúcia Mendonça Previato (born 1949) is a Brazilian biologist. She was awarded the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science in 2004 for her research into preventing Chagas disease. She is married to Jose Osvaldo Previato and has two children, Anna and Peter. She graduated from St. Ursula University and earned her Doctorate at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Microbiology and Immunology. She is also a recipient of the TWAS Prize in Biology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48610825 |
DePriester chart DePriester Charts provide an efficient method to find the vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios for different substances at different conditions of pressure and temperature. The original chart was put forth by C.L. DePriester in an article in "Chemical Engineering Progress" in 1953. These nomograms have two vertical coordinates, one for pressure, and another for temperature. "K" values, representing the tendency of a given chemical species to partition itself preferentially between liquid and vapor phases, are plotted in between. Many DePriester charts have been printed for simple hydrocarbons. For example, to find the K value of methane at 100 psia and 60 °F. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48623453 |
Geology of Svalbard The geology of Svalbard encompasses the geological description of rock types found in Svalbard, and the associated tectonics and sedimentological history of soils and rocks. The geological exploration of Svalbard is an ongoing activity, and recent understandings may differ from earlier interpretations. Geological basement dated from Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, originally termed "Hecla Hoek", is found in three different provinces. The southwestern terrain comprises Prins Karls Forland, Oscar II Land, Nordenskiöld Land west of Grønfjorden and Wedel Jarlsberg Land . The northwestern terrain includes Haakon VII Land and Albert I Land. The northeastern terrain comprises Nordaustlandet and the northeastern parts of Spitsbergen. Devonian age sediments are exposed in Andrée Land, James I Land and Dickson Land. Orogeny took place in late Devon. During Carboniferous and Permian, rift basins were formed. Carboniferous strata are found along Billefjorden, and Permian formations dominate Billefjorden, Tempelfjorden and Lomfjorden. Triassic rocks are found at the southern part of Spitsbergen, at Edgeøya, Barentsøya and Kong Karls Land. It is particularly visible at Edgeøya, Barentsøya and in eastern part of Olav V Land. Triassic outcrops are exposed in a long and narrow belt between pre-Triassic sediments along the west coast and the post-Triassic sediments of the central basin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48624672 |
Geology of Svalbard The Triassic rock units are divided into the Sassendalen Group, dating from Early Triassic to Late Middle Triassic, and the succeeding Kapp Toscana Group. Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic rocks are exposed in the middle southern part of Spitsbergen. Coal deposits from Paleogene are exploited in Longyearbyen (including Svea) and Barentsburg. The post-glacial rebound is estimated to be up to three kilometers in central Spitsbergen, while only a few hundred meters at Kong Karls Land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48624672 |
Botanical Garden and Zoo of Asunción The () is a botanical garden and zoo located in Asunción, capital of the Republic of Paraguay. The Botanical Garden and Zoo is one of the principal open spaces of the city of Asunción, set in natural forest covering to the north of the city. The zoo is home to nearly seventy species of wildlife including birds, mammals and reptiles, mostly representing the fauna of South America. The botanical garden is home to native species, exhibiting in particular the variety and beauty of its lush trees. This sprawling property was the former country house and estate of Carlos Antonio Lopez, president of Paraguay between 1842 and 1862. Lopez ordered the construction of "Casa Lopez" as his home in the 1840s. Besides its historical value, the main building is very representative of the era in which it was built, in terms of technology, architecture and decoration, and is registered in the "Catalogue of Buildings and Sites of Urban Planning, architectural , Historical and Artistic Heritage of the city of Asunción",and specially protected by Law 946/82 "Protection of Cultural Property". In 1896, Lopez's descendants sold the estate to the Agricultural Bank, by then in state ownership. The garden was created as such in 1914 by German scientists Karl Freibig and his wife, Anna Gertz. Fiebrig was professor of botany and zoology at the University of Asunción, having settled in Paraguay in 1910 following plant and insect collecting trips to Paraguay for European museums between 1904 and 1909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48629072 |
Botanical Garden and Zoo of Asunción Fiebrig founded a school of Agriculture in 1916. Fiebrig also founded a "Cotton Institute" which helped fund the garden complex. The zoo was subsequently established by the same scientists, with a very advanced approach for the time, housing the animals in a setting as close as possible to their natural habitat. Gertz is credited with much of the landscape design of the gardens, though some projects were truncated following her death in May 1920. She was buried in the gardens. Fiebrig continued as director of the garden and zoo, and remarried in 1925. In addition to his professorship, in 1934, was also made director of the Paraguayan Department of Agriculture. In 1936, in the aftermath of the Chaco War, a wave of xenophobic sentiment forced Fiebrig to leave Paraguay with his second wife and family. Responsibility for the estate passed from the state to its present owner, the Municipality of Asunción. Historically, the estate covered more than , and had over 1 km frontage along the bank of the Paraguay River, a port, a railway station and 60 km of road network. In the last 50 years, there have been several incursions, such as the riverside (ESSAP) "Viñas Cué" water treatment plant, the Copaco transmission station (built at the time of dictator Stroessner), the Asunción Golf Club, laid out by Fiebrig, and several other divisions due to illegal occupations. Since 2013 the garden and zoo's director has been Maris Llorens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48629072 |
Botanical Garden and Zoo of Asunción The facilities include: The nursery is located behind the Upper House and contains over 500 species specialising in medicinal plants. It is open to the public and works in cooperation with the Botanic Garden and Conservatory of the City of Geneva, Switzerland. Established for over 10 years, it has undertaken investigations into the cultivation, distribution and introduction of plants, specifically native, but also medicinal plants introduced by Paraguayan settlers. The work of the Conservatory is to preserve the culture of the knowledge of medicinal plants in Paraguay. "The Paraguayan people consume herbs and know the use of at least 50 species. The work of the nursery is to investigate cultivation, harvesting and propagation and to use that knowledge for education". Among its collections are: On 4 May 2006 the gardens launched the exhibition "Ethnobotany 2006" "Our plants, our people" (""), under the Paraguayan Ethnobotany Project (EPY) (which lasted for about ten years), with the support of the Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the City of Geneva and under the auspices of the organization "Tesãi Reka Paraguay" (TRP). The project helped improve the botanical garden and created a large Paraguayan medicinal plant collection and the Center for Conservation and Environmental Education (CCEAM) located in the Botanical Garden, which develops numerous educational activities. The zoo is located on the same site. The zoo's collections focus on the fauna of Paraguay but include animals from elsewhere. Birds include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48629072 |
Arp 7 (PGC 24836) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra. Redshift-independent measurements of its distance vary widely, from 5.9 Mpc to 83.7 Mpc. Its morphological classification is SB(rs)bc, meaning it is a barred spiral galaxy with some ring-like structure. was imaged by Halton Arp and included in his Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies under the category of 'split arm' galaxies. Five other galaxies are also included in this section of the atlas: Arp 8 (NGC 497), Arp 9 (NGC 2523), Arp 10 (UGC 1775), Arp 11 (UGC 717), and Arp 12 (NGC 2608). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48654826 |
Blodite group The blodite group (or Blödite group) is a group of minerals with two (in most cases divalent) cations and two anions. The group includes blödite NaMg(SO)•4HO, leonite KMg(SO)•4(HO), anapaite CaFe(PO)•4(HO), schertelite (NH)Mg(POOH)•4(HO,) manganoblödite NaMn(SO)•4(HO), cobaltoblödite NaCo(SO) •4(HO), changoiteNaZn(SO)•4(HO) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48667512 |
Morón Fault System The or Morón Fault Zone () is a complex of geological faults located in northern Venezuela and the adjacent Caribbean Sea. The fault system is of right-lateral strike-slip. The fault forms part of the diffuse boundary between the Caribbean and South American tectonic plates. The existence of this fault was hypothesized as early as 1888. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48670129 |
Geofísica Internacional is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Instituto de Geofísica of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. It covers all aspects of geophysics and tectonics pertaining to Latin America. It was established in 1961 and the editor-in-chief is Servando de la Cruz Reyna (National Autonomous University of Mexico). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, GEOBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.826. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48671388 |
Gallic acid reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify drug precursor chemicals. It is composed of a mixture of gallic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. 0.05 g of gallic acid is used for every 10 mls of sulfuric acid. The same ratio of gallic acid n-propyl ester in sulfuric acid can also be used. Because of its short shelf life (changing to pale violet color) it is sometimes prepared by dissolving gallic acid into ethanol and adding the sulfuric acid at the time of testing from a separate bottle. In this case 100 mL ethanol is used and one drop of sulfuric acid is used per drop of gallic acid in ethanol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48675061 |
Leo Stodolsky is the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48675992 |
Line Rochefort is a Canadian scientist specializing in peatland ecology. She grew up in a small town near Chicoutimi and earned a BSc in biology from Laval University, a MSc in botany from the University of Alberta and a PhD in botany from the University of Cambridge (1992). Her master's work included research into the impact of acid rain in Canada's Experimental Lakes Area. She is a professor in the Department of Plant Sciences at Laval University. Rochefort has held the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council's Industrial Research chair for Peatland Management since 2003. She has worked with the Canadian peat industry on peatland restoration after extraction of peat has been completed in fens and bogs. In 2011, she received the International Peatland Society's Award of Excellence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48677518 |
NGC 2857 (also known as Arp 1 and PGC 26666) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered on January 9, 1856 by R. J. Mitchell. is the first object in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, and one of six Arp objects in the 'Low Surface Brightness Galaxies' section. The other five low surface brightness galaxies are Arp 2 (UGC 10310), Arp 3, Arp 4, Arp 5 (NGC 3664), and Arp 6 (NGC 2537). On October 10, 2012, Supernova 2012fg was observed in by the MASTER-Kislovodsk auto-detection system. Its absolute magnitude was calculated to be -19.8. The spectrum of SN 2012fg was recorded and analyzed by multiple teams of scientists as it changed rapidly in the days following its detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48687516 |
Yttrium hydride is a compound of hydrogen and yttrium. It is considered to be a part of the class of rare-earth metal hydrides. It exists in several forms, the most common being a metallic compound with formula YH. YH has a face-centred cubic structure, and is a metallic compound. Under great pressure, extra hydrogen can combine to yield an insulator with a hexagonal structure, with a formula close to YH. Hexagonal YH has a band gap of 2.6 eV. Under pressure of 12 GPa YH transforms to an intermediate state, and when the pressure increases to 22 GPa another metallic face-centred cubic phase is formed. In 1996, it was shown that the metal-insulator transition when going from YH to YH can be used to change the optical state of windows from non-transparent to transparent. This report spurred a wave of research on metal hydride-based chromogenic materials and smart windows; gasochromic windows reacting to hydrogen gas and electrochromic structures where the transparency can be regulated by applying an external voltage. When containing a substantial amount of oxygen, yttrium hydride is also found to exhibit reversible photochromic properties. This switchable optical property enables their utilization in many technological applications, such as sensors, goggles, and medical devices in addition to the smart windows. According to a research results, the strength of the photochromic response is found to decrease with increasing oxygen concentration in the film accompanied by an optical band gap widening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48694623 |
NGC 1169 (UGC 2503) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. has a reddish center, indicating the region is dominated by older stars. In contrast, the outer ring contains larger blue-white stars, a sign of recent star formation. The entire galaxy is rotating at approximately 265 km/s was discovered on December 11, 1786 by William Herschel. Measurements of its distance range from 20.9 Mpc - 49.7 Mpc with an average of 35.1 Mpc. and exhibits a slight ring structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48697987 |
Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin) The Amazon Basin is a major large sedimentary basin located roughly at the middle and lower course of the Amazon River, south the Guiana Shield and north of the Central Brazilian Shield. It is bound to the west by the Púrus Arch, separating the Amazon Basin from the Solimões Basin and in the east by the Gurupá Arch, separating the basin from the Marajó Basin. The basin developed on a rift that originated possibly about 550 million years ago during the Cambrian. Parts of the rift were reactivated during the opening of the South Atlantic. The basin has an elongated shape with a WSW-ENE orientation. It long axis runs from the vicinity of Manaus to the area near the confluence of Xingu River with the Amazon River. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48701676 |
NGC 4138 is the "New General Catalogue" identifier for a lenticular galaxy in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. Located around 52 million light years from Earth, it spans some 2.1 × 1.3 arc minutes and has an apparent visual magnitude of 11.3. The morphological classification of is SA0(r), indicating it lacks a bar formation and has tightly wound spiral arms with a ring-like structure around the nucleus. It has no nearby companion galaxies. This is a Seyfert 1.9 galaxy with an active galactic nucleus, having radio emissions detected in its nuclear region. Two radio sources have been detected, with the eastern component being the brighter at 1.0 mJy while the fainter source is emitting 0.75 mJy. This radiation is most likely coming from jets of energetic material being ejected by a central black hole. In 1996 it was revealed that this galaxy has a counter-rotating disk; around 20% of the stars in the galaxy are rotating in the opposite direction from the other 80%. The neutral and ionized gas in this galaxy are rotating in the same direction as the counter-rotating disk, and the stars in this group are generally younger than the main stellar population. This disk may have formed as the result of a merger with a gas-rich dwarf galaxy some four billion years ago. Simulations indicate that the counter-rotation of this disk is acting to suppress spiral arm features in the galaxy as a whole | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48702185 |
NGC 4138 The young, star-forming ring structure is likely the result of collisions between gas clouds rotating in the opposite directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48702185 |
NGC 6373 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Draco. It is designated as SBc in the galaxy morphological classification scheme and was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis A. Swift on 13 June 1985. There are two recorded supernovaes 2001ad and 2012an in this galaxy.<ref name="NASA/IPAC"></ref> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48703171 |
2MASS J22282889–4310262 is a brown dwarf discovered by The Hubble Space Telescope and The Spitzer Space Telescope in 2013. Through the uses of the Hubble and Spitzer, NASA astronomers were able to develop the most detailed 'weather map' for the brown dwarf utilizing different wavelengths of infrared light to show changing light patterns and different layers of material in the windstorms (the layers were generated because water and methane vapors infrared wavelengths). This observation was the first time that researchers were able to probe such variability at different altitudes of the body. On the outer layers of the star, gases condense into raindrop like particles made up of sand and iron which fall onto the interior. Researchers also determined that the object's temperature ranges from 1,100 to 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit (600 to 700 degrees Celsius). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48705851 |
Kepler de Souza Oliveira Filho (born 16 February 1956), also known as S. O. Kepler, is a Brazilian astronomer primarily known for his work on white dwarfs, variable stars, and magnetars. A member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, he is currently a professor at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Kepler obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1984. In January 2006, Oliveira and researchers at the University of Texas identified a pulsating white dwarf star, G117-B15A, as the most stable known optical clock, more stable than an atomic clock. The team's findings were published in "The Astrophysical Journal". He was president of the "Sociedade Brasileira de Astronomia" from 2002 to 2004, and is its current vice-president (2014-2016). He served on the SOAR and Gemini Board for the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, which is responsible for managing the Gemini Observatory. Together with Antonio Nemmer Kanaan Neto and other researchers, he is the co-discoverer of BPM37093, the "Diamond Star", a crystallized carbon-oxygen core pulsating white dwarf. With Detlev Koester and Gustavo Ourique, he discovered SDSSJ1240+6710, an oxygen white dwarf, "Dox". Together with Maria de Fátima Oliveira Saraiva, he is the author of the book and site Astronomia e Astrofísica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48706684 |
Journal of Iberian Geology (formerly Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica) is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. The journal covers the field of geology and related earth sciences, primarily on issues that are relevant to the geology of the Iberian Peninsula. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48736005 |
Phycisphaerae is a class of aquatic bacteria Containing a single order Phycisphaerales. They reproduce by budding and are found in samples of algae in marine water. Organisms in this group are spherical and have a holdfast, at the tip of a thin cylindrical extension from the cell body called the stalk, at the nonreproductive end that helps them to attach to each other during budding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48742330 |
Tachyaerobic is a term used in biology to describe the muscles of large animals and birds that are able to maintain high levels or physical activity because their hearts make up at least 0.5-0.6 percent of their body mass and maintain high blood pressures. A reptile displaying equal size to a tachyaerobic mammal does not have the same capabilities. animals' hearts beat more quickly, produce more oxygen, and distribute blood at a quicker rate than reptiles. The use of tachyaerobic muscles is important to animals such as giraffes that need blood circulated through a large body size quickly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48756720 |
Bradyaerobic is a term used in biology that describes an animal that has low levels of oxygen consumption. By necessity a bradyaerobic animal can engage in short low or high low-level aerobic exercise, followed by brief anaerobically powered bursts of energy. Bradyaerobes can be sprinters, but not long-distance animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48757044 |
John Carrick (botanist) John Carrick (14 June 1914 – 4 January 1978) was a botanist and the author of a number of plant names. He was born in Glasgow and died in Australia. He worked at the University of Malaya from 1952 to 1967 and then became a botanist at the South Australian State Herbarium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48762980 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics is a modern branch of astronomy involving fluid mechanics which deals with the motion of fluids, like the gases which the stars are made up of or any fluid which is found in outer space. The subject covers the fundamentals of mechanics of fluids using various equations, ranging from the continuity equation, Navier Stokes to Euler's equations of collisional fluids and the like. It is an extensive study of the physical realms of the astral bodies and their movements in space. A thorough understanding of this subject requires detailed knowledge of the equations governing fluid mechanics. Most of the applications of astrophysical fluid dynamics include dynamics of stellar systems, accretion disks, Astrophysical jets, Newtonian fluids, and the fluid dynamics of galaxies. deals with the application of fluid dynamics and its equations in the movement of the fluids in space. The applications are entirely different from what we usually study as all of this happens in vacuum with zero gravity. Most of the Interstellar Medium is not at rest, but is in supersonic motion under the action of supernova explosions, stellar winds and radiation fields and the time dependent gravitational field due to spiral density waves in the stellar disc of the galaxy. Since supersonic motions almost always involve shock waves, these play a crucial role. The galaxy also contains a dynamically significant magnetic field which means that the dynamics is governed by the equations of compressible magnetohydrodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics In many cases the electrical conductivity is large enough for the ideal magnetohydrodynamics to be a good approximation, but this is not true in star forming regions where the gas density is high and the degree of ionization is low. One of the most interesting problems is that of star formation. It is known that stars form out of the Interstellar Medium and that this mostly occurs in Giant Molecular Clouds such as the Rosette Nebula for example. It has been known for a long time that an interstellar cloud can collapse due to its self-gravity if it is large enough, but in the ordinary interstellar medium, this can only happen if the cloud has a mass of several thousand solar masses - much larger than that of any star. There must therefore be some process that fragments the cloud into smaller high density clouds whose masses are in the same range as that of stars. Self-gravity cannot do this, but it turns out that there are processes that do this if the magnetic pressure is much larger than the thermal pressure, as it is in Giant Molecular Clouds. These processes rely on the interaction of magnetohydrodynamic waves with a thermal instability. A magnetohydrodynamic wave in a medium in which the magnetic pressure is much larger than the thermal pressure can produce dense regions, but they cannot by themselves make the density high enough for self-gravity to act. However, the gas in star forming regions is heated by cosmic rays and is cooled by radiative processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics The net result is that gas in a thermal equilibrium state in which heating balances cooling can exist in three different phases at the same pressure: a warm phase with a low density, an unstable phase with intermediate density and a cold phase at low temperature. An increase in pressure, due to a supernova or a spiral density wave can flip the gas from the warm phase into the unstable phase and a Magnetohydrodynamic wave can then produce dense fragments in the cold phase whose self-gravity is strong enough for them to collapse to form stars . In this process, we can study the dynamics of the cosmic gas and understand the formation of stars. This is just one example. Even Magnetohydrodynamics has its basis on the fundamentals of astrophysical fluid dynamics. The equations of Fluid Dynamics are tools in developing an understanding of the phenomena in Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. The important equations with their applications are as mentioned below. Conservation of Mass The continuity equation applies the principle of conservation of mass to fluid flow. Consider a fluid flowing through a fixed volume tank having one inlet and one outlet as shown below. If the flow is steady i.e. no accumulation of fluid within the tank, then the rate of fluid flow at entry must be equal to the rate of fluid flow at exit for mass conservation. If, at entry (or exit) having a cross-sectional area A (m), a fluid parcel travels a distance dL in time dt, then the volume flow rate (V, m/s) is given by: "V = (A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics dL)/∆t" but since dL/∆t is the fluid velocity (v, m/s) we can write: "Q = V x A" The mass flow rate (m, kg/s) is given by the product of density and volume flow rate "i.e m = ρ.Q = ρ .V.A" Between two points in flowing fluid for mass conservation we can write: m1=m2 If the fluid is incompressible i.e. ρ = ρ then: "V""A" "= V""A" But, We shall apply this theorem for Astrophysicsical Fluid Dynamics in supersonic Flow regime which will require us to consider a Compressible flow condition where density is not constant. An application for fluid dynamics in astrophysics is the Neutron stars, which are ancient remnants of stars that have reached the end of their evolutionary journey through space and time. These interesting objects are born from once-large stars that grew to four to eight times the size of our own sun before exploding in catastrophic supernovae. After such an explosion blows a star's outer layers into space, the core remains—but it no longer produces nuclear fusion. With no outward pressure from fusion to counterbalance gravity's inward pull, the star condenses and collapses in upon itself. Despite their small diameters—about 12.5 miles (20 kilometers)—neutron stars boast nearly 1.5 times the mass of our sun, and are thus incredibly dense. Just a sugar cube of neutron star matter would weigh about one hundred million tons on Earth. A neutron star's almost incomprehensible density causes protons and electrons to combine into neutrons—the process that gives such stars their name | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics The composition of their cores is unknown, but they may consist of a neutron superfluid or some unknown state of matter. Neutron stars pack an extremely strong gravitational pull, much greater than Earth's. This gravitational strength is particularly impressive because of the stars' small size. When they are formed, neutron stars rotate in space. As they compress and shrink, this spinning speeds up because of the conservation of angular momentum—the same principle that causes a spinning skater to speed up when she pulls in her arms. These stars gradually slow down over the eons, but those bodies that are still spinning rapidly may emit radiation that from Earth appears to blink on and off as the star spins, like the beam of light from a turning lighthouse. This "pulsing" appearance gives some neutron stars the name pulsars. After spinning for several million years pulsars are drained of their energy and become normal neutron stars. Few of the known existing neutron stars are pulsars. Only about 1,000 pulsars are known to exist, though there may be hundreds of millions of old neutron stars in the galaxy. The staggering pressures that exist at the core of neutron stars may be like those that existed at the time of the big bang, but these states cannot be simulated on Earth. It seems EMG Equations plays the most important role in this new branch of Astronomy. This equation was introduced for the first time by American Physical Society in 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Astrophysical fluid dynamics Estakhr's Material-Geodesic equations is developed model of Navier-Stokes equations in an umbrella term, It is relativistic version of NS-equations, And that is why it is so important. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48782005 |
Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis (formerly Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología) is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología. The journal covers the field of sedimentology and sedimentary basin analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48789601 |
WISEP J190648.47+401106.8 (shortened to W1906+40) is a L-dwarf star. In 2015 it was shown to have on its surface a storm the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The storm rotates around the star roughly every 9 hours and has lasted since at least 2013, when observations of the storm began. The star is 53 light-years from Earth, has an intrinsic brightness of 0.0002 that of the sun, a radius of 0.9 Jupiters, and a surface temperature of 2,311 K. The star emits significant flares. Distance 53.3 (+1.17, -1.11) light years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48795925 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation The (VENHF) is a registered non-profit organisation (2012) with its headquarter in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India working for protection and conservation of the nature, natural resources and rights of the nature dependent communities in the ecologically fragile landscape of Vindhya Range in India. Vindhya Bachao Abhiyan is the flagship campaign of the organization. Vindhya Bachao Abhiyan ( English meaning: "Save Vindhya Campaign") is the flagship program of VENHF which works towards environmental equity and bringing ecological justice through research-based environmental litigation, strengthening grass-root environmental movements, supporting institution of local governance and protecting the rights of nature dependent indigenous communities. In the year 2017, in association with WWF-India published a sign-based study on Sloth Bears in Mirzapur, which identified five forest ranges as critical wildlife habitats. The study estimated an area of 430 sq.km. of core Sloth bear habitat and a total of 1110 sq.km of Reserve Forests area which may be protected as wildlife habitat. This study was followed by a camera trap survey in three forest ranges of Mirzapur forest division – Marihan, Sukrit and Chunar – between May 2018 and July 2018. A total of 15 camera traps were deployed at 50 different locations selected randomly covering different habitat types and at locations likely to be used by animals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation The said study was conducted in collaboration of Mirzapur Forest Department and was supported by David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation and Wildlife Trust of India. The study recorded 24 wildlife species, several of which were recorded for the first time in the district. The study also recorded Asiatic wildcat for the first time in Uttar Pradesh. A proposal for Sloth Bear Conservation Reserve was made based on this study. VENHF under the banner of Vindhya Bachao opposed the 1320 MW Coal Based Thermal Power Station in Mirzapur proposed by Ms Welspun Energy U.P. Private Limited since the year 2013. In a site visit report published by Vindhya Bachao in September, 2013 it was claimed that the project proponent concealed the information on the presence of forests and several Schedule I species under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in the EIA Report it submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (India). In 2013 it was reported by Down to Earth that the plan was "mired in controversy following allegations that the company concealed information about the presence of forestland and endangered wildlife at the project site. The farmers in the region have also been protesting against the project, alleging the company bought land for the project by cheating them." Debadityo Sinha, founder of VENHF in his articles claimed that the project will be a threat to river Ganga and the upper Khajuri Reservoir for drinking and irrigation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation It was apprehended that the project if comes into existence will also threat a historic waterfall of Mirzapur known as Wyndham Fall and will also jeopardise the drinking water supply of the newly established Rajiv Gandhi South campus of Banaras Hindu University. He also made an allegation that the Public Hearing process for the project was greatly compromised and local people were prohibited from entering the public hearing premises. In a research paper published by VENHF in an international open source scientific journal "Present Environment and Sustainable Development" of Walter de Gruyter in its October, 2015 edition, the land use land cover map of the project site submitted by the company is contradicted. The National Green Tribunal, New Delhi quashed the Environmental Clearance granted to the project in its judgment dated 21 December 2016 in a matter filed by Vindhya Bachao members Debadityo Sinha, Shiva Kumar Upadhyaya and Mukesh Kumar. Vindhya Bachao Website has a separate portal Mirzapur Thermal Power Plant Resource Page with extensive information resources on the project, including site visit reports, minutes of MoEF meetings discussing the project, accounts of protests, and documents submitted by Welspun Energy. Vindhya Bachao Abhiyan exposed the illegalities in environment clearance and forest clearance surrounding the controversial Kanhar Dam Project in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh on Kanhar River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation The information collected by Vindhya Bachao using Right to Information Act, 2005 was the basis of challenging the construction of the dam. Members of Vindhya Bachao and People's Union for Civil Liberties challenged the project in National Green Tribunal, New Delhi. The construction of the dam was thereafter stayed by the National Green Tribunal in December, 2014. The Chief Secretary of Chhattisgarh government in April 2015 took note of the irregularities highlighted by Vindhya Bachao Abhiyan and asked the Uttar Pradesh government to stop the construction until the survey and compensation for the affected villages are completed. The National Green Tribunal passed its final judgement on 7 May 2015 staying any new construction to be undertaken but allowed the construction already underway. The court also formed a high-level committee under chairmanship of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Uttar Pradesh to report on the directions issued in the judgment. The members filed a review petition against the judgment passed by the Tribunal, following which the court gave a direction on 7 July 2015 that "This Application is disposed of with an observation that upon filing of the report by High Power Committee; constituted under the Judgment of the Tribunal, the Tribunal will pass further directions after hearing the parties in regard to all matters as mentioned in the Judgment including Environmental Clearance and Forest Clearance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation " The Tribunal through its order dated 21 September 2015 issued a show cause notice to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Uttar Pradesh for not submitting the report within the deadline. In one of the article published by Vindhya Bachao Abhiyan on its portal in December, 2015 states that the petitioners are unsatisfied with the report submitted by the committee and alleged that the State government is violating the judgment passed by the Tribunal in its 7 May 2015 order. Vindhya Bachao Website has a separate portal Kanhar Dam Resource Page for sharing latest updates on Kanhar Dam case. challenged the declaration of 1 km Eco-Sensitive Zone around Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary in the districts of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra in Uttar Pradesh at the National Green Tribunal, New Delhi The petition said the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change should have taken into consideration the ecologically sensitive areas, water bodies, forests wildlife habitats and other eco sensitive areas on the basis of site selection and should not apply the uniform distance.The Tribunal dismissed the plea, which was also upheld by the Supreme court of India. Members of Vindhya Bachao along with Bharat Jhunjhunwala and other environmentalists wrote to the Ministry of Water Resources (India), World Bank and other states of India on the ecological and cultural impacts of reviving the National Waterway 1 on river Ganges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation VENHF sent a representation to the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India on the proposed draft notification declaring 1 km Eco-sensitive zone around the Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary. The representation was endorsed by renowned wildlife experts Mike Pandey and Asad Rahmani. VENHF hosts an information portal called Saving the Habitat which shares information on wildlife of Mirzapur. In December, 2014 the organization sent a representation to the Government of India demanding some areas of Mirzapur Forest Division to be declared as Protected areas of India. In June, 2015 VENHF reviewed the Draft Notification on Emission Standards for Thermal Power Plants in India and sent a representation to Government of India. In October, 2015 VENHF sent a representation on the Draft Environment Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2015 to Government of India in which it claimed that the bill will dilute the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Debadityo Sinha, the founder of was awarded the Sanctuary Wildlife Service Award on 20 December 2019 by Sanctuary Asia, DSP Mutual Fund and IndusInd Bank. Mr Firoz Ahmad, Forestry and Remote Sensing expert associated with VENHF got the 'National E-Governance Award 2019-20' from 'Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India' during 23rd National Conference on E-Governance' held in Mumbai on 7–8 February 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation VENHF is partner of EKOenergy and Global Call for Climate Action The organization has published studies in association with WWF-India, Wildlife Trust of India, Earth Matters Foundation, David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Government of Uttar Pradesh and Government of Arunachal Pradesh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807280 |
Infected cell protein 47 also ICP-47 or ICP47 is a protein encoded by the viruses such as Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus that allows them to evade the human immune system's CD8 T-cell response by interfering with an infected cell's ability to show viral epitopes to T cells. Its secondary structure shows three helices. It works by inhibiting transfer of viral particles to the human TAP proteins and thus entry of viral peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, which is supposed to bind them to MHC class I molecules for extracellular T-cell recognition so the viral component will trigger immune defense response as a foreign entity. However human or some animal TAP proteins differs in mice making rodents far less susceptible than humans to HSV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48807386 |
Kirk (crater) Kirk Crater is the unofficial name given to a small crater on Pluto's largest moon Charon. The crater was discovered by the "New Horizons" space probe in 2015 during its flyby of Pluto and its moons. It was named after captain James T. Kirk from the "Star Trek" franchise and TV series. The crater is located in the southern hemisphere near Clarke Montes, in a region that astronomers have named Vulcan Planum. The floor of Kirk Crater is covered with small mounds called hummocks, which may provide evidence for how ice flowed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48813195 |
Richard Pankhurst (botanist) Richard Pankhurst (born Richard John Pankhurst, 1940–2013) was a British computer scientist, botanist and academic. From 1963 to 1966 he worked at CERN, then from 1966 to 1974 on computer-aided design at Cambridge University, and from 1974 to 1991 at the Natural History Museum as curator of the British herbarium. In 1991, he became a Principal Scientific Officer at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. He published over fifty peer reviewed papers and sat on several committees: His book "Biological Identification" (1978) has been described as " the first textbook on computer methods in identification". Pankhurst died in 2013, a year after the species "Taraxacum pankhurstianum", endemic to St. Kilda, was named in his honour, for his suggestion that the seed from which it was grown at Edinburgh be collected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48815758 |
TianQin The Project () is a proposed space-borne gravitational-wave observatory (gravitational-wave detector) consisting of three spacecrafts in Earth orbit. The project is being led by Professor Luo Jun (), President of Sun Yat-sen University, and is based in the university's Zhuhai campus. Construction on project-related infrastructure, which will include a research building, ultra-quiet cave laboratory, and observation center, began in March 2016. The project is estimated to cost 15 billion RMB (US$2.3 billion), with a projected launch date in 2030s. In December 2019, China launched "Tianqin-1, its first satellite for space-based gravitational wave detection." The project's name combines the Chinese words "Tian" (天), meaning sky or heavens, and "Qin" (琴), meaning stringed instrument. This name refers to the metaphorical concept of gravitational waves "plucking the strings" by causing fluctuations in the 100,000 kilometer laser beams stretching between each of the three spacecrafts. The observatory will consist of three identical drag-free controlled spacecrafts in high Earth orbits at an altitude of about 100,000 km. The nominal source of the observatory is a white-dwarf binary RX J0806.3+1527 (also known as HM Cancri). This could serve as a good calibration source for the gravitational wave observatory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48817094 |
TianQin Similar configuration of geocentric orbit space-borne gravitational wave detectors have been developed since 2011, and was shown to have favorable properties for observing intermediate-mass and massive black-hole binaries. Apart from Galactic binaries, the observatory can also detect sources like massive black hole binaries, extreme mass ratio inspirals, stellar-mass black hole binary inspirals, and stochastic gravitational wave background, etc. The detection rate for massive black hole binaries is expected to be as high as about 60 per year, and would have accurate estimate to the source's parameters, which enable the potential for distinguishing the seed models for massive black holes, as well as issuing early warning for nearby mergers. It can also be used to test the no-hair theorem or constrain modified gravity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48817094 |
John T. Dingle is a British biologist and rheumatologist. He joined the staff of the Strangeways Research Laboratory in 1959 as a research assistant to then-director Honor Fell, and later himself served as director from 1979 to 1993, taking over the position after the death of Michael Abercrombie. His presence at Strangeways helped to move its research direction toward the original research interests of its founder, Thomas Strangeways, who sought to understand the physiology of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, after many years in which the laboratory specialized more narrowly in tissue culture and cell biology. Dingle was the president of Hughes Hall from 1993 to 1998, and is an honorary fellow. He was the founding chairman of the British Connective Tissue Society (now the British Society for Matrix Biology), serving from 1980 to 1987. Among his notable trainees is University of California, San Francisco cell biologist Zena Werb, who was a postdoctoral fellow with Dingle and subsequently worked as a research assistant at Strangeways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48822343 |
Atlantic Shield The is a large geological shield located in eastern South America. The shield is made up of the cratons of São Luís, São Francisco, Luís Alves and Río de la Plata. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48824840 |
NGC 672 is a galaxy in the Triangulum constellation. It was discovered by William Herschel on 26 October 1786. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48827399 |
Rudolf Ludwig Meyer-Dür ( August 12, 1812, Burgdorf – March 2, 1885, Zürich) was a Swiss entomologist who specialised in Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Neuroptera He was a founder Member of the Swiss Entomological Society (Société Entomologique Suisse). For most of his life he lived in Burgdorf and he worked mainly on the Swiss insect fauna but in 1859 he accompanied Jules Pictet on a collecting trip to Spain. He also collected in the South of France. Insect specimens collected by Meyer-Dür are variously disposed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology Cambridge Massachusetts, State Museum of Zoology, Dresden , Natural History Museum of Bern , University of Zurich Zoology Museum UZZM, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48827583 |
Ralph H. Wetmore Ralph Hartley Wetmore (April 27, 1892 – April 28, 1989) was a professor of botany at Harvard University from 1926 until 1962, known for his studies of plant growth and development. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, and the New York Academy of Science, and served as president of the Botanical Society of America. Wetmore was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and attended Acadia University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1921. He earned a Phd at Harvard in 1924, working under E. C. Jeffrey, and joined the Harvard faculty in 1926. He was married to Marion G. Silver from 1923 until her death in 1935, and in 1940 married Olive (Hawkins) Smith, who later became acting dean of Radcliffe College. Wetmore had two daughters from his first marriage. He died in Boxford, Massachusetts, at the age of 97. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48833164 |
Lou Zhicen (; 28 January 1920 – 23 March 1995) was a Chinese pharmacognosist and educator. Lou comes from a long line doctors and graduated from the University of London. Lou was a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was vice-president of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association (CPA) and a member of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. He was chief editor of "Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal" and "Bulletin of Chinese Materia Medica", and associate chief editor of "Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica". Lou was the graduate tutor of Tu Youyou, who is a renowned pharmaceutical chemist, educator and Nobel laureate. Lou was born in Xiaofeng County (now Anji County), Zhejiang, Republic of China on January 28, 1920, to a family of physicians. He attended Xiaofeng County Sun Yat-sen Primary School and Zhejiang Provincial Huzhou Junior High School. In 1936 he was accepted to Zhejiang Provincial Xianghu Village Normal School and he entered Zhejiang Provincial Joint Normal School in February 1939. In the summer of 1939 he was accepted to National Military Medical Academy, after graduation, he taught there. In 1943 he became a member of the Chinese Chemical Society (CCS) and he was an editor of "Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy". In September 1945 he entered the University of London, where he majored in pharmacognosy. He took up a post as research assistant in the Department of Pharmacology in 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48835217 |
Lou Zhicen He returned to China (the newly established People's Republic) in January 1951 and in that year became an associate professor of the Department of Pharmacy at Zhejiang University. Seven months later, he taught at Peking University Medical School (later Beijing Medical College, now Peking University Health Science Center). He was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in June 1994. He died on March 23, 1995, in Beijing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48835217 |
Enadenotucirev is an investigational oncolytic virus that is in clinical trials for various cancers. It is an oncolytic A11/Ad3 Chimeric Group B Adenovirus, previously described as ColoAd1. has also been modified with additional genes using the tumor-specific immuno-gene therapy (T-SIGn) platform to develop novel cancer gene therapy agents. The T-SIGn vectors at clinical study stage are: In Jan 2015 the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Orphan Medical Products (COMP) designated enadenotucirev as an orphan medicinal product for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Two clinical trials have been completed with enadenotucirev. The EVOLVE study and the MOA study. , there are two active phase 1 trials: OCTAVE (in ovarian cancer) and SPICE (in multiple solid tumor indications) Of the T-SIGn viruses, NG-350A has an ongoing clinical study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48845429 |
Sunsás orogeny The was an ancient orogeny active during the Late Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic and currently preserved as the Sunsás orogen in the Amazonian Craton in South America. About 85% of the belt is covered by Phanerozoic sediments. Among the remaining 15% of the orogen exposed at surface the best outcrops lies around the Bolivia-Brazil border. It is thought that the original orogen once spanned an area from Venezuela to Argentina and Paraguay. The western and southeastern fringes of the Sunsás orogen have been incorporated into the Andean orogeny and the Brasiliano orogeny respectively. The was active during four separate phases: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48847945 |
Heinrich Scholz (entomologist) Heinrich Scholz (1812, Breslau - 1859) was a German entomologist who specialised in Hemiptera and Diptera. Heinrich Scholz was a physician. partial list His collection of Hemiptera of Silesia is in the natural history museum of the University of Wrocław | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48848273 |
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