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Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle is a natural history book by American conservation biologist Thor Hanson. Published by Basic Books in 2011 and written for general audiences, the book discusses the significance of feathers, their evolution, and their history both in nature and in use by humans. "Feathers" is divided into five parts. In "Evolution", Hanson discusses the scientific debate over how feathers evolved, interviewing ornithologists Richard Prum and Alan Feduccia, as well as paleontologist Xing Xu. In "Fluff", Hanson discusses how feathers play a role in regulating a bird's body temperature and how feather insulation has also been utilized by humans. "Flight" discusses how flight might have evolved in birds, interviewing Prum, Feduccia, Xu, and also ornithologist Ken Dial, who described wing-assisted incline running. In "Fancy", Hanson discusses the role of feathers in sexual selection, as well as how humans have utilized feathers for fashion, interviewing costume and fashion designers on the Las Vegas Strip and New York City. "Function" discusses how feathers have been adapted for other purposes, such as waterproofing, fly fishing, and quill pens. Hanson decided he would write "Feathers" after going on a run and noticing a feather dropped at his feet by a vulture; coincidentally, he had considered writing a story involving vulture feathers earlier that day. The book was published first in hardcover by Basic Books in 2011, then in paperback in 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle Critical reception to "Feathers" has predominantly been positive, with praise for Hanson's enthusiasm and writing. In 2012, "Feathers" won the Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award and the "SB&F" Prize in the Young Adult Science Book category, presented by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Subaru. In 2013, the book was also awarded the John Burroughs Medal. Thor Hanson is a researcher with a variety of interests. In addition to writing for general audiences, his published research includes the impact of forest fragmentation on bird nest predation, the impact of human warfare on conservation policy, the behavior of Neotropical monkeys and birds, and others. Hanson received a Ph.D. from the University of Idaho in 2006; for his dissertation, he studied the impact of habitat fragmentation on the ecology of a type of tropical tree. Hanson's interest in feathers began after observing vultures in Kenya. According to Hanson, when brainstorming ideas for a new book, he considered a story which involved vultures and their feathers, and later that day, as he went on a run, he noticed four turkey vultures keeping watch over a roadkill deer. One of the vultures began flapping and dropped a feather at Hanson's feet. Moved by this coincidence, Hanson decided then to write a book about feathers. Basic Books first published "Feathers" in hardcover in 2011. In 2012, Basic Books published it in paperback as well, and the book has also been published as an ebook and audiobook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle An essay-length adaptation titled "The Multiple Miracles of Bird Feathers" appeared in the January–February 2012 edition of "Audubon", published by the National Audubon Society. "Feathers" is Hanson's second book, after "The Impenetrable Forest: My Gorilla Years in Uganda" (2008). Following a preface and introduction, "Feathers" is divided into five main parts: "Evolution" discusses the evolutionary history of feathers, "Fluff" explains the role of feathers in regulating body temperature, "Flight" discusses the origin of avian flight as well as its impact on human aviation, "Fancy" discusses the role of feathers in sexual selection and human fashion, and "Function" discusses the continuing evolution of feathers in both nature and human usage. "Feathers" begins with the 1861 discovery of the first "Archaeopteryx" fossil specimen and the resulting debate between English paleontologist Richard Owen, an opponent to evolution by natural selection, and Thomas Henry Huxley, an advocate for evolution. Hanson himself visits the Wyoming Dinosaur Center, a small museum in Thermopolis, Wyoming, which had acquired an "Archaeopteryx" specimen. Hanson interviews Richard Prum, the Coe Professor of Ornithology at Yale University, who proposed a developmental theory of feather evolution, which focuses "on how feathers grow and not worrying about what they're used for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle " Hanson also interviews Alan Feduccia, a professor at the University of North Carolina, who disagrees with the scientific consensus that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. Later, Hanson interviews Xing Xu, a Chinese paleontologist who described fossil specimens that helped support Prum's developmental theory, such as "Beipiaosaurus" and "Microraptor". Hanson also discusses the development of feathers in thin-billed prions, as well as how feather growth is controlled by the Sonic hedgehog gene. In "Fluff", Hanson describes his experience at Winter Ecology, a "hands-on exploration of cold-weather ecosystems" organized by Bernd Heinrich, a biologist at the University of Vermont. While staying in a log cabin in a remote location in western Maine, Hanson observed how golden-crowned kinglets and other birds were able to keep warm on nights when the temperature was and discusses the role of feathers in maintaining a comfortable body temperature for birds. To understand how down feathers have been adapted for human purposes, Hanson interviews Travis Stier at the Pacific Coast Feather Company, which manufactures pillows and comforters made with feathers. Later, Hanson discusses various strategies that birds employ to keep cool in warmer climates and during periods of muscular activity, such as flight and fast running, as well as the role of feathers in these strategies. Scientists disagree on how feathered flight originally evolved, and Hanson describes various viewpoints on the subject | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle The "ground-up" view holds that flight originated from theropod dinosaurs running along the ground, whereas the "tree-down" view holds that flight originated from animals who lived in trees "as a means to extend their hops from branch to branch". Hanson discusses the issue with Feduccia, who argues for the "tree-down" view, noting that other vertebrates also developed flight from the tree down. Hanson also discusses with Prum and Xu, who state that while the origin of "feathers" might have been ground-based theropods, the origin of "flight" could have been theropods who climbed trees, especially considering four-winged feathered theropods like "Microraptor". Hanson interviews Ken Dial, an ornithologist who described wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), a behavior exhibited by baby birds learning how to fly. WAIR has been proposed as an alternative model for the origin of avian flight, as it addresses weaknesses in both the "ground-up" and "tree-down" views. Later, Hanson interviews Ken Franklin, who raised Frightful, a peregrine falcon whose dive was measured to be , making her the fastest flying animal on record. Franklin describes the role of feathers in improving the aerodynamics of a falcon's flight. Hanson concludes the "Flight" section with discussion of how feathered flight has influenced human aviation. Hanson describes the behavior of birds-of-paradise and the role of their elaborate feathers in sexual selection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle Hanson also visits the Las Vegas Strip and observes how feathers play a role in pageant shows like "Jubilee!". Hanson interviews Marios Ignadiou, the head of "Jubilee!"'s costume shop, as well as fashion designer Pete Menefree. Hanson then describes the history of the feather trade in fashion. In the period before World War I, feathers were highly valuable commodities. Wanting to capitalize on the economic strength of feathers, the government of South Africa sponsored the Trans-Saharan Ostrich Expedition, led by Russel William Thornton to find the Barbary ostrich. After much adversity, Thornton and his crew returned to South Africa in 1912 with 127 surviving Barbary ostriches. Unfortunately, demand for feathers in fashion decreased dramatically a few years later, once more women entered the workforce for the war effort. Hanson later interviews Leah Chalfen, a hat designer based in New York City who specializes in feathers. Hanson also interviews Jodi Favazzo, the owner of the Rainbow Feather Company, which dyes feathers. Hanson rescues a grounded common murre by carrying it back to the ocean (takeoff is extremely difficult for murres if they are not on water). He then explains how the structure of feathers is waterproofing, keeping birds dry in wet conditions. Hanson interviews John Sullivan, an experienced fly fisher who explains the role of feathers in fly fishing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle Later, Hanson explains the history and use of feathers in quill pens, which he uses as an example of how feathers have been adapted for other purposes beyond their natural evolutionary purposes. Hanson also describes his experience observing the behavior of vultures in Kenya, in which he discusses the lack of feathers on the heads of vultures. Hanson interviews Kimberly Bostwick, an ornithologist and curator at Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, who discusses her research in the club-winged manakin, a bird whose feathers enable it to make sounds with its wings. In the National Museum of Natural History, Hanson interviews Carla Dove, who works in the museum's Feather Identification Lab, which identifies the species of bird which a feather originates from. In 2012, "Feathers" received the Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, an annual award which recognizes "excellence in writing" from five U.S. states in the Pacific Northwest. In the same year, "Feathers" also received the "SB&F" Prize in the Young Adult Science Book category, presented by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Subaru. "Feathers" was listed among the top ten best books of 2011 in the Sci-Tech category by the "Library Journal". "Feathers" received the John Burroughs Medal in 2013, which is awarded annually by the John Burroughs Association to "the author of a distinguished book of natural history". Frances C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle James, in a review published in "The Condor", described the book as "scholarly and enjoyable", commenting that "Hanson has worked hard to summarize the science behind our current understanding of the form and function of feathers, their development and their evolution." Regarding Hanson's description of the origin of feathers and flight, James commented that Hanson could have taken "an even more critical approach" by stating that "Prum's developmental model has not really been tested ... Confirmation of the predictions of a theory is not a test unless the predictions help discriminate among alternative hypotheses." James eventually concluded, "I don't blame Hanson for not having delved more deeply into this subject. I just wish that ornithologists would evaluate alternative theories on the full weight of their evidence and stop misquoting Huxley." Pepper W. Trail wrote a review published in "The Quarterly Review of Biology", commenting, "Hanson has a gift for narrative and is an engaging companion as he leads readers through sometimes complex material." Trail also commented, "There are, however, a few places where the author's zest for telling a good story led him astray." As an example, Trail observed that Hanson uses eight pages to discuss the Trans-Saharan Ostrich Expedition, but "less than four on the science of feather coloration, a field burgeoning with new discoveries." In a review published in "The Wilson Journal of Ornithology", Kimberly S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle Bostwick described Hanson's writing as "engaging", writing that there is "something for everyone to learn", from professional ornithologists to non-biologists. Bostwick warned scientific readers, however, that "Feathers" uses poetic license "to adapt some of the historical accounts a little to make them flow as stories" and that "Hanson uses a few analogies to explain some of the more complex biological phenomenon that are not entirely accurate." Literary reception to "Feathers" has been positive. Amanda Katz, in a review published by "The New York Times", wrote that because "Feathers" is a work of synthesis, bird enthusiasts will find the book's content already "familiar", but noted that "as synthesis goes, it is gracious, funny, persuasive and wide ranging." Peter Forbes, in a review published by "The Guardian", stated that Hanson's "enthusiasm is infectious", particularly for a topic Forbes found "alluring". "The Economist" published a review which also described Hanson as having "infectious enthusiasm" and stated, "Mr Hanson's unpretentious style makes what is essentially an excellent scientific work into an enjoyable read for the ignorant and uninitiated." Irene Wanner, in a review published by "The Seattle Times", highlighted Hanson's analogies, calling them "apt" and helping to "simplify complex concepts". "Kirkus Reviews" described "Feathers" as a "delightful ramble through the byways of evolution and the wonderful world of birds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle " "Scientific American" published an online review of "Feathers" in their blog "Tetrapod Zoology" by Darren Naish. Naish commented that prior to Hanson's book, "it doesn’t seem that any one book has ever been devoted to feathers and feathers alone. ... "Feathers" is thus a rather significant book, and very nice it is too." Naish also stated that ""Feathers" is not the provincial view of someone only interested in ecology or conservation biology; on the contrary, this is a remarkably well-rounded review of the subject." In a review published in the news magazine "Maclean's", Brian Bethune praised Hanson's storytelling, writing, "For all the intriguing science, what really livens up Hanson's passionate discussion of his 'natural miracle' are the stories he tells." Laurence A. Marschall, a physics professor at Gettysburg College, wrote in a review published in the magazine "Natural History", "In sum, "Feathers" is an impressive blend of beauty, form, and function." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50302335 |
Microfluidic cell culture integrates knowledge from biology, biochemistry, engineering, and physics to develop devices and techniques for culturing, maintaining, analyzing, and experimenting with cells at the microscale. It merges microfluidics, a set of technologies used for the manipulation of small fluid volumes (μL, nL, pL) within artificially fabricated microsystems, and cell culture, which involves the maintenance and growth of cells in a controlled laboratory environment. Microfluidics has been used for cell biology studies as the dimensions of the microfluidic channels are well suited for the physical scale of cells. For example, eukaryotic cells have linear dimensions between 10-100 μm which falls within the range of microfluidic dimensions. A key component of microfluidic cell culture is being able to mimic the cell microenvironment which includes soluble factors that regulate cell structure, function, behavior, and growth. Another important component for the devices is the ability to produce stable gradients that are present "in vivo" as these gradients play a significant role in understanding chemotactic, durotactic, and haptotactic effects on cells. Some considerations for microfluidic devices relating to cell culture include: Fabrication material is crucial as not all polymers are biocompatible, with some materials such as PDMS causing undesirable adsorption or absorption of small molecules. Additionally, uncured PDMS oligomers can leach into the cell culture media, which can harm the microenvironment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture As an alternative to commonly used PDMS, there have been advances in the use of thermoplastics (e.g., polystyrene) as a replacement material. Spatial organization of cells in microscale devices largely depends on the culture region geometry for cells to perform functions "in vivo". For example, long, narrow channels may be desired to culture neurons. The perfusion system chosen might also affect the geometry chosen. For example, in a system that incorporates syringe pumps, channels for perfusion inlet, perfusion outlet, waste, and cell loading would need to be added for the cell culture maintenance. Perfusion in microfluidic cell culture is important to enable long culture periods on-chip and cell differentiation. Other critical aspects for controlling the microenvironment include: cell seeding density, reduction of air bubbles as they can rupture cell membranes, evaporation of media due to an insufficiently humid environment, and cell culture maintenance (i.e. regular, timely media changes). Cell's health is defined as the collective equilibrium activities of essential and specialized cellular processes; while a cell stressor is defined as a stimulus that causes excursion from its equilibrium state. Hence, cell health may be perturbed within microsystems based on platform design or operating conditions. Exposure to stressors within microsystems can impact cells through direct and indirect ways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture Therefore, it is important to design the microfluidics system for cell culture in a manner that minimizes cell stress situations. For example, by minimizing cell suspension, by avoiding abrupt geometries (which tend to favor bubble formation), designing higher and wider channels (to avoid shear stress), avoid thermosensitive hydrogels... Some of the major advantages of microfluidic cell culture include reduced sample volumes (especially important when using primary cells, which are often limited) and the flexibility to customize and study multiple microenvironments within the same device. A reduced cell population can also be used in a microscale system (e.g., a few hundred cells) in comparison to macroscale culture systems (which often require 10 – 10 cells); this can make studying certain cell-cell interactions more accessible. These reduced cell numbers make studying non-dividing or slow dividing cells (e.g., stem cells) easier than traditional culture methods (e.g., flasks, petri dishes, or well plates) due to the smaller sample volumes. Given the small dimensions in microfluidics, laminar flow can be achieved, allowing manipulations with the culture system to be done easily without affecting other culture chambers. Laminar flow is also useful as is it mimics "in vivo" fluid dynamics more accurately, often making microscale culture more relevant than traditional culture methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture Compartmentalized microfluidic cultures have also been combined with live cell calcium imaging, where depolarizing stimuli have been delivered to the peripheral terminals of neurons, and calcium responses recorded in the cell body. This technique has demonstrated a stark difference in the sensitivity of the peripheral terminals compared to the neuronal cell body to certain stimuli such as protons. This gives an excellent example as to why it is so important to study the peripheral terminals in isolation using microfluidic cell culture devices. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is cell culture that takes place on a flat surface, e.g. the bottom of a well-plate, and is known as the conventional method. While these platforms are useful for growing and passaging cells to be used in subsequent experiments, they are not ideal environments to monitor cell responses to stimuli as cells cannot freely move or perform functions as observed "in vivo" that are dependent on cell-extracellular matrix material interactions. To address this issue many methods have been developed to create a three-dimensional (3D) native cell environment. One example of a 3D method is the hanging drop, where a droplet with growing cells is suspended and hangs downwards, which allows cells to grow around and atop of one another, forming a spheroid. The hanging drop method has been used to culture tumor cells but is limited to the geometry of a sphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture Since the advent of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device fabrication through soft lithography microfluidic devices have progressed and have proven to be very beneficial for mimicking a natural 3D environment for cell culture. Microfluidic devices make possible the study of a single cell to a few hundred cells in a 3D environment. Comparatively, macroscopic 2D cultures have 10 to 10 cells on a flat surface. Microfluidics also allow for chemical gradients, the continuous flow of fresh media, high through put testing, and direct output to analytical instruments. Additionally, open microfluidic cell cultures such as "microcanals" allow for direct physical manipulation of cells with micropipettes. Many microfluidic systems employ the use of hydrogels as the extracellular matrix (ECM) support which can be modulated for fiber thickness and pore size and have been demonstrated to allow the growth of cancer cells. Gel free 3D cell cultures have been developed to allow cells to grow in either a cell dense environment or an ECM poor environment. Although these devices have proven very useful, there are certain disadvantages such as cells sticking to the PDMS surface, small molecules diffusing into the PDMS, and unreacted PDMS polymers washing into cell culture media. The use of 3D cell cultures in microfluidic devices has led to a field of study called organ-on-a-chip | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture The first report of these types of microfluidic cultures was used to study the toxicity of naphthalene metabolites on the liver and lung (Viravaidya et al.). These devices can grow a stripped-down version of an organ-like system that can be used to understand many biological processes. By adding an additional dimension, more advanced cell architectures can be achieved, and cell behavior is more representative of "in vivo" dynamics; cells can engage in enhanced communication with neighboring cells and cell-extracellular matrix interactions can be modeled. In these devices, chambers or collagen layers containing different cell types can interact with one another for multiple days while various channels deliver nutrients to the cells. An advantage of these devices is that tissue function can be characterized and observed under controlled conditions (e.g., effect of shear stress on cells, effect of cyclic strain or other forces) to better understand the overall function of the organ. While these 3D models ofter better model organ function on a cellular level compared with 2D models, there are still challenges. Some of the challenges include: imaging of the cells, control of gradients in static models (i.e., without a perfusion system), and difficulty recreating vasculature. Despite these challenges, 3D models are still used as tools for studying and testing drug responses in pharmacological studies. In recent years, there are microfluidic devices reproducing the complex "in vivo" microvascular network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Microfluidic cell culture Organs-on-a-chip have also been used to replicate very complex systems like lung epithelial cells in an exposed airway and provides valuable insight for how multicellular systems and tissues function "in vivo." These devices are able to create a physiologically realistic 3D environment, which is desirable as a tool for drug screening, drug delivery, cell-cell interactions, tumor metastasis etc. In one study, researchers grew tumor cells and tested the drug delivery of cis platin, resveratrol, tirapazamine (TPZ) and then measured the effects the drugs have on cell viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50311973 |
Alice L. Pérez Sánchez (Costa Rica, December 23, 1963) was the Vice-dean of Research at the University of Costa Rica between 2012-2016. Dr. Pérez has a degree in chemistry (1989) from the University of Costa Rica, and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Simon Fraser University, Canada. She is a professor in the chemistry department at the University of Costa Rica, and researcher at the Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales, CIPRONA. She was director of CIPRONA from 2002 to 2010, and of the doctoral science program at the same university from 2009 to 2012. Her scientific work focuses on the synthesis of organic anti-parasitic and anti-cancer chemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50349228 |
FAM63B is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene FAM63B. This gene is highly expressed in humans. The gene is also highly conserved throughout evolutionary history. The discovered function of is an interaction with the kinesin-1 light chain and the transportation of vaccinia virus from the nucleus to the cell periphery. is located at 15q21.3-q22.1, spanning 90,707 base pairs on chromosome 15. The full name of is family with sequence similarity 63, member B. is also listed by its alias, KIAA1164, in some publications. The gene encodes a primary transcript that can be alternatively spliced into 9 protein variants. variant a is the most common isoform found in humans. is a member of the Pfam super family, and contains a domain of unknown function (DUF544) that is homologous within the protein family. protein variant an also contains a bipartite tryptophan binding motif from W476 to W533. Variant a of the protein also contains a hydrophobic stretch of alanine from 567 to 574 and a mixed charge sequence from residue 598 to 617. protein may contain a signal sequence specifying return to the endoplasmic reticulum (KDEL) from residue 607 to 621 in variant a. The secondary structure of is a combination of coils, some α-helices, and few β-sheets. The Phyre 2 program predicts α-helices in 23% of the protein, β-strands in 9% of the protein, and the remaining 59% of the protein as disordered | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50349553 |
FAM63B The disordered regions coincide with the coiled regions predicted by other programs, and this results in the long stretch of coiled protein beginning at the N-terminus. According to the SOUSI program, there is a 16-amino acid-long span from residues 265 to 280 of that could be a transmembrane sequence. However, transmembrane sequences generally need to be at least 20 amino acids long in order to be stable in the membrane, so a transmembrane sequence is unlikely. Therefore, is not fixed in the membrane of any organelle and is free to move through the cell and between organelles. Not much is known about the tertiary structure of FAM63B. A predicted folding is shown. Post-translational modifications of the protein. has predicted NES (nuclear export signals) at Val274 and Leu277. Also, a NLS (nuclear localization signal) is predicted for at RKRK at residue 599. In agreement, Reinhardt's method for cytoplasmic/nuclear discrimination predicts to be located in the nucleus with a reliability of 76.7%. The presence of both NLS and NES signals and O-GlcNAc post-translational modification of supports the protein's location in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and the discovered protein function as a shuttle for vaccinia virus between the nucleus and the cell periphery. has moderately-high to high expression and is constitutively expressed. is likely ubiquitously expressed in humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50349553 |
FAM63B Expression of is high in the embryonic stem cells and differentiated tissues but low or off in embryoid bodies and other progenitor cells, such as the multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. It is likely that is expressed during pluripotency and unipotency but is not important for differentiation, as is occurring in embryoid bodies, mesenchymal stem cells, and other progenitor cells. The promoter of is GXP_5885, located on the positive strand of chromosome 15 from (58770692, 58771462) and is 711 base pairs long. is shown to interact with one protein, KLC-1. KLC-1, kinesin light chain 1, is a protein which recruits kinesin-1 via its cargo binding light chain and contains a bipartite tryptophan binding motif. This motif is present in a vaccinia virus integral membrane protein, A36, that is required for transport of the virus from the perinuclear space to the cell periphery. In the absence of A36, proteins with a bipartite tryptophan binding motif can interact with the kinesin light chain, recruit KLC-1, and promote virus transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The discovered function of protein is a transporter of vaccinia virus in the human genome. contains a bipartite tryptophan binding motif between W476 and W533. The motif also contains a Q residue at the +2 position, which was found to be a frequent occurrence in proteins that bind KLC-1 or KLC-2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50349553 |
FAM63B is among proteins studied that can rescue virus transport to the cell periphery when expressed in A36-deficient cells, successfully replacing the cytoplasmic domain A36 of vaccinia. The specific pathology of is unknown. is part of four networks regulated by miRNA, three of which are linked to neuronal differentiation and dopaminergic gene expression. These findings indicate that could be used as a biomarker for the detection and treatment of schizophrenia. Furthermore, aberrant methylation of may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. has also been ranked 13 of 25 on a list of associated genes relevant to arthritis. has one paralog, FAM63A, which is a gene of unknown function. FAM63A gene encodes a protein that is 469 amino acids long and 76% similar to FAM63B. has been found in all multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes, including plants but excluding protists and fungi. The gene has also been found in archaea but not bacteria. The most distant homolog of is found in "Thermoplasmatales archaeon", an archaea that diverged from the human gene 4.25 billion years ago. is a member of the Pfam super family, and contains a domain of unknown function (DUF544) homologous within the protein family. This region of the protein is highly conserved through homologs, as is the bipartite tryptophan binding motif of and the C-terminus signal sequence. The phylogenetic tree below shows a time calibration for the evolution of FAM63B. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50349553 |
Command and Control (book) Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety is a 2013 nonfiction book by Eric Schlosser about the history of nuclear weapons systems in the United States. Incidents Schlosser discusses in the book include the 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion and the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash. It was a finalist for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for History. A documentary film based on the book aired as an episode of The American Experience on PBS in early 2017. A review in the "New York Times" described it as a "disquieting but riveting" book and Schlosser as a "better reporter than policy analyst". Speaking of the book, domestic security adviser Lee H. Hamilton said, "The lesson of this powerful and disturbing book is that the world's nuclear arsenals are not as safe as they should be. We should take no comfort in our skill and good fortune in preventing a nuclear catastrophe, but urgently extend our maximum effort to assure that a nuclear weapon does not go off by accident, mistake, or miscalculation." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50365010 |
Edward Wyllie Fenton Dr FRSE FLS (1889-1962) was a Scottish botanist. He was President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 1944–45. He was born in Aberdeen on 4 November 1889, the son of Edward W. Fenton, a clerk living at 13 Bon Accord Street. He attended Aberdeen University graduating in 1913. He began lecturing in Botany at the university as soon as he qualified. As with many, his career was interrupted by the First World War during which he served in the Royal Field Artillery. He was commissioned on 6 July 1915. He served in Britain as Chief Instructor in the Signalling Section at the rank of Lieutenant. From 1920 he headed the Botany Department in the newly built Seale-Hayne College in Devon in the south of England. In 1927 he returned to Scotland to head the East of Scotland College of Agriculture, remaining in this role until retiral in 1954. In 1928 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Alexander Lauder, Sir William Wright Smith, James Hartley Ashworth and William Edgar Evans. Aberdeen University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DSc) in 1936. He died at Milltimber, Aberdeen on 16 September 1962. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50365114 |
Gregory (crater on Venus) Grimke is a crater on Venus at latitude 7.1, longitude 95.8. It is 18 km in diameter and is named after Isabella Augusta Gregory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50371157 |
Amanda Reid (malacologist) Amanda "Mandy" Reid is an Australian malacologist who works as a departmental collection manager at the Australian Museum. She is a published researcher and author. Her work in taxonomy has resulted in the description of many species of velvet worms and cephalopods. Reid is a graduate of Macquarie University, where she obtained a science degree in 1984, completed a Masters in 1990 and went on to complete a PhD in 1996. She has a particular interest in cephalopods, including cuttlefish and bobtail squids. In 2000, she co-authored the book "A Guide to Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses of Australasia" with Mark Norman. Reid has also previously studied velvet worms. Her work has been published in a number of scientific journals, including "Invertebrate Taxonomy", "Bulletin of Marine Science", "Australian Natural History", "Zootaxa" and others. Species described by Reid include "Sepia tanybracheia", "Sepia koilados" (2000) and Ken's cuttlefish ("Sepia grahami") (2001). Reid is member of the Society of Editors (NSW) and Sustainable Population Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50387175 |
Srinivasan Varadarajan (born 1928) is an Indian chemist, civil servant, corporate executive and the former chairman of several public sector undertakings such as Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL), Petrofils Cooperative Limited, Engineers India Limited (EIL), and Bridge and Roof Company (India). Born on 31 March 1928 in Tamil Nadu, he obtained two master's degrees (MA and MSc) from Madras University and Andhra University and two doctoral degrees (PhD) from University of Delhi and University of Cambridge and worked as a faculty member at several educational institutions such as Delhi University (1949–53), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1956-57) and Department of Radiotherapeutics, University of Cambridge (1957–59). He was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (1983), Indian Academy of Sciences (1972) and The World Academy of Sciences (1997). The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1985, for his contributions to society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50400269 |
Suzanne Mary Prober (born in Hobart on 31 July 1964) is an Australian botanist and ecologist. She received her Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Honors) from the University of Sydney in 1985 and a PhD in Vegetation Ecology from the Australia National University in 1990. She is a principal research scientist with CSIRO Land and Water in Perth, Western Australia. Understanding, controlling and restoring the natural diversity, ecosystem function and resilience of plant groups are Prober's main research interests. She focuses on temperate eucalypt woodlands and remnant vegetation in versatile landscapes. Prober currently leads the Great Western Ecosystems Research Network, and is Facility Director of TERN (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network) OzFlux. OzFlux is responsible for maintaining datastreams that measure the exchange of energy, carbon and water between the atmosphere and important Australian ecosystems. Prober's research has resulted in over 100 publications since 2009 which can be found in the semi-complete list at http://people.csiro.au/P/S/Suzanne-Prober/PublicationsHistory.aspx. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50405756 |
Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Bhalchandra Madhav Udgaonkar is an Indian theoretical particle physicist, scientist, educationist and the co-editor of "A Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: Desirable?, Feasible?". His contributions have been reported in the development of Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar and Marathi Vidnyan Parishad (MaViPa). An alumnus of the Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (erstwhile King George School), he is a member of the Institute of Advanced Study, USA, a scientists' community, and a former president of the Marathi Vidnyan Parishad. He is the author of several books and has contributed content to books written by others. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1985, for his contributions to science and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50407896 |
Three Physicists Prize The () is a physics prize awarded by the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris and the Eugène Bloch Foundation. It is named in honour of the physicists Henri Abraham, Eugene Bloch and Georges Bruhat, who were successive directors of the physics laboratory at the ENS and all of whom died in Nazi concentration camps between 1943 and 1945. The prize was established by Bloch's widow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50413340 |
Charles Skinner (geologist) Charles Skinner is a geologist who is Head of Group Exploration at diamond miners De Beers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50414502 |
NGC 4394 is a SBb barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices and is situated about 39.5 million light-years (12.1 megaparsecs) from Earth. It was discovered on 14 March 1784 by the German–British astronomer William Herschel. It is a presumed companion to the lenticular galaxy M85 / NGC 4382, which lies 8 arc minutes away. It is also a member of the Virgo Cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50414893 |
RAN translation Repeat Associated Non-AUG translation, or RAN translation, is an irregular mode of mRNA translation that can occur in eukaryotic cells. For the majority of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), translation initiates from a methionine-encoding AUG start codon following the molecular processes of 'cap-binding' and 'scanning' by ribosomal pre-initiation complexes (PICs). In rare exceptions, such as translation by viral IRES-containing mRNAs, 'cap-binding' and/or 'scanning' are not required for initiation, although AUG is still typically used as the first codon. is an exception to the canonical rules as it uses variable start site selection and initiates from a non-AUG codon, but may still depend on 'cap-binding' and 'scanning'. produces a variety of dipeptide repeat proteins by translation of expanded trinucleotide repeats present in an intron of the C9orf72 gene. The expansion of the trinucleotide repeats and thus accumulation of dipeptide repeat proteins are thought to cause cellular toxicity that leads to neurodegeneration in ALS disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50431382 |
Nature Studies (manuscript) Nature Studies is an illustrated manuscript of the 16th century, which represents nature scenes. It was part of the collection of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II. The codex is made of parchment and measuring 48.7 x 36.1 centimeters. It is bound in green leather. The manuscript is part of the Austrian National Library in Vienna. Part of the Austrian National Library since 1783, when it acquired the personal collection of Rudolf II. Images are grouped thematically and include plants, birds, mammals, insects, fish, and natural landscapes. The technique they display is extremely varied - from very simple drawings,through in-depth studies to detailed images. Many of the animals depicted on the album are in the museum; perhaps they served as models. The illustrations are drawn with pen and ink, watercolor, tempera, and in some parts used and gold. The album is composed of several different authors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50459347 |
Rovuma Plate The is one of three tectonic microplates that contribute to the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate. The other two plates are the Lwandle Plate and the Victoria Plate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50477739 |
Edouard-Ernest Maire Edouard Ferdinand Ernest Maire (28 February 1848 – 19 August 1932) was a French missionary and plant collector in China. He served as Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Yunnan. Between 1905 and 1916 he sent the plant material he collected to various herbaria in Europe. From time to time he also collected seeds. He collected most actively on the plateaus surrounding his seat in Kunming, but he sometimes made trips to the more than 3000 m high limestone mountains near Dongchuan to the North-East. His collections were described by, among others, Léveillé and Franchet in Paris. Several plants were named in honor of including "Epipactis mairei", "Fargesia mairei", "Nomocharis mairei", "Paeonia mairei", "Primula mairei" and "Sedum mairei". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50490044 |
NGC 137 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 23, 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50504678 |
Evaporative light scattering detector An evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is a detector used in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), Purification liquid chromatography such as flash or preparative chromatography, countercurrent or centrifugal partition chromatographies and Supercritical Fluid chromatography (SFC). It is commonly used for analysis of compounds where UV detection might be a restriction and therefore used where compounds do not efficiently absorb UV radiation, such as sugars, antivirals, antibiotics, fatty acids, lipids, oils, phospholipids, polymers, surfactants, terpenoids and triglycerides. ELSDs is related to the charged aerosol detector (CAD) and like the CAD, falls under the category of destructive detectors. An evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is able to detect all compound which are less volatile than the mobile phase, i.e. non volatile and semi-volatile compounds. ELSDs analyze solvent after elution from HPLC. As the eluent passes from an HPLC, it is mixed with an inert carrier gas and forced through a nebulizer, which separates the liquid into minute aerosolized droplets. These droplets then pass into a heated drift tube, where the mobile phase solvent is evaporated off. As the mobile phase evaporates, the droplets become smaller and smaller until all that is left is minute particles of dried analyte. These particles are pushed through the drift tube by the carrier gas to the detection region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50507458 |
Evaporative light scattering detector In this region, a beam of light crosses the column of analyte and the scattering of light is measured by a photodiode or photomultiplier tube. The detector's output is non-linear across more than one order of magnitude and proper calibration is required for quantitative analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50507458 |
NGC 6452 NGC 6452, also occasionally referred to as PGC 60876 or GC 5878, is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Hercules. It was discovered on 2 July, 1864 by astronomer Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50511433 |
Merodiploid A merodiploid is a partially diploid bacterium, which has its own chromosome complement and a chromosome fragment introduced by conjugation, transformation or transduction. It can also be defined as an essentially haploid organism that carries a second copy of a part of its genome. The term is derived from the Greek, meros = part, and was originally used to describe both unstable partial diploidy, such as that which occurs briefly in recipients after mating with an Hfr strain (1), and the stable state, exemplified by F-prime strains (see Hfr'S And F-Primes). Over time the usage has tended to confine the term to descriptions of stable genetic states. Merodiploidy refers to the partial duplication of chromosomes in a haploid organism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50529615 |
Proteolysis targeting chimera A proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a heterobifunctional small molecule composed of two active domains and a linker capable of removing specific unwanted proteins. Rather than acting as a conventional enzyme inhibitor, a PROTAC works by inducing selective intracellular proteolysis. PROTACs consist of two covalently linked protein-binding molecules: one capable of engaging an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and another that binds to a target protein meant for degradation. Recruitment of the E3 ligase to the target protein results in ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the target protein by the proteasome. Because PROTACs need only to bind their targets with high selectivity (rather than inhibit the target protein's enzymatic activity), there are currently many efforts to retool previously ineffective inhibitor molecules as PROTACs for next-generation drugs. Initially described by Kathleen Sakamoto, Craig Crews and Ray Deshaies in 2001, the PROTAC technology has been applied by a number of drug discovery labs using various E3 ligases, including pVHL, Mdm2, beta-TrCP1, cereblon, and c-IAP1. Yale University licensed the PROTAC technology to Arvinas in 2013–14. Protacs achieve degradation through "hijacking" the cell's Ubiquitin–Proteosome system (UPS). The UPS consists of an E1 activating enzyme which conjugates to an E2 enzyme transferring a ubiquitin molecule to the E2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50532084 |
Proteolysis targeting chimera E2 then binds to the E3 ligase in a complex which can then recognize target proteins for subsequent ubiquitin tagging and degradation by the 26S proteosome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50532084 |
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists livestock Beta-adrenergic agonists, or β-agonists, are non-hormonal growth promotants that help animals put on muscle instead of fat. The more scientifically accepted name for agents of this class is a repartitioning agent, not a growth promotor. Ractopamine (brand names include Optaflexx and Paylean) and zilpaterol (brand name Zilmax) received FDA approval in 1999 and 2003, respectively. They are also approved in Mexico, South Africa, and Canada. 160 countries restrict the importation of beef which has been raised with β-agonists. Temple Grandin was one of the first to describe the potential problems with the supplement. Cattle may arrive at the plant with a stiff gait, acting like they have both stiff muscles and sore feet. The problem could be muscle fatigue. Zilpateral enhances the growth of “fast-twitch” fibers, a type of muscle fiber that fatigues more easily. On August 16, 2013 Merck and Co., the makers of Zilmax, suspended the sale of the product in the US and Canada. But problems may exist with all β-agonists supplementation, and not just for animals. The family of β-agonists includes β1-, β2-, and β3-agonists such as clenbuterol, ractopamine, cimaterol, zilpaterol and salbutamol. They possess similar chemical structures with different substituent groups on the phenylethanolamines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 |
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists livestock Due to their significant nutrition redistribution function, β-agonists have been applied in the livestock industry such as pigs and ruminants to reduce carcass fat and increase muscle mass while improving growth rate and feed conversion ratio (Bareille and Faverdin, 1996, Bergen et al., 1989, Byrem et al., 1998, Cardoso and Taveira, 2002, Shook et al., 2009 and Williams et al., 1987). Unfortunately, β-agonists deposited in animal tissues can cause acute poisoning when consumed by humans, particularly in people with symptoms of muscular tremors, cardiac palpitation, nervousness, headache, muscular pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fever and chills (Brambilla et al., 2000). Therefore, the use of β-agonists in animal feeds has been banned in many countries such as the EU and China (Mitchell and Dunnavan, 1998 and Prezelj et al., 2003). There are still illicit usages of β-agonists in animal feeds in many countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 |
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists livestock Broad screening and identification of β-agonists in feed and animal body fluid and tissues using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry combined with spectra library search • Tingting Lia, 1, • Jingjing Caob, 1, • Zhen Lib, • Xian Wanga, • Pingli Hea, Broad screening and identification of β-agonists in feed, serum, urine, muscle and liver samples was achieved in a quick and highly sensitive manner using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with a spectra library search. Solid-phase extraction technology was employed for sample purification and enrichment. After extraction and purification, the samples were analyzed using a Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer under full-scan and data-dependent MS/MS mode. The acquired mass spectra were compared with an in-house library (compound library and MS/MS mass spectral library) built with TraceFinder Software which contained the M/Z of the precursor ion, chemical formula, retention time, character fragment ions and the entire MS/MS spectra of 32 β-agonist standards. Screening was achieved by comparing 5 key mass spectral results and positive matches were marked. Using the developed method, the identification results from 10 spiked samples and 238 actual samples indicated that only 2% of acquired mass spectra produced false identities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 |
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists livestock The method validation results showed that the limit of detection ranged from 0.021–3.854 μg kg−1and 0.015–1.198 ng mL−1 for solid and liquid samples, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 |
Fluctuation spectrum Fluctuation spectra are commonly denoted by sets of physical phenomena such as hydrodynamic turbulence, the collective behaviour of bacteria and more generally fluctuations originating from the equilibrium state. All of these phenomena can be generalised by a few theoretical results that qualitatively describe these non-equilibrium steady states. A common example of this is the derivation of the force exerted by a non-equilibrium system on two embedded walls. It is characteristic of a narrow, unimodal spectrum for the force to be dependent on the width and peak within a fluctuation spectrum, which oscillates between repulsion and attraction. Some common generalisations of this theory can be applied to the Maritime Casimir Effect and through the motion of active Brownian particles within a closed system. Examples of active non-equilibrium systems can be demonstrated through many chemical, physical and biological processes; which range from turbulence, mechanical driving, chemical bonding, chemical gradients and cosmic background radiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533361 |
NGC 5343 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Virgo. It was discovered on 5 May 1785 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50540599 |
Eugene G. Munroe Eugene Gordon Munroe (8 September 1919 – 31 May 2008) was a Canadian entomologist who discovered numerous species of insects. He worked for the Insect Systematics and Biological Control Unit, Entomology Division in Ottawa, Canada. Munroe was "the acknowledged authority on the Pyraloidea worldwide for many years". From 1976 to 1982, he also served as editor-in-chief of "Moths of America North of Mexico". Monroe published more than 200 papers, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50548112 |
Biological rules A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms. and laws are often developed as succinct, broadly applicable ways to explain complex phenomena or salient observations about the ecology and biogeographical distributions of plant and animal species around the world, though they have been proposed for or extended to all types of organisms. Many of these regularities of ecology and biogeography are named after the biologists who first described them. From the birth of their science, biologists have sought to explain apparent regularities in observational data. In his biology, Aristotle inferred rules governing differences between live-bearing tetrapods (in modern terms, terrestrial placental mammals). Among his rules were that brood size decreases with adult body mass, while lifespan increases with gestation period and with body mass, and fecundity decreases with lifespan. Thus, for example, elephants have smaller and fewer broods than mice, but longer lifespan and gestation. Rules like these concisely organized the sum of knowledge obtained by early scientific measurements of the natural world, and could be used as models to predict future observations. Among the earliest biological rules in modern times are those of Karl Ernst von Baer (from 1828 onwards) on embryonic development, and of Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger on animal pigmentation, in 1833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50550012 |
Biological rules There is some scepticism among biogeographers about the usefulness of general rules. For example, J.C. Briggs, in his 1987 book "Biogeography and Plate Tectonics", comments that while Willi Hennig's rules on cladistics "have generally been helpful", his progression rule is "suspect". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50550012 |
Faustovirus is a genus of giant virus which infects amoebae associated with humans. The virus was first isolated in 2015 and shown to be around 0.2 micrometers in diameter with a double stranded DNA genome of 466 kilobases predicted to encode 451 proteins. Although classified as a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCDLV), faustoviruses share less than a quarter of their genes with other NCLDVs; however, ~46% are homologous to bacterial genes and the remainder are orphan genes (ORFans). Specifically, the gene encoding the major capsid protein (MCP) of faustovirus is different than that of its most closely related giant virus, asfivirus, as well as other NCLDVs. In asfivirus, the gene encoding MCP is a single genomic fragment of ~2000 base pairs (bp), however, in faustovirus the MCP is encoded by 13 exons separated by 12 large introns. The exons have a mean length of 149 bp and the introns have a mean length of 1,273 bp. The presence of introns in faustovirus genes is highly unusual for viruses . The replication strategy of faustovirus in amoeba is similar to that of mimivirus. Lasting 18 to 20 hours, the replication cycle begins with the amoeba ingesting individual viral particles through a process known as phagocytosis. After about 2 to 4 hours post infection, virus particles are internalized via phagocytic vacuoles and are detected by the host. While the particles appear near the host’s nucleus, there is no evidence that the virus is within the nucleus nor has an interaction with the nuclear membrane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50559168 |
Faustovirus Similar to the mimivirus, in which a channel is created for particle proteins and DNA to travel through, the faustovirus particles empty their internal compartments into the amoeba’s cytoplasm. In both viruses, the fusion leads to an "eclipse phase" in which the contents of particles become invisible inside the cytoplasm of the host. However, the eclipse phase of the faustovirus is longer than the mimivirus, taking place from 4 to 6 hours post infection. Characterized by a loss of its spherical shape and a decrease in surface area, the amoeba host cell undergoes reorganization, such that at 8 to 10 hours post infection there are new particles in a region forming a donut shape. This region is the viral factory; it is distinct from the nucleus and is surrounded by mitochondria. Between 12- and 18-hours post infection, the virus factory takes up the entirety of the cytoplasm, which is completely filled with new viral particles. At 18- to 20-hours post infection, the viral particles are released through cell lysis . affects amoeba associated with the human environment, like "Vermamoeba vermiformis"; this particular amoeba has been found in hospital water networks, drinking water, human stool samples, and contact lenses of keratitis patients, thus it may be a possible carrying agent for viruses. Faustoviruses have been found in sewage water from various geographical locations, such as Senegal, France, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50559168 |
Faustovirus Isolated strains of the virus have been detected in rodents, cattle, febrile and healthy humans, and well water and rivers. Although faustovirus was found in humans, it is unknown whether it has a pathogenic effect on humans; more research is required to determine the mode of infection and consequences of infection, if any exist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50559168 |
William Whigham Fletcher Prof FRSE FLS (11 August 1918 - 4 April 2001) was a Scottish biologist and academic author. He was Professor of Botany at Strathclyde University, and was known generally as Bill Fletcher. He specialised in crop protection and was one of the first to study the environmental impact of herbicides. Fletcher was born on 11 August 1918. He was brought up in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire and was both school captain and dux of Airdrie Academy. In 1937 he went to Glasgow University to study Botany. As with many his studies were interrupted by the Second World War. He saw the war coming and joined the Territorial Army in the summer of 1939. Due to this he was immediately mobilised at the outbreak of war and served in first the Royal Army Ordnance Corps and then the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving in Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, Italy, Syria and Greece. He resumed his studies in 1945 and graduated in 1947. He then did postgraduate studies at both Glasgow University under Prof Carl Browning, Lodz University in central Poland and Cornell University in USA, gaining his doctorate (PhD). In 1952 he was appointed Head of Botany at the West of Scotland Agricultural College and in 1962 became Senior Lecturer at Glasgow's Royal College of Science and Technology (later renamed Strathclyde University). In 1966 he became their first Professor of Botany. In 1967 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Hawthorn, Peter Pauson, Donald Pack and Patrick Dunbar Ritchie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50571493 |
William Whigham Fletcher He served as the Society's Vice President 1983 to 1986. He died on 4 April 2001. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50571493 |
NGC 533 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on October 8, 1785 by William Herschel. It was described as "pretty bright, pretty large, round, gradually brighter middle" by John Louis Emil Dreyer, the compiler of the New General Catalogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50577513 |
Charles Edward Foister Dr FRSE (17 August 1903–23 July 1989) was a British botanist and plant pathologist. He was Director of Scottish Agricultural Scientific Services in Edinburgh from 1957. He specialised in lichens and fungi. He was born in Cambridge in England on 17 August 1903, the son of Frederick W Foister and his wife Esther Elizabeth Smith. He was educated locally and won a place at the University of Cambridge graduating with a BA in 1925. He continued as a postgraduate taking a Diploma in Agricultural Science (1927). He later received a doctorate (PhD) from the University of Edinburgh. He was employed as a plant pathologist in eastern Edinburgh for all of his working life. He became the official plant pathologist for the UK in 1938. He was an active member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. In 1954 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Wright Smith, Stephen J Watson, Malcolm Wilson and Alexander Nelson. He died at Colchester in Essex on 23 July 1989. He never married and was presumed homosexual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50585194 |
Genotyping by sequencing In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GBS uses restriction enzymes to reduce genome complexity and genotype multiple DNA samples. After digestion, PCR is performed to increase fragments pool and then GBS libraries are sequenced using next generation sequencing technologies, usually resulting in about 100bp single-end reads. It is relatively inexpensive and has been used in plant breeding. Although GBS presents an approach similar to restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) method, they differ in some substantial ways. GBS is a robust, simple, and affordable procedure for SNP discovery and mapping. Overall, this approach reduces genome complexity with restriction enzymes (REs) in high-diversity, large genomes species for efficient high-throughput, highly multiplexed sequencing. By using appropriate REs, repetitive regions of genomes can be avoided and lower copy regions can be targeted, which reduces alignments problems in genetically highly diverse species. The method was first described by Elshire et al. (2011). In summary, high molecular weight DNAs are extracted and digested using a specific RE previously defined by cutting frequently in the major repetitive fraction of the genome. "ApeKI" is the most used RE. Barcode adapters are then ligated to sticky ends and PCR amplification is performed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50591385 |
Genotyping by sequencing Next-generation sequencing technology is performed resulting in about 100 bp single-end reads. Raw sequence data are filtered and aligned to a reference genome using usually Burrows-Wheeler alignment tool (BWA) or Bowtie 2. The next step is to identify SNPs from aligned tags and score all discovered SNPs for various coverage, depth and genotypic statistics. Once a large-scale, species-wide SNP production has been run, it is possible to quickly call known SNPs in newly sequenced samples. When initially developed, the GBS approach was tested and validated in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a high-resolution maize mapping population (IBM) and doubled haploid (DH) barley lines from the Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population. Up to 96 RE (ApeKI)-digested DNA samples were pooled and processed simultaneously during the GBS library construction, which was checked on a Genome Analyzer II (Illumina, Inc.). Overall, 25,185 biallelic tags were mapped in maize, while 24,186 sequence tags were mapped in barley. Barley GBS marker validation using a single DH line (OWB003) showed 99% agreement between the reference markers and the mapped GBS reads. Although barley lacks a complete genome sequence, GBS does not require a reference genome for sequence tag mapping, the reference is developed during the process of sampling genotyping. Tags can also be treated as dominant markers for alternative genetic analysis in the absence of a reference genome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50591385 |
Genotyping by sequencing Other than the multiplex GBS skimming, imputation of missing SNPs has the potential to further reduce GBS costs. GBS is a versatile and cost-effective procedure that will allow mining genomes of any species without prior knowledge of its genome structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50591385 |
Hortus Haren is a botanical garden in Haren, Groningen, Netherlands. First created in 1626 by the pharmacist Henricus Munting, it was then situated between Grote Rozenstraat and Grote Kruisstraat in Groningen. Because of space considerations it relocated to Haren in 1967 and became the largest botanical garden in the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50607539 |
Anna Weizmann Anna (Hana, Anushka) Weizmann (; ; 1886 – February 17, 1963) was an Israeli chemist. (Hana) was born in a large family to Ezer Weizmann and Rachel-Leah Chemerinskiy. Sister of Chaim Weizmann and Moshe Weizmann. She studied in Zurich from 1905 to 1912. She worked for a year (1913-1914) in Manchester in the chemical laboratory of the University, and lived in the house of his brother. After World War I worked in the Biochemical Institute in Moscow under the direction of . Arriving in Palestine in 1933, she started working at the Institute of Ziv (later renamed the Weizmann Institute) in Rehovot. Upon her retirement in 1959, she was appointed honorary professor at the institute. Ezer Weizman, President of Israel, was the son of her brother Yechiel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50609194 |
Eugene Goodilin (; born 18 November 1969) is Russian chemist and material scientist. In 2006 was elected in the Russian Academy of Science and became the youngest corresponding member. In 2015, a group of researchers from Lomonosov Moscow State University under the direction of Goodilin developed a unique method of performing nondestructive analysis of the electron transport chain in living mitochondria, using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Their work in this area was published in the journal "Scientific Reports". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50614807 |
Ronda peridotite is a peridotite body in Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. List of ophiolites: Mediterranean and Peri-Arabic ophiolites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50616217 |
Upper mantle body An upper mantle body is a geological region where upper mantle rocks (peridotite) outcrop on the surface of the Earth (including the ocean floor). Upper mantle outcrops include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50617072 |
Lherz Massif is an upper mantle peridotite body in the French Pyrenees. The rock lherzolite takes its name from this rock body. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50618789 |
Khamidbi M. Beshtoev (5 May 1943 – 13 May 2016) was a Russian physicist. References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50636950 |
Santa Marta crater is a newly confirmed impact crater in Piauí State, northeastern Brazil. It is in diameter and it is estimated to have formed between 100 and 66 Ma, during the Late Cretaceous. Its impact origin was first proposed by S. Master and J. Heymann in 2000 based primarily on satellite remote sensing data and was confirmed more than a decade later after conclusive evidence of shock metamorphism such as breccia and shatter cones were found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50641384 |
Native aluminium (IMA1980-085a) is a natural occurrence of aluminium metal. Its (co)-type localities are the Billeekh intrusion and the dike OB-255, Sakha Republic. In the a gabbro-dolerite of the Billeekh intrusion it occurs with copper, zinc, tin, lead, cadmium, iron, antimony and moissanite. In the occurrence in the Tolbachik volcano in Russia it occurs with magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, pyrite and native iron. In the Getang, Guizhou Province, China, occurrence it occurs with copper, sulfur and jarosite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50641858 |
Titanium (native) Native titanium (IMA2010-044) is a natural occurrence of titanium. Its type locality is the Luobusa mining district, Luobusha fault zone (Yarlung Zangbo suture zone), Qusum County, Shannan, Tibet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50642048 |
NGC 138 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on August 29, 1864 by Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50652487 |
NGC 139 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on August 29, 1864 by the German astronomer Albert Marth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50652942 |
Dhirendra Kishore Chakravarti (1902after 1982) was an Indian geologist and palaentologist, who worked at Banaras Hindu University in the Geological Museum (now part of the Institute of Science). In 1934, he was the first Indian to describe a species of dinosaur, "Brachypodosaurus gravis" (now considered dubious). In 1935, he contested the interpretation of "Lametasaurus indicus" as an armoured dinosaur, arguing that it was a chimera. In 1982, the Geological Society of India organised a Festschrift in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50655470 |
PDL BioPharma (known as Protein Design Labs prior to 2006) is a publicly traded American holding company that since 2008 manages patents and other intellectual property that had been generated by the company. In 2008 in response to shareholder pressure, PDL spun out its active development programs to a company called Facet Biotech that it capitalized with $400 million. Protein Design Labs had been founded in 1986 and was a pioneer in humanizing monoclonal antibodies. Its humanization technology was used in several monoclonal antibody drugs under licensing and collaboration agreements; such products included trastuzumab (Herceptin), bevacizumab (Avastin), and palivizumab (Synagis). It held its initial public offering in 1992 and by 1994 it had 13 compounds in its pipeline, and had partnered its lead product, the humanized monoclonal antibody daclizumab, with Roche under a license that called for a 15% royalty. Daclizumab became the first humanized monoclonal antibody approved for human use in 1997. PDL made another public offering in 2000, at the peak of the biotech IPO window that ran from 1998 to 2001. In 2003 it settled litigation with Genentech over royalty payments owed to PDL under their license agreement; annual royalties were anticipated at that time to be around $90M per year. These are the kinds of intellectual property and license agreements that PDL manages on behalf of its shareholders since 2008; in 2007 those royalty payments were around $220 million | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50691676 |
PDL BioPharma One of the development programs that PDL had transferred to Facet was the use of daclizumab in indications it had never licensed to Roche, including multiple sclerosis. Facet partnered that development program with Biogen Idec which attempted a hostile buy out of Facet for $350M in 2009; Facet rejected that offer and was purchased by Abbvie for $450 million in cash the next year. The FDA approved daclizumab for multiple sclerosis in 2016 under the trade name Zinbryta. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50691676 |
Kivu Lacus is a small Titanean hydrocarbon lake. It was discovered by the Cassini probe. The lake is near Titan's north pole and is named after Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. In 2012, Cassini spotted an Infrared glint off the lake. The aspects of it suggested waves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50699401 |
Genome Project-Write The Genome Project - Write (also known as GP-Write) is a large-scale collaborative research project (an extension of Genome Projects, aimed at reading genomes since 1984) that focuses on the development of technologies for the synthesis and testing of genomes of many different species of microbes, plants, and animals, including the human genome in a sub-project known as Human (HGP-Write). Formally announced on 2 June 2016, the project leverages two decades of work on synthetic biology and artificial gene synthesis. The newly created GP-Write project will be managed by the Center of Excellence for Engineering Biology, an American nonprofit organization. Researchers expect that the ability to artificially synthesize large portions of many genomes will result in many scientific and medical advances. Technologies for constructing and testing yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), synthetic yeast genomes (Sc2.0), and virus/phage-resistant bacterial genomes have industrial, agricultural, and medical applications. A complete haploid copy of the human genome consists of at least three billion DNA nucleotide base pairs, which have been described in the Human Genome Project - Read program (95% completed as of 2004). Among the many goals of GP-Write are the making of cell lines resistant to all viruses and synthesis assembly lines to test variants of unknown significance that arise in research and diagnostic sequencing of human genomes (which has been exponentially improving in cost, quality, and interpretation). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50708946 |
Data-independent acquisition In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular structure determination in which all ions within a selected "m/z" range are fragmented and analyzed in a second stage of tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectra are acquired either by fragmenting all ions that enter the mass spectrometer at a given time (called broadband DIA) or by sequentially isolating and fragmenting ranges of "m/z". DIA is an alternative to data-dependent acquisition (DDA) where a fixed number of precursor ions are selected and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. One of the first DIA approaches was a nozzle-skimmer dissociation method called shotgun collision-induced dissociation (CID). Fragmentation can be in the ion source of the mass spectrometer by increasing the nozzle-skimmer voltage in electrospray ionization. MS is a broadband DIA technique that uses alternating low-energy CID and high-energy CID. The low-energy CID is used to acquire precursor ion mass spectra whereas the high-energy CID is used to obtain product ion information by tandem mass spectrometry. Data analysis is generally challenging for DIA methods as the resulting fragment ion spectra are highly multiplexed. In DIA spectra therefore the direct relation between a precursor ion and its fragment ions is lost since the fragment ions in DIA spectra may potentially result from multiple precursor ions (any precursor ion present in the m/z range from which the DIA spectrum was derived) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50713436 |
Data-independent acquisition One approach to DIA data analysis attempts to use database-based search engines used in data-dependent acquisition to search the produced multiplexed spectra. This approach can be improved by assigning individual fragment ion to precursor ions observed in precursor ion scans, using the elution profile of the fragment ions and the precursor ions, and then searching the resulting "pseudo-spectra". A second approach to DIA data analysis is based on a targeted analysis, also known as SWATH-MS (Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra). This approach uses targeted extraction of fragment ion traces directly for identification and quantification without an explicit attempt to de-multiplex the DIA fragment ion spectra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50713436 |
C. A. E. Matzek Carol. Anton. Epiph. Matzek (5 February 1810, Sośnicowice (), Lower Silesiaafter 1839) was a Prussian entomologist, who described several species of "Nicrophorus" (burying beetles). As binomial authority, he is called "Matzek". Little is known of him. He studied at the University of Breslau, where his inaugural dissertation was accepted by the Faculty of Philosophy in 1839. The name under which he published is a latinised version of a German name; which may itself be a germanised version of a Polish birth name. (The German name "Matsek" is pronounced in similar fashion to the Polish name "Maczek".) As a result of the border adjustments which followed World War II, both his birthplace and the place where he studied (modern Wrocław) are in present-day Poland. He described the following species, all in 1839: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50716063 |
Joan Adler Joan Elisabeth Adler (born June 13, 1950, in Sydney, Australia) is a computational physicist at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Her research involves percolation theory, lattice models, and neural networks. Adler graduated with a B.Sc. in mathematics and physics from the University of Sydney in 1974. She completed her doctorate in physics in 1980, at the University of New South Wales. She worked at the Technion from 1980 to 1984 as a postdoctoral fellow and research associate, returned as a senior research associate in 1988, and became a senior research fellow in 2000. She was president of the Israel Physical Society for 2005–2007. She became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50723798 |
Karl Theodor Liebe Karl Theodor Leopold Liebe (11 February 1828 - 5 June 1894) was a German geologist and ornithologist. A pioneer in bird conservation, he established the first bird protection agency in Germany. Liebe was born in Neustadt an der Orla. His father was a clergyman while his grandfather was an eye specialist. His mother was the daughter of a physician. He observed birds in the garden of his grandfather as a boy and visited Christian Ludwig Brehm at Renthendorf. At school he took an interest in geology but was unable to find the means to study Mining and Geology. He studied at Neustadt, Zeitz and Weimar. Between 1848 and 1852 he studied theology, mathematics and natural science at the University of Jena. He obtained a doctorate for his studies in geology. From 1852 to 1855 he taught in Hamburg at Dr Schleiden's Gymnasium. Liebe observed the birdlife of Thuringia and noted the decline of many species in 1878. He founded the German Society for Bird Protection in the same year which helped in establishing the Imperial Law on Bird Protection in 1888. In 1891 Liebe criticised the use of economic reasons for bird protection at the Budapest International Ornithological Congress. He believed that ethical and aesthetic reasons were foremost and that it was the moral duty of humans to protect birds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50733084 |
Resorcylic acid lactone Resorcylic acid lactones are a group of estrogenic compounds. They are lactones of resorcylic acid. Examples include the mycoestrogens (and synthetic analogues) zearalenone, zearalanone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (β-zearalanol), α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50734317 |
Phoebe Regio is a regio on the planet Venus. It lies to the southeast of Asteria Regio. It is in diameter and is the principal feature of the V41 quadrangle, to which it gave its name. Four Soviet landers, Venera 11, Venera 12, Venera 13 and Venera 14, landed on the eastern side of and performed various scientific measurements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50735788 |
Tidal downsizing is a hypothetical mechanism for the formation of planets. The process begins with the formation of large clumps of gas, of roughly 10 Jupiter masses, via gravitational instability in the outer parts of the protoplanetary disk. The clumps migrate inward due to gravitational interactions with the gas disk. Solid grains within the clump collide and grow and settle toward the center forming a massive core. The clump is disrupted due to tidal forces or heating from the star when it approaches within a few AU of the star leaving behind a smaller object. Depending on the extent and timing of the mass loss the remnant may be a terrestrial planet, an ice giant or a gas giant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50737844 |
David Leigh Clark David L. Clark is a paleontologist. He was the W.H. Twenhofel Professor of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. In 1972, he described the conodont genus "Neostreptognathodus". In 2001, he received the Raymond C. Moore Medal which is awarded by the Society for Sedimentary Geology to persons who have made significant contributions in the field which have promoted the science of stratigraphy by research in paleontology. The conodont genus name "Clarkina" and species name "Streptognathodus clarki" are tributes to David Leigh Clark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50740871 |
AGC 198691 is a small galaxy with the smallest known metallicity. It has a nickname of Leoncino as it is near Leo Minor. The galaxy appears blue due to the presence of several bright blue stars. There is also an HII region present that contains oxygen. It is important as an indicator of the kind of galaxies first formed in the Universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50753071 |
Des singularités de la nature is an essay on natural history by the French philosopher and author Voltaire, first published in 1768. In it, he defends Preformationism, the idea that organisms develop from tiny versions of themselves. He defends the idea of a supreme being, and the idea that many features of the natural world have been made to benefit people, including noses for smelling and mountains for forming the landscape. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50758294 |
Heinz Kozur Heinz Walter Kozur (born 26 March 1942 in Hoyerswerda; died 20 December 2013 in Budapest) was a German paleontologist and stratigrapher. In 1974, with Mock, he described the conodont genus "Misikella", in 1975, with Merrill, the genus "Diplognathodus", in 1977, the genus "Vjalovognathus", in 1988, the genus "Budurovignathus", in 1989, the genus "Mesogondolella", in 1990, the genera "Clarkina" and "Chiosella" and in 2003, the genus "Carnepigondolella". In 2011, with RE Weems, he made additions to the uppermost Alaunian through Rhaetian (Triassic) conchostracan zonation of North America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50763272 |
Abell 2597 is a galaxy cluster located about a billion light years from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. It is a giant elliptical galaxy that is surrounded by a sprawling cluster of other galaxies. In 2018, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) captured cosmic weather event using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) that has never been seen before - a cluster of towering intergalactic gas clouds raining in on the supermassive black hole at the center of the huge galaxy. The black hole draws in vast store of cold molecular gas and sprays it back again in an ongoing cycle so that it resembles a gigantic fountain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50764247 |
Wild Flower Society (UK) The Wild Flower Society is a society for a wide range of flower enthusiasts, from serious botanists to beginners. It arranges field trips and meetings, publishes the "Wild Flower Magazine", offers prizes and has a children's section. Most members keep diaries of observations, and may photograph plants. It was founded as an educational children's club in 1886 by Edith Vere Annesley, later Edith Vere Dent. The club grew to include adults, and by the 1920s members included expert botanists. The botanist George Claridge Druce called the society “the Botanical Nursery” because it nurtured potential botanists. Among its members were Noel Sandwith, curator at Kew Gardens, who first discovered "Scorzonera humilis", or viper's grass, growing in Britain, botanist Eleanor Vachell who discovered "Limosella aquatica x subulata" in Glamorgan, and Gertrude Foggitt who recorded "Carex microglochin" on Ben Lawers, along with the botanist Lady Joanna Charlotte Davy. More recently, the botanist and ecologist Ghillean Prance, president of the society, is someone who first built up a knowledge of flowering plants through his membership of the society and his wild flower diary. Edith Dent (1863-1948) edited the magazine, bi-monthly at that time, which she started in 1896. After her death in 1948, her daughter Hilda Sophia Annesley Dent (1903-1956) became president and editor. She died in 1956 and her sister Violet Vere Charlotte Schwerdt (1900-1996) took over. Schwerdt was made an MBE in 1986 for her work with the society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50775008 |
Wild Flower Society (UK) Her daughter Pamela Schwerdt was head gardener at Sissinghurst and was said to have inherited her interest in flowers through her mother. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50775008 |
Energy well In physics, an energy well describes a 'stable' equilibrium that is not at lowest possible energy. In general, modern physics holds the view that the universe - and systems therein - spontaneously drives toward a state of lower energy, if possible. For example, a bowling ball pitched atop a smooth hump (which has potential energy in the presence of gravity), will tend to roll down to the lowest point it possibly can. Once there, this reduces the total potential energy of the system. On the other hand, if the bowling ball is resting in a valley between two humps - no matter how big the drops outside the humps - it will stay there indefinitely. Even though the system could achieve a lower energy state, it cannot do so without external energy being applied: (locally) it is at its lowest energy state, and only a force from outside the system can 'push' it over one of the humps so a lower state can be achieved. The concept of an energy well is a key part of teaching basic physics, especially quantum mechanics. Here, students often solve the one-dimensional Schrödinger Equation for an electron trapped in a potential well from which it has insufficient energy to escape. The solution to this problem is a series of sinusoidal waves of fractional integral wavelengths determined by the width of the well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50791779 |
Tracy Slatyer is a particle physicist with a concentration in theoretical astrophysics. She was a 2014 recipient of the Rossi Prize for gamma ray detection of Fermi bubbles, which are unexpected large structure in our galaxy. Her research also involves seeking explanations for dark matter and the gamma ray haze at the center of the Milky Way. She studied at Narrabundah College in Canberra, Australia. Slatyer received her Ph.D. in 2010 from Harvard University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50820560 |
Jenny Greene (born October 9, 1978) is an Astrophysicist and Professor at Princeton University. She is notable for her work on supermassive black holes and the galaxies in which they reside. In 2000, Greene received a B.S in astronomy and physics (summa cum laude) from Yale University. She then attended Harvard for her Ph.D in Astronomy, her thesis entitled "The Growth of Black Holes: From Primordial Seeds to Local Demographics". After her post-doctoral fellowship at Princeton, she became an Assistant Professor of Astronomy at UT Austin for a year. Since 2011, she has been an Assistant Professor of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton. Her broad research interests include measurements of black hole masses, the connection between supermassive black holes and galaxies, stellar and gas kinematics of galactic nuclei, and diffuse light in galaxy clusters. Greene serves on the Leadership Committee of the Prison Teaching Initiative at Princeton University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50820675 |
Klaus J. Müller Klaus Jürgen Müller (born 6 February 1923 in Berlin, died 12 March 2010 in Bonn) was a German paleontologist. In 1956, he described the Devonian conodont genus "Palmatolepis". In 1959, he described the Cambrian conodont genera "Furnishina", "Hertzina" and "Westergaardodina", and the conodont family Westergaardodinidae. In 1962, he described the conodont order Paraconodontida. In 2003, he was awarded the Pander medal by the Pander Society, an informal organisation founded in 1967 for the promotion of the study of conodont palaeontology. The conodont genus name "Muellerilepis" Bardashev & Bardasheva (2013) is a tribute to K.J.Müller. It is replacement generic name for "Muellerina" Bardashev et Bardasheva, 2012, which is a preoccupied name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50829612 |
Walter C. Sweet (17 October 1927 in Denver, Colorado – 4 December 2015 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American paleontologist. He was a Chief Panderer of the Pander Society, an informal organisation founded in 1967 for the promotion of the study of conodont palaeontology. In 1984, he was president of the Paleontological Society, an international organisation devoted to the promotion of paleontology. In 1979, he described the conodont genus "Culumbodina". In 1988, he described the conodont order Proconodontida and the conodont family Gnathodontidae. He received the Pander Medal, the Paleontological Society Medal in 1994 and the Raymond C. Moore Medal in 1988. The conodont genus "Sweetognathus" is named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50837835 |
Stig Bergström Stig M. Bergström (born 12 June 1935 in Skövde) is a Swedish-American paleontologist. In 1981, he described the conodont family Paracordylodontidae. In 1974, he described the multielement conodont genus "Appalachignathus" from the Middle Ordovician of North America. He received the Pander Medal by the Pander Society. In 1999, he received the Raymond C. Moore Medal, awarded by the Society for Sedimentary Geology to persons who have made significant contributions in the field which have promoted the science of stratigraphy by research in paleontology and evolution and the use of fossils for interpretations of paleoecology. In 2011, he received the Paleontological Society Medal. The rhipidognathid conodont genus "Bergstroemognathus" Spergali 1974 has been named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50838002 |
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