text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
CGTG-102 While in phase I was already used to treat 200 advanced cancer patients in the company's Advanced Therapy Access Program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49771479 |
MatC family The Malonate Uptake (MatC) family (TC# 2.A.101) is a constituent of the ion transporter (IT) superfamily. It consists of proteins from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Xanthomonas, Rhizobium and Streptomyces species), simple eukaryotes (e.g., "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii") and archaea (e.g., "Methanococcus jannaschii"). The proteins are of about 450 amino acyl residues in length with 12-14 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). Closest functionally-characterized homologues are in the DASS (TC #2.A.47) family. One member of this family is a putative malonate transporter (MatC of "Rhizobium leguminosarum" bv "trifolii", TC# 2.A.101.1.2). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49780148 |
Basic amino acid antiporter family The Basic Amino Acid Antiporter (ArcD) family (TC# 2.A.118) is a constituent of the IT superfamily. This family consists of proteins from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., "Streptococcus", "Escherichia", "Salmonella", "Fusobacterium" and "Borrelia" species). The proteins are of about 480 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and have 10-12 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). Functionally characterized homologues are in the DcuC (TC #2.A.61) and ArsB (TC #2.A.4) families. Some members of the family probably catalyze arginine/ornithine or citruline/ornithine antiport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49780593 |
NhaA family Na/H antiporter A (NhaA) family (TC# 2.A.33) contains a number of bacterial sodium-proton antiporter (SPAP) proteins. These are integral membrane proteins that catalyse the exchange of H for Na in a manner that is highly pH dependent. Homologues have been sequenced from a number of bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotes possess multiple paralogues. A representative list of the proteins that belong to the can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Proteins of the are of 300-700 amino acyl residues in length. NhaA of "E. coli" is a homeodimer, each subunit consisting of a bundle of 12 tilted transmembrane α-helices (TMSs). Molecular dynamics simulations of NhaA enabled proposal of an atomically detailed model of antiporter function. Three conserved aspartate residues are key to this proposed mechanism: Asp (D164) is the Na-binding site, D163 controls the alternating accessibility of this binding site to the cytoplasm or periplasm, and D133 is crucial for pH regulation. Na-H antiporters are integral membrane proteins that exchange Na for H across the cytoplasmic membrane and many intracellular membranes. They are essential for Na, pH, and volume homeostasis, which are processes crucial for cell viability. The "E. coli" protein probably functions in the regulation of the internal pH when the external pH is alkaline, and the protein effectively functions as a pH sensor. It also uses the H gradient to expel Na from the cell. Its activity is highly pH dependent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781126 |
NhaA family The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by NhaA is:Na (in) + 2H (out) ⇌ Na (out) + 2H (in). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781126 |
NhaB family The (TC# 2.A.34) belongs to the Ion Transporter (IT) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. NhaB homologues are usually about 500 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and possess about 12 transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs), although some members differ in their number of TMSs. NhaB homologues also exhibit a region with limited sequence similarity to a 46 kDa membrane protein of unknown function from "Mycobacterium leprae" (spP46838) which is also homologous to a member of arsenate resistance pumps of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (TC# 3.A.4). Only Gram-negative bacterial proteins have been functionally characterized. The "E. coli" NhaB is 58% identical to the orthologous "Vibrio alginolyticus" Na/H antiporter. Although the latter protein is predicted to exhibit 10 TMSs, construction of "NhaB-phoA" fusions led to evidence for a 9 TMS model with the N-terminus in the cytoplasm and the C-terminus in the periplasm. A centrally located aspartyl residue in the 3rd TMS is conserved in all members of the family and important for activity. The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by NhaB of "E. coli" is:2 Na (in) + 3 H (out) ⇌ 2 Na (out) + 3 H (in). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781138 |
NhaC family The (TC# 2.A.35) belongs to the Ion Transporter (IT) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Two members of the have been functionally characterized. One is believed to be a Na:H antiporter; the other is a malate·H:lactate·Na antiporter. Several paralogues are found in "Vibrio cholerae," and two paralogues are found encoded in the completely sequenced genomes of both"Haemophilus influenzae" and "Bacillus subtilis." "E. coli" lacks such a homologue. "Pyrococcus" species also have at least one homologue each. Thus, members of the are found in both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria as well as archaea. NhaC of "B. firmus" is 462 amino acyl residues long and possesses 12 putative transmembrane α-helical segments. MleN of "B. subtilis" (468 aas; TC# 2.A.35.1.2) also exhibits 12 putative TMSs. The transport reaction catalyzed by NhaC is probably:Na+ (in) + nH+ (out) ⇌ Na+ (out) + nH+ (in). (n > 1)That catalyzed by MleN is probably:Malate (out) + H (out) + Lactate (in) + Na (in) ⇌ Malate (in) + H (in) + Lactate (out) + Na (out) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781596 |
NhaD family The (TC# 2.A.62) belongs to the Ion Transporter (IT) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. The NhaD Na/H antiporter has been characterized from two "Vibrio" species: "V. parahaemolyticus" and "V. cholerae" and in the haloalkaliphile, "Alkalimonas amylolytica". These proteins and their homologues are 400-500 aas long and exhibit 10-13 TMSs. They catalyze Na/H and Li/H antiport. They exhibit activity at basic pH (8-10) with no activity at pH 7.5. The "Amylolytica" antiporter has low Na affinity and has optimal activity at 600 mM Na. Homologues are found in proteobacteria of all groups, "Flavobacteria" and "Chlamydia." Distant homologues of the IT superfamily are ubiquitous. The generalized reaction catalyzed by NhaD is:nH (in) + mNa (out) ⇌ nH (out) + mNa (in). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781600 |
NhaE family The (TC# 2.A.111) belongs to the Ion Transporter (IT) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. The NhaH family consists of proteins from Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., "Leptospira", "Azotobacter", "Neisseria", "Ralstonia", "Chlorobium" and "Rhizobial" species). The proteins are of about 480 aas with 12-14 putative TMSs. An open reading frame (ORF) from the genome of "Neisseria meningitidis" displaying similarity with the NhaE type of Na/H antiporters was expressed in "E. coli" and characterized for sodium transport ability. The "N. meningitidis" antiporter (NmNhaE) was able to complement an "E. coli" strain devoid of Na/H antiporters (KNabc) with respect to the ability to grow in the presence of high concentrations of NaCl or LiCl. Ion transport assays in everted vesicles prepared from the KNabc strain expressing NmNhaE from a plasmid confirmed its ability to translocate Na and Li. The generalized reaction catalyzed by NhaE is,Na or Li (in) + H (out) ⇌ Na or Li (out) + H (in) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49781605 |
Jacques Aubert (entomologist) Jacques F. Aubert (1916, Lausanne – 1995, Lutry) was a Swiss entomologist. He specialised in Plecoptera and Ichneumonidae. He described more than 600 ichneumonid taxa, mostly originated from the Alps and the Mediterranean region. His collection of taxa was further used by other taxonomists of the same field. The Musée de Zoologie in Lausanne, Switzerland, acquired the first part of Aubert's collection in 1983. The second part followed between 1991 and 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49782727 |
Chintaman Govind Pandit Chintaman Govind Pandit, (25 July 1895 – 7 September 1991) was an Indian virologist, writer and the founder director of the Indian Council of Medical Research. He secured his doctoral degree (PhD) from the University of London in 1922, worked as the director of King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, before becoming the founder director of the Indian Council of Medical Research when the institution was established in 1948. After his superannuation in 1964, he was made the Emeritus Scientist of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Pandit, besides writing several medical articles, authored two books, "Indian Research Fund Association and Indian Council of Medical Research, 1911-1961; fifty years of progress" and "Nutrition in India". He served as the president of the Indian Science Congress of 1991 and was an elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (1939) and a founder Fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India). In the 1943 Birthday Honours list, Patel was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). He received the fourth-highest Indian civilian honour, the Padma Shri, in 1956. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1964, for his contributions to science. After his death on 7 September 1991, the Indian Council of Medical Research instituted a distinguished scientist chair, "Dr. C. G. Pandit National Chair", in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49795988 |
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-1 The Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) Family (TC# 2.A.36) is a large family of proteins derived from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, blue-green bacteria, archaea, yeast, plants and animals. The CPA1 family belongs to the VIC superfamily. Transporters from eukaryotes have been functionally characterized to catalyze Na:H exchange. Their primary physiological functions are thought to be in (1) cytoplasmic pH regulation, extruding the H generated during metabolism, and (2) salt tolerance (in plants), due to Na uptake into vacuoles. Bacterial homologues have also been found to facilitate Na:H antiport, but some also catalyze Li:H antiport or Ca:H antiport under certain conditions. The phylogenetic tree for the CPA1 family shows three principal clusters. The first cluster includes proteins derived exclusively from animals, and all of the functionally characterized members of the family belong to this cluster. Of the two remaining clusters, one includes all bacterial homologues while the other includes one from "Arabidopsis thaliana," one from "Homo sapiens" and two from yeast ("S. cerevisiae" and "S. pombe"). Several organisms possess multiple paralogues; for example, seven paralogues are found in "C. elegans," and five are known in humans. Most of these paralogues are very similar in sequence, and they belong to the animal specific cluster. A representative list of proteins belonging to the CPA1 family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49810360 |
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-1 Numerous members of the CPA1 family have been sequenced, and these proteins vary substantially in size. The bacterial proteins have 520-550 amino acyl residues (aas) while eukaryotic proteins are generally larger, varying in size from 540-900 residues. They exhibit 10-12 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). A proposed topological model suggests that in addition to 12 TMSs, a region between TMSs 9 and 10 dips into the membrane to line the pore. However, one homologue, Nhx1 of "S. cerevisiae" (TC# 2.A.36.1.12)"," has an extracellular glycosylated C-terminus. Using the mammalian NHE1 (TC# 2.A.36.1.1), it has been found that TMSs 4 and 9 as well as the extracellular loop between TMSs 3 and 4 are important for drug (amiloride- and benzoyl guanidinium-based derivatives) sensitivities. Mutations in these regions also affect transport activities. M4 and M9 therefore contain critical sites for both drug and cation recognition. The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by functionally characterized members of the CPA1 family is:Na (out) + H (in) ⇌ Na (in) + H (out). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49810360 |
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-3 The Monovalent Cation (K or Na):Proton Antiporter-3 (CPA3) Family (TC# 2.A.63) is a member of the Na transporting Mrp superfamily. The CPA3 family consists of bacterial multicomponent K:H and Na:H antiporters. The best characterized systems are the PhaABCDEFG system of "Sinorhizobium meliloti" (TC# 2.A.63.1.1) that functions in pH adaptation and as a K efflux system, and the MnhABCDEFG system of "Staphylococcus aureus" (TC# 2.A.63.1.3) that functions as a Na efflux Na:H antiporter. A homologous, but only partially sequenced, system was earlier reported to catalyze Na:H antiport in an alkalophilic "Bacillus" strain. PhaA and PhaD are respectively homologous to the ND5 and ND4 subunits of the H-pumping (TC #3.D.1). Homologous protein subunits from "E. coli" NADH:quinone oxidoreductase can functionally replace MrpA and MrpD in "Bacillus subtilis." Homologues of PhaA, B, C and D and Nha1, 2, 3 and 4 of an alkalophilic "Bacillus" strain are the Yuf(Mrp)T, U, V and D genes of "Bacillus subtilis". In this system, YufT is believed to be responsible for Na:H antiporter activity, but it does not have activity in the absence of other constituents of the operon. The seven Pha proteins are of the following sizes (in #aas) and exhibit the following putative numbers of transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs): All are predicted to be integral membrane proteins. Corresponding values for the "S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49813299 |
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-3 aureus" Mnh system are: In view of the complexity of the system, large variation in subunit structure, and the homology with NDH family protein constituents, a complicated energy coupling mechanism, possibly involving a redox reaction, cannot be ruled out. Na or Li does, but K, Ca, and Mg do not, support significant antiport by the Gram-positive bacterial systems (TC# 2.A.6.3.1.2 and TC# 2.A.6.3.1.3). Na(Li)/H antiporters have alkaline pH optima and apparent K values for Na that are among the lowest reported for bacterial Na/H antiporters. Na/Hantiport consumes the pmf and therefore is probably electrogenic. YufF (MrpF) appears to catalyze cholate efflux, possibly by a Na symport mechanism. It plays a major role in Na extrusion and is required for initiation of sporulation. Additionally, another component of the operon, MrpF (equivalent to PhaF of "R. meliloti") has been implicated in choline and Na efflux. The MrpA-G proteins of "B. subtilis" have been shown to be present in a single multicomponent complex. They provide Na/H antiport activity and function in multiple compound resistance and pH homeostasis. The generalized reaction believed to be catalyzed by CPA3 family members is:[K or Na] (in) + H (out) ⇌ [K or Na] (out) + H (in). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49813299 |
Jean-Paul Vincent is a developmental biologist working at the Francis Crick Institute. Vincent has conducted work on the Wnt signalling pathways that help to regulate cell-to-cell interactions. His work on cell signalling and behaviour has led to an improved understanding of diseases such as cancer in which fundamental biological processes are altered. Earlier in his career, he pioneered the use of caged dye technology to trace the cellular development of fruit fly embryos, and established a relationship between the alignment of frog embryos and their so-called subcortical rotation in the egg. Vincent was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2013. His certificate of election reads: He is a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49853513 |
Ernst Kalkowsky Ernst Louis Kalkowsky (1851–1938) was a German geologist and museum scientist. His paper "Oolith and Stromatolith im Norddeutschen Bundsandstein" was one of the most important contributions to understand stromatolitic structures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49854038 |
Titanomagnetite is a mineral containing oxides of titanium and iron, with the formula Fe(Fe,Ti)O. It is also known as titaniferous magnetite. It is part of the spinel group of minerals. The Curie temperature for titanomagnetite has been found to have a wide range of 200 to 580°C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49854401 |
Sequence graph In comparative genomics, a sequence graph, also called an alignment graph, breakpoint graph, or adjacency graph, is a bidirected graph in which the vertices represent segments of DNA and the edges represent adjacency between segments in a genome. The segments are labeled by the DNA string they represent, and each edge connects the tail end of one segment with the head end of another segment. Each adjacency edge is labelled by a (possibly empty) string of DNA. Traversing a connected component of segments and adjacency edges (called a "thread") yields a sequence, which typically represents a genome or a section of a genome. The segments can be thought of as synteny blocks, with the edges dictating how to arrange these blocks in a particular genome, and the labelling of the adjacency edges representing bases that are not contained in synteny blocks. Sequence graphs can be used to represent multiple sequence alignments with the addition of a new kind of edge representing homology between segments. For a set of genomes, one can create an acyclic breakpoint graph with a thread for each genome. For two segments formula_1 and formula_2, where formula_3,formula_4,formula_5, and formula_6 represent the endpoints of the two segments, homology edges can be created from formula_3 to formula_5 and formula_4 to formula_6 or from formula_3 to formula_6 and formula_4 to formula_5 - representing the two possible orientations of the homology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49861393 |
Sequence graph The advantage of representing a multiple sequence alignment this way is that it is possible to include inversions and other structural rearrangements that wouldn't be allowable in a matrix representation. If there are multiple possible paths when traversing a thread in a sequence graph, multiple sequences can be represented by the same thread. This means it is possible to create a sequence graph that represents a population of individuals with slightly different genomes - with each genome corresponding to one path through the graph. These graphs have been proposed as a replacement for the reference human genome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49861393 |
Gerhard Materlik Gerhard Theodor Materlik (born 16 January 1945) is a German physicist and science manager. He has made significant contributions to X-ray physics, notably improvements in the real-world application of synchrotron radiation. He is a Professor of Facilities Science at the University College London since 2013. Materlik completed his undergraduate education in physics in Münster and Munich in 1970. He earned his doctorate from the University of Dortmund in 1975. After postdoctoral appointments at Cornell University (1975–1977) and Bell Laboratories, he took a job at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. From 2001–2013, Materlik was Chief Executive of the Diamond Light Source, the United Kingdom's synchrotron facility. He was the leader of the team that constructed the accelerators, which speed up electrons to near the speed of light, and also the instrumentation installed to apply this radiation in experiments covering a spectral range from infrared radiation up to X-rays. His discoveries have become widely used experimental methods. He has published more than 200 papers. He assisted in the development of synchrotron sources worldwide. In 2007, Materlik was awarded a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49873615 |
Gerhard Materlik His certificate of election reads: In 2014 he was awarded the Glazebrook Medal by the Institute of Physics "for his leadership in establishing a world-leading laboratory at the Diamond Light Source". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49873615 |
Mark S. Gordon is a professor of chemistry at Iowa State University, and Ames Laboratory working in the area of computational quantum chemistry. He is a member of The International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. Mark Gordon received his B.S. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, followed by a PhD. from Carnegie Mellon working under the supervision of John Pople, followed by a postdoctoral stint with Klaus Ruedenberg at Iowa State University. He was on the faculty at North Dakota State University until 1993 when he moved to Iowa State University. He is well known for his work with the GAMESS (US) quantum chemistry program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49882712 |
Dirac membrane A model of a charged membrane introduced by Paul Dirac in 1962. Dirac's original motivation was to explain the mass of the muon as an excitation of the ground state corresponding to an electron. Anticipating the birth of string theory by almost a decade, he was the first to introduce what is now called a type of Nambu–Goto action for membranes. In the model the repulsive electromagnetic forces on the membrane are balanced by the contracting ones coming from the positive tension. In the case of the spherical membrane, classical equations of motion imply that the balance is met for the radius formula_1, where formula_2 is the classical electron radius. Using Bohr–Sommerfeld quantisation condition for the Hamiltonian of the spherically symmetric membrane, Dirac finds the approximation of the mass corresponding to the first excitation as formula_3, where formula_4 is the mass of the electron, which is about a quarter of the observed muon mass. Dirac chose a non-standard way to formulate the action principle for the membrane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49885288 |
Dirac membrane Because closed membranes in formula_5 provide a natural split of space into the interior and the exterior there exists a special curvilinear system of coordinates formula_6 in spacetime and a function formula_7 such that - formula_8 defines a membrane - formula_9, formula_10 describe a region outside or inside the membrane Choosing formula_11 and the following gauge formula_12, formula_13, formula_14 where formula_15, ( formula_16) is the internal parametrization of the membrane world-volume, the membrane action proposed by Dirac is where the induced metric and the factors J and M are given by In the above formula_21 are rectilinear and orthogonal. The space-time signature used is (+,-,-,-). Note that formula_22 is just a usual action for the electromagnetic field in a curvilinear system while formula_23is the integral over the membrane world-volume i.e. precisely the type of the action used later in string theory. There are 3 equations of motion following from the variation with respect to formula_24 and formula_25. They are: - variation w.r.t. formula_24 for formula_27 - this results in sourceless Maxwell equations - variation w.r.t. formula_21 for formula_27 - this gives a consequence of Maxwell equations - variation w.r.t. formula_21 for formula_31 The last equation has a geometric interpretation: the r.h.s. is proportional to the curvature of the membrane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49885288 |
Dirac membrane For the spherically symmetric case we get Therefore, the balance condition formula_34 implies formula_35 where formula_36 is the radius of the balanced membrane. The total energy for the spherical membrane with radius formula_37 is and it is minimal in the equilibrium for formula_39, hence formula_40. On the other hand, the total energy in the equilibrium should be formula_4 (in formula_42 units) and so we obtain formula_43. Small oscillations about the equilibrium in the spherically symmetric case imply frequencies - formula_44. Therefore, going to quantum theory, the energy of one quantum would be formula_45. This is much more than the muon mass but the frequencies are by no means small so this approximation may not work properly. To get a better quantum theory one needs to work out the Hamiltonian of the system and solve the corresponding Schroedinger equation. For the Hamiltonian formulation Dirac introduces generalised momenta - for formula_46: formula_47 and formula_48 - momenta conjugate to formula_24 and formula_50 respectively (formula_51, coordinate choice formula_52) - for formula_53: formula_54 - momenta conjugate to formula_50 Then one notices the following constraints - for the Maxwell field - for membrane momenta where formula_58 - reciprocal of formula_59, formula_60. These constraints need to be included when calculating the Hamiltonian, using the Dirac bracket method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49885288 |
Dirac membrane The result of this calculation is the Hamiltonian of the form where formula_63 is the Hamiltonian for the electromagnetic field written in the curvilinear system. For spherically symmetric motion the Hamiltonian is however the direct quantisation is not clear due to the square-root of the differential operator. To get any further Dirac considers the Bohr - Sommerfeld method: and finds formula_66 for formula_67. P. A. M. Dirac, An Extensible Model of the Electron, Proc. Roy. Soc. A268, (1962) 57–67. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49885288 |
Etage A cloud étage is a meteorological term used to delimit any one of three main altitude levels in the troposphere where certain cloud types usually form. The term is derived from the French word which means "floor" or "storey", as in the floor of a multi-storey building. With the exception of the low étage, the altitude range of each level varies according to latitude from Earth's equator to the arctic and antarctic regions at the poles. The high étage ranges from altitudes of in the polar regions, in the temperate regions and in the tropical region. The major high-level cloud types comprise cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. The middle étage extends from above surface at any latitude as high as near the poles, at mid latitudes, and in the tropics. Altocumulus and Altostratus are the main cloud types found in the middle levels of the troposphere. The low étage is found from surface up to at all latitudes. Principal cloud types found in the low levels of the troposphere include stratocumulus, stratus, and small fair weather cumulus. Several additional types usually form in the low or middle étages but typically extend into all three altitude levels as clouds with significant vertical extent. These include nimbostratus, towering cumulus congestus, and cumulonimbus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49915305 |
H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family Members of the H, Na-translocating Pyrophosphatase (M"-PPase)" Family (TC# 3.A.10) are found in the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes of higher plants, algae, and protozoa, and in both bacteria and archaea. They are therefore ancient enzymes. Two types of inorganic diphosphatase, very different in terms of both amino acid sequence and structure, have been characterised to date: soluble and transmembrane proton-pumping pyrophosphatases (sPPases and H()-PPases, respectively). sPPases are ubiquitous proteins that hydrolyse pyrophosphate to release heat, whereas H-PPases, so far unidentified in animal and fungal cells, couple the energy of PPi hydrolysis to proton movement across biological membranes. The latter type is represented by this group of proteins. H-PPases vacuolar-type inorganic pyrophosphatases (V-PPase) or pyrophosphate-energised vacuolar membrane proton pumps. In plants, vacuoles contain two enzymes for acidifying the interior of the vacuole, the V-ATPase and the V-PPase (V is for vacuolar). Two distinct biochemical subclasses of H-PPases have been characterised to date: K-stimulated and K-insensitive. Full-length members of the H-PPase family have been sequenced from numerous bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. These H pumping enzymes, which are probably homodimeric, have been reported to fall into two phylogenetic subfamilies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49921046 |
H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family One subfamily invariably contains a conserved cysteine (Cys) and includes all known K-independent H-PPases, while the other has another conserved cysteine (Cys) but lacks Cys and includes all known K-dependent H-PPases. All H-PPases require Mg, and those from plant vacuoles, acidocalcisomes of protozoa and fermentative bacteria require mM K. Those from respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria as well as archaea are less dependent upon K. However, exceptions may exist. It is not sure whether K is transported. The archaeon, "Methanosarcina" "mazei" Gö1, encodes within its genome two H-translocating pyrophosphatases (PPases), Mvp1 and Mvp2. Mvp1 resembles bacterial PPases while Mvp2 resembles plant PPases. Mvp2 was shown to translocate 1 H per pyrophosphate hydrolyzed. Some PPases from "Anaerostipes caccae", "Chlorobium limicola", "Clostridium tetani", and "Desulfuromonas acetoxidans" have been identified as K-dependent Na transporters. Phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of a monophyletic clade comprising characterized and predicted Na-transporting PPases (Na-PPases) within the K-dependent subfamily. H-transporting PPases (H-PPases) are more heterogeneous and form at least three independent clades in both subfamilies. The plant enzymes probably pump one H upon hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, thereby generating a proton motive force, positive and acidic in the tonoplast lumen. They establish a pmf of similar magnitude to that generated by the H-translocating ATPases in the same vacuolar membrane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49921046 |
H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family The bacterial and archaeal proteins may catalyze fully reversible reactions, thus being able to synthesize pyrophosphate when the pmf is sufficient. The enzyme from "R. rubrum" contributes to the pmf when light intensity is insufficient to generate a pmf sufficient in magnitude to support rapid ATP synthesis. Both C-termini of the dimeric subunits of V-PPase are on the same side of the membrane, and they are close to each other. Transmembrane domain 6 of vacuolar H-pyrophosphatase appears to mediate both protein targeting and proton transport. The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by H-PPases is:pyrophosphate (P) + HO + H (cytoplasm) → inorganic phosphate (2 P) + H (external milieu or vacuolar lumen). Eukaryotic members of the H-PPase family are large proteins of about 770 amino acyl residues (aas) with 15 or 16 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). The N-termini are predicted to be in the vacuolar lumen while the C-termini are thought to be in the cytoplasm. These proteins exhibit a region that shows convincing sequence similarity to the regions surrounding the DCCD-sensitive glutamate in the C-terminal regions of the c-subunits of F-type ATPases (TC #3.A.2). The H-pyrophosphatase of "Streptomyces coelicolor" has been shown to have a 17 TMS topology with the substrate binding domain exposed to the cytoplasm. The C-terminus is hydrophilic with a single C-terminal TMS. The basic structure is believed to have 16 TMSs with several large cytoplasmic loops containing functional motifs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49921046 |
H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family Several acidic residues in the "Arabidopsis" H-PPase have been shown to be important for function. Some plants possess closely related H-PPase isoforms. These enzymes have the enzyme commission number EC 3.6.1.1. Lin et al. (2012) reported the crystal structure of a "Vigna radiata" H-PPase (VrH-PPase) in complex with a non-hydrolysable substrate analogue, imidodiphosphate (IDP), at 2.35 Å resolution. Each VrH-PPase subunit consists of an integral membrane domain formed by 16 transmembrane helices. IDP is bound in the cytosolic region of each subunit and trapped by numerous charged residues and five Mg ions. A previously undescribed proton translocation pathway is formed by six core transmembrane helices. Proton pumping can be initialized by PP(i) hydrolysis, and H is then transported into the vacuolar lumen through a pathway consisting of Arg 242, Asp 294, Lys 742 and Glu 301. Lin et al. (2012) proposed a working model of the mechanism for the coupling between proton pumping and PP(i) hydrolysis by H-PPases. Membrane-integral pyrophosphatases (M-PPases) are crucial for the survival of plants, bacteria, and protozoan parasites. They couple pyrophosphate hydrolysis or synthesis to Na or H pumping. The 2.6Å structure of "Thermotoga maritima" H-PPase in the resting state revealed a previously unknown solution for ion pumping. The hydrolytic center, 20 angstroms above the membrane, is coupled to the gate formed by the conserved Asp(243), Glu(246), and Lys(707) by an unusual 'coupling funnel' of six α helices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49921046 |
H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family Helix 12 slides down upon substrate binding to open the gate by a simple binding-change mechanism. Below the gate, four helices form the exit channel. Superimposing helices 3 to 6, 9 to 12, and 13 to 16 suggests that M-PPases arose through gene triplication. By comparing the active sites, fluoride inhibition data and the various models for ion transport, Kajander et al. concluded that membrane-integral PPases probably use binding of pyrophosphate to drive pumping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49921046 |
Idiobiology is a branch of biology which studies individual organisms, or the study of organisms as individuals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49926523 |
Reticulum II (or Reticulum 2) is an old dwarf galaxy in the Local Group. was discovered in 2015 by analysing images from the Dark Energy Survey. It is elongated, having an axis ratio of 0.6. The size is given by a half-light radius of 15 parsecs (pc). This is too large for it to be a globular cluster. Magnitude M of the galaxy is -2.7. The distance from Earth is 30 kpc. The galaxy contains some blue horizontal branch stars. Other features visible are a main sequence, and a main sequence turn off, and a red giant branch. It has an unusual enhancement of r-process elements; meaning that gold and europium are extra common in the brightest stars in the galaxy. The implication of the unusual enrichment in elements heavier than zinc, is that the r-process is very rare, and only happened once in this galaxy, possibly by the collision of two neutron stars. Gamma rays mostly with energies between 2 and 10 GeV have been detected by the Fermi satellite. The radiation from is more significant than that of other dwarf galaxy emissions. However this finding has been contested. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49926626 |
NGC 1792 is a spiral galaxy located in the Columba constellation. It was discovered by James Dunlop on October 4, 1826. http://www.skyfactory.org/deepskycatalogue/db_list.asp?q=(Name~contains~NGC1792) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49928185 |
Michael Steinitz Michael O. Steinitz is a professor of physics at St. Francis Xavier University and editor of the Canadian Journal of Physics. Steinitz spearheads the Antigonish Performing Arts Series for the town of Antigonish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49931333 |
Multichannel analyzer A multichannel analyzer (MCA) is an instrument used in laboratory and field applications, so to analyze an input signal consisting of pulses. MCAs are used extensively in digitizing various spectroscopy experiments, especially those related to nuclear physics, including various types of spectroscopy (alpha-, beta-, and gamma spectroscopy). MCAs are typically interfaced with via USB, RS-232 or Ethernet, but can use PCI also. A multichannel analyzer uses a fast ADC to record incoming pulses and stores information about pulses in one of two ways: In pulse-height analysis (PHA) mode, the pulses are counted based on their amplitude. The number of different amplitudes that are counted depends on the number of channels of the MCA, but is normally in the range of a few thousand. In this way a histogram of frequency against pulse amplitude (or "height") can be produced and either sent to a computer, shown on a screen or (in older models) directly printed. This mode can be used to analyze energy distribution of various nuclear processes, including nuclear decay: this is the process used in alpha-, beta-, and gamma spectroscopy. In multichannel scaling (MCS) mode, the pulses are counted in a given time period, and in the channel the pulses are input as changes over time (rather than with amplitude as in PHA mode). The trigger for changing channel can be used for changing other parameters of an experiment, allowing an MCA to be used as an X–Y recorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49966064 |
Multichannel analyzer This mode can be used in conjunction with a Geiger counter to see a change in radioactivity over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49966064 |
Pavel Iustinovich Marikovsky (; July 28, 1912 – November 10, 2008) was a Russian entomologist, arachnologist, and popular science author known for his research in ants and the insect fauna of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, as well as over 60 popular science books, which made him one of the most popular science promoters of the former Soviet Union. His 1954 monograph "Tarantula and Karakurt" ("") is still used by zoologists, and his most popular general science books include "For the Young Entomologist", "In Talas Alatau" and "Across the Semirechye". He served in the Great Patriotic War (the Eastern Front of World War II), earning several honors including Order of the Red Star, Order of the Patriotic War, and Order of the Badge of Honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49979034 |
State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan The Uzbekistan State Museum of Nature is the oldest museum operating in Uzbekistan. The museum's main purpose is to show the natural beauty of Uzbekistan and to help protect its environment. The museum features chronologically-ordered exhibits and seeks to educate visitors about Uzbekistan's geography through time. The Museum consists of about four hundred thousand specimens and artefacts that are on display. Three hundred thousand items are insects. Eleven thousand are herbarium leaves and other zoological and geological materials. The museum is visited mainly by Uzbeks and visitors from formerly-Soviet Union countries. The four areas in the museum are geological-geographic department, flora and fauna department, scientific department and funds department. The museum organizes many social events in Tashkent, including assemblies in many of the Republic's schools, academic lyceums, colleges and higher education facilities. The Museum is the oldest in Uzbekistan. It was established in Tashkent by Russian scientists on July 12, 1876, as the Tashkent Museum. The museum closed and re-opened several times. In 1919, it opened as Turkestan National Museum. Two years later, in 1921, it became The State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan. In 1930, the museum joined with the agricultural museum and became the "Central Asian Museum of Nature and Building Power". Five years later the museum took its current name. In 1937, the museum opened a classroom for students to receive lectures on Uzbekistan nature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49984305 |
State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan The museum has received many government awards for its contribution to the development of the academic sphere in Uzbekistan. In 1967, the museum was awarded "Uzbekistan's Best Museum". In 2006, the museum celebrated its 130-year anniversary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49984305 |
NGC 500 (also known as PGC 5013) is a type E-SO lenticular galaxy located in the Pisces constellation. It has an apparent size of .8 by .6 arcminutes and an apparent magnitude of 14.2. It was first discovered in 1850 by Bindon Blood Stoney during his time at Birr Castle in Ireland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49997477 |
Yo Takenaka (竹中 要 Takenaka Yō, 1903–1966) was a Japanese plant geneticist and a Professor of Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics. He is notable for researching the phylogenetic classification of cherry blossom. He discovered that "Prunus × yedoensis" is a crossbreed of two wild species of Japanese cherry; "Prunus spachiana" forma "ascendens" (Edo higan) and "Prunus speciosa" (Oshima zakura) by crossing experiments. He was also known as a researcher on Japanese morning glory and Nicotiana. He was born in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan in 1903. He graduated from the Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University in 1927. He was a Professor of Keijō Imperial University from 1929 to 1945. After the end of war, he became a Professor of National Institute of Genetics in 1949. He died on 18 March 1966 at the age of 62. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49999785 |
Hopkinson effect The is a feature of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials, in which an increase in magnetic susceptibility is observed at temperatures between the blocking temperature and the Curie temperature of the material. The can be observed as a peak in thermomagnetic curves that immediately precedes the susceptibility drop associated with the Curie temperature. It was first observed by John Hopkinson in 1889 in a study on iron. In single domain particles, a large Hopkinson peak results from a transient superparamagnetic particle domain state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50013014 |
Biotechnology risk is a form of existential risk that could come from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents. These can come either intentionally (in the form of bioterrorism/biological weapons) or unintentionally (through the accidental release of engineered viruses). A chapter in biotechnology and biosecurity was published in Nick Bostrom's "Global Catastrophic Risks", which covered risks such as viral agents. Since then, new technologies like CRISPR and gene drives have been introduced. While the ability to deliberately engineer pathogens has been constrained to high-end labs run by top researchers, the technology to achieve this (and other astonishing feats of bioengineering) is rapidly becoming cheaper and more widespread. Such examples include the diminishing cost of sequencing the human genome (from $10M USD to $1000), the accumulation of large datasets of genetic information, the discovery of gene drives, and the discovery of CRISPR. is therefore a credible explanation for the Fermi paradox. Pathogens may be intentionally or unintentionally genetically modified to change their characteristics, including virulence or toxicity. When intentional, these mutations can serve to adapt the pathogen to a laboratory setting, understand the mechanism of transmission or pathogenesis, or in the development of therapeutics. Such mutations have also been used in the development of biological weapons, and dual-use risk continues to be a concern in the research of pathogens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50033811 |
Biotechnology risk The greatest concern is frequently associated with gain of function mutations, which confer novel or increased functionality, and the risk of their release. A group of Australian researchers unintentionally changed characteristics of the mousepox virus while trying to develop a virus to sterilize rodents as a means of biological pest control. The modified virus became highly lethal even in vaccinated and naturally resistant mice. In 2011, two laboratories published reports of mutational screens of avian influenza viruses, identifying variant which become transmissible through the air between ferrets. These viruses seem to overcome an obstacle which limits the global impact of natural H5N1. In 2012, scientists further screened point mutations of the H5N1 virus genome to identify mutations which allowed airborne spread. While the stated goal of this research was to improve surveillance and prepare for influenza viruses which are of particular risk in causing a pandemic, there was significant concern that the laboratory strains themselves could escape. Marc Lipsitch and Alison P. Galvani coauthored a paper in PLoS Medicine arguing that experiments in which scientists manipulate bird influenza viruses to make them transmissible in mammals deserve more intense scrutiny as to whether or not their risks outweigh their benefits. Lipsitch also described influenza as the most frightening "potential pandemic pathogen" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50033811 |
Biotechnology risk In 2014, the United States instituted a moratorium on gain of function research into influenza, MERS, and SARS. This was in response to the particular risks these airborne pathogens pose. However, many scientists opposed the moratorium, arguing that this limited their ability to develop antiviral therapies. The scientists argued gain of function mutations were necessary, such as adapting MERS to laboratory mice so it could be studied. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity also has instituted rules for research proposals using gain of function research of concern. The rules outline how experiments to be evaluated for risks, safety measures, and potential benefits; prior to funding. In order to limit access to minimize the risk of easy access to genetic material from pathogens, including viruses, the members of the International Gene Synthesis Consortium screen orders for regulated pathogen and other dangerous sequences. Orders for pathogenic or dangerous DNA are verified for customer identity, barring customers on governmental watch lists, and only to institutions "demonstrably engaged in legitimate research". Following surprisingly fast advances in CRISPR editing, an international summit proclaimed in December 2015 that it was "irresponsible" to proceed with human gene editing until issues in safety and efficacy were addressed. One of the mechanisms that CRISPR can cause existential risk is through gene drives, which are said to have potential to "revolutionize" ecosystem management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50033811 |
Biotechnology risk Gene drives are a novel technology that have potential to make genes spread through wild populations like wildfire. They have the potential to quickly spread resistance genes against malaria in order to rebuff the malaria parasite P. falciparum. These gene drives were originally engineered in January 2015 by Ethan Bier and Valentino Gatz – this editing was spurred by the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9. In late 2015, DARPA started to study approaches that could halt gene drives if they went out of control and threatened biological species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50033811 |
Strimvelis is the first "ex-vivo" stem cell gene therapy to treat patients with a very rare disease called ADA-SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency due to Adenosine Deaminase deficiency). ADA-SCID is estimated to occur in approximately 15 patients per year in Europe. The treatment is personalized for each patient; hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) are extracted from the patient and purified so that only CD34-expressing cells remain. Those cells are cultured with cytokines and growth factors and then transduced with a gammaretrovirus containing the human adenosine deaminase gene and then reinfused into the patient. These cells take root in the person's bone marrow, replicating and creating cells that mature and create normally functioning adenosine deaminase protein, resolving the problem. As of April 2016, the transduced cells had a shelf life of about six hours. Prior to extraction, the person is treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in order to increase the number of stem cells and improve the harvest; after that but prior to reinfusion, the person is treated with busulfan or melphalan to kill as many of the person's existing HSCs to increase the chances of the new cells' survival. The most common side effects in clinical trials were pyrexia, increased liver enzyme levels, anemia, neutropenia, hemolytic anaemia, aplastic anaemia and thrombocytopenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50035369 |
Strimvelis The treatment was developed at San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy and developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) through a 2010 collaboration with Fondazione Telethon and Ospedale San Raffaele. GSK, working with the biotechnology company MolMed S.p.A, developed a manufacturing process that was previously only suitable for clinical trials into one demonstrated to be robust and suitable for commercial supply. In April 2016, a committee at the European Medicines Agency recommended marketing approval for its use in children with adenosine deaminase deficiency, for whom no matched HSC donor is available, on the basis of a clinical trial that produced a 100% survival rate; the median follow-up time was 7 years after the treatment was administered. 75% of people who received the treatment needed no further enzyme replacement therapy. Efforts had begun 14 years before. The total number of children treated was reported as 22 and 18. Around 80% of patients have no matched donor. was approved by the European Commission on 27 May 2016. As of 2016, the only site approved to manufacture the treatment was MolMed. In 2017 GSK announced it was looking to sell off Strimvelis, and in March 2018 GSK sold to Orchard Therapeutics Ltd.; as of that time there had been only five sales of the product. The condition affects about 14 people per year in Europe and 12 in the U.S. The price for the treatment was set at €594k, 2 times the annual cost of enzyme replacement therapy injections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50035369 |
Strimvelis Enzyme replacement therapy for ADA requires weekly injections and costs about $4.25 million for one patient over 10 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50035369 |
Richard Pyle Richard Lawrence Pyle, Ph.D. is a scuba diver and ichthyologist working on Hawaii. Pyle discovered the principle of "Pyle stops" when decompressing from many deep dives in search of new species of fish, and has identified hundreds of new species. He is the author of over 130 publications. In October 2015, he won second prize, an award of €5,000, in the GBIF Ebbe Nielsen Challenge, a Global Biodiversity Information Facility competition, for BioGUID.org, "a web service that crosslinks identifiers linked to data objects in the biodiversity realm". At that time, the site contained over one billion (1,000,000,000) identifiers. He has been honoured by having the twilight fangblenny ("Petroscirtes pylei") named in his honor. is a member of ZooBank Committee and he is the leader of ZooBank architecture policy working group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50053183 |
Anna Maurizio (26 November 1900 – 24 July 1993) was a Swiss biologist who studied bees. She worked for more than three decades in the Department of Bees at the Liebefeld Federal Dairy Industry and Bacteriological Institute, where she developed new methods for determining the amount of pollen in honey. was born in Zurich, the daughter of the botanist and cultural historian Adam Maurizio. She studied at a gymnasium in Lviv, then graduated from High school of agriculture in Dubliany (near Lviv) in 1923. She began work at the Federal Station of Dairy and Bacteriology in Liebefeld-Bern in 1928 and retired in 1966. She died in Switzerland, aged about 93. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50053617 |
Maria Pavlova Maria Vasilievna Pavlova (; "née" Gortynskaia (); June 26, 1854 – December 23, 1938) was a Russian paleontologist, known for her research of fossil hoofed-mammals and efforts to establish the Museum of Paleontology at Moscow State University. Maria Vasillievna Gortynskaia was born in Kozelets, Ukraine in 1854. She was schooled at home until 1865, and was thereafter educated at the Kiev Institute of Noble Maidens until 1870. After a short marriage, her husband Illich-Shishatskaya died, and she moved to Paris to study in 1880. She studied a number of natural history subjects and pursued research at the National Museum of Natural History under Professor Albert Gaudry in Paris. After graduating from the Sorbonne in 1884 she returned to Russia and married geologist and paleontologist Alexei P. Pavlov, whom she had met in Paris . Pavlova initially studied the geological collections of the museum at Moscow State University, working without payment. She moved from submitting papers on Early Cretaceous ammonites from the Volga region, to pursuing research into Tertiary mammals. She studied their evolution, using data collected from Russia, Western Europe and America. Her work reached an international audience. She studied ungulate mammals and proboscidians. By 1894 she was working on Russian mastodons. In 1897, Pavlova was one of only two women invited to join the Organizing Committee and presentations of the International Geological Congress (IGC) held in St. Petersburg, Russia for the first time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50056764 |
Maria Pavlova She published "Fossil Elephants" in 1899. She would go on to describe separate groups of fossil mammals, and complete faunas. Her extensive work in describing and tracing the genetic lines of many large mammals, based on collections in the Palaeontological Museum at Moscow State University, led to the museum being named for her and her husband in 1926, in recognition of their research. Pavlova was made a professor at Moscow State University in 1919. Pavlova went on her last geological expedition in 1931, to the city of Khvalynsk. Maria Vasilievna Pavlova died on December 23, 1938 in Moscow. She was buried in the Novodevichiy cemetery. Pavlova was a member of many Russian scientific organizations, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50056764 |
Multi-ringed basin A multi-ringed basin (also a multi-ring impact basin) is not a simple bowl-shaped crater, or a peak ring crater, but one containing multiple concentric topographic rings; a multi-ringed basin could be described as a massive impact crater, surrounded by circular chains of mountains. As such, a multi-ring basin slightly resembles a bull's-eye, may have an area of many thousands of square kilometres. An impact crater of diameter bigger than about is referred to as a "basin". In adjacent rings, the ratio of the diameters approximates :1 ≈ 1.41 to 1. To start, a peak ring crater has A multi-ringed basin has an important difference, which is multiple peak-rings. In extremely large collisions, following the impact the rebound of the surface can obliterate any trace of the initial impact point. Usually a peak ring crater has a high structure with a terrace, and has slump structures inside of it. There are new theories about the lunar mare called Mare Orientale on Earth's Moon, as to how it formed. Multi-ring basins are some of the largest, oldest, rarest and least understood of impact craters. There are various theories to explain the formation of multi-ringed basis, however there is currently, there is no consensus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50058036 |
NGC 1600 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Eridanus, away from Earth. Often described as being an isolated early-type galaxy, it is known to have at least 30 fainter satellite galaxies, including NGC 1601 and NGC 1603. The galaxy has been observed to have boxy isophotes and little rotation. The presence of H-alpha indicates possible ongoing star formation, and the galaxy is a known source of X-ray emissions. It is believed that is the product of a galaxy merger which took place over 4 Gyr ago. The age of the galaxy is estimated at 4.6 - 8.8 Gyr. has a diffuse distribution of stars near its center, caused by the influence of the galaxy's central black hole. Despite being of typical size, the supermassive black hole at its center is unusually large, with a mass of 17 billion solar masses (), making it one of the largest known. At the time of the determination of the size of the black hole, in 2016, it was found to be unusual in its location in relation to the galaxy population of the region. Previously, extremely large black holes were only found in the hearts of large dense rich clusters, the galaxy group for which is found is only an average galaxy group and not a rich cluster. This discovery could signify previously unknown populations of very large black holes, and that black hole growth models may be incorrect or incomplete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50067004 |
Stebbins system The is an angiosperm plants classification drawn up by the American botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906-2000). The system was published in the book "Flowering plants: evolution above the species level" (1974), and was followed by Vernon Heywood (1927-) in his "Flowering plants of the world" (1978). Flowering plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50067589 |
Torridness is a weather phenomenon and weather hazard characterized by extreme levels of heat and dryness. When afflicting human habitations, such weather is said to cause discomfort and may cause inhabitants to alter their living arrangements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50072049 |
F. E. J. Fry Frederick Ernest Joseph Fry (April 17, 1908 – May 22, 1989) was a Canadian ichthyologist and aquatic ecologist. He is known for his early research in physiological ecology and population dynamics in fishes. In the late 1940s, he became the first scientist to model how environmental factors affect the activity of fish. He was a 1959 Guggenheim Fellow, and served as president of several organizations including the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (1951) American Fisheries Society (1966) and American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (1972). Fry was born in the English town of Woking, Surrey, April 17, 1908, to parents Ernest and Mabel Fry. His family immigrated to Canada in 1912, and after the first World War settled in Toronto. Fry attended the University of Toronto, earning a B.A. (1933), M.A. (1935), and PhD (1936). He joined the University of Toronto faculty as lecturer in 1938. During World War II Fry served in the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1941 to 1945, working in aviation medicine, where he helped develop equipment aiding in respiration at high altitudes. After the War, Fry returned to the University of Toronto as assistant professor in 1945, and became full professor of zoology in 1956, a position he held until his retirement in 1973. One of his early studies of note was a long term field study of fishes of Lake Opeongo in Algonquin Provincial Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50080445 |
F. E. J. Fry In an influential 1949 paper, Fry developed "virtual population" analysis to understand effects of fishing on fish populations, a method which 50 years later was still in a chief way of determining total allowable catches in fisheries management. His physiology papers "Effects of the Environment on Animal Physiology" in 1947, and "The Aquatic Respiration of Fish" in 1957 have become classic works in fisheries science. In 1935 Fry married Irene Marguerite Stewart, and they had three children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50080445 |
Vera Gromova Vera Isaakovna Gromova (, March 8, 1891 – January 21, 1973) was a Soviet paleontologist known for her studies of fossil ungulates (hoofed mammals). She worked at the Russian Academy of Sciences, where from 1919 to 1942 she was head of osteology, Zoological Museum, and from 1942 to 1960 at the Paleontological Institute , where she was head of mammal laboratory from 1946 onward. Her works include "The history of horse (genus "Equus") in the Old World" (1949) and "Fundamentals of Paleontology: Mammals" (1968). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50081260 |
Patricia G. Gensel Patricia Gabbey Gensel (born March 18, 1944) is an American botanist and paleobotanist. Gensel was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Hope College in Holland, Michigan, earning a B.A. in 1966. She obtained her Ph.D. in 1972 from the University of Connecticut. As of 2011, Gensel was on the faculty of the Biology Department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Gensel is noted for her research on Paleozoic plants. She served as president of the Botanical Society of America for 2000–2001. Gensel is the namesake of the genus, "Genselia" Knaus, which consists of four species of early Carboniferous plants found in the Pocono and Price Formations in the Appalachian Basin of North America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50094612 |
H. Basil S. Cooke Herbert Basil Sutton Cooke (17 October 1915 – 3 May 2018) was a South African-Canadian geologist and palaeontologist, and Emeritus Professor at Dalhousie University. Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, he was educated at King Edward VII School before earning a B.A. (1936) and M.A. (1940) at Cambridge University, and M.Sc. (1940) and D.Sc. (1947) at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 1948 for his contributions to Quaternary geology. He is known for his studies of fossil pigs and other even-toed ungulates of Africa. A "festschrift" in honor of his life and contributions was published in "Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa" in 2006. He received the Canadian Centennial Medal (1967) and Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal (2002) for his contributions to education. Other honors include being a Life Fellow of the Geological Society of South Africa, an honorary Life Member of the Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa, past president and Life Member of both the South African Geographical Society and the South African Archaeological Society, and past vice-president of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science. His books include "Geology for South African Students", co-written with G. N. G. Hamilton and published in five editions since 1939, and "The Evolution of African Mammals" (1978), co-edited with V. J. Maglio. He turned 100 in October 2015 and died in May 2018 at the age of 102. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50106036 |
M. B. Ramachandra Rao Mandagere Bharadwaj Ramachandra Rao (5 August 1906 – 4 September 1992) was an Indian geophysicist, writer and one of the founding leaders of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC). It was Rao who was reported to have identified "Patiala House" as the headquarters of the organization. Born in the Mysore state of British India, (present-day Karnataka state), on 5 August 1906, he secured his post graduate degree (MSc) from the University of Mysore before joining the Geological Survey of India (GSI). Later, when the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was formed in 1956, he joined the organization along with a number of geoscientists from GSI where he served for a number of years. Rao published several scientific articles and a number of books on geophysics. He was an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1972, for his contributions to science. He died on 4 September 1992, at the age of 86. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50123840 |
Syed Husain Zaheer was an Indian chemist, politician and the director general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the largest research and development organization in India. Prior to taking up the directorship of CSIR, He served as the director of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, a division of CSIR, where he established the department of Biochemistry. After his superannuation from CSIR, he chaired the Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1972, for his contributions to science. In 1951, along with Indra Kishore Kacker, he was the first to synthesize Methaqualone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50144617 |
Ong Kok Hai (born 1945 in Penang) is a Malaysian microbiologist and Professor of Microbiology at the International Medical University. He was one of the founders of the International Medical University in 1992 and also played a major role in the establishment of the medical schools at the University of Science, Malaysia in 1979 and at the National University of Malaysia. He has been involved in typhoid research, and in 1995 he co-founded the medical biotechnology company Malaysian Bio-Diagnostics Research Sdn Bhd (MBDr), which develops a rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever used in many typhoid endemic countries. He holds a BSc (Hons) in microbiology from the University of Guelph in Canada (1969) and a PhD in medical microbiology from the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom (1977). He lectured at the National University of Malaysia from 1977, before joining the University of Science to start its medical school in 1979. His current research focuses on enteric fever and on a rapid antigen detection test for brugia malayi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145306 |
Crater 2 Dwarf Crater 2 is a low-surface-brightness dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, located approximately 380,000 ly from Earth. Crater 2 was identified in imaging data from the VST ATLAS survey. The galaxy has a half-light radius of ∼, making it the fourth largest satellite of the Milky Way. It has an angular size about double of that of the moon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50174561 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (SCODA) is a biotechnology method for purifying, separating and/or concentrating bio-molecules. SCODA has the ability to separate molecules whose mobility (or drag) can be altered in sync with a driving field. This technique has been primarily used for concentrating and purifying DNA, where DNA mobility changes with an applied electrophoretic field. Electrophoretic SCODA has also been demonstrated with RNA and proteins. As shown below, the SCODA principle applies to any particle driven by a force field in which the particle's mobility is altered in sync with the driving field. For explanatory purposes consider an electrophoretic particle moving (driven) in an electric field. Let: andformula_2 denote an electric field and the velocity of the particle in such a field. If formula_4 is constant the time average of formula_5. If formula_4 is not constant as a function of time and if formula_4 has a frequency component proportional to formula_8 the time average of formula_9 need not be zero. Consider the following example: Substituting (3) in (2) and computing the time average, formula_11, we obtain: Thus, it is possible to have the particle experience a non-zero time average velocity, in other words, a net electrophoretic drift, even when the time average of the applied electric field is zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration Consider a particle under a force field that has a velocity parallel to the field direction and a speed proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field (any other non-linearity can be employed): The effective mobility of the particle (the relationship between small changes in drift velocity formula_14 with respect to small changes in electric field formula_15) can be expressed in Cartesian coordinates as: Combining (5), (6) and (7) we get: Further consider the field E is applied in a plane and it rotates counter-clockwise at angular frequency formula_20, such that the field components are: Substituting (10) and (11) in (8) and (9) and simplifying using trigonometric identities results in a sum of constant terms, sine and cosine, at angular frequency formula_23. The next calculations will be performed such that only the cosine terms at angular frequency formula_23 will yield non-zero net drift velocity - therefore we need only evaluate these terms, which will be abbreviated formula_2 and formula_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration The following is obtained: Let formula_29 and formula_30 take the form of a small quadrupole field of intensity formula_31 that varies in a sinusoidal manner proportional to formula_32 such that: Substituting (14) and (15) into (12) and (13) and taking the time average we obtain: which can be summarized in vector notation to: Equation (18) shows that for all positions formula_38 the time averaged velocity is in the direction toward the origin (concentrating the particles towards the origin), with speed proportional to the mobility coefficient k, the strength of the rotating field E and the strength of the perturbing quadrupole field formula_31. DNA molecules are unique in that they are long, charged polymers which when in a separation medium, such as agarose gel, can exhibit highly non-linear velocity profiles in response to an electric field. As such, DNA is easily separated from other molecules that are not both charged and strongly non-linear, using SCODA To perform SCODA concentration of DNA molecules, the sample must be embedded in the separation media (gel) in locations where the electrophoretic field is of optimal intensity. This initial translocation of the sample into the optimal concentration position is referred to as "injection". The optimal position is determined by the gel geometry and location of the SCODA driving electrodes. Initially the sample is located in a buffer solution in the sample chamber, adjacent to the concentration gel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration Injection is achieved by the application of a controlled DC electrophoretic field across the sample chamber which results in all charged particles being transferred into the concentration gel. To obtain a good stacking of the sample (i.e. tight DNA band) multiple methods can be employed. One example is to exploit the conductivity ratio between the sample chamber buffer and the concentration gel buffer. If the sample chamber buffer has a low conductivity and the concentration gel buffer has a high conductivity this results in a sharp drop off in electric field at the gel-buffer interface which promotes stacking. Once the DNA is positioned optimally in the concentration gel the SCODA rotating fields are applied. The frequency of the fields can be tuned such that only specific DNA lengths are concentrated. To prevent boiling during the concentration stage due to Joule heating the separation medium may be actively cooled. It is also possible to reverse the phase of SCODA fields, so that molecules are de-focused. As only particles that exhibit non-linear velocity experience the SCODA concentrating force, small charged particles that respond linearly to electrophoretic fields are not concentrated. These particles instead of spiraling towards the center of the SCODA gel orbit at a constant radius. If a weak DC field is superimposed on the SCODA rotating fields these particles will be "washed" off from the SCODA gel resulting in highly pure DNA remaining in the gel center | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration The SCODA DNA force results in the DNA sample concentrating in the center of the SCODA gel. To extract the DNA an extraction well can be pre-formed in the gel and filled with buffer. As the DNA does not experience non-linear mobility in buffer it accumulates in the extraction well. At the end of the concentration and purification stage the sample can then be pipetted out from this well. The electrophoretic SCODA force is gentle enough to maintain the integrity of high molecular weight DNA as it is concentrated towards the center of the SCODA gel. Depending on the length of the DNA in the sample different protocols can be used to concentrate DNA over 1 Mb in length. DNA concentration and purification has been achieved directly from tar sands samples resuspended in buffer using the SCODA technique. DNA sequencing was subsequently performed and tentatively over 200 distinct bacterial genomes have been identified. SCODA has also been used for purification of DNA from many other environmental sources. The non-linear mobility of DNA in gel can be further controlled by embedding in the SCODA gel DNA oligonucleotides complementary to DNA fragments in the sample. This then results in highly specific non-linear velocities for the sample DNA that matches the gel-embedded DNA. This artificial specific non-linearity is then used to selectively concentrate only sequences of interest while rejecting all other DNA sequences in the sample | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
Synchronous coefficient of drag alteration Over 1,000,000-fold enrichment of single nucleotide variants over wild-type have been demonstrated. An application of this technique is the detection of rare DNA tumour-derived DNA (ctDNA) from blood samples. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177303 |
The Industries of the Future is a 2016 non-fiction book written by Alec Ross, an American technology policy expert and the former Senior Advisor for Innovation to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton during her time as Secretary of State. Ross is also a senior fellow at Columbia University, a former night-shift janitor, and a Baltimore teacher. Ross launched a campaign for the Governor of Maryland in 2017. The book explores the forces that will change the world in robotics, genetics, digital currency, coding and big data. by Senior Policy Advisor Alec Ross explores the geopolitical, cultural and generational changes that will be driven by the key industries over the next twenty years. Ross is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Johns Hopkins University and was the Senior Advisor for Innovation to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. During his time as Senior Advisor for Innovation he visited forty-one countries looking at the technological advances. He has been a guest lecturer at a number of institutions including the United Nations, University of Oxford, Harvard Law School, and Stanford Business School. Ross started his career as a teacher through Teach for America and in 2000 he co-founded a technology-focused nonprofit organization called One Economy. The book explores several industries including robotics, genetics, coding and big data. Ross explores how advances in robotics and life sciences will change the way we live—robots, artificial intelligence and machine learning will have impact on our lives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177657 |
The Industries of the Future According to Ross, dramatic advances in life sciences will increase our life expectancy—but not all will benefit from such changes. Ross spends time exploring "Code" and how the codefication of money and also weapons (computer security) will both benefit and potentially disrupt our international economies. Ross also looks at how data will be "the raw material of the information age." Ross also focuses on globalization and geopolitical economics. He explores how competitiveness and how societies, families and individuals will need to thrive. Ross gives attention to the importance of women stating that "the states and societies that do the most for women are those that will be best positioned to compete and succeed in the industries of the future." The book also touches on how to prepare children for "success in a world of increasing change and competition." Ross discusses the shift of robotics from being manual and repetitive to cognitive and non-repetitive. He believes that breakthroughs in mathematical modeling and cloud robotics (machine learning and Artificial Intelligence) make robotics acceptable. In the book Ross describes how other cultures have different reactions to robotics and he uses Japan's use of robotics in elder-care as an example. He also expects that less developed countries may be able to leapfrog technologies in robotics much like they did with cell and mobile technologies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177657 |
The Industries of the Future According to Ross, the last trillion dollar industry was created out of computer code; the next trillion dollar industry will be created out of genome code. In the book Ross describes how genome code is already being used to fix humans from curing cancer to hacking the brain to growing organs. He also describes the difference between the United States investment in genome research with that of China. Ross then turns to the "code-ification" of money, markets and trust. He describes the transition from cash to mobile and online banking. He also discusses the sharing economy from eBay to AirBnB and then gives an overview of BitCoin and blockchain technology. Ross also focuses on cybersecurity and the weaponization of code with a focus on a move from cold war to "code war." Ross states that he expects the total market size of the cyberindustry to reach $175 billion by the end of 2017. Alec Ross has said that he intended to give a balanced point of view with the book that it is neither a Utopian or Dystopian vision of the future which is why he opened the book with the struggles he witnessed growing up in West Virginia. On writing the book Ross said that he knows his parents would have wanted a book like this in the sixties that would describe what globalization would do and he wished that he had a book like this when he graduated from college that would have explored the Internet and digitization on the economy. The editors for the book were Jonathan Karp and Jonathan Cox of Simon & Schuster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177657 |
The Industries of the Future "The Industries of the Future" has received mainly positive reviews from the likes of "Forbes", "New York Journal of Books", and "Financial Times". "Forbes" contributor Peter Decherney said the book "reads like a portable TED conference at which you've been seated next to the smartest guy in the room." The book was also listed on the Forbes list—"16 New Books for Leaders to Begin in 2016". Tara D. Sonenshine in the "New York Journal of Books" called the book a good place to start "if you want to know how to survive and thrive in the fast-paced world of today and how to anticipate the opportunities of tomorrow's information age." Sonenshine also called out the book for focusing on women and multiculturalism. In an article titled "Is predicting the future futile or necessary?" by Stephen Cave in the "Financial Times" is more critical, saying that Ross focuses on industries with already considerable coverage and investment but Cave points out that "rarely can the future be predicted by extending current trajectories." The following trends are covered in the book: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50177657 |
John Miller (botanical illustrator) John Miller (1715–c.1792), also known as Johann Sebastian Müller, was a German engraver and botanist active in London. Born in Nuremberg, he trained under Johann Christoph Weigel and came to England in 1744 with his brother Tobias–an engraver of architecture–and lived there the rest of his life. He worked with Philip Miller of Chelsea Physic Garden. He signed his early works J. S. Müller or J. S. Miller, but after 1760 used the signature of John Miller. His works included a 20-part series "Illustratio Systematis Sexualis Linnaei" (Illustration of the Sexual System of Linnaeus), which helped popularize the work of Carl Linnaeus to English readers. He also produced collaborative works such as "Botanical Tables" (1785), with John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Furthermore, he painted landscapes, which, as well as some of his engravings, he exhibited with the Society of Arts and at the Royal Academy from 1762 to 1788. He was twice married, and had in all twenty-seven children: two of his sons, John Frederick Miller and James Müller or Miller, also became known as illustrators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50178420 |
Farmitalia was an Italian pharmaceutical company best known for its parallel discovery with Rhone-Poulenc of daunorubicin and subsequent discovery of doxorubicin. had been founded in 1935 as a joint venture by Rhone-Poulenc and Montecatini. In 1978 it was merged with Carlo Erba SpA, a pharmaceutical company that had been founded in 1853 by the pharmacist Carlo Erba, in which Montecatini had acquired a controlling interest in 1971; the merged company was called Carlo Erba SpA. Carlo Erba was acquired by Pharmacia in 1993 and Pharmacia was acquired by Pfizer in 2003. Drugs discovered at that reached the market included (with date of first publication): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50208334 |
Elise Hofmann (February 5, 1889 – March 14, 1955 ) was an Austrian paleobotanist and geologist. Born in Vienna, she graduated from the University of Vienna in 1920. She produced over 120 works, including the 1934 book "Palaeohistologie der Pflanze" ("Paleohistology of the Plant"). She was made correspondent of the Geological Survey of Austria in 1931 and the in 1933. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50220651 |
Syo Kurokawa Syo Kurokawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50220979 |
Breit frame In particle physics, the (also known as infinite-momentum frame or IMF) is a frame of reference used to describe scattering experiments of the form formula_1, that is experiments in which particle A scatters off particle B, possibly producing particles formula_2 in the process. The frame is defined so that the particle A has its momentum reversed in the scattering process. Another way of understanding the is to look at the elastic scattering formula_3. The is defined as the frame in which formula_4. There are different occasions when can be useful, e.g., in measuring the electromagnetic form factor of a hadron, formula_5 is the scattered hadron; while for deep inelastic scattering process, the elastically scattered parton should be considered as formula_5. It is only in the latter case the gets related to infinite-momentum frame. It is named after the American physicist Gregory Breit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50226212 |
Gas phase electrophoretic molecular mobility analysis (GEMMA) is a method for chemical analysis in which nanoflow electrospray ionization creates highly charged ions from macromolecules that are charge reduced and separated in a differential mobility analyzer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50227746 |
Lorquin Entomological Society The is a century-old association of professional and amateur entomologists, biologists and naturalists that meet regularly to study and promote entomology and natural history, especially about wildlife in and near Southern California. The Lorquin Natural History Club was started in June 1913 by Fordyce Grinnell Jr. A constitution committee was formed in July, and a constitution adopted at the August meeting. It was named after French entomologist Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin, who collected specimens in California during the California Gold Rush. Early members included not only entomologists like Grinnell, but herpetologists, botanists, an ornithologist, a conchologist, a geologist, and seismologist Charles F. Richter, whose specialty at the time was astronomy. Monthly meetings were held in private homes. The group was renamed the Lorquin Entomological Club in 1917 and its meetings moved to the Los Angeles Public Library. In 1919 the club began meeting in the Southwest Museum in Highland Park. Early club activities included field trips into the hills and canyons beyond the termini of the Red Cars of the Pacific Electric and the Yellow Cars of the Los Angeles Railway. It was an era when a butterfly collector could net over 500 in a single day and take over 100 species in the Los Angeles area. The club held their first Butterfly Show February 24–26, 1921, at the Southwest Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50238405 |
Lorquin Entomological Society Among other things it featured a lecture on butterfly hunting, illustrated by stereopticon slides, by museum director John Adams Comstock. The Butterfly Show became an annual, month-long event, sponsored by the Museum of History, Science, and Art. In 1926, the Southwest Museum narrowed its scope. Natural history exhibits and specimens were transferred to the Museum of History, Science, and Art. In January 1927, the club moved its meetings there as well, and changed its name to the Lorquin Entomological Society. Comstock, who had been director of the Southwest Museum from 1921 to 1926, published his landmark "Butterflies of California" in 1927. Early in 1928 he became Acting Director of the Museum of History, Science, and Art. He served several terms as president of the society. Under his influence, and that of his colleague Charles Montagu Dammers, the society's emphasis evolved from collecting to life history studies. Members in the late 1920s and early 1930s included biologists John Shrader Garth, Jeane Daniel Gunder, Lloyd M. Martin, and Don Meadows. In 1929, the society decided that California should name a state insect. They prepared ballots listing three butterfly candidates and sent them to entomologists throughout the state. The nominees were the Lorquin's admiral ("Limenitis lorquini"), the California sister ("Heterochroa californica"), and the California dog head or Flying pansy ("Zerene eurydice"). The California dog head won handily, with 77 votes out of 88 cast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50238405 |
Lorquin Entomological Society The state legislature took note, and the Bureau of Entomology in the California Department of Agriculture began to use a likeness of the California dog head, labeled "California State Insect" on its documents. No further action took place, however, until 1972, when Assemblyman Kenneth L. Maddy introduced Assembly Bill No. 1843 to make what was by then known as the California dogface the official state insect. Governor Ronald Reagan signed the bill into law on July 28, 1972, making California the first in the nation to have a state insect. In 1986, Steven R. Kutcher, a member of the society, organized the first annual Insect Fair at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. It featured exhibits by the society and others, demonstrations, and lectures. When the fair outgrew the Arboretum, it was moved in 1989 to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (the erstwhile Museum of History, Science, and Art). Eventually the Natural History Museum took over organizing the fair and has done so since. What is now known as Bug Fair, and bills itself as "the biggest bug festival in North America", draws 20,000 visitors to its interactive exhibits, vendor tables, and insect menus. The society has counted as members many academics, authors, and museum curators in the field of entomology, such as brothers John F. and Thomas C. Emmel, Cristopher Henne, Charles L. Hogue and son James N. 'Jim' Hogue, Noel McFarland, and Rudolf H. T. Mattioni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50238405 |
Lorquin Entomological Society Members are active in research, environmental protection, habitat restoration, species surveys, entomological outreach, and natural history education. As of 2013, membership stood at just over 100. Regular meetings with speakers are held on the fourth Friday of every month, at BioQuip (a biological supply house in Rancho Dominguez) since remodeling ousted the society from the Natural History Museum in 2009. The club published eighteen monthly issues of "Lorquinia" between August 1916 and January 1919. They contained botanical and entomological papers and notes. Since about 1955, it has published a newsletter (10 issues per year), most recently called "NetWork". In 1999, it published a book by Robert Lee Allen, "Stalking the wild arthropod: The Lorquin Entomological Society's guide to photographing arthropods". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50238405 |
Valery Makrushin Valeriy Grigoryevich Makrushin (; 14 January 1940 2003) was a cosmonaut for the Soviet Union. Makrushin joined the Chelomey Design Bureau after graduating from the Leningrad Institute of Aviation Instrumentation in 1963. He was recruited to a cosmonaut team on March 22, 1972 and was one of the first cosmonauts selected from this design bureau. He became the head of the Chelomey OKB-52 Mashinostroyeniya cosmonaut team until it was disbanded on April 8, 1987. Makrushin then worked on the Almaz military program with the design bureau until his retirement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50239422 |
Nanomechanical resonator A nanomechanical resonator is a nanoelectromechanical systems ultra-small resonator that oscillates at a specific frequency depending on its mass and stiffness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50250122 |
WISE J1147−2040 WISEA 1147 is a brown dwarf in the TW Hydrae association, a nearby group of very young stars and brown dwarfs. The object is notable because its estimate mass, 6±1 times the mass of Jupiter, places it in the mass range for rogue planets. Nevertheless, it is a free-floating object, unassociated with any star system. The object was discovered using information from NASA's WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) and the 2MASS (Two Micron All-Sky Survey). Researchers inferred the young age for WISEA 1147 because it is a member of a group of stars that is only 10 million years old, and they estimated its mass using evolutionary models for brown dwarf cooling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50257654 |
HUMARA assay HUMARA Assay is one of the most widely used methods to determine the clonal origin of a tumor. The method is based on X chromosome inactivation and it takes the advantage of having different methylation status of a gene called HUMARA (short for Human Androgen receptor) that is located on X chromosome. Considering the fact that once one X chromosome is inactivated in a cell, all other cells derived from it will have the same X chromosome inactivated, this approach becomes a great tool to differentiate a monoclonal population from a polyclonal one in a female tissue. HUMARA gene, in particular, has three important features that make it highly convenient for the purpose. 1-) The gene is located on X chromosome and it goes through inactivation by methylation in normal embryogenesis of a female infant. The fact that most-but not all-genes on X chromosome undergo inactivation, this feature becomes an important one. 2-) Human Androgen Receptor gene alleles have varying numbers of CAG repeats. Thus, when DNA from a healthy female tissue is amplified by PCR for a specific region of the gene, two separated bands can be seen on the gel. 3-) The region that is amplified by PCR also has certain base orders that make it susceptible to be digested by HpaII (or HhaI) enzyme when it is not methylated. This detail gives the opportunity to researchers to differentiate a methylated allele from the unmethylated one | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50274456 |
HUMARA assay Thanks to these qualities of HUMARA gene, clonal origin of any tissue from a female mammalian organism can be determined. The basic process is performed as the following : 1-) DNA from the tissue is isolated. 2-) The isolated DNA is treated with the suitable enzyme (such as HpaII) in optimal conditions for a suggested amount of time (i.e. overnight). 3-) DNA is cleaned and the certain region of HUMARA gene is amplified by PCR using "suitable" primers (as an example, please see:Ref.2) 4-) After running PCR products through a gel, the gel is visualized and the results are analyzed accordingly. If two bands are apparent, the tissue studied is most likely of polyclonal origin. If a single band is observed, the tissue is monoclonal unless two alleles have exactly the same numbers of CAG repeats or different cells with the same inactivated initiated the tumor; so, seemingly monoclonal although it is actually polyclonal. In order to make a conclusion about the clonality of a tumor, it is best to use the DNA from a normal tissue of the same person, and a sample without enzyme treatment must also be amplified as a control. If, even in normal tissues without enzyme treatment, a single band is observed, it may be explained as follows; this person has the genetic pattern as XO (this possibility can be excluded to see a band after enzyme treatment because, if indeed XO is the genetic pattern of the sample, then, there will be NO methylation, therefore no band should be visible after digesting with the enzyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50274456 |
HUMARA assay In the case of seeing a band after enzyme treatment, the observation is most likely to mean that the person has two X chromosomes with exact CAG repeats.) When you see two bands for normal tissue (both enzyme treated and untreated), and you see two bands for enzyme treated tumor sample but two bands for untreated tumor DNA, then you are surely looking at a polyclonal tumor. However, if you see the same number of bands only with a single band after enzyme treatment, there is a rather high chance for the tumor of your interest to be monoclonal. In this last case, monoclonality is not for sure because, as stated earlier, there is the possibility of having exact same -CAG- repeats on both alleles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50274456 |
Precipitation shaft A precipitation shaft is a weather phenomenon, visible from the ground at large distances from the storm system, as a dark vertical shaft of heavy rain, hail, or snow, generally localized over a relatively small area. This is different from a virga, which is a shaft of precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. A precipitation shaft is mostly found underneath convective clouds, like cumulonimbus cloud or cumulus congestus cloud during a downpour storm, as these have well defined vertical drafts (updrafts and downdrafts). However, an advancing nimbostratus cloud could have a diffuse precipitation leading edge. Developing rain shafts often have a fuzzy, bulbous appearance as they descend. If a source of dry air is present at higher altitude and the air into which the rain is falling is sufficiently warm, then strong, and possibly damaging microbursts are possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50277350 |
Rangeland management (also range management, range science, or arid-land management) is a professional natural science that centers around the study of rangelands and the "conservation and sustainable management [of Arid-Lands] for the benefit of current societies and future generations." Range management is defined by Holechek et al. as the "manipulation of rangeland components to obtain optimum combination of goods and services for society on a sustained basis." The earliest form of Rangeland Management is not formally deemed part of the natural science studied today, although its roots can be traced to nomadic grazing practices of the neolithic agricultural revolution when humans domesticated plants and animals under pressures from population growth and environmental change. Humans might even have altered the environment in times preceding the Neolithic through hunting of large-game, whereby large losses of grazing herbivores could have resulted in altered ecological states; meaning humans have been inadvertently managing land throughout prehistory. was developed in the United States in response to rangeland deterioration and in some cases, denudation, due to overgrazing and other misuse of arid lands, as was described by Hardin’s 1968 "Tragedy of the Commons" and evidenced previously by the 20th century "Dust Bowl". Historically, the discipline focused on the manipulation of grazing and the proper use of rangeland vegetation for livestock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50283749 |
Rangeland management Today, range management's focus has been expanded to include the host of ecosystem services that rangelands provide to humans world-wide. Key management components seek to optimize such goods and services through the protection and enhancement of soils, riparian zones, watersheds, and vegetation complexes, sustainably improving outputs of consumable range products such as red meat, wildlife, water, wood, fiber, leather, energy resource extraction, and outdoor recreation, as well as maintaining a focus on the manipulation of grazing activities of large herbivores to maintain or improve animal and plant production. The Society for Range Management is "the professional society dedicated to supporting persons who work with rangelands and have a commitment to their sustainable use." The primary Rangeland Management publications include the "Journal of Range Management", "Rangelands", and "Rangeland Ecology & Management". Pastoralism has become a contemporary anthropological and ecological study as it faces many threats including fragmentation of land, conversion of rangeland into urban development, lack of grazing movement, impending threats on global diversity, damage to species with large terrain, decreases in shared public goods, decreased biological movements, threats of a "tragedy of enclosures", limitation of key resources, reduced biomass and invasive plant species growth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50283749 |
Rangeland management Interest in contemporary pastoralist cultures like the Maasai has continued to increase, especially because the traditional syncreticly-adaptive ability of pastoralists could promise lessons in collaborative and adaptive management for contemporary pastoralist societies threatened by globalization as well as for contemporary non-pastoralist societies that are managing livestock on rangelands. In the United States, the study of range science is commonly offered at land-grant universities including New Mexico State University, Colorado State University, Oregon State University, North Dakota State University, South Dakota State University, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Arizona, the University of Idaho, the University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Montana State University. The Range Science curriculum is strongly tied to animal science, as well as plant ecology, soil science, wildlife management, climatology and anthropology. Courses in a typical Range Science curriculum may include ethology, range animal nutrition, plant physiology, plant ecology, plant identification, plant communities, microbiology, soil sciences, fire control, agricultural economics, wildlife ecology, ranch management, Socioeconomics, cartography, hydrology, Ecophysiology, and environmental policy. These courses are essential to entering a range science profession | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50283749 |
Rangeland management Students with degrees in range science are eligible for a host of technician-type careers working for the federal government under the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Agricultural Research Service, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the NRCS, or the US Forest Service as range conservationists, inventory technicians, range monitoring/animal science agents, field botanists, natural-resource technicians, vegetation/habitat monitors, GIS programming assistants, general range technicians, and as ecological assessors, as well as working in the private sector as range managers, ranch managers, producers, commercial consultants, mining and agricultural real estate agents, or as Range/ Ranch Consultants. Individuals who complete degrees at the M.S. or P.h.D. level, can seek academic careers as professors, extension specialists, research assistants, and adjunct staff, in addition to a number of professional research positions for government agencies such as the US Department of Agriculture and other state run departments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50283749 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.