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Campus for Finance Nash, Jr. earned the conference high media interest, which was reported of in newspaper articles and in numerous interviews. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7351722 | 491,806 |
Framatome The original mission of the company was to act as a nuclear engineering firm and to develop a nuclear power plant that was to be identical to Westinghouse's existing product specifications. The first European plant of Westinghouse design was by then already under construction in Italy. A formal contract was signed in September 1961 for to deliver a turnkey system, that is, not only the reactor, but an entire, ready-to-use system of piping, cabling, supports, and other auxiliary systems, propelling from a nuclear engineering firm to an industrial contractor. In January 1976, Westinghouse agreed to sell its remaining 15% share to Creusot-Loire, which now owned 66%, and to cede complete marketing independence to Framatome. In February, the Belgian Édouard-Jean Empain sold his 35% interest in Creusot-Loire to Paribas, a French government-linked banking group. A January 1982 company reorganization simultaneously strengthened French public and private control of the company by allowing Creusot-Loire to increase its share of the company while increasing CEA say in the running of the firm. In 2001, German company Siemens' nuclear business was merged into Framatome. and Siemens had been officially cooperating since 1989 for the development of the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR). In 2001, after a merger with the Cogema (now: Orano) and Technicatome a nuclear conglomerate Areva was formed and became Areva NP. In 2007, Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries created a joint venture named Atmea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3085681 | 370,709 |
Niagara Cave is a limestone cave located in Harmony, Minnesota. The cave is approximately 200 feet (61 m) deep; features include an underground stream, 60-foot waterfall, fossils, stalactites and stalagmites. The cave is privately owned, with tours available seasonally. The cave was first discovered in 1924, and in 1932, three spelunkers Al Cremer, Leo Tekippe, and Joe Flynn explored the cave and named the site Niagara Cave. opened as a show cave in June 1934, and was described by geologist J Harlen Bretz in 1938. The Minnesota Geological Survey noted in their 1995 survey, "contains an excellent example of an underground river, complete with waterfall." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60774329 | 10,025 |
Austerity Although the government debt increased only 6% between 2009 and 2017 (from €300 bn to €318 bn) — thanks, in part, to the 2012 debt restructuring —, the critical debt-to-GDP ratio shot up from 127% to 179% mostly due to the severe GDP drop during the handling of the crisis. In all, the Greek economy suffered the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date, overtaking the US Great Depression. As such, the crisis hit hardly the populace as the series of sudden reforms and austerity measures led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. Unemployment shot up from 8% in 2008 to 27% in 2013 and remained at 22% in 2017. As a result of the crisis, Greek political system has been upended, social exclusion increased, and hundreds of thousands of well-educated Greeks left the country. In April and May 2012, France held a presidential election in which the winner, François Hollande, had opposed austerity measures, promising to eliminate France's budget deficit by 2017 by canceling recently enacted tax cuts and exemptions for the wealthy, raising the top tax bracket rate to 75% on incomes over one million euros, restoring the retirement age to 60 with a full pension for those who have worked 42 years, restoring 60,000 jobs recently cut from public education, regulating rent increases, and building additional public housing for the poor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684037 | 516,675 |
Airborne Launch Control Center Airborne Launch Control Centers (ALCC—pronounced "Al-see") provide a survivable launch capability for the United States Air Force's LGM-30 Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) force by utilizing the Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS) onboard which is operated by an airborne missileer crew. Historically, from 1967–1998, the ALCC mission was performed by United States Air Force Boeing EC-135 command post aircraft. This included EC-135A, EC-135C, EC-135G, and EC-135L aircraft. Today, the ALCC mission is performed by airborne missileers from Air Force Global Strike Command's (AFGSC) 625th Strategic Operations Squadron (STOS) and United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). Starting on October 1, 1998, the ALCS has been located on board the United States Navy's E-6B Mercury. The ALCS crew is integrated into the battle staff of the USSTRATCOM "Looking Glass" Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) and is on alert around-the-clock. The ALCS mission has been held by multiple aircraft during the last 50 years: From 1967 to 1992, three dedicated Airborne Launch Control Centers (ALCC) were on ground or airborne alert around-the-clock providing ALCS coverage for five of the six Minuteman ICBM Wings. These dedicated ALCCs were mostly EC-135A aircraft but could also have been EC-135C or EC-135G aircraft depending on availability. ALCC No. 1 was on ground alert at Ellsworth AFB, SD and during a wartime scenario would have taken off and orbited between the Minuteman Wings at Ellsworth AFB, SD and F.E | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25911755 | 378,131 |
CALUX AhR-is used by researchers and companies that want to screen for the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in a wide variety of biological and environmental matrices, commercial and consumer products and in food and feed in order to evaluate their safety and/or level of contamination. While the measurement of dioxin and related dioxin-like chemicals in a sample extract using the AhR-bioassay is significantly cheaper than the chemical analysis requiring gas chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), it only provides a measurement of the total level of AhR-active dioxins and related dioxin-like chemicals in a sample extract and determination of the specific congeners requires analysis any GC-HRMS. Additionally, given the recently established role of the AhR in human health and disease, the AhR-bioassay is also being used widely as a high-throughput screening method to identify and characterize AhR-active chemicals as potential human therapeutic drugs. Environmental chemicals having sex hormone-like activity are detected by similar bioassays as well, including the Estrogen Receptor-Responsive (ER-CALUX) and Androgen Receptor-Responsive (AR-CALUX). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42325019 | 283,619 |
Tissue nanotransfection These techniques have shown to have higher efficiency of delivery, increased uniform transfection, and increased cell viability compared to BEP. uses custom fabricated nanochannel arrays for nanoscale delivery of genetic cargo directly onto the surface of the skin. The postage stamp-sized chip is placed directly on the skin and an electric current is induced lasting for milliseconds to deliver the gene cargo with precise control. This approach delivers ample amounts of reprogramming factors to single-cells, creating potential for a powerful gene transfection and reprogramming method. The delivered cargo then transforms the affected cells into a desired cell type without first transforming them to stem cells. TNT is a novel technique and has been used on mice models to successfully transfect fibroblasts into neuron-like cells along with rescue of ischemia in mice models with induced vasculature and perfusion . Current methods require the fabricated TNT chip to be placed on the skin and the loading reservoir filled with a gene solution. An electrode (cathode) is placed into the well with a counter electrode (anode) placed under the chip intradermally (into the skin). The electric field generated delivers the genes. Initial TNT experiments showed that genes could be delivered to the skin of mice. Once this was confirmed, a cocktail of gene factors ("ABM)" used by Vierbuchen and collaborators to reprogram fibroblast into neurons was used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55008417 | 187,545 |
Video production This time the interactive webcasts from the seafloor and conservation laboratories of the "Queen Anne's Revenge" Shipwreck Project reached over 3600 students and another 2700 remote viewers from fifteen states and 2 countries during the five days of broadcasts." Increasing internet speeds, the transition to digital from physical formats such as tape to file-based media and the availability of cloud-based video services has increased use of the internet to provision services previously delivered on-premise in the context of commercial content creation. In some cases the lower costs of equivalent services in the cloud has driven adoption and in others the greater scope for collaboration and time savings. Many web sites include videos. Although not necessarily produced online, many video production tools allow the production of videos without actually using a physical camera. An example of this is using the YouTube video editor to create a video using pre-existing video content that is held on the platform under Creative Commons license. Video content is being used in an ever-growing range of contexts, including testimonial videos, web presenter videos, help section videos, interviews, parodies, product demonstrations, training videos, thank you videos, and apology videos. Marketing videos are made on the basis of the campaign target. Explainer videos are used for explaining a product, commercial videos for introducing a company, sales videos for selling a product, and social media videos for brand awareness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1553972 | 400,919 |
Poor Clares' Church, Bydgoszcz At the outbreak of World War II the church was still available for worship, but in March 1941, Nazi occupying forces closed the building. Overall restoration work was undertaken in 1950, and this still sets the appearance of today's church. This work included, inter alia, partial roofing, renovation of façade near the summit, changes to the window openings and veneering of the facade. During those works a sensational discovery has been made under the floor of the nave, where a grave Megalith with urns from 500 BC has been unearthed. In 1952, while scraping out internal plaster ], relics of four embedded crosses have been revealed in the chancel (), probably from the time of the first consecration of the church in 1645. In 1952 was also transferred the gravestone of Sophia Smoszewska, the first abbess, from the porch to the northern chancel. In 1954, a 12-scaled organ, from one of the Protestant temples, has replaced the former one dating from the 1920s, which has been moved to Osiek church. From 1953 to 1954, several conservation works have been carried out under the supervision of professor Leonard Torwirt from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, focusing on: In 1955, on an arch wall has been unveiled a preserved 17th-century fresco, as well as bricked oculi on the northern and southern walls of the naves, which have restored two years later. An important step of the refurbishing has been, in 1955, to get back the original 17th-century main altar from Sypniewo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43956698 | 360,445 |
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Janet Woodcock is the director of CDER. CDER reviews New Drug Applications to ensure that the drugs are safe and effective. Its primary objective is to ensure that all prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications are safe and effective when used as directed. The FDA requires a four phased series of clinical trials for testing drugs. Phase I involves testing new drugs on healthy volunteers in small groups to determine the maximum safe dosage. Phase II trials involve patients with the condition the drug is intended to treat to test for safety and minimal efficacy in a somewhat larger group of people. Phase III trials involve one to five thousand patients to determine whether the drug is effective in treating the condition it is intended to be used for. After this stage, a new drug application is submitted. If the drug is approved, stage IV trials are conducted after marketing to ensure there are no adverse effects or long term effects of the drug that were not previously discovered. With the rapid advancement of biologically-derived treatments, the FDA has stated that it is working to modernize the process of approval for new drugs. In 2017, Commissioner Scott Gottlieb estimated that they have more than 600 active applications for gene and cell based therapies. CDER is divided into 8 sections with different responsibilities: The FDA has had the responsibility of reviewing drugs since the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8338259 | 161,228 |
Mixed liquor suspended solids In normal conditions the excess amount is very low in comparison to the return amount, and for that reason many times the excess amount is neglected. In that case the formula will be : (Q+Q)(X') = (QX') Materials: Obtain a sample of mixed liquor. Transfer the sample into a laboratory in order to analyze it. Measure the volume weight of the sample. Remove two filter papers from a desiccator and record the weight of each. Place the filter holder on a vacuum flask and then place another filter on top of the filter holder by using a pair of tweezers. Stir the sample of mixed liquor in order to get a good mixture for the experiment. After sample is mixed, pour 5 mL into a graduated cylinder. Turn on the vacuum pump and pour the sample into the filter holder. After all the mixed liquor has gone through, run three portions of 10 mL distilled water through the filter holder to rinse any particles that may have stuck to the glass. Allow the vacuum pump to run an additional three minutes. This will help remove any extra water from the filter before drying. Switch the vacuum pump off and remove the filter from the filter holder and place in the corresponding weighing dish. Repeat above process for as many trials as needed. Place the filter(s) into a drying oven, which is set to 103°–105° C, for one hour. Upon drying, replace filters into a desiccator for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes in the desiccator, the filters are to be weighed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35915767 | 326,120 |
Arp 107 is a set of galaxies about 450 million light-years away in the constellation Leo Minor. The galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4550091 | 4,632 |
Quantum number All multiplicative quantum numbers belong to a symmetry (like parity) in which applying the symmetry transformation twice is equivalent to doing nothing (involution). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532405 | 430,463 |
Peter Dornan Peter John Dornan FRS (born 1939) is a British physicist, and professor at Imperial College London. On 18 September 2009, a festschrift was held in his honor. Awarded the Rutherford Medal and Prize in 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34014669 | 2,047 |
Loudspeaker Rotary woofers are able to efficiently reproduce infrasound frequencies, which are difficult to impossible to achieve on a traditional speaker with a diaphragm. They are often employed in movie theaters to recreate rumbling bass effects, such as explosions. Digital speakers have been the subject of experiments performed by Bell Labs as far back as the 1920s. The design is simple; each bit controls a driver, which is either fully 'on' or 'off'. Problems with this design have led manufacturers to abandon it as impractical for the present. First, for a reasonable number of bits (required for adequate sound reproduction quality), the physical size of a speaker system becomes very large. Secondly, due to inherent analog digital conversion problems, the effect of aliasing is unavoidable, so that the audio output is "reflected" at equal amplitude in the frequency domain, on the other side of the Nyquist limit (half the sampling frequency), causing an unacceptably high level of ultrasonics to accompany the desired output. No workable scheme has been found to adequately deal with this. The term "digital" or "digital-ready" is often used for marketing purposes on speakers or headphones, but these systems are not digital in the sense described above. Rather, they are conventional speakers that can be used with digital sound sources (e.g., optical media, MP3 players, etc.), as can any conventional speaker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45871 | 304,576 |
Control unit It handles interrupt signals from the system bus. The control unit is the part of the computer that responds to the interrupts. There is often a cache controller to cache memory. The cache controller and the associated cache memory is often the largest physical part of a modern, higher-performance CPU. When the memory, bus or cache is shared with other CPUs, the control logic must communicate with them to assure that no computer ever gets out-of-date old data. Many historic computers built some type of input and output directly into the control unit. For example, many historic computers had a front panel with switches and lights directly controlled by the control unit. These let a programmer directly enter a program and debug it. In later production computers, the most common use of a front panel was to a enter a small bootstrap program to read the operating system from disk. This was annoying. So, front panels were replaced by bootstrap programs in read-only memory. Most PDP-8 models had a data bus designed to let I/O devices borrow the control unit's memory read and write logic. This reduced the complexity and expense of high speed I/O controllers, e.g. for disk. The Xerox Alto had a multitasking microprogammable control unit that performed almost all I/O. This design provided most of the features of a modern PC with only a tiny fraction of the electronic logic. The dual-thread computer was run by the two lowest-priority microthreads. These performed calculations whenever I/O was not required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6557 | 395,294 |
Logo (programming language) Logo's most-known feature is the turtle (derived originally from a robot of the same name), an on-screen "cursor" that showed output from commands for movement and small retractable pen, together producing line graphics. It has traditionally been displayed either as a triangle or a turtle icon (though it can be represented by any icon). Turtle graphics were added to the Logo language by Seymour Papert in the late 1960s to support Papert's version of the turtle robot, a simple robot controlled from the user's workstation that is designed to carry out the drawing functions assigned to it using a small retractable pen set into or attached to the robot's body. As a practical matter, the use of turtle geometry instead of a more traditional model mimics the actual movement logic of the turtle robot. The turtle moves with commands that are relative to its own position, "LEFT 90" means spin left by 90 degrees. Some Logo implementations, particularly those that allow the use of concurrency and multiple turtles, support collision detection and allow the user to redefine the appearance of the turtle cursor, essentially allowing the Logo turtles to function as sprites. Multiple turtles are supported by MSWLogo, as well as 3D graphics. Input from COM ports and LPT ports are also allowed by MSWLogo through windows GUI. Interrupts can be triggered via keyboard and mouse events. Simple GIF animations may also be produced on MSWLogo version 6.5 with the "gifsave" command | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18334 | 116,430 |
Hoichoi is an on-demand video streaming platform, owned and maintained by SVF Entertainment Pvt Ltd, launched on 20 September 2017. is currently available for Android, iOS, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV and recently for Android TV and Roku as well. It is the first OTT platform from Bengal focusing exclusively on Bengali language content, worldwide. The brand name "Hoichoi" originally means non-stop excitement. The on-demand platform focuses on Bengali language films and entertainment content mainly, but also provides English subtitles to all movies. Currently, it features over 500 film titles, including more than 100 SVF produced films and about 400 other films. Apart from this contains more than 1,000 Bengali songs for audio streaming globally. The platform is also introducing children's content, and has original films, web series and short films across many genres. "ViewLift" is Hoichoi's technology partner that controls the brand's OTT space; media and entertainment distribution, consumption and monetisation.SVF gave the mandate to ViewLift in October 2016 to maintain and develop the official website and app. "Rediffusion Y&R" is the creative agency for its OTT platform for Hoichoi. As part of the creative mandate, Rediffusion Y&R maintains Hoichoi's visual identity and its advertising campaigns. aims at reaching out to 25+ crore (250+ million) Bengali people worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57391006 | 129,953 |
Inco Superstack With this emission factor, Copper Cliff would be required to limit emissions of lead to approximately 1 tonne per year, demonstrating that the actual emission is about 150 times greater than allowed by US regulations for a lead smelter. Even with the 85% reduction postulated by Hatch, Inco would still emit 10 tonnes per year of lead, or four times the amount allowed by the EPA for a lead smelter. As a result of the excessive lead emissions from the Inco Superstack, the surrounding community of Copper Cliff was found to have levels of lead in soil tests at a level sufficient to cause harm to young children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1044919 | 38,567 |
Friction Skin friction is caused by viscous drag in the boundary layer around the object. There are two ways to decrease skin friction: the first is to shape the moving body so that smooth flow is possible, like an airfoil. The second method is to decrease the length and cross-section of the moving object as much as is practicable. Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes deformation. Plastic deformation in solids is an irreversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object. This change may be due to either (or both) an applied force or a change in temperature. The change of an object's shape is called strain. The force causing it is called stress. Elastic deformation in solids is reversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object. Stress does not necessarily cause permanent change. As deformation occurs, internal forces oppose the applied force. If the applied stress is not too large these opposing forces may completely resist the applied force, allowing the object to assume a new equilibrium state and to return to its original shape when the force is removed. This is known as elastic deformation or elasticity. As a consequence of light pressure, Einstein in 1909 predicted the existence of "radiation friction" which would oppose the movement of matter. He wrote, “radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate. The forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11062 | 40,495 |
John Hughes (computer scientist) R. John M. Hughes (born ) is a Swedish computer scientist and professor in the department of Computing Science at the Chalmers University of Technology. In 1984, Hughes received his PhD from the University of Oxford for the thesis "The Design and Implementation of Programming Languages". Hughes is a member of the Functional Programming group at Chalmers, and much of his research relates to the Haskell programming language. He does research in the field of programming languages and is the author of many influential research papers on the subject, including "Why Functional Programming Matters". Hughes is one of the developers of QuickCheck, as well as cofounder and CEO of QuviQ, which provides the QuickCheck software and offers classes in how to use it. In 2016 he appeared in the popular science YouTube channel Computerphile explaining Functional Programming and QuickCheck. Hughes was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2018 for " contributions to software testing and functional programming". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9314597 | 110,072 |
Paragon Cafe, Katoomba The design of these 1930s interiors has been attributed to theatre architect Henry Eli White however he had ceased practice by this time, and more recent research attributes the work to his former partner George Newton Kenworthy. The upper level facade of the cafe is clearly in the Art Deco style and may also date from this time, and be the work of Kenworthy. In the late 1930s Zacharias and Mary bought vacant land on what is now Cliff Drive down at Echo Point and in 1940 they again commissioned G. N. Kenworthy to design a striking curve-fronted Streamline Moderne style house, which they called Olympus. Despite some additions to the upper frontage in the 1980s, the house and its important outbuildings, (garage, pergola, summer-house, fuel store), have retained a great deal of integrity. This is the necessary corollary to the Paragon, blending perfectly with the developed facade of the famous cafe. In the early post war years a decorative relief sculpture by Otto Steen depicting various characters from Greek mythology was installed in the Dining Room. He was a student of Raynor Hoff who created the sculptures for the ANZAC War Memorial in the Sydney. Steen worked with Hoff at the memorial. Steen's other decorative works include those in two major Sydney buildings in the 1930s - the Trocadero in George Street and the AWA Building in York Street. He was also responsible for the relief sculptures at Everglades, Leura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58599247 | 305,860 |
Electron hole One way to think about this fact is that the electron states near the top of the band have negative effective mass, and those near the bottom of the band have positive effective mass, so the net motion is exactly zero. If an otherwise-almost-full valence band has a state "without" an electron in it, we say that this state is occupied by a hole. There is a mathematical shortcut for calculating the current due to every electron in the whole valence band: Start with zero current (the total if the band were full), and "subtract" the current due to the electrons that "would" be in each hole state if it wasn't a hole. Since "subtracting" the current caused by a "negative" charge in motion is the same as "adding" the current caused by a "positive" charge moving on the same path, the mathematical shortcut is to pretend that each hole state is carrying a positive charge, while ignoring every other electron state in the valence band. This fact follows from the discussion and definition above. This is an example where the auditorium analogy above is misleading. When a person moves left in a full auditorium, an empty seat moves right. But in this section we are imagining how electrons move through k-space, not real space, and the effect of a force is to move all the electrons through k-space in the same direction at the same time. In this context, a better analogy is a bubble underwater in a river: The bubble moves the same direction as the water, not the opposite | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142534 | 58,378 |
Aleksei Turovski (born 4 August 1946 in Moscow) is an Estonian zoologist and ethologist, specialising in parasitology and zoosemiotics. In 1973, he graduated from Tartu University with a degree in zoology; since 1972 he's been working in the Tallinn Zoo. In 1976–2001, Turovski worked in the Estonian Marine Institute. Turovski has been recognised as the "Guardian of Estonian Life Science" () in 2007 for his work in popularising cultures of animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22066482 | 10,457 |
Spontaneous magnetization This is a way of saying that they cost a minimum amount of energy to excite, hence they are very unlikely to be excited as formula_2. Hence the magnetization of an anisotropic magnet is harder to destroy at low temperature and the temperature dependence of the magnetization deviates accordingly from the Bloch's law. All real magnets are anisotropic to some extent. Near the Curie temperature, where is a critical exponent that depends on the universality class of the magnetic interaction. Experimentally the exponent is for and for . An empirical interpolation of the two regimes is given by it is easy to check two limits of this interpolation that follow laws similar to the Bloch law, for formula_5, and the critical behavior, for formula_6, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2562358 | 27,800 |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar () (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian-American astrophysicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "...theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him. Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of physical problems in his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves. At the University of Cambridge, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter. He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the Chandrasekhar limit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145319 | 365,495 |
Cooling tower The "equivalent ton" on the cooling tower side actually rejects about due to the additional waste heat-equivalent of the energy needed to drive the chiller's compressor. This "equivalent ton" is defined as the heat rejection in cooling or of water 10 °F (6 °C), which amounts to , assuming a chiller coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.0. This COP is equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 14. Cooling towers are also used in HVAC systems that have multiple water source heat pumps that share a common piping "water loop". In this type of system, the water circulating inside the water loop removes heat from the condenser of the heat pumps whenever the heat pumps are working in the cooling mode, then the externally mounted cooling tower is used to remove heat from the water loop and reject it to the atmosphere. By contrast, when the heat pumps are working in heating mode, the condensers draw heat out of the loop water and reject it into the space to be heated. When the water loop is being used primarily to supply heat to the building, the cooling tower is normally shut down (and may be drained or winterized to prevent freeze damage), and heat is supplied by other means, usually from separate boilers. Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as machinery or heated process material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=750772 | 385,077 |
Cnoidal wave In its classical use, the KdV equation is applicable for wavelengths "λ" in excess of about five times the average water depth "h", so for "λ" > 5 "h"; and for the period "τ" greater than formula_1 with "g" the strength of the gravitational acceleration. To envisage the position of the KdV equation within the scope of classical wave approximations, it distinguishes itself in the following ways: The KdV equation can be derived from the Boussinesq equations, but additional assumptions are needed to be able to split off the forward wave propagation. For practical applications, the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation (BBM equation) is preferable over the KdV equation, a forward-propagating model similar to KdV but with much better frequency-dispersion behaviour at shorter wavelengths. Further improvements in short-wave performance can be obtained by starting to derive a one-way wave equation from a modern improved Boussinesq model, valid for even shorter wavelengths. The cnoidal wave solutions of the KdV equation were presented by Korteweg and de Vries in their 1895 paper, which article is based on the PhD thesis by de Vries in 1894. Solitary wave solutions for nonlinear and dispersive long waves had been found earlier by Boussinesq in 1872, and Rayleigh in 1876. The search for these solutions was triggered by the observations of this solitary wave (or "wave of translation") by Russell, both in nature and in laboratory experiments. solutions of the KdV equation are stable with respect to small perturbations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 | 341,375 |
LED-backlit LCD There are several methods of backlighting an LCD panel using LEDs, including the use of either white or RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) LED arrays behind the panel and edge-LED lighting (which uses white LEDs around the inside frame of the TV and a light-diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the LCD panel). Variations in LED backlighting offer different benefits. The first commercial full-array TV was the Sony Qualia 005 (introduced in 2004), which used RGB LED arrays to produce a color gamut about twice that of a conventional CCFL LCD television. This was possible because red, green and blue LEDs have sharp spectral peaks which (combined with the LCD panel filters) result in significantly less bleed-through to adjacent color channels. Unwanted bleed-through channels do not "whiten" the desired color as much, resulting in a larger gamut. RGB LED technology continues to be used on Sony BRAVIA LCD models. LED backlighting using white LEDs produces a broader spectrum source feeding the individual LCD panel filters (similar to CCFL sources), resulting in a more limited display gamut than RGB LEDs at lower cost. The commercially called "LED TV's" are LCDs-based television sets where the LED's are dynamically controlled using the video information (dynamic backlight control or dynamic “local dimming” LED backlight, also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22141040 | 405,474 |
Indigenous architecture Notable projects include: Kanak cultures developed in the New Caledonia archipelago over a period of three thousand years. Today, France governs New Caledonia but has not developed a national culture. The Kanak claim for independence is upheld by a culture thought of as national by the indigenous population. Kanaks have settled over all the islands officially indicated by France as New Caledonia and Dependencies. The archipelago includes the principal island, Grande Terre, Belep Islands to the north and Isle of Pines to the south. It is bordered on the east by the Loyalty Islands, consisting of three coral atolls (Mare, Lifou, and Ouvea). Kanak society is organised around clans, which are both social and spatial units. The clan could initially be made up of people related through a common ancestor, comprising several families. There can be between fifty and several hundred people in a clan. This basic definition of the clan has become modified over the years due to historical situations and places involving wars, disagreements, new arrivals etc. The clan structure, therefore, evolved as new people arrived and were given a place and a role in the social organisation of the clan, or through clan members leaving to join other clans. Traditionally a village is set up in the following manner. The Chief's hut (called La Grande Case) lies at the end of a long and wide central walkway which is used for gathering and performing ceremonies. The Chief's younger brother lives in a hut at the other end | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45454328 | 218,437 |
High dynamic range HDR transfer functions that better match the human visual system than a conventional gamma curve include the Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) and Perceptual Quantizer (PQ). HLG and PQ require a bit depth of 10-bits per sample. XDR (audio) is used to provide higher-quality audio when using microphone sound systems or recording onto cassette tapes. HDR Audio is a dynamic mixing technique used in EA Digital Illusions CE Frostbite Engine to allow relatively louder sounds to drown out softer sounds. Dynamic range compression is a set of techniques used in audio recording and communication to put high-dynamic-range material through channels or media of lower dynamic range. Optionally, dynamic range expansion is used to restore the original high dynamic range on playback. In radio, high dynamic range is important especially when there are potentially interfering signals. Measures such as spurious-free dynamic range are used to quantify the dynamic range of various system components such as frequency synthesizers. HDR concepts are important in both conventional and software-defined radio design. In many fields, instruments need to have a very high dynamic range. For example, in seismology, HDR accelerometers are needed, as in the ICEARRAY instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4688909 | 282,870 |
Ice drilling The meltwater in the borehole can be reused, but this can only be done once the hole penetrates below the firn to the impermeable ice layer, because above this level the meltwater escapes. The pump to bring the meltwater back to the surface must be placed below this level, and in addition, if there is a chance that the borehole will penetrate to the base of the ice, the drilling project must plan for the likelihood that this will change the water level in the hole, and ensure that the pump is below the lowest likely level. Heating systems are usually adapted from the heaters used in the pressure washer industry. When any thermal drilling method is used in dirty ice, the debris will accumulate at the bottom of the borehole, and start to impede the drill; enough debris, in the form of sand, pebbles, or a large rock, could completely stop progress. One way to avoid this is to have a nozzle angled at 45°; using this nozzle will create a side channel into which the obstructions will go. Vertical drilling can then start again, bypassing the debris. Another approach is to recirculate the water at the bottom of the hole, with an electrical heater embedded in the drill head and filters in the circulation. This can remove most of the small debris that impedes the drillhead. A different problem with impure ice comes from contaminants brought in by the project, such as clothing and wood fibres, dust, and grit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55125362 | 262,581 |
Computer keyboard Popular examples of this kind of input are Graffiti, Dasher and on-screen virtual keyboards. Unencrypted wireless Bluetooth keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening device in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record "Bluetooth" packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user. Microsoft wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this vulnerability. Keystroke logging (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes. While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks, or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities, it is also used by hackers for various illegal or malicious acts. Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures. Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards. Software keyloggers work on the target computer's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS, or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18842281 | 370,018 |
Exorbitant privilege In response to this issue, two approaches have developed: (1) the construction of long time series based on historical assumptions and (2) the focus on specific categories for which high-quality data exists. In the academic literature, three waves of research trying to assess the existence of exorbitant privilege are distinguished by Curcuru et al. (2013). The first wave occurred during the pre-crisis Great Moderation and found, following the first research approach, significant annual return differentials favoring U.S. claims in a range between 2.7% and 3.7%, with Gourinchas and Rey (2007a) and Lane and Milesi-Ferretti (2005) finding particularly large differences for returns on both equity and debt assets. The first wave method consists of estimating capital gains by calculating the difference between the annual change in the U.S. international position and U.S. net capital outflows. The residual change not explained by capital flows is assumed to correspond to the capital gain. The second wave of research on the returns differentials literature, written during pre-crisis times and published during the crisis, emerged due to criticism of how the data was handled. This criticism alleged inconsistencies in data revisions between stocks and flows, which were then (mis-)attributed to "Other changes". Consequently, it was argued that this estimation approach would not calculate capital gains, but rather the sum of capital gains and other changes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20586918 | 513,227 |
Lichen A lichen consists of a simple photosynthesizing organism, usually a green alga or cyanobacterium, surrounded by filaments of a fungus. Generally, most of a lichen's bulk is made of interwoven fungal filaments, although in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not the case. The fungus is called a "mycobiont". The photosynthesizing organism is called a "photobiont". Algal photobionts are called "phycobionts". Cyanobacteria photobionts are called "cyanobionts". The part of a lichen that is not involved in reproduction, the "body" or "vegetative tissue" of a lichen, is called the "thallus". The thallus form is very different from any form where the fungus or alga are growing separately. The thallus is made up of filaments of the fungus called "hyphae". The filaments grow by branching then rejoining to create a mesh, which is called being "anastomose". The mesh of fungal filaments may be dense or loose. Generally, the fungal mesh surrounds the algal or cyanobacterial cells, often enclosing them within complex fungal tissues that are unique to lichen associations. The thallus may or may not have a protective "skin" of densely packed fungal filaments, often containing a second fungal species, which is called a "cortex." Fruticose lichens have one cortex layer wrapping around the "branches". Foliose lichens have an upper cortex on the top side of the "leaf", and a separate lower cortex on the bottom side | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172396 | 36,490 |
Wind turbine Twisted Savonius is a modified savonius, with long helical scoops to provide smooth torque. This is often used as a rooftop wind turbine and has even been adapted for ships. The parallel turbine is similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal fan. It uses the ground effect. Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years: a unit producing 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s. design is a careful balance of cost, energy output, and fatigue life. Wind turbines convert wind energy to electrical energy for distribution. Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components: A 1.5 (MW) wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower high. The rotor assembly (blades and hub) weighs . The nacelle, which contains the generator, weighs . The concrete base for the tower is constructed using reinforcing steel and contains of concrete. The base is in diameter and thick near the center. Due to data transmission problems, structural health monitoring of wind turbines is usually performed using several accelerometers and strain gages attached to the nacelle to monitor the gearbox and equipment. Currently, digital image correlation and stereophotogrammetry are used to measure dynamics of wind turbine blades. These methods usually measure displacement and strain to identify location of defects. Dynamic characteristics of non-rotating wind turbines have been measured using digital image correlation and photogrammetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20541773 | 425,244 |
Gulf War syndrome According to the May 2018 DoD publication cited above, "Research suggests that the GWI symptomology experienced by Veterans has not improved over the last 25 years, with few experiencing improvement or recovery ... . Many [Gulf War] Veterans will soon begin to experience the common co-morbidities associated with aging. The effect that aging will have on this unique and vulnerable population remains a matter of significant concern, and population-based research to obtain a better understanding of mortality, morbidity, and symptomology over time is needed." The 2008 and 2014 VA (RAC) reports and the 2010 IOM report found that the chronic multisymptom illness in Gulf War veterans—Gulf War illness—is more prevalent in Gulf War veterans than their non-deployed counterparts or veterans of previous conflicts. While a 2009 study found the pattern of comorbidities similar for actively deployed and nondeployed Australian military personnel, the large body of U.S. research reviewed in the VA and IOM reports showed the opposite in U.S. troops. The VA's 2014 RAC report found Gulf War illness in "an excess of 26–32 percent of Gulf War veterans compared to nondeployed era veterans" in pre-2008 studies, and "an overall multisymptom illness prevalence of 37 percent in Gulf War veterans and an excess prevalence of 25 percent" in a later, larger VA study. According to a May 2018 report by the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475629 | 19,743 |
Human resource management system A human resources management system (HRMS) or human resources information system (HRIS) or human capital management (HCM) is a form of human resources (HR) software that combines a number of systems and processes to ensure the easy management of human resources, business processes and data. Human resources software is used by businesses to combine a number of necessary HR functions, such as storing employee data, managing payrolls, recruitment processes, benefits administration, and keeping track of attendance records. A human resources management system ensures everyday human resources processes are manageable and easy to access. It merges human resources as a discipline and, in particular, its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field, whereas the programming of data processing systems evolved into standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. On the whole, these ERP systems have their origin from software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the most important distinction to the individually and proprietarily developed predecessors, which makes this software application both rigid and flexible. Human resource information systems provide a means of acquiring, storing, analyzing and distributing information to various stakeholders. HRIS enable improvement in traditional processes and enhance strategic decision-making | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48708998 | 473,439 |
Kinzua Bridge After the middle tower was demolished and a new steel one built in its place, the traveler was moved down the line by one tower and the process was repeated. Construction of each new tower and the spans adjoining it took one week to complete. The bolts used to hold the towers to the anchor blocks were reused from the first bridge, which would eventually play a major role in the bridge's demise. Grimm, the designer of the bridge, later admitted that the bolts should have been replaced. The Kinzua Viaduct reopened to traffic on September 25, 1900. The new bridge was able to safely accommodate one of the largest steam locomotives in the world, the Big Boy. The Erie Railroad maintained a station at the Kinzua Viaduct. Constructed between 1911 and 1916, the station was not manned by an agent. The station was closed sometime between 1923 and 1927. Train crews would sometimes play a trick on a brakeman on his first journey on the line. When the train was a short distance from the bridge, the crew would send the brakeman over the rooftops of the cars to check on a small supposed problem. As the train crossed the bridge, the rookie "suddenly found himself terrified, staring down from the roof of a rocking boxcar". Even after being reconstructed the bridge still had a speed limit of . As the bridge aged, heavy trains pulled by two steam locomotives had to stop so the engines could cross the bridge one at a time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13561682 | 203,830 |
NTT Docomo USA is a subsidiary of NTT DoCoMo which operates in the United States. is the fully owned U.S. subsidiary of NTT Docomo, Inc. in Japan. Established on November 1, 1999, its headquarters were originally located in San Jose, California. As of July 9, 2001, the USA headquarters were officially moved to New York City. With offices in New York, Washington DC, and a research lab facility in San Jose, California. began its Docomo USA Wireless service as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) on April 6, 2011. Their partnership with T-Mobile was updated in September 2013. The mobile phone service targets the Japanese market in the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32304264 | 281,351 |
Functional cloning The second is a thermostable DNA polymerase to amplify the target sequence. 3173 Polymerase is able to perform both enzymatic functions resulting in a better option for RT-PCR. The enzyme was discovered using functional cloning from a viral host originally found in Octopus hot springs (93 °C) in Yellowstone National Park. One of the ongoing challenges of treating bacterial infections is antibiotic resistance which commonly arises when patients do not take their full treatment of medication and hence allow bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics over time. To understand how to combat antibiotic resistance it is important to understand how the bacterial genome is evolving and changing in healthy individuals with no recent usage of antibiotics to provide a baseline. Using a functional cloning-based technique, DNA isolated from human microflora were cloned into expression vectors in "Escherichia coli". Afterwards, antibiotics were applied as a screen. If a plasmid contained a gene insert that provided antibiotic resistance the cell survived and was selected on the plate. If the insert provided no resistance, the cell died and did not form a colony. Based on selection of cell colonies that survived, a better picture of genetic factors contributing to antibiotic resistance were pieced together. Most of the resistance genes that were identified were previously unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13520743 | 190,337 |
Grand Central Terminal The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines was removed at an unknown date. Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project. The upper and lower levels have different track layouts and, as such, are supported by different sets of columns. The upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over . The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station. The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of the two caverns, with each cavern containing two tracks and one platform on each level. A mezzanine will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels. was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use. As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=301591 | 321,003 |
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes In addition to being able to store electrical energy, there has been some research in using carbon nanotubes to store hydrogen to be used as a fuel source. By taking advantage of the capillary effects of the small carbon nanotubes, it is possible to condense gases in high density inside single-walled nanotubes. This allows for gases, most notably hydrogen (H), to be stored at high densities without being condensed into a liquid. Potentially, this storage method could be used on vehicles in place of gas fuel tanks for a hydrogen-powered car. A current issue regarding hydrogen-powered vehicles is the on-board storage of the fuel. Current storage methods involve cooling and condensing the H gas to a liquid state for storage which causes a loss of potential energy (25–45%) when compared to the energy associated with the gaseous state. Storage using SWNTs would allow one to keep the H2 in its gaseous state, thereby increasing the storage efficiency. This method allows for a volume to energy ratio slightly smaller to that of current gas powered vehicles, allowing for a slightly lower but comparable range. An area of controversy and frequent experimentation regarding the storage of hydrogen by adsorption in carbon nanotubes is the efficiency by which this process occurs. The effectiveness of hydrogen storage is integral to its use as a primary fuel source since hydrogen only contains about one fourth the energy per unit volume as gasoline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7452926 | 406,223 |
Glasdegib Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive glasdegib, 100 mg daily, with LDAC 20 mg subcutaneously twice daily on days 1 to 10 of a 28-day cycle (N=77) or LDAC alone (N=38) in 28-day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The trial was conducted in United States, Canada and Europe. Efficacy was established based on an improvement in overall survival (date of randomization to death from any cause). With a median follow-up of 20 months, median survival was 8.3 months (95% CI: 4.4, 12.2) for the glasdegib + LDAC arm and 4.3 months (95% CI: 1.9, 5.7) for the LDAC alone arm and HR of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.71; p=0.0002). was granted priority review and orphan drug designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It was granted orphan drug designation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in October 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52923863 | 44,818 |
Heap leaching It also requires less energy consumption to use this method, which many consider to be an environmental alternative. In the United States, the General Mining Law of 1872 gave rights to explore and mine on public domain land; the original law did not require post-mining reclamation (Woody et al. 2011). Mined land reclamation requirements on federal land depended on state requirements until the passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act in 1976. Currently, mining on federal land must have a government-approved mining and reclamation plan before mining can start. Reclamation bonds are required. Mining on either federal, state, or private land is subject to the requirements of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. One solution proposed to reclamation problems is the privatization of the land to be mined (Woody et al. 2011). With the rise of the environmentalist movement has also come an increased appreciation for social justice, and mining has showed similar trends lately. Societies located near potential mining sites are at increased risk to be subjected to injustices as their environment is affected by the changes made to mined lands—either public or private—that could eventually lead to problems in social structure, identity, and physical health (Franks 2009). Many have argued that by cycling mine power through local citizens, this disagreement can be alleviated, since both interest groups would have shared and equal voice and understanding in future goals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861533 | 22,737 |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics For example, consider a four-wave-mixing experiment in which the first short laser pulse excites all transitions at formula_27. As a result of the destructive interference between the different frequencies the overall polarization decays to zero. A second pulse arriving at formula_70 is able to conjugate the phases of the individual microscopic polarizations, i.e., formula_71, of the inhomogeneously broadened system. The subsequent unperturbed dynamical evolution of the polarizations leads to rephasing such that all polarization are in phase at formula_72 which results in a measurable macroscopic signal. Thus, this so-called photon echo occurs since all individual polarizations are in phase and add up constructively at formula_72. Since the rephasing is only possible if the polarizations remain coherent, the loss of coherence can be determined by measuring the decay of the photon echo amplitude with increasing time delay. When photon echo experiments are performed in semiconductors with exciton resonances, it is essential to include many-body effects in the theoretical analysis since they may qualitatively alter the dynamics. For example, numerical solutions of the SBEs have demonstrated that the dynamical reduction of the band gap which originates from the Coulomb interaction among the photoexcited electrons and holes is able to generate a photon echo even for resonant excitation of a single discrete exciton resonance with a pulse of sufficient intensity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39444110 | 412,656 |
Guang Gao A unique achievement of Gao’s team at ETI is its critical role in the now legendary supercomputing system project known as IBM Cyclops-64 Supercomputer. The success of the TNT on Cyclops64 supercomputer is recognized by the selection ETI as winner of a Supercomputing "disruptive technology award" in 2007.ET International, Inc was highlighted for "Sparking Economic Growth" by The Science Coalition in 2013. Through 30+ years persistent R&D and entrepreneur effort – Gao and his students have propelled the impact of MIT dataflow model of computation beyond their laboratory in the US to other parts of the world including EU and Asia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38159925 | 99,038 |
Imensazan Consultant Engineers Institute The Imensazen Consultant Engineers Institute (ICEI) () is a subsidiary of Khatam al-Anbia in Iran. It is blacklisted by the United States Department of the Treasury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35115047 | 475,655 |
Zirconium In some commercial nuclear plants, hydrogen igniters have been installed to burn the hydrogen as it is generated, before it can reach a concentration and volume to create a dangerous explosion. Materials fabricated from zirconium metal and ZrO are used in space vehicles where resistance to heat is needed. High temperature parts such as combustors, blades, and vanes in jet engines and stationary gas turbines are increasingly being protected by thin ceramic layers, usually composed of a mixture of zirconia and yttria. The isotope Zr has been applied to the tracking and quantification of molecular antibodies with positron emission tomography (PET) cameras (a method called "immuno-PET"). Immuno-PET has reached a maturity of technical development and is now entering the phase of wide-scale clinical applications. Until recently, radiolabeling with Zr was a complicated procedure requiring multiple steps. In 2001–2003 an improved multistep procedure was developed using a succinylated derivative of desferrioxamine B (N-sucDf) as a bifunctional chelate, and a better way of binding Zr to mAbs was reported in 2009. The new method is fast, consists of only two steps, and uses two widely available ingredients: Zr and the appropriate chelate. On-going developments also include the use of siderophore derivatives to bind Zr(IV) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34422 | 37,807 |
Pre-Code Hollywood Allen of Paramount responded by collaborating on a list they called the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls", based on items that were challenged by local censor boards, and which consisted of eleven subjects best avoided, and twenty-six to be handled very carefully. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved the list, and Hays created the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) to oversee its implementation. However, there was still no way to enforce these tenets. The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929. Director Cecil B. DeMille was responsible for the increasing discussion of sex in cinema in the 1920s. Starting with "Male and Female" (1919), he made a series of films that examined sex and were highly successful. Films featuring Hollywood's original "It girl" Clara Bow such as "The Saturday Night Kid" (released four days before the October 29, 1929, market crash) highlighted Bow's sexual attractiveness. 1920s stars such as Bow, Gloria Swanson, and Norma Talmadge freely displayed their sexuality in a straightforward fashion. The Great Depression presented a unique time for film-making in the United States. The economic disaster brought on by the stock market crash of 1929 changed American values and beliefs in various ways. Themes of American exceptionalism and traditional concepts of personal achievement, self-reliance, and the overcoming of odds lost great currency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2863180 | 277,143 |
Viscosity For instance, if the material were a simple spring, the answer would be given by Hooke's law, which says that the force experienced by a spring is proportional to the distance displaced from equilibrium. Stresses which can be attributed to the deformation of a material from some rest state are called elastic stresses. In other materials, stresses are present which can be attributed to the rate of change of the deformation over time. These are called viscous stresses. For instance, in a fluid such as water the stresses which arise from shearing the fluid do not depend on the "distance" the fluid has been sheared; rather, they depend on how "quickly" the shearing occurs. is the material property which relates the viscous stresses in a material to the rate of change of a deformation (the strain rate). Although it applies to general flows, it is easy to visualize and define in a simple shearing flow, such as a planar Couette flow. In the Couette flow, a fluid is trapped between two infinitely large plates, one fixed and one in parallel motion at constant speed formula_1 (see illustration to the right). If the speed of the top plate is low enough (to avoid turbulence), then in steady state the fluid particles move parallel to it, and their speed varies from formula_2 at the bottom to formula_1 at the top. Each layer of fluid moves faster than the one just below it, and friction between them gives rise to a force resisting their relative motion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963754 | 308,509 |
Rajdeep Grewal Rajdeep 'Raj' Grewal is the Townsend Family Distinguished Professor of Marketing at Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the editor-in-chief of Journal of Marketing Research. He is known for his work on marketing research, marketing strategy and business to business marketing. Grewal has used quantitative methods to theoretically and empirically study social networks and interactions, competitive strategy and the role of marketing within an organization. His work has been published in Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science, Information Systems Research, Strategic Management Journal, Decision Sciences and Management Science. In 2016, Grewal was given the AMA Marketing Strategy SIG's 2016 Mahajan Award for lifetime contributions to Marketing Strategy research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48943313 | 473,571 |
Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce The committee is composed of Messrs Quah Beng Kee (柯孟淇), Goh Boon Keng (吳文景), Goh Say Eng (吳世榮), Oon Boon Tan (溫文旦), Lim Seng Hooi (林成輝), Ong Hun Chong (王漢宗), Khaw Joo Tok (許如琢), Lo Poey Chee (羅培芝), Ng See Sin (吳時信), Chung Thye Phin (鄭大平), Oh Ah Min, Yeap Yin Khye. In January 1946 the British Military Administration decided to end Penang's duty-free status. That together with the plan to break up the Straits Settlements and impose the Malayan Union prompted the to lead a protest of Penang's chambers of commerce including the Penang Indian Chamber of Commerce and the Penang Muslim Chamber of Commerce. The protests aimed at the Colonial Office proved successful and Penang's free port status was restored in June 1946. Around 1948 The donated 7,770 Straits dollars for the establishment of a Chinese consulate which was eventually closed in January 1950; The Chamber is now one of the strongest commercial institutions in Malaysia in terms of membership and organizational and functional characteristic that is well recognized by both the public and private sectors. In 2003, the Registrar of Society of Malaysia (ROS) presented the Award Certificate of Excellent Society to the Chamber. It has also been awarded the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System (QMS) Certificate in March 2006. (a) to improve and develop trade and industry. (b) to collect, collate and disseminate commercial information and to issue certificates of authentication. (c) to arbitrate and settle trade and industrial disputes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18901203 | 485,545 |
Township (United States) In Kentucky, the Jackson Purchase (the area west of the Tennessee River) is divided into townships and ranges. In Tennessee, the entire state is surveyed into townships and ranges that make up 13 survey districts of the Tennessee State Survey. In extreme northern Maine there is an area divided into townships and ranges oriented to true north. A region in the central part of the state, made up of 17 surveys, is divided into townships, but these are not oriented to true north. The remainder of the state is on metes and bounds. Similarly, Vermont and New Hampshire are mostly metes-and-bounds states, but have areas in the north that are surveyed into townships not oriented to true north. Most of Ohio is surveyed using the Public Land Survey System, but several sizable areas are metes-and-bounds, including the Virginia Military Reserve, Donation Tract, French Grant and the three Moravian grants (Gnadenhutten, Schoenbrunn and Salem). A area in southern Indiana (Clark's Grant) is not surveyed into townships, but is still a gridded survey. Portions of the Texas State Survey use square townships. Sizeable portions of Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington, are unsurveyed. Substantial swampy areas in Florida and Louisiana are also unsurveyed. Both New York and Pennsylvania have metes-and-bounds surveys, but in the western parts of these states, the metes-and-bounds form square townships many of which are also civil townships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=447277 | 339,242 |
Denailer A denailer is a tool for removing nails from lumber to facilitate its reuse. Two types of "denailer" are available: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27384706 | 228,828 |
Physical oncology More than 90% of cancers (breast, prostate, colon / rectum, bronchi, pancreas, etc.) arise from these epithelia after a long process of cancerization. ECM is a mixture of cells (immune, fibroblasts, etc.) dispersed in proteins, most of them collagen. It surrounds the tumor. It is analogous to connective tissue and basal membrane, which is a local condensation, located below normal epithelia. This connective tissue allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse to the epithelia, which are not vascularized. In the tumor ECM, rapidly, beyond one mm3 of tumor is formed a network of blood vessels, the "neovascularization" (induced by "neoangiogenesis") around the tumor and which will allow the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients in the cancer tissue itself, which is not vascularized. The cancerous tissue itself, derived from the cancerous transformation of an epithelium. It's a multi-year process. The appearance of cancer is signified by the crossing of the basement membrane to the underlying connective tissue by one or more cancer cells. Several teams, in the USA in particular, had maintained an expertise in the study of non-biological signals in oncology (Donald Ingber, Mina Bissell then Valerie Weaver, Rakesh J Jain among others). But the absolute dominance of genetics and molecular biology since the middle of the 20th century had marginalized this approach until its revival at the beginning of the 21st century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55801113 | 187,793 |
Pneumatic cylinder The calculation isn't more complicated though, since the effective cross sectional area is merely that of the piston surface minus the cross sectional area of the piston rod. For instroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure, radius of the piston, and radius of the piston rod, is as follows: Where: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3546095 | 74,636 |
Photorespiration may be necessary for the assimilation of nitrate from soil. Thus, a reduction in photorespiration by genetic engineering or because of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (due to fossil fuel burning) may not benefit plants as has been proposed. Several physiological processes may be responsible for linking photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation. increases availability of NADH, which is required for the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Certain nitrite transporters also transport bicarbonate, and elevated CO has been shown to suppress nitrite transport into chloroplasts. However, in an agricultural setting, replacing the native photorespiration pathway with an engineered synthetic pathway to metabolize glycolate in the chloroplast resulted in a 40 percent increase in crop growth. Although photorespiration is greatly reduced in C species, it is still an essential pathwaymutants without functioning 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism cannot grow in normal conditions. One mutant was shown to rapidly accumulate glycolate. Although the functions of photorespiration remain controversial, it is widely accepted that this pathway influences a wide range of processes from bioenergetics, photosystem II function, and carbon metabolism to nitrogen assimilation and respiration. The oxygenase reaction of RuBisCO may prevent CO depletion near its active sites and contributes to the regulation of CO concentration in the atmosphere The photorespiratory pathway is a major source of hydrogen peroxide () in photosynthetic cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=492043 | 34,054 |
Yalochat In February 2018 announced the opening of its office in Shanghai, China and that it had begun offering services on WeChat, China's most popular messaging app. In an interview, CEO Javier Mata said that the company was planning to offer services on Line messenger, popular in Japan, Korea and Thailand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56694218 | 264,279 |
Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation The University of Oklahoma also presented Edith with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1997 for her contributions Edith Kinney Gaylord died Jan. 28, 2001, at St. Anthony’s Hospital in Oklahoma City, the same hospital where she had been born 84 years earlier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23699141 | 457,687 |
J. Robert Oppenheimer In his first year, he was admitted to graduate standing in physics on the basis of independent study, which meant he was not required to take the basic classes and could enroll instead in advanced ones. He was attracted to experimental physics by a course on thermodynamics that was taught by Percy Bridgman. He graduated summa cum laude in three years. In 1924, Oppenheimer was informed that he had been accepted into Christ's College, Cambridge. He wrote to Ernest Rutherford requesting permission to work at the Cavendish Laboratory. Bridgman provided Oppenheimer with a recommendation, which conceded that Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent his forte was not experimental but rather theoretical physics. Rutherford was unimpressed, but Oppenheimer went to Cambridge in the hope of landing another offer. He was ultimately accepted by J. J. Thomson on condition that he complete a basic laboratory course. He developed an antagonistic relationship with his tutor, Patrick Blackett, who was only a few years his senior. While on vacation, as recalled by his friend Francis Fergusson, Oppenheimer once confessed that he had left an apple doused with noxious chemicals on Blackett's desk. While Fergusson's account is the only detailed version of this event, Oppenheimer's parents were alerted by the university authorities who considered placing him on probation, a fate prevented by his parents successfully lobbying the authorities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39034 | 295,382 |
Icemaker In 2011, the EPA has approved three alternative refrigerants to replace hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in commercial and household freezers via the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program. The three alternative refrigerants legalized by the EPA were hydrocarbons propane, isobutane and a substance called HCR188C – a hydrocarbon blend (ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane). HCR188C is used today in commercial refrigeration applications (supermarket refrigerators, stand-alone refrigerators and refrigerating display cases), in refrigerated transportation, automotive air-conditioning systems and retrofit safety valve (for automotive applications) and residential window air-conditioners. In October 2016, negotiators from 197 countries have reached an agreement to reduce emissions of chemical refrigerants that contribute to global warming, re-emphasizing the historical importance of the Montreal Protocol and aiming to increase its impact upon the use greenhouse gases besides the efforts made to reduce ozone depletion caused by the chlorofluorocarbons. The agreement, closed at a United Nations meeting in Kigali, Rwanda set the terms for a rapid phasedown of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which would be stopped from manufacturing altogether and have their uses reduced over time. The UN agenda and the Rwanda deal aims to find a new generation of refrigerants to be safe from both an ozone layer and greenhouse effect point of view | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3021657 | 312,233 |
The Beer Store The first of the Sen studies was commissioned by the Ontario Convenience Store Association and surveyed six 24-pack domestic brands from IGA and Metro Quebec flyers compared to the same brands at in Ontario over a 22-week period in 2013. Sen corrected tax analysis associated with the original study and added three import brands from a Costco in Quebec in subsequent analysis. Correcting for tax differentials between the two provinces, positive price differences of $1.3 - $3.3 were found to exist between their average price of 24-bottle packs of brands including Molson Canadian, Molson Dry, Coors Light, Budweiser and Bud Light. Using Molson Canadian as an example, the adjusted 24 pack price from Quebec IGA and Metro flyers was found to be $26.81 versus $28.12 for Ontario TBS locations.[16] In response to Sen's analysis, commissioned a survey of Quebec – Ontario beer pricing by Debra Aron, an economist with Navigant Economics, which reviewed average TBS home consumer beer prices for all of 2013 in comparison to all beer sales at Quebec seven largest grocery chains, utilizing Neilsen data, for the same period. Aron's study concluded that the average TBS beer prices, excluding all taxes, were 18% less than those at Quebec grocery stores in 2013 or on a per case basis approximately $4.40 less per case of 24 cans. Reports from 2015 indicated that 80% of beer sales in Ontario were made at the 450 outlets of The Beer Store. An estimate published in 2017, provided this summary as to profitability | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=849642 | 477,109 |
Radio-frequency welding Some plastics commonly welded with dielectric heating include: Additional members can be added to a joint for a variety of reasons--improving thermal insulation, preventing sticking of parts to the welding equipment, preventing arcing, and buffering non-uniform clamping pressure or electric field. It is possible to weld non-polar plastics by using a conductive-composite implant to improve dielectric loss. The RF Welding procedure consists of five steps: Loading consists of placing the joint member into the welding machine. The welding operation begins with application of pressure on the members from the electrodes. Generally, the bottom electrode is fixed, and the actuator drives the upper electrode down with a prescribed force. The electric field is applied to the parts for a specified time while pressure from the electrodes is maintained. Dielectric heating causes the parts that are in intimate contact to melt, and the liquid polymers diffuse into each other at the interface. Diffusion and solidification of the joint occur while pressure is maintained for a specified time. Once the joint is cooled and the upper electrode is retracted, the part can be unloaded. The parameters used to control the welding process consist of: The parameters listed are often interdependent, and a process window must be developed to tune the process for acceptable weld quality. equipment, generally consists of: RF power generator, control unit, press, enclosure, electrodes, and sometimes a handling mechanism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57218852 | 404,301 |
Genetics and the Origin of Species By focusing on the opportunities and constraints of the research organism, persuasive accounts of the chromosomal genetics of "Drosophila" eventually evolved into the genetics of natural populations in the 1930s. All of the results from his experiments support the theory of modern evolutionary synthesis. Through his experiments, Dobzhansky discovers that mutation of genes leads to evolution within a specific species. Adaptations play a large role in genetic drift, and it is known that genes and mutations influence this genetic drift in a particular environment. Mutations can result from external influences within the surrounding environment, especially if an organism inhabits an area with harsh living conditions. An organism can adapt to its environment in order to better suit its own needs. When an organism successfully adapts, it has higher survival and reproduction rates. Therefore, there is a higher chance that its genes will be passed on to its offspring. Specific genes and alleles are then passed on to future generations to continue the trend of modern evolution that Dobzhansky presents in the book. Dobzhansky said that natural mutation, aided by variation, can lead to change when acted upon by natural selection. Mutations were thought to be relatively rare and other variations were even considered to be harmful. Since an organism's overall genetic make-up was the result of natural selection, with damaging mutations weeded out, wild populations were assumed to have very few mutations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111991 | 148,737 |
Evolution of eusociality These requirements make it a necessity to have high social order for the survival of the group. Genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution of eusociality. The genome structure of the order Hymenoptera has been found to have the highest recombination rates of any other groups in Animalia. The eusocial genus "Apis", the honeybees, have the highest recombination rate in higher eukaryotes. Genes determining worker behavior and division of labor have been found in regions of the "Apis" genome with the highest rates of recombination and molecular evolution. These mechanisms are likely important to the evolution of eusociality because high recombination rates are associated with the creation of novel genes, upon which natural selection can act. This could have been important in other eusocial genera. Biased gene conversion rates are also higher in eusocial species. This could increase genotypic diversity, which could allow workers to meet the demands of a changing social structure more easily. Another hypothesis is that the lower overall genetic diversity as eusociality levels increase throughout the family "Apidae"is due to a decreased exposure to parasites and pathogens. Eusociality appears to be maintained through manipulation of the sterile workers by the queen. The mechanisms for this include hormonal control through pheromones, restricting food to young in order to control their size, consumption of any eggs laid by females other than the queen, and behavioral dominance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29794000 | 155,690 |
Hydrology Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology) The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13435 | 223,895 |
Journal of Membrane Science The is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, established by Harry Lonsdale, covering research on membrane permeation, selectivity, formation, structure, fouling, processing and application. The editor-in-chief is Jerry Y. S. Lin (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States) and Rong Wang (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 7.015. Its scopus rank is 1 in Filtration and separation category and 19 in biochemistry category. Among ranking it 8th out of 135 journals in the category "Engineering, Chemical" and 10th out of 79 journals in the category "Polymer Science". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33556758 | 77,122 |
New-construction building commissioning The fast-track nature of the design and construction process (experience in 2011) often leads to missed planning, design, and even construction items. Items missed during the design and construction process can often be identified by the CxA during development of the functional and performance test procedures or during functional and performance tests. The commissioning team, led by the CxA, has a primary objective of verifying proper installation, operation, and performance based on the project design (BOD) and the OPR. The commissioning of the facility, systems, and / or equipment provides verification, identifies issues and discrepancies, and if designed and constructed properly, ultimately enhances the facility total quality, control, performance, and efficiency which in turn provides increased sustainability. Recommissioning is the methodical process of testing and adjusting the aforementioned systems in existing buildings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15680284 | 196,916 |
Jim Waldo is an American computer scientist and the Chief Technology Officer of Harvard University. He is the Gordon McKay Professor of the Practice of Computer Science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Professor of Technology and Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Previously he was a Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems Laboratories, where he was lead architect for Jini, a distributed programming system based on Java, and helped develop Project Darkstar. He was also involved in some of the early design and development of the Java programming language and environment. graduated from the University of Utah in 1973 with a BS in philosophy, in 1975 with an MA in linguistics, and in 1976 with an MA in philosophy. He then attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst for his PhD in philosophy, and graduated in 1980. After a year-long academic position at Hampshire College, he joined a startup company as a programmer. He moved to Apollo Computer in 1985 and stayed on when it got acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. While at HP, he led the design and development of the first Object request broker, and was instrumental in getting that technology incorporated into the first CORBA specification. He then moved to Sun Microsystems in 1992. He left Sun in 2010 and after a year at VMWare, he joined Harvard University where he was named CTO in 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56735534 | 129,782 |
Aquatic ape hypothesis In a 1997 critique, anthropologist John Langdon considered the AAH under the heading of an "umbrella hypothesis" and argued that the difficulty of ever disproving such a thing meant that although the idea has the appearance of being a parsimonious explanation, it actually was no more powerful an explanation than the null hypothesis that human evolution is not particularly guided by interaction with bodies of water. Langdon argued that however popular the idea was with the public, the "umbrella" nature of the idea means that it cannot serve as a proper scientific hypothesis. Langdon also objected to Morgan's blanket opposition to the "savannah hypothesis" which he took to be the "collective discipline of paleoanthropology". He observed that some anthropologists had regarded the idea as not worth the trouble of a rebuttal. In addition, the evidence cited by AAH proponents mostly concerned developments in soft tissue anatomy and physiology, whilst paleoanthropologists rarely speculated on evolutionary development of anatomy beyond the musculoskeletal system and brain size as revealed in fossils. After a brief description of the issues under 26 different headings, he produced a summary critique of these with mainly negative judgments. His main conclusion was that the AAH was unlikely ever to be disproved on the basis of comparative anatomy, and that the one body of data that could potentially disprove it was the fossil record. Anthropologist John D | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64243 | 184,935 |
Wood Lawn Farm The Wood Lawn Farm, also known as Goodell Ranch, is a site on the National Register of Historic Places 5 miles west of Hobson on Utica Road 239. It was added to the Register on January 27, 1993. The listing included eight contributing buildings on . Its NRHP nomination describes its importance: ... this important historic property symbolizes the transformation of the Judith Basin from open-range prairie lands to farm and ranch lands. The experience of local pioneers, Clarence and Parmelia Goodell, further adds to understanding the settlement and agricultural development of the Basin. Their acquisition of a preemption and a tree claim in 1880 patterns the general trend of homesteaders in the Basin, for a majority of the settlers obtained land from the federal government in this way. Mr. and Mrs. Goodell began to farm and ranch this area as one of the first homesteading families in the Judith Basin. In addition, is important ... for its architecture. Reflecting a transition away from the primitive log cabin architecture which characterized much residential building on the central Montana ranching frontier, the Goodells built a modern, Queen Anne/Colonial Revival style wood frame house by the beginning of 1890, reflecting a genuine confidence in the Judith Basin and its sustaining capacity. For its associations with local builder Richmond Jellison, the property gains significance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34590532 | 325,571 |
History of Animals Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences in specific characters (Book VIII). To illustrate the philosophical method, consider one grouping of many kinds of animal, 'birds': all members of this group possess the same distinguishing features—feathers, wings, beaks, and two bony legs. This is an instance of a universal: if something is a bird, it will have feathers and wings; if something has feathers and wings, that also implies it is a bird, so the reasoning here is bidirectional. On the other hand, some animals that have red blood have lungs; other red-blooded animals (such as fish) have gills. This implies, in Aristotle's reasoning, that if something has lungs, it has red blood; but Aristotle is careful not to imply that all red-blooded animals have lungs, so the reasoning here is not bidirectional. Book I The grouping of animals and the parts of the human body. Aristotle describes the parts that the human body is made of, such as the skull, brain, face, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, thorax, belly, heart, viscera, genitalia, and limbs. Book II The different parts of red-blooded animals. Aristotle writes about limbs, the teeth of dogs, horses, man, and elephant; the elephant's tongue; and of animals such as the apes, crocodile, chameleon, birds especially the wryneck, fishes and snakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1692666 | 2,789 |
Cepstral mean and variance normalization (CMVN) is a computationally efficient normalization technique for robust speech recognition. The performance of CMVN is known to degrade for short utterances. This is due to insufficient data for parameter estimation and loss of discriminable information as all utterances are forced to have zero mean and unit variance. CMVN minimizes distortion by noise contamination for robust feature extraction by linearly transforming the cepstral coefficients to have the same segmental statistics. Cepstral Normalization has been effective in the CMU Sphinx for maintaining a high level of recognition accuracy over a wide variety of acoustical environments. There are multiple algorithms that achieve Cepstral Normalization in different ways. FCDCN was developed to provide a form of compensation that provides greater recognition accuracy than SDCN but in a more computationally-efficient manner than the CDCN algorithm. The FCDCN algorithm applies an additive correction that depends on the instantaneous SNR of the input (like SDCN), but that can also vary from codeword to codeword (like CDCN). MFCDCN is a simple extension of FCDCN algorithm that does not need environment specific training. In MFCDCN, compensation vectors are pre-computed in parallel for a set of target environments, using the FCDCN algorithm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43940687 | 99,433 |
DNA profiling Multiplex PCR in particular made it possible to isolate and amplify the small fragments of DNA still left in degraded samples. When multiplex PCR methods are compared to the older methods like RFLP a vast difference can be seen. Multiplex PCR can theoretically amplify less than 1 ng of DNA, while RFLP had to have a least 100 ng of DNA in order to carry out an analysis. In terms of a forensic approach to a degraded DNA sample, STR loci STR analysis are often amplified using PCR-based methods. Though STR loci are amplified with greater probability of success with degraded DNA, there is still the possibility that larger STR loci will fail to amplify, and therefore, would likely yield a partial profile, which results in reduced statistical weight of association in the event of a match. In instances where DNA samples are degraded, like in the case of intense fires or if all that remains are bone fragments, standard STR testing on these samples can be inadequate. When standard STR testing is done on highly degraded samples the larger STR loci often drop out, and only partial DNA profiles are obtained. While partial DNA profiles can be a powerful tool, the random match probabilities will be larger than if a full profile was obtained. One method that has been developed in order to analyse degraded DNA samples is to use miniSTR technology. In this new approach, primers are specially designed to bind closer to the STR region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 | 23,077 |
Pristine (company) The company also has formal partnerships with Vuzix, as well as Epson. Pristine develops software for smartglasses to enable hands free video collaboration, and supports mobile-to-mobile capabilities on web browsers, Android and iOS platforms. Built on WebRTC, MongoDB, Redis, AngularJS, the technology supports secure two-way audio and video, messaging, annotations, and high resolution snapshots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46418096 | 415,080 |
Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component. The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements. In estimation theory, two approaches are generally considered. For example, it is desired to estimate the proportion of a population of voters who will vote for a particular candidate. That proportion is the parameter sought; the estimate is based on a small random sample of voters. Alternatively, it is desired to estimate the probability of a voter voting for a particular candidate, based on some demographic features, such as age. Or, for example, in radar the aim is to find the range of objects (airplanes, boats, etc.) by analyzing the two-way transit timing of received echoes of transmitted pulses. Since the reflected pulses are unavoidably embedded in electrical noise, their measured values are randomly distributed, so that the transit time must be estimated. As another example, in electrical communication theory, the measurements which contain information regarding the parameters of interest are often associated with a noisy signal. For a given model, several statistical "ingredients" are needed so the estimator can be implemented. The first is a statistical sample – a set of data points taken from a random vector (RV) of size "N" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1565926 | 369,552 |
Walter A. Shewhart Walter Andrew Shewhart (pronounced like "shoe-heart", March 18, 1891 – March 11, 1967) was an American physicist, engineer and statistician, sometimes known as the "father of statistical quality control" and also related to the Shewhart cycle. W. Edwards Deming said of him: As a statistician, he was, like so many of the rest of us, self-taught, on a good background of physics and mathematics. Born in New Canton, Illinois to Anton and Esta Barney Shewhart, he attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign before being awarded his doctorate in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1917. He married Edna Elizabeth Hart, daughter of William Nathaniel and Isabelle "Ibie" Lippencott Hart on August 4, 1914 in Pike County, Illinois. Bell Telephone’s engineers had been working to improve the reliability of their transmission systems. In order to impress government regulators of this natural monopoly with the high quality of their service, Shewhart's first assignment was to improve the voice clarity of the carbon transmitters in the company's telephone handsets. Later he applied his statistical methods to the final installation of central station switching systems, then to factory production. When Shewhart joined the Western Electric Company Inspection Engineering Department at the Hawthorne Works in 1918, industrial quality was limited to inspecting finished products and removing defective items. That all changed on May 16, 1924. Shewhart's boss, George D. Edwards, recalled: "Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=433679 | 477,470 |
Korean Standards Association KSA, formerly known as Korean Standards Association, is a public organization under South Korea's Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE). KSA was established in 1962 pursuant to Article 32 of the Industrial Standardization Act. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42568964 | 496,464 |
Digital signal processor The top models are capable of as many as 8000 MIPS (millions of instructions per second), use VLIW (very long instruction word), perform eight operations per clock-cycle and are compatible with a broad range of external peripherals and various buses (PCI/serial/etc). TMS320C6474 chips each have three such DSPs, and the newest generation C6000 chips support floating point as well as fixed point processing. Freescale produces a multi-core DSP family, the MSC81xx. The MSC81xx is based on StarCore Architecture processors and the latest MSC8144 DSP combines four programmable SC3400 StarCore DSP cores. Each SC3400 StarCore DSP core has a clock speed of 1 GHz. XMOS produces a multi-core multi-threaded line of processor well suited to DSP operations, They come in various speeds ranging from 400 to 1600 MIPS. The processors have a multi-threaded architecture that allows up to 8 real-time threads per core, meaning that a 4 core device would support up to 32 real time threads. Threads communicate between each other with buffered channels that are capable of up to 80 Mbit/s. The devices are easily programmable in C and aim at bridging the gap between conventional micro-controllers and FPGAs CEVA, Inc. produces and licenses three distinct families of DSPs. Perhaps the best known and most widely deployed is the CEVA-TeakLite DSP family, a classic memory-based architecture, with 16-bit or 32-bit word-widths and single or dual MACs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154505 | 397,583 |
Entrepreneurship ecosystem Entrepreneurship stakeholders may include government, schools, universities, private sector, family businesses, investors, banks, entrepreneurs, social leaders, research centers, military, labor representatives, students, lawyers, cooperatives, communes, multinationals, private foundations, and international aid agencies. In order to explain or create sustainable entrepreneurship, one isolated element in the ecosystem is rarely sufficient. In regions which have extensive amounts of entrepreneurship, including Silicon Valley, Boston, New York City, and Israel, many of the ecosystem elements are strong and typically have evolved in tandem. Similarly, the formation of these ecosystems suggests that governments or societal leaders who want to foster more entrepreneurship as part of economic policy must strengthen several such elements simultaneously. However, recent research shows that government policy is often limited in what it can do to develop entrepreneurial ecosystems. In July 2010, the Harvard Business Review published an article by Daniel Isenberg, Professor of Entrepreneurship Practice at Babson College, entitled “How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution.” In this article, Isenberg describes the environment in which entrepreneurship tends to thrive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31623193 | 486,565 |
Saurabh Uboweja (born 5 December 1982) is the Founder and Managing Partner at BOD, a management consulting firm working with mid market enterprises, based in India. Saurabh joined Citigroup as an investment counsellor in 2006. He left to set up his own company, Brands of Desire (BOD), in 2008. In 2018, the management consulting firm (previously a strategy led brand consultancy) won the Transform Awards Asia-Pacific 2018 for Excitel in 3 categories - "Best use of copy style/tone of voice" (Gold), "Best brand development project to reflect changed mission, values or positioning" (Bronze) and "Best visual identity from the technology, media and telecommunications sector" (Bronze). The Transform Awards are organized annually by Communicate, a monthly trade magazine for the UK corporate communications community. Besides starting his own venture, Uboweja co-founded Credihealth.com, a medical assistance company in 2014 with serial entrepreneurs Ravi Virmani and Gaurav Gaggar. He presently serves as a Director of the company. He is also a founding member of the World Communication Forum Association registered as a non-profit association in Davos, Switzerland and a member of their executive committee since 2015. Uboweja is currently a Visiting Professor at Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya (IIM-BG) and teaches strategic brand management. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51273535 | 469,784 |
Sugar According to the WHO, "[t]hese recommendations were based on the totality of available evidence reviewed regarding the relationship between free sugars intake and body weight (low and moderate quality evidence) and dental caries (very low and moderate quality evidence)." On May 20, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods, to be effective by July 2018. New to the panel is a requirement to list "Added sugars" by weight and as a percent of Daily Value (DV). For vitamins and minerals, the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed. For added sugars, the guidance is that 100% DV should not be exceeded. 100% DV is defined as 50 grams. For a person consuming 2000 calories a day, 50 grams is equal to 200 calories and thus 10% of total calories—the same guidance as the World Health Organization. To put this in context, most 355 mL (12 US fl oz) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar. In the United States, a government survey on food consumption in 2013–2014 reported that, for men and women aged 20 and older, the average total sugar intakes—naturally occurring in foods and added—were, respectively, 125 and 99 g/day. Various culinary sugars have different densities due to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27712 | 97,449 |
Bond graph A bond graph is a graphical representation of a physical dynamic system. It allows the conversion of the system into a state-space representation. It is similar to a block diagram or signal-flow graph, with the major difference that the arcs in bond graphs represent bi-directional exchange of physical energy, while those in block diagrams and signal-flow graphs represent uni-directional flow of information. Bond graphs are multi-energy domain (e.g. mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, etc.) and domain neutral. This means a bond graph can incorporate multiple domains seamlessly. The bond graph is composed of the "bonds" which link together "single port", "double-port" and "multi-port" elements (see below for details). Each bond represents the instantaneous flow of energy ("dE"/"dt") or power. The flow in each bond is denoted by a pair of variables called power variables, whose product is the instantaneous power of the bond. The power variables are broken into two parts: flow and effort. For example, for the bond of an electrical system, the flow is the current, while the effort is the voltage. By multiplying current and voltage in this example you can get the instantaneous power of the bond. A bond has two other features described briefly here, and discussed in more detail below. One is the "half-arrow" sign convention. This defines the assumed direction of positive energy flow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3783853 | 197,999 |
Multiple EM for Motif Elicitation (MEME) is a tool for discovering motifs in a group of related DNA or protein sequences. A motif is a sequence pattern that occurs repeatedly in a group of related protein or DNA sequences and is often associated with some biological function. MEME represents motifs as position-dependent letter-probability matrices which describe the probability of each possible letter at each position in the pattern. Individual MEME motifs do not contain gaps. Patterns with variable-length gaps are split by MEME into two or more separate motifs. MEME takes as input a group of DNA or protein sequences (the training set) and outputs as many motifs as requested. It uses statistical modeling techniques to automatically choose the best width, number of occurrences, and description for each motif. MEME is the first of a collection of tools for analyzing motifs called the MEME suite. The MEME algorithm could be understood from two different perspectives. From a biological point of view, MEME identifies and characterizes shared motifs in a set of unaligned sequences. From the computer science aspect, MEME finds a set of non-overlapping, approximately matching substrings given a starting set of strings. With MEME one can find similar biological functions and structures in different sequences. One has to take into account that the sequences variation can be significant and that the motifs are sometimes very small. It is also useful to take into account that the binding sites for proteins are very specific | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9503346 | 153,460 |
Spark-gap transmitter Oliver Lodge, who had been researching electrical resonance for years, patented the first "syntonic" transmitter and receiver in May 1897 Lodge added an inductor (coil) between the sides of his dipole antennas, which resonated with the capacitance of the antenna to make a tuned circuit. Although his complicated circuit did not see much practical use, Lodge's "syntonic" patent was important because it was the first to propose a radio transmitter and receiver containing resonant circuits which were tuned to resonance with each other. In 1911 when the patent was renewed the Marconi Company was forced to buy it to protect its own syntonic system against infringement suits. The resonant circuit functioned analogously to a tuning fork, storing oscillating electrical energy, increasing the Q factor of the circuit so the oscillations were less damped. Another advantage was the frequency of the transmitter was no longer determined by the length of the antenna but by the resonant circuit, so it could easily be changed by adjustable taps on the coil. The antenna was brought into resonance with the tuned circuit using loading coils. The energy in each spark, and thus the power output, was no longer limited by the capacitance of the antenna but by the size of the capacitor in the resonant circuit. In order to increase the power very large capacitor banks were used. The form that the resonant circuit took in practical transmitters was the inductively-coupled circuit described in the next section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1105907 | 390,242 |
Ford Motor Company Under the multimillion-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings", according to Ford. On June 12, 2008, USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to at speeds of up to . In March 2009, Ford launched hybrid versions of the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Mercury Milan Hybrid in the United States, both as 2010 models. , Ford has produced for retail sales the following hybrid electric vehicles: Ford Escape Hybrid (2004–2012), Mercury Mariner Hybrid (2005–2010), Mercury Milan Hybrid (2009–2010), Ford Fusion Hybrid (2009–present), Lincoln MKZ Hybrid (2010–present), Ford C-Max Hybrid (2012–present), and Ford Mondeo Hybrid (2014–present). By June 2012, Ford had sold 200,000 full hybrids in the US since 2004, and, , the carmaker has sold over 344 thousand hybrids in the United States. The top selling hybrids in the U.S. market are the Fusion Hybrid with 127,572 units, followed by Escape Hybrid with 117,997 units, and the C-Max Hybrid with 54,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30433662 | 445,151 |
DNA Specimen Provenance Assignment Strand Diagnostics manufactures the know error system, a biopsy collection system that incorporate the DSPA test as part of the standard biopsy evaluation process. In 2012, the American Medical Association recognized the growing adoption of DSPA testing as physicians' standard of care by creating two new "Tier 1" molecular diagnostics CPT(R) codes as follows: 81265 Comparative analysis using Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers; patient and comparative specimen, and 81266 Comparative analysis using Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers; each additional specimen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36256622 | 72,922 |
National accounts Many European countries followed shortly thereafter, and the United Nations published "A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables" in 1952. International standards for national accounting are defined by the United Nations System of National Accounts, with the most recent version released for 2008. Even before that in early 1920s there were national economic accounts tables. One of such systems was called Balance of national economy and was used in USSR and other socialistic countries to measure the efficiency of socialistic production. In Europe, the worldwide System of National Accounts has been adapted in the European System of Accounts (ESA), which is applied by members of the European Union and many other European countries. Research on the subject continues from its beginnings through today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 | 514,720 |
Associated Signature Containers This container type will allow additional signatures to be added in the future to be used to sign stored file objects. When long-term time-stamp tokens are used, ASiC Archive Manifest files are used to protect long-term time-stamp tokens from tampering. This type of container can hold one or more signature or time assertion files. ASiC-E with XAdES deals with signature files, while ASiC-E with CAdES deals with time assertions. The files within these ASiC containers apply to their own file object sets. Each file object might have additional metadata or information that is associated with it that can also be protected by the signature. An ASiC-E container could be designed to prevent this modification or allow its inclusion without causing damage to previous signatures. Both of these ASiC containers are capable of maintaining long-term availability and integrity when storing XAdES or CAdES signatures through the use of time-stamp tokens or evidence record manifest files that are contained within the containers. ASiC containers must comply with the ZIP specification and limitations that are applied to ZIP. This container operates under the baseline requirements of the ASiC Simple (ASiC-S) container but it also provides additional time assertion requirements. Additional elements may be within its META-INF folder and requires the use of “SignedData” variable to include certificate and revocation information. This container has the same baselines as an ASiC-E container, but with additional restrictions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54291810 | 262,254 |
Neonicotinoid The ban has strong public support, but has faced criticism from the pesticide manufacturing industry, and from certain farmers' groups. In January 2013, the Humboldt Forum for Food and Agriculture e. V. (HFFA), a non-profit think tank, published a report on the value of neonicotinoids in the EU. At their website HFFA lists as their partners/supporters: BASF SE, the world's largest chemical company; Bayer CropScience, makers of products for crop protection and nonagricultural pest control; E.ON, an electric utility service provider; KWS Seed, a seed producer; and the food company Nestlé. The study was supported by COPA-COGECA, the European Seed Association and the European Crop Protection Association, and financed by neonicotinoid manufacturers Bayer CropScience and Syngenta. The report looked at the short- and medium-term impacts of a complete ban of all neonicotinoids on agricultural and total value added (VA) and employment, global prices, land use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the first year, agricultural and total VA would decline by €2.8 and €3.8 billion, respectively. The greatest losses would be in wheat, maize and rapeseed in the UK, Germany, Romania and France. 22,000 jobs would be lost, primarily in Romania and Poland, and agricultural incomes would decrease by 4.7%. In the medium-term (5-year ban), losses would amount to €17 billion in VA, and 27,000 jobs. The greatest income losses would affect the UK, while most jobs losses would occur in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10548472 | 182,627 |
Chromium in glucose metabolism The free chromium within the cell is then sequestered by LMWCr. The binding of LMWCr to chromium converts it into its holo or active form, and once activated, LMWCr binds to the insulin receptors and aids in maintaining and amplifying the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptors. In one experiment that was performed on bovine liver LMWCr, it was determined that LMWCr could amplify the activity of protein kinase receptors by up to seven-fold in the presence of insulin. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the action of LMWCr is most effective when it is bound to four chromic ions. When the insulin signaling pathway is turned off, the insulin receptors on the plasma membrane relax and become inactivated. The holo-LMWCr is expelled from the cell and ultimately excreted from the body via urine. LMWCr cannot be converted back into its inactive from due to the high binding affinity of this oligopeptide for its chromium ions. As of currently, the mechanism through which apo-LMWCr is replaced within the body is unknown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38599073 | 32,796 |
Audio editing software is software which allows editing and generating of audio data. can be implemented completely or partly as a library, as a computer application, as a web application, or as a loadable kernel module. Wave Editors are digital audio editors and there are many sources of software available to perform this function. Most can edit music, apply effects and filters, adjust stereo channels, etc. A digital audio workstation (DAW) consists of software to a great degree, and usually is composed of many distinct software suite components, giving access to them through a unified graphical user interface using GTK, Qt, or other library for the GUI widgets. Editors designed for use with music typically allow the user to do the following: Typically these tasks can be performed in a manner that is non-linear. Audio editors may process the audio data non-destructively in real-time, or destructively as an "off-line" process, or a hybrid with some real-time effects and some off-line effects. Destructive editing modifies the data of the original audio file, as opposed to just editing its playback parameters. Destructive editors are also known as "sample editors". Destructive editing applies edits and processing directly to the audio data, changing the data immediately. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, the "deleted" audio data is immediately removed from that part of the track. Real-time editing does not apply changes immediately, but applies edits and processing on the fly during playback | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=437887 | 278,017 |
Mauveine Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was one of the first synthetic dyes. It was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to create a cure for malaria. It is also among the first chemical dyes to have been mass-produced. is a mixture of four related aromatic compounds differing in number and placement of methyl groups. Its organic synthesis involves dissolving aniline, "p"-toluidine, and "o"-toluidine in sulfuric acid and water in a roughly 1:1:2 ratio, then adding potassium dichromate. A (CHNX) incorporates 2 molecules of aniline, one of "p"-toluidine, and one of "o"-toluidine. B (CHNX) incorporates one molecule each of aniline, "p"-toluidine, and two of "o"-toluidine. In 1879, Perkin showed mauveine B related to safranines by oxidative/reductive loss of the "p"-tolyl group. In fact, safranine is a 2,8-dimethyl phenazinium salt, whereas the parasafranine produced by Perkin is presumed to be the 1,8-(or 2,9) dimethyl isomer. The molecular structure of mauveine proved difficult to determine, finally being identified in 1994. In 2007, two more were isolated and identified: mauveine B2, an isomer of mauveine B with methyl on different aryl group, and mauveine C, which has one more "p"-methyl group than mauveine A. In 2008, additional mauveines and pseudomauveines were discovered, bringing the total number of these compounds up to 12.. In 2015 a crystal structure was reported for the first time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299732 | 67,586 |
Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India The (BRAI) is a proposed regulatory body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The institute was first suggested under the (BRAI) draft bill prepared by the Department of Biotechnology in 2008. Since then, it has undergone several revisions. The bill has faced opposition from farmer groups and anti-GMO activists. On 23 January 2003, India ratified the Cartagena Protocol which protects biodiversity from potential risks of genetically modified organisms, the products of modern biotechnology. The protocol requires setting up of a regulatory body. Currently, the Genetic Engineering Approvals Committee, a body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) is responsible for approval of genetically engineered products in India. If the bill is passed, the responsibility will be taken over by the Environment Appraisal Panel, a sub-division of the BRAI. According to the bill, BRAI will have a Chairperson, two full-time members and two part-time members; all will be required to have expertise in life sciences and biotechnology in agriculture, health care, environment and general biology. The bill also proposes setting up an inter-ministerial governing body, to oversee the performance of BRAI, and a National Biotechnology Advisory Council of stakeholders to provide feedback on the use of biotechnology products and organisms in the society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911437 | 178,379 |
Nickel 3 million tonnes (t) of nickel per year are mined worldwide, with Indonesia (560,000 t), The Philippines (340,000 t), Russia (210,000 t), New Caledonia (210,000 t), Australia (170,000 t) and Canada (160,000 t) being the largest producers as of 2019. The largest deposits of nickel in non-Russian Europe are located in Finland and Greece. Identified land-based resources averaging 1% nickel or greater contain at least 130 million tonnes of nickel. Approximately 60% is in laterites and 40% is in sulfide deposits. In addition, extensive deep-sea resources of nickel are in manganese crusts and nodules covering large areas of the ocean floor, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. The one locality in the United States where nickel has been profitably mined is Riddle, Oregon, where several square miles of nickel-bearing garnierite surface deposits are located. The mine closed in 1987. The Eagle mine project is a new nickel mine in Michigan's upper peninsula. Construction was completed in 2013, and operations began in the third quarter of 2014. In the first full year of operation, Eagle Mine produced 18,000 t. is obtained through extractive metallurgy: it is extracted from the ore by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel can be used without further purification, depending on the impurities. Traditionally, most sulfide ores have been processed using pyrometallurgical techniques to produce a matte for further refining | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21274 | 95,623 |
Capillary electrophoresis The electroosmotic flow will increase with pH until all of the available silanols lining the wall of the capillary are fully ionized. In certain situations where strong electroosomotic flow toward the cathode is undesirable, the inner surface of the capillary can be coated with polymers, surfactants, or small molecules to reduce electroosmosis to very low levels, restoring the normal direction of migration (anions toward the anode, cations toward the cathode). CE instrumentation typically includes power supplies with reversible polarity, allowing the same instrument to be used in "normal" mode (with EOF and detection near the cathodic end of the capillary) and "reverse" mode (with EOF suppressed or reversed, and detection near the anodic end of the capillary). One of the most common approaches to suppressing EOF, reported by Stellan Hjertén in 1985, is to create a covalently attached layer of linear polyacrylamide. The silica surface of the capillary is first modified with a silane reagent bearing a polymerizable vinyl group ("e.g." 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane), followed by introduction of acrylamide monomer and a free radical initiator. The acrylamide is polymerized "in situ", forming long linear chains, some of which are covalently attached to the wall-bound silane reagent. Numerous other strategies for covalent modification of capillary surfaces exist. Dynamic or adsorbed coatings (which can include polymers or small molecules) are also common | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1233278 | 49,798 |
Expandable tubular technology The products developed and available today in cased hole work are the expandable liner hanger and the cased hole clad. The expandable liner hanger is basically an evolution of existing equipment currently used in the oil industry, a product with better thru bore and envisaged higher reliability. The Case hole clad provide a casing patch across a damaged section of casing, or to close off previously perforated casing. This product has two main advantages – minimal through bore loss [basically two times the wall thickness of tubular being expanded] and high pressure integrity performance. Open hole applications is where expandable technology brings real advantages to the operator. Currently the products available are open hole liner and open hole clads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5567886 | 284,998 |
Modified universalism [T]he true rule is, to follow out the lead of the general principle that makes the law of the owner's domicil conclusive upon the disposition of his personal property,' citing "Solomons v Ross" as supporting that doctrine: "Story, Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws", 1st ed (1834), pp 340-341, para 406." A number of countries throughout the world have sought to apply some form of modified universalism through passing statutes or other forms of codified laws. As noted above, US bankruptcy law substantially implements the principles of modified universalism in the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law in Chapter 15. In the United Kingdom the same UNCITRAL Model Law has been substantially implemented by way of the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/1030). In addition to the United States and the United Kingdom, approximately 17 other countries have adopted cross-border insolvency laws modelled on the UNCITRAL Model Law, including Canada, Japan and Australia. In the other member states of the European Union (other than Denmark), a variation of the doctrine applies under the auspices of EC Insolvency Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings. In other jurisdictions various forms of "ad hoc" cross-border cooperation exist on the basis of a foreign main proceeding. Under the common law (i.e. in the absence of specific statutory provisions in countries which are based upon common law systems) the main proponent of the concept in recent times has been Lord Hoffman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46904638 | 468,010 |
HighQ (software) HighQ is a privately owned software as a service (SaaS) company providing cloud-based secure file sharing, team collaboration and social networking software for enterprise customers. It has customers in the legal, banking and corporate sectors as well as government and life sciences. HighQ was founded in London in 2001 by university friends Ajay Patel and Veenay Shah. The company has offices in the UK (London), Australia (Sydney), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), Germany (Frankfurt), USA (New York) and an R&D operation in India (Ahmedabad). In January 2016, HighQ raised its first ever investment round of $50M from Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and One Peak Partners, to help accelerate the company's expansion into the US market. This was one of top 10 biggest funding rounds in Europe for the first quarter of 2016. In July 2019, Thomson Reuters announced their acquisition of HighQ in a press release. HighQ was included as "One to Watch" in the 2013 Sunday Times Tech Track 100 league table and was ranked 74th in the 2014 Tech Track 100 league table and ranked 32nd among UK's top 100 SMEs in the Sunday Times Heathrow SME Export Track 100 2016. HighQ was ranked in the Deloitte Technology Fast 500 EMEA 2011 and 2013 and ranked in the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 UK 2013. HighQ's major clients include Barclays, Linklaters, Lex Mundi, Clifford Chance, Osborne Clarke, Clyde & Co and Allen & Overy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40757526 | 487,621 |
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