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NGC 137 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It was discovered by William Herschel on November 23, 1785. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50504678 | 7,936 |
National Topographic System Map series in the Southern and Arctic zones span eight degrees of longitude, while those in the High Arctic zone span sixteen degrees of longitude. The NTS designates the southernmost set of map series, from 40 to 44 degrees north latitude, with numbers that end with the digit 0, using 10, 20, 30 and 40. The third row, ending with the digit 2, spans from 2, 12, 22, 32 and so on to 102 off the west coast, while the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh rows extend furthest west, using 114, 115, 116 and 117. In the Southern zone, map series are split into sixteen map areas, while in the Arctic and High Arctic zones, they are split into eight. All map areas are in turn split into sixteen map sheets. Map areas in a series are assigned letters in a sinusoidal pattern starting in the southeastern part of the series. In the Southern zone, the letters run from A through P, while in the Arctic and High Arctic zones, they run from A through H. Each map area in turn is split into sixteen map sheets, numbered from 1 through 16 in an identical sinusoidal pattern to the map areas. Each of these 1:50,000 sheets, in turn, was at one time split into eight map sheets, lettered as lower-case a to h, starting at the southeast corner and ending in the northeast corner; these identified 1:25,000 scale maps that were produced from the 1960s to about 1975, then abandoned, and liquidated in the 1980s (along with the scattered coverage of the 1:500,000 and 1:125,000 scale) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=607542 | 347,520 |
Trademark In the United States, the fair use defence protects many of the interests in free expression related to those protected by the First Amendment. Fair use may be asserted on two grounds, either that the alleged infringer is using the mark to describe accurately an aspect of its products, or that the alleged infringer is using the mark to identify the mark owner. One of the most visible proofs that trademarks provide a limited right in the U.S. comes from the comparative advertising that is seen throughout U.S. media. An example of the first type is that although Maytag owns the trademark "Whisper Quiet" for its dishwashers, makers of other products may describe their goods as being "whisper quiet" so long as these products do not fall under the same category of goods the trademark is protected under. An example of the second type is that Audi can run advertisements saying that a trade publication has rated an Audi model higher than a BMW model, since they are only using "BMW" to identify the competitor. In a related sense, an auto mechanic can truthfully advertise that he services Volkswagens, and a former "Playboy" Playmate of the Year can identify herself as such on her website. Various jurisdictions have laws which are designed to prevent trademark owners from making wrongful threats of trademark infringement action against other parties. These laws are intended to prevent large or powerful companies from intimidating or harassing smaller companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18935023 | 485,620 |
Genetic algorithm Problems which appear to be particularly appropriate for solution by genetic algorithms include timetabling and scheduling problems, and many scheduling software packages are based on GAs. GAs have also been applied to engineering. Genetic algorithms are often applied as an approach to solve global optimization problems. As a general rule of thumb genetic algorithms might be useful in problem domains that have a complex fitness landscape as mixing, i.e., mutation in combination with crossover, is designed to move the population away from local optima that a traditional hill climbing algorithm might get stuck in. Observe that commonly used crossover operators cannot change any uniform population. Mutation alone can provide ergodicity of the overall genetic algorithm process (seen as a Markov chain). Examples of problems solved by genetic algorithms include: mirrors designed to funnel sunlight to a solar collector, antennae designed to pick up radio signals in space, walking methods for computer figures, optimal design of aerodynamic bodies in complex flowfields In his "Algorithm Design Manual", Skiena advises against genetic algorithms for any task: In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a "learning machine" which would parallel the principles of evolution. Computer simulation of evolution started as early as in 1954 with the work of Nils Aall Barricelli, who was using the computer at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. His 1954 publication was not widely noticed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40254 | 295,512 |
Jay Inslee His campaign attracted national attention when he became the first Democratic candidate to air television ads attacking his opponent and the Republican congressional leadership for the Lewinsky scandal. Inslee won with 49.8% of the vote to White's 44.1%; he had an unintentional assist in his successful return by the conservative third-party candidacy of Bruce Craswell, husband of 1996 GOP gubernatorial nominee Ellen Craswell. Inslee was reelected six times. In 2000, he defeated State Senate Minority Leader Dan McDonald in 2000 with 54.6% of the vote. In 2002, Inslee defeated former state representative Joe Marine with 55.6% of the vote after the district was made more Democratic by redistricting. He never faced another contest that close, and was reelected three more times with over 60% of the vote. In July 2003, after Gary Locke announced he would not seek a third term as Washington's governor, Inslee briefly flirted with a gubernatorial bid before deciding to remain in Congress. During the 2009-10 campaign cycle, Inslee raised $1,140,025. In data compiled for the period 2005 to 2007 and excluding individual contributions of less than $200, 64 percent of Inslee's donations were from outside the state of Washington and 86 percent came from outside his district (compared to 79 percent for the average House member). 43 percent of Inslee's donations came from Washington, D.C., Virginia and Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=412985 | 277,522 |
Ohmmeter A feature of this type of instrument was that it would continue to indicate a random resistance value once the test leads were disconnected (the action of which disconnected the battery from the movement). Ohmmeters of this type only ever measured resistance as they could not easily be incorporated into a multimeter design. Insulation testers that relied on a hand cranked generator operated on the same principle. This ensured that the indication was wholly independent of the voltage actually produced. Subsequent designs of ohmmeter provided a small battery to apply a voltage to a resistance via a galvanometer to measure the current through the resistance (battery, galvanometer and resistance all connected in series). The scale of the galvanometer was marked in ohms, because the fixed voltage from the battery assured that as resistance is increased, the current through the meter (and hence deflection) would decreased. Ohmmeters form circuits by themselves, therefore they cannot be used within an assembled circuit. This design is much simpler and cheaper than the former design, and was simple to integrate into a multimeter design and consequently was by far the most common form of analogue ohmmeter. This type of ohmmeter suffers from two inherent disadvantages. First, the meter needs to be zeroed by shorting the measurement points together and performing an adjustment for zero ohms indication prior to each measurement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40622 | 382,062 |
Complex plane In mathematics, the complex plane or "z"-plane is a geometric representation of the complex numbers established by the real axis and the perpendicular imaginary axis. It can be thought of as a modified Cartesian plane, with the real part of a complex number represented by a displacement along the x-axis, and the imaginary part by a displacement along the y-axis. The concept of the complex plane allows a geometric interpretation of complex numbers. Under addition, they add like vectors. The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed most easily in polar coordinates—the magnitude or "modulus" of the product is the product of the two absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or "argument" of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex number of modulus 1 acts as a rotation. The complex plane is sometimes known as the Argand plane or Gauss plane. In complex analysis, the complex numbers are customarily represented by the symbol "z", which can be separated into its real ("x") and imaginary ("y") parts: for example: "z" = 4 + 5"i", where "x" and "y" are real numbers, and "i" is the imaginary unit. In this customary notation the complex number "z" corresponds to the point ("x", "y") in the Cartesian plane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217628 | 138,824 |
Batch distillation Generally, the feasibility studies of batch distillation are based on analyses of the following maps: During the feasibility studies, the following basic simplifying assumptions are made: Bernot "et al." used the batch distillation regions to determine the sequence of the fractions. According to Ewell and Welch, a batch distillation region gives the same fractions upon rectification of any mixture lying within it. Bernot "et al." examined the still and distillate paths for the determination of the region boundaries under high number of stages and high reflux ratio, named maximal separation. Pham and Doherty in pioneering work described the structure and properties of residue curve maps for ternary heterogeneous azeotropic mixtures. In their model, the possibility of the phase separation of the vapour condensed is not taken into consideration yet. The singular points of the residue curve maps determined by this method were used to assign batch distillation regions by Rodriguez-Donis "et al." and Skouras "et al." Modla "et al." pointed out that this method may give misleading results for the minimal amount of entrainer. Lang and Modla extended the method of Pham and Doherty and suggested a new, general method for the calculation of residue curves and for the determination of batch distillation regions of heteroazeotropic distillation. Lelkes "et al." published a feasibility method for the separation of minimum boiling point azeotropes by continuously entrainer feeding batch distillation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6926718 | 55,647 |
Economics education An attempt to create a Western-style Ukrainian journal called the Ukrainian Economic Review a few years ago ended in failure. The lack of publication of Ukrainian scientists in Western economic journals indicates the seriousness of the problem. Journals devoted to the topic of economics education include the "Journal of Economic Education", "International Review of Economics Education", "Australasian Journal of Economics Education", and "Computers in Higher Education Economics Review". Many organizations, such as The Economist, Financial Times, Royal Economic Society, and Institute of Economic Affairs, offer essay competitions for economics students. University-level economics curricula, particularly introductory courses, have been criticized for putting undue emphasis on neoclassical economics and failing to explain real-world economic phenomena such as the financial crisis of 2007–2008. In response, the CORE Project has developed course materials, including a textbook called "The Economy", that emphasize real-world applications in economics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7339152 | 501,776 |
Dimensionless specific energy diagrams for open-channel flow Substituting Equation and Equation into Equation we can determine the following relationship: With this relationship we know that values on the dimensionless E'-y' diagram with the same value of y' will have the same Froude number. In this way we can determine the conditions of flow. The minimum value of E' on the dimensionless diagram will be the first derivative of Equation with respect to y' (dE'/dy') equated to 0 for the minimum value: Giving y' = 1 or y = y at the minimum value for E'. We can determine from this that the lowest E' value will be at the critical depth: Considering the initial conditions with the sluice gate example above with y = 4.4 ft and y = 2.3 ft we can calculate y' and E': formula_10 formula_11 The dimensionless diagram representation for these conditions would be: Knowing the value of y' for the subcritical flow is 3.1, and E' is 3.1, the alternate depth value of y' can be determined by finding the supercritical value where the diagram crosses E' at 2.0. From the graph, this value can be determined to be 0.60. This can also be calculated by solving for the alternate value of y' using Equation : formula_12 formula_13 formula_14 formula_15 formula_16 Solving for the alternate depth: formula_17 This is the same value we obtained above using the original specific energy diagram (with dimensions) and specific energy equation! For the choke conditions described above with y = 7.1 ft and y = 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29568334 | 444,991 |
Pattern Recognition Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by North Holland, an imprint of Elsevier, on behalf of the International Association for Pattern Recognition. The journal produces 16 issues per year covering research on pattern recognition. The editors-in-chief are Gunilla Borgefors (Uppsala University), Gabriella Sanniti di Baja (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples), and Sudeep Sarkar (University of South Florida). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.810. The journal is abstracted and indexed by the following services: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36370601 | 98,460 |
Alvord Lake Bridge The was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in America. It was built in 1889 by Ernest L. Ransome, an innovator in reinforced concrete design, mixing equipment, and construction systems. The bridge was constructed as a single arch wide with a span Ransome is believed to have used his patented cold-twisted square steel bar for reinforcement, placed longitudinally in the arch and curved in the same arc. The face of the bridge was scored and hammered to resemble sandstone, the interior features calthemite "stalactites" (concrete derived secondary deposits) which have subsequently grown in later years after the initial construction. E. L. Ransome left San Francisco a few years later, frustrated and bitter at the building community's indifference to concrete construction. Ironically, the city's few reinforced concrete structures, including the Alvord Lake Bridge, survived the 1906 earthquake and fire in remarkable shape, vindicating Ransome's faith in the method. The bridge was designated a civil engineering landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1969. The Alvord Lake Bridge, which arches over a pedestrian walkway near the lake in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, allows visitors coming from the Haight Ashbury District and entering the park from the east at Stanyan Street to access the rest of the park safely and directly by providing a grade-separated crossing underneath busy Kezar Drive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3222112 | 201,747 |
The Atlas of Economic Complexity is a 2011 economics book by Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar A. Hidalgo, Sebastián Bustos, Michele Coscia, Sarah Chung, Juan Jimenez, Alexander Simoes and Muhammed A. Yıldırım. A revised 2014 edition is published by the MIT Press. The book attempts to measure the amount of productive knowledge that each country holds, by visualizing the differences between national economies. The book's originality is to go beyond standard statistics by making use of “complexity statistics” of 128 countries. The book concludes with hints "at how difficult and complex it may be for government planners to kick-start a new industry — while showing that there are new industries that will struggle to get started without help.". The book is accompanied by two websites that host interactive visualizations and expand upon data featured in the book: MIT’s https://oec.world/en/ and Harvard’s http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/. "The Atlas" was a collaboration between the Center for International Development at Harvard University and the Macro Connections group at the MIT Media Lab. The visualizations presented in "The Atlas" were created in The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC), a data visualizations engine created by Alex Simoes and Cesar A. Hidalgo in the Macro Connections group at the MIT Media Lab. The Observatory of Economic Complexity was launched in 2011. In 2013, Harvard's Center for International Development released an independent version of the platform, entitled The Atlas of Economic Complexity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41160925 | 503,954 |
Fairview Inn The is a historic hotel building on Main Street in the center of Talkeetna, Alaska, United States. It is a two-story frame structure, with a hip roof. The main block, square, was built between 1920 and 1923, following the arrival in the area of the Alaska Railroad. The building exterior is little-altered since then; its major modification has been the addition in the 1970s of an addition for owner living quarters. The interior also still follows essentially the same floor plan as when it was built. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and was added as a contributing property to Talkeetna Historic District in 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44558725 | 360,909 |
Performance-based building design Such document should include information about what is essential to the client. SoRs will take different forms depending on the kind of client and what is being procured, at what phase of the Life Cycle or where in the supply chain a document is being used. The SoRs should be, dynamic, not static, and should include more and more details as projects proceed. This document should be prepared at different levels of granularity, how detailed the documentation is at each stage depends on the complexity of the project and on the procurement route chosen for the project. The SoRs represent a very important part of a continuous process of communication between clients (demand) and their project team (supply), they will be updated and managed using computerized tools and will contain all requirements throughout the life of the facility. This process is called “briefing” in UK and Commonwealth English, and “programming” in American English. An SoR is normally prepared for any project, whether it is a PBB project or not. Assembling such a document usually leads to a more appropriate match between the needs of clients and users and the constructed assets. Statements of Requirements have to be very carefully stated so that it is easy to verify that a proposed solution can meet those requirements. High level statement of requirements need to be paired with indicators of capability so design solutions can be evaluated before they are built in order to avoid mistakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25153936 | 325,104 |
History of Roman and Byzantine domes The building was not free-standing and was located at the intersection of the public and private parts of the palace. Smaller windows filled with thin sheets of alabaster may have existed over each of the curtain-covered side niches and below the cornice at the base of the dome. The dome seems to have had webs that alternated straight and concave, like those of the dome of Justinian's Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, and may have been built about 40 years after that church. It was begun under Emperor Justin II, completed by his successor Tiberius II, and continued to be improved by subsequent rulers. It was connected to the imperial living quarters and was a space used for assembly before religious festivals, high promotions and consultations, as a banqueting hall, a chapel for the emperor, and a throne room. Never fully described in any of its frequent mentions in Byzantine texts, the room was restricted to members of the court and the "most highly rated foreigners". In the 10th century, the throne in the east niche chamber was directly below an icon of an enthroned Christ. The period of Iconoclasm, roughly corresponding to the 7th to 9th centuries, is poorly documented but can be considered a transitional period. The cathedral of Sofia has an unsettled date of construction, ranging from the last years of Justinian to the middle of the 7th century, as the Balkans were lost to the Slavs and Bulgars. It combines a barrel-vaulted cruciform basilica plan with a crossing dome hidden externally by the drum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45632133 | 218,510 |
National bank New Zealand currently has one state-owned bank, Kiwibank, established in 2001. The New Zealand government formerly owned two other banks in New Zealand: The Bank of New Zealand, from 1945 to 1992 when it was privatised and sold, and Post Office Savings Bank, which was created as a separate entity with the privatisation of New Zealand Post. PostBank was sold to ANZ New Zealand in 1989. The National Bank of New Zealand was a retail bank which, in 2003, was purchased by ANZ from its former owner, Lloyds TSB. In 2013 it was rebranded as ANZ. National Bank of Pakistan is a major bank in Pakistan. The National Bank TNB is the leading bank in Palestine. National Bank of Serbia is the state-owned central bank in Serbia which regulates the currency Serbian dinar. First National Bank (South Africa) is a commercial bank and is one of the "Big Four" banks in South Africa. In the United States, the term "national bank" originally referred to the Revolutionary War-era Bank of North America (later the First Bank of the United States) or its successor, the Second Bank of the United States. Both are now defunct. In the modern United States, the term "national bank" has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. Inclusion in the bank's name of the word "National", the designation "National Association", or its abbreviation "N.A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=603356 | 484,477 |
Optical telegraph The Corps head, Carl Fredrik Akrell, conducted comparisons of the Swedish shutter telegraph with more recent systems from other countries. Of particular interest was the semaphore system of Charles Pasley in England which had been on trial in Karlskrona. Tests were performed between Karlskrona and Drottningskär, and, in 1835, nighttime tests between Stockholm and Fredriksborg. Akrell concluded that the shutter telegraph was faster and easier to use, and was again adopted for fixed stations. However, Pasley's semaphore was cheaper and easier to construct, so was adopted for mobile stations. By 1836 the Swedish telegraph network had been fully restored. In Ireland, Richard Lovell Edgeworth returned to his earlier work in 1794, and proposed a telegraph there to warn against an anticipated French invasion; however, the proposal was not implemented. Lord George Murray, stimulated by reports of the Chappe semaphore, proposed a system of visual telegraphy to the British Admiralty in 1795. He employed rectangular framework towers with six five-foot-high octagonal shutters on horizontal axes that flipped between horizontal and vertical positions to signal. The Rev. Mr Gamble also proposed two distinct five-element systems in 1795: one using five shutters, and one using five ten-foot poles. The British Admiralty accepted Murray's system in September 1795, and the first system was the 15 site chain from London to Deal. Messages passed from London to Deal in about sixty seconds, and sixty-five sites were in use by 1808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163251 | 225,680 |
Mining Due to high transportation cost and theft during transportation the cost for generating electricity is normally high. Renewable energy applications are becoming an alternative or amendment. Both solar and wind power plants can contribute in saving diesel costs at mining sites. Renewable energy applications have been built at mining sites. Cost savings can reach up to 70%. exists in many countries. London is known as the capital of global "mining houses" such as Rio Tinto Group, BHP Billiton, and Anglo American PLC. The US mining industry is also large, but it is dominated by the coal and other nonmetal minerals (e.g., rock and sand), and various regulations have worked to reduce the significance of mining in the United States. In 2007 the total market capitalization of mining companies was reported at US$962 billion, which compares to a total global market cap of publicly traded companies of about US$50 trillion in 2007. In 2002, Chile and Peru were reportedly the major mining countries of South America. The mineral industry of Africa includes the mining of various minerals; it produces relatively little of the industrial metals copper, lead, and zinc, but according to one estimate has as a percent of world reserves 40% of gold, 60% of cobalt, and 90% of the world's platinum group metals. in India is a significant part of that country's economy. In the developed world, mining in Australia, with BHP Billiton founded and headquartered in the country, and mining in Canada are particularly significant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20381 | 470,948 |
NGC 1989 (also known as ESO 423-21) is a lenticular galaxy in the Columba constellation. It is about 482 million light-years away from the Milky Way. The galaxy was discovered by John Herschel on January 28, 1835. Its apparent magnitude is 12.9 and its size is 1.40 by 1.1 arc minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55883075 | 9,147 |
Psychographics Some categories of psychographic factors used in market segmentation include: Psychographic can also be seen as an equivalent of the concept of "culture" when it is used for segmentation at a national level. is often confused with demographics, where historical generations may be defined both by demographics, such as the years in which a particular generation is born or even the fertility rates of that generation's parents, but also by psychographic variables like attitudes, personality formation, and cultural touchstones. For example, the traditional approaches to defining the Baby Boom Generation or Generation X or Millennials have relied on both demographic variables (classifying individuals based on birth years) and psychographic variables (such as beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors). Infusionsoft published an article arguing that customer psychographic segmentation is more useful than demographic information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2735792 | 478,061 |
Eukaryotic initiation factor Each subunit has multiple human isoforms and there exist additional eIF4 proteins: eIF4B and eIF4H. eIF4G is a 175.5-kDa scaffolding protein that interacts with eIF3 and the Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), as well as the other members of the eIF4F complex. eIF4E recognizes and binds to the 5' cap structure of mRNA, while eIF4G binds PABP, which binds the poly(A) tail, potentially circularizing and activating the bound mRNA. eIF4Aa DEAD box RNA helicaseis important for resolving mRNA secondary structures. eIF4B contains two RNA-binding domainsone non-specifically interacts with mRNA, whereas the second specifically binds the 18S portion of the small ribosomal subunit. It acts as an anchor, as well as a critical co-factor for eIF4A. It is also a substrate of S6K, and when phosphorylated, it promotes the formation of the pre-initiation complex. In vertebrates, eIF4H is an additional initiation factor with similar function to eIF4B. eIF5 is a GTPase-activating protein, which helps the large ribosomal subunit associate with the small subunit. It is required for GTP-hydrolysis by eIF2 and contains the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF5A is the eukaryotic homolog of EF-P. It helps with elongation and also plays a role in termination. eIF5B is a GTPase, and is involved in assembly of the full ribosome. It is the functional eukaryotic analog of bacterial IF2. eIF6 performs the same inhibition of ribosome assembly as eIF3, but binds with the large subunit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9508538 | 153,468 |
O'Reilly Open Source Award The is presented to individuals for dedication, innovation, leadership and outstanding contribution to open source. From 2005 to 2009 the award was known as the Google–but since 2010 the awards have only carried the O'Reilly name. This is a list of the winners of individuals that won the annual O'Reilly Open Source Awards. In 2018 the winner of each award was determined through open voting from nominees selected by O'Reilly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33121710 | 128,444 |
Charles Allen Thomas Thomas would spend the rest of his career with Monsanto, becoming a member of its board of directors in 1942, vice president in 1943, executive vice president in 1947, president in 1950, and ultimately chairman of the board from 1960 to 1965. He subsequently served as chairman of Monsanto's Finance Committee from 1965 to 1968. He retired in 1970. In this time, Monsanto's annual sales grew from $34 million to $1.9 billion, and its expenditure on research from $6.2 million to 101.4 million. He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers. In studying the chemical reactions between alkenes and dienes, particularly in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst, he developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, including cracking, polymerization and dehydrogenation. This research culminated in the publication of his book "Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride in Organic Chemistry" in 1941. In December 1942, during World War II, Thomas joined the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as the Deputy Chief of its Division 8, which was responsible for propellants, explosives and the like. Early in 1943, he travelled to the East with Richard Tolman, a member of the NDRC, and James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University and the chairman of the NDRC, to witness a demonstration of a new underwater explosive. Conant and Tolman took the opportunity to quietly investigate Thomas's background | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8628596 | 287,664 |
Basic serving arrangement In telecommunication, the term basic serving arrangement (BSA) has the following meanings: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40778 | 295,582 |
Venetian Arsenal The Byzantine-style establishment may have existed as early as the 8th century, though the present structure is usually said to have been begun in 1104 during the reign of Ordelafo Faliero, although there is no evidence for such a precise date. It definitely existed by the early 13th century. However, if this date is precise, that would make the factory years old today (2020). Initially the state dockyard worked merely to maintain privately built naval ships, but in 1320 the "Arsenale Nuovo" () was built, much larger than the original. It enabled all the state's navy and the larger merchant ships to be both constructed and maintained in one place. The Arsenal incidentally became an important center for rope manufacture, and housing for the Arsenal workers grew up outside its walls. Venice developed methods of mass-producing warships in the Arsenal, including the frame-first system to replace the Roman hull-first practice. This new system was much faster and required less wood. At the peak of its efficiency in the early 16th century, the Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who apparently were able to produce nearly one ship each day, and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built galley with standardized parts on a production-line basis not seen again until the Industrial Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=963385 | 453,996 |
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme or LCAS is a method to dynamically increase or decrease the bandwidth of virtual concatenated containers. The LCAS protocol is specified in ITU-T G.7042. It allows on-demand increase or decrease of the bandwidth of the virtual concatenated group in a "hitless" manner. This brings "bandwidth-on-demand" capability for data clients like Ethernet when mapped into TDM containers. LCAS is also able to temporarily remove failed members from the virtual concatenation group. A failed member will automatically cause a decrease of the bandwidth and after repair the bandwidth will increase again in a hitless fashion. Together with diverse routing this provides survivability of data traffic without requiring excess protection bandwidth allocation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3011356 | 232,773 |
Josiah Willard Gibbs He joined Yale's College Church (a Congregational church) at the end of his freshman year and remained a regular attendant for the rest of his life. Gibbs generally voted for the Republican candidate in presidential elections but, like other "Mugwumps", his concern over the growing corruption associated with machine politics led him to support Grover Cleveland, a conservative Democrat, in the election of 1884. Little else is known of his religious or political views, which he mostly kept to himself. Gibbs did not produce a substantial personal correspondence and many of his letters were later lost or destroyed. Beyond the technical writings concerning his research, he published only two other pieces: a brief obituary for Rudolf Clausius, one of the founders of the mathematical theory of thermodynamics, and a longer biographical memoir of his mentor at Yale, H. A. Newton. In Edward Bidwell Wilson's view, According to Lynde Wheeler, who had been Gibbs's student at Yale, in his later years Gibbs He was a careful investor and financial manager, and at his death in 1903 his estate was valued at $100,000 (roughly $ today). For many years, he served as trustee, secretary, and treasurer of his alma mater, the Hopkins School. US President Chester A. Arthur appointed him as one of the commissioners to the National Conference of Electricians, which convened in Philadelphia in September 1884, and Gibbs presided over one of its sessions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37332 | 323,261 |
Sony FE 85mm F1.4 GM The is a premium short telephoto full-frame prime lens for the Sony E-mount, released by Sony on February 3, 2016. The lens is Sony's first native lens offering for the 85mm focal length. Though designed for Sony's full frame E-mount cameras, the lens can be used on Sony's APS-C E-mount camera bodies, with an equivalent full-frame field-of-view of 127.5mm. The lens features a weather resistant plastic exterior over plastic internals with a matte black finish. It showcases recessed front lens element, focusing ring, and aperture ring. On the side of the lens is a programmable focus-hold button, Autofocus-Manual focus switch, and the red "G-Master" branding. The lens is one of Sony's sharpest offerings for their E-mount cameras. The lens suffers from almost no vignetting, visible distortion or chromatic aberration. The Bokeh produced by the lens at its maximum aperture is smooth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54340022 | 262,298 |
Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station Storm Ali impacted and disrupted Ireland immensely, causing power outages, travel disruption, damage to buildings and transport, as well as two deaths. Storm Callum was the third storm of the 2018-2019 season, impacting the UK during the 12th and 13th of October. Callum brought windy weather, rainfall, power outages, and since there were high tides the winds caused large waves thus many sea walls fell, resulting in coastal flooding. Mace Head measured wind gusts of 72 mph, with maximum gust speeds reading 86 mph in Capel Curig. Additionally, Storm Fionn was also measured at Mace Head. It was named by Met Eireann, and was the seventh storm of the 2018-2019 winter. It arrived in Ireland on the 16th of January and was observed and measured not only at Mace Head, but also other sites such as Sherkin Ireland, Valentia Observatory, St Mary's Airport and Aberdaron. The highest recorded gust was measured at Mace Head, with a wind speed of 85 mph. Storm Fionn did not have as significant disruption to Ireland as Storm Ali created, with the only impacts being traffic disruption and snowfall. Other storms measured at Mace Head include, Storm Erik at 76 mph and Storm Jake at 83 mph. Air quality modelling is used to highlight the relationship between atmospheric concentrations, emissions, meteorology and other factors. These atmospheric measurements are useful in detailing trace gas concentrations and various atmospheric aerosols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60612283 | 92,157 |
Hobson's joint A or Hobson's coupling is a type of right-angle constant velocity joint; rods bent 90° are able to transmit torque around a corner because they are all free to turn in their mounting holes in both legs of the coupling. Hobson's joints are used to make elbow engines, a novelty device, but also for practical purposes in tools and shaft-driven bicycle gearing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47398271 | 432,237 |
Qanat The Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos runs for 1 kilometre through a hill to supply water to the town of Pythagorion. It was built on the order of the Tyrant Polycrates around 550 BCE. At either end of the tunnel proper, shallow "qanat"-like tunnels carried the water from the spring and to the town. The long Claudius Tunnel, intended to drain the largest Italian inland water, Fucine Lake, was constructed using the qanat technique. It featured shafts up to 122 m deep. The entire ancient town of Palermo in Sicily was equipped with a huge qanat system built during the Arab period (827–1072). Many of the qanats are now mapped and some can be visited. The famous Scirocco room has an air-conditioning system cooled by the flow of water in a qanat and a "wind tower", a structure able to catch the wind and use it to draw the cooled air up into the room. The Raschpëtzer near Helmsange in southern Luxembourg is a particularly well preserved example of a Roman qanat. It is probably the most extensive system of its kind north of the Alps. To date, some 330 m of the total tunnel length of 600 m have been explored. Thirteen of the 20 to 25 shafts have been investigated. The qanat appears to have provided water for a large Roman villa on the slopes of the Alzette valley. It was built during the Gallo-Roman period, probably around the year 150 and functioned for about 120 years thereafter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536059 | 269,740 |
Engineering Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods. One of the most widely used design tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software. It enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis or analytic element method allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes. These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of product data management software. There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; manufacturing process management software for production engineering; EDA for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance management; and Architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) software for civil engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9251 | 223,618 |
Autogenic succession "Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on. Presently, there is more of a consensus that the mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition all contribute to autogenic succession. The concept of succession is most often associated with communities of vegetation and forests, though it is applicable to a broader range of ecosystems. In contrast, allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components of the ecosystem. The plants themselves (biotic components) cause succession to occur. These aspects lead to a gradual ecological change in a particular spot of land, known as a progression of inhabiting species. can be viewed as a secondary succession because of pre-existing plant life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4624852 | 143,424 |
Socialist economics Yunker posits that social ownership can be achieved by having a public body, designated the Bureau of Public Ownership (BPO), owning the shares of publicly listed firms without affecting market-based allocation of capital inputs. Yunker termed this model pragmatic market socialism because it does not require massive changes to society and would leave the existing management system intact, and would be at least as efficient as modern-day capitalism while providing superior social outcomes as public ownership of large and established enterprises would enable profits to be distributed among the entire population in a social dividend rather than going largely to a class of inheriting rentiers. Participatory economics utilizes participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the production, consumption and allocation of resources in a given society. Proposals for utilizing computer-based coordination and information technology for the coordination and optimization of resource allocation (also known as cybernetics) within an economy have been outlined by various socialists, economists and computer scientists, including Oskar Lange, the Soviet engineer Viktor Glushkov, and more recently Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43069513 | 504,216 |
Huawei On November 5, 2019, US Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross confirmed in an interview with Bloomberg that they are on phase one of a trade deal between the US and China. After this, US companies will be allowed to work with Huawei. During the sanctions, it was noted that had been working on its own in-house operating system codenamed "HongMeng OS": in an interview with "Die Welt", executive Richard Yu stated that an in-house OS could be used as a "plan B" if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of U.S. action, but that he would "prefer to work with the ecosystems of Google and Microsoft". Efforts to develop an in-house OS at date back as far as 2012. filed trademarks for the names "Ark", "Ark OS", and "Harmony" in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS. In June 2019, communications VP Andrew Williamson told Reuters that the company was testing HongMeng in China, and that it could be ready "in months". However, in July 2019, chairman Liang Hua and senior vice president Catherine Chen stated that Hongmeng OS was not actually intended as a mobile operating system for smartphones, and was actually an embedded operating system designed for Internet of things (IoT) hardware. In September 2019, began offering the Chinese Linux distribution Deepin as an optional pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China, as an alternative to Windows. classifies itself as a "collective" entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=290909 | 463,275 |
Mercury Systems Mercury Systems, Inc.( ) is a company serving the aerospace and defense industries. It is headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts. Their processing subsystems are used in Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), Radar, Electronic Warfare (EW), storage and guidance defense applications. Mercury is based in Andover, Massachusetts, with more than 1000 employees in offices around the world and annual revenues of approximately US$493 million for its fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. To meet Department of Defense (DOD) defense electronics procurement reform objectives, Mercury created a Next Generation Business Model. Defense procurement reform objectives are captured by the Department’s Better Buying Power 3.0 (BBP3.0) under the overarching theme of “Achieving Dominant Capabilities through Technical Excellence and Innovation.” Mercury has a systematic approach to the creation of defense processing subsystems using a sensor processing chain methodology to define reusable building blocks. This business approach leverages best commercial technology making Mercury processing building blocks interoperable and standardized, so defense processing subsystems are quickly developed. Open system architectures (OSA) are fundamental to meeting the DOD’s BBP 3.0 objectives and are aligned with Mercury’s business posture. The company pioneered many of today’s embedded protocols and processing standards including RapidIO and OpenVPX (ANSI/VITA 65 standard) which is the de facto embedded digital processing standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38041270 | 99,013 |
United States housing bubble " The "New York Times" report connects the hedge fund crisis with lax lending standards: "The crisis this week from the near collapse of two hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns stems directly from the slumping housing market and the fallout from loose lending practices that showered money on people with weak, or subprime, credit, leaving many of them struggling to stay in their homes." On August 9, 2007, BNP Paribas announced that it could not fairly value the underlying assets in three funds because of its exposure to U.S. subprime mortgage lending markets. Faced with potentially massive (though unquantifiable) exposure, the European Central Bank (ECB) immediately stepped in to ease market worries by opening lines of €96.8 billion (U.S. $130 billion) of low-interest credit. One day after the financial panic about a credit crunch had swept through Europe, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank conducted an "open market operation" to inject U.S. $38 billion in temporary reserves into the system to help overcome the ill effects of a spreading credit crunch, on top of a similar move the previous day. In order to further ease the credit crunch in the U.S. credit market, at 8:15 a.m. on August 17, 2007, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank Ben Bernanke decided to lower the discount window rate, which is the lending rate between banks and the Federal Reserve Bank, by 50 basis points to 5.75% from 6.25%. The Federal Reserve Bank stated that the recent turmoil in the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1920610 | 517,802 |
Anarcho-communism From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal 'expropriations'." Illegalism as a practice emerged and within it "[t]he acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("propaganda by the deed") and the anarchist burglars ("individual reappropriation") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary, invitations to revolt." Proponents and activists of these tactics among others included Johann Most, Luigi Galleani, Victor Serge, Giuseppe Ciancabilla, and Severino Di Giovanni. The Italian Giuseppe Ciancabilla (1872–1904) wrote in "Against organization" that "we don't want tactical programs, and consequently we don't want organization. Having established the aim, the goal to which we hold, we leave every anarchist free to choose from the means that his sense, his education, his temperament, his fighting spirit suggest to him as best. We don't form fixed programs and we don't form small or great parties. But we come together spontaneously, and not with permanent criteria, according to momentary affinities for a specific purpose, and we constantly change these groups as soon as the purpose for which we had associated ceases to be, and other aims and needs arise and develop in us and push us to seek new collaborators, people who think as we do in the specific circumstance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17865 | 516,050 |
Drude particle Drude particles are model oscillators used to simulate the effects of electronic polarizability in the context of a classical molecular mechanics force field. They are inspired by the Drude model of mobile electrons and are used in the computational study of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Most force fields in current practice represent individual atoms as point particles interacting according to the laws of Newtonian mechanics. To each atom, a single electric charge is assigned that doesn't change during the course of the simulation. However, such models cannot have induced dipoles or other electronic effects due to a changing local environment. Classical Drude particles are massless virtual sites carrying a partial electric charge, attached to individual atoms via a harmonic spring. The spring constant and relative partial charges on the atom and associated determine its response to the local electrostatic field, serving as a proxy for the changing distribution of the electronic charge of the atom or molecule. However, this response is limited to a changing dipole moment. This response is not enough to model interactions in environments with large field gradients, which interact with higher order moments. The major computational cost of simulating classical Drude oscillators is the calculation of the local electrostatic field and the repositioning of the at each step. Traditionally, this repositioning is done self consistently | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8557344 | 47,249 |
Ludwig Prandtl Ring The is the highest award of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics), awarded "for outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering". The award is named in honour of Ludwig Prandtl. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43016848 | 242,973 |
Dmitry Shkarin () is a Russian programmer and is the creator of several lossless data compression algorithms, notably using prediction by partial matching. His PPMd (Partial Matching by Dmitry) algorithms are used in the .ZIP format, and the 7-Zip archivers' PPMd method used in 7z files. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41469082 | 105,210 |
Full custom Full-custom design is a methodology for designing integrated circuits by specifying the layout of each individual transistor and the interconnections between them. Alternatives to full-custom design include various forms of semi-custom design, such as the repetition of small transistor subcircuits; one such methodology is the use of standard cell libraries (standard cell libraries are themselves designed using full-custom design techniques). Full-custom design potentially maximizes the performance of the chip, and minimizes its area, but is extremely labor-intensive to implement. Full-custom design is limited to ICs that are to be fabricated in extremely high volumes, notably certain microprocessors and a small number of ASICs. The main factor affecting the design and production of ASICs is the high cost of mask sets and the requisite EDA design tools. The mask sets are required in order to transfer the ASIC designs onto the wafer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4161821 | 410,875 |
Dimensional analysis Multiplying any quantity (physical quantity or not) by the dimensionless 1 does not change that quantity. Once this and the conversion factor for seconds per hour have been multiplied by the original fraction to cancel out the units "mile" and "hour", 10 miles per hour converts to 4.4704 meters per second. As a more complex example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides (i.e., formula_6) in the flue gas from an industrial furnace can be converted to a mass flow rate expressed in grams per hour (i.e., g/h) of formula_7 by using the following information as shown below: After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NO concentration of 10 ppm converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour. The factor-label method can also be used on any mathematical equation to check whether or not the dimensional units on the left hand side of the equation are the same as the dimensional units on the right hand side of the equation. Having the same units on both sides of an equation does not ensure that the equation is correct, but having different units on the two sides (when expressed in terms of base units) of an equation implies that the equation is wrong. For example, check the Universal Gas Law equation of , when: As can be seen, when the dimensional units appearing in the numerator and denominator of the equation's right hand side are cancelled out, both sides of the equation have the same dimensional units | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8267 | 39,916 |
Reverse genetics segments, so the combination of six attenuated viral cDNA plasmids with two wild-type plasmids allow for an attenuated vaccine strain to be constructed. For the development of influenza vaccines, the fourth and sixth RNA segments, encoding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins respectively, are taken from the circulating virus, while the other six segments are derived from a previously attenuated master strain. The HA and NA proteins exhibit high antigen variety, and therefore are taken from the current strain for which the vaccine is being produced to create a well matching vaccine. cDNA sequences of viral RNA are synthesized from attenuated master strains by using RT-PCR. This cDNA can then be inserted between an RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoter and terminator sequence. The cDNA and pol I sequence is then, in turn, surrounded by an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter and a polyadenylation site. This entire sequence is then inserted into a plasmid. Six plasmids derived from attenuated master strain cDNA are cotransfected into a target cell, often a chicken egg, alongside two plasmids of the currently circulating wild-type influenza strain. Inside the target cell, the two "stacked" Pol I and Pol II enzymes transcribe the viral cDNA to synthesize both negative-sense viral RNA and positive-sense mRNA, effectively creating an attenuated virus. The result is a defective vaccine strain that is similar to the current virus strain, allowing a host to build immunity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38203359 | 189,339 |
Apache JMeter is an Apache project that can be used as a load testing tool for analyzing and measuring the performance of a variety of services, with a focus on web applications. JMeter can be used as a unit-test tool for JDBC database connections, FTP, LDAP, web services, JMS, HTTP, generic TCP connections and OS-native processes. One can also configure JMeter as a monitor, although this is typically used as a basic monitoring solution rather than advanced monitoring. It can be used for some functional testing as well. Additionally Jmeter supports integration with Selenium, which allows it to run automation scripts alongside performance or load tests JMeter supports variable parameterization, assertions (response validation), per-thread cookies, configuration variables and a variety of reports. JMeter architecture is based on plugins. Most of its "out of the box" features are implemented with plugins JMeter Plugins is an independent project for Apache JMeter. Each plugin serves different purpose and expedites the process of creating and executing JMeter Test Plan. Users can install plugins via the Plugin Manager. Source: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1389448 | 457,428 |
Information theory Mutual information is symmetric: Mutual information can be expressed as the average Kullback–Leibler divergence (information gain) between the posterior probability distribution of "X" given the value of "Y" and the prior distribution on "X": In other words, this is a measure of how much, on the average, the probability distribution on "X" will change if we are given the value of "Y". This is often recalculated as the divergence from the product of the marginal distributions to the actual joint distribution: Mutual information is closely related to the log-likelihood ratio test in the context of contingency tables and the multinomial distribution and to Pearson's χ test: mutual information can be considered a statistic for assessing independence between a pair of variables, and has a well-specified asymptotic distribution. The "Kullback–Leibler divergence" (or "information divergence", "information gain", or "relative entropy") is a way of comparing two distributions: a "true" probability distribution "p(X)", and an arbitrary probability distribution "q(X)". If we compress data in a manner that assumes "q(X)" is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, "p(X)" is the correct distribution, the Kullback–Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for compression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14773 | 395,785 |
Joseph Halpern Joseph Yehuda Halpern (born 1953) is a professor of computer science at Cornell University. Most of his research is on reasoning about knowledge and uncertainty. Halpern graduated in 1975 from University of Toronto with a B.S. in mathematics. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard University in 1981 under the supervision of Albert R. Meyer and Gerald Sacks. He has written three books, "Actual Causation", "Reasoning about Uncertainty," and "Reasoning About Knowledge" and is a winner of the 1997 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science and the 2009 Dijkstra Prize in distributed computing. From 1997 to 2003 he was editor-in-chief of the Journal of the ACM. In 2002 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and in 2012 he was selected as an IEEE Fellow. In 2011 he was awarded a Senior Fellowship of the Zukunftskolleg at the University of Konstanz.. In 2019, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Halpern is also the administrator for the Computing Research Repository, the computer science branch of arXiv.org, and the moderator for the "general literature" and "other" subsections of the repository. His students include Nir Friedman, Daphne Koller, and Yoram Moses. Halpern has three children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2929332 | 108,539 |
LED lamp Also, the presence of incompatible volatile organic compounds can impair the performance and reduce lifetime. The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most common incandescent lamps and significantly longer than fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the distant future. The human circadian rhythm can be affected by light sources. The effective color temperature of daylight is ~5,700K (bluish white) while tungsten lamps are ~2,700K (yellow). People who have circadian rhythm sleep disorders are sometimes treated with light therapy (exposure to intense bluish white light during the day) and dark therapy (wearing amber-tinted goggles at night to reduce bluish light). Some organizations recommend that people should not use bluish white lamps at night. The American Medical Association argues against using bluish white LEDs for municipal street lighting. Research suggests that the shift to LED street lighting attracts 48% more flying insects than HPS lamps, which could cause direct ecological impacts as well as indirect impacts such as attracting more gypsy moths to port areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9910525 | 388,492 |
Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering The Association of Technology, Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) (formerly known as the National Association of Industrial Technology) sets standards for academic program accreditation, personal certification and professional development for educators and industry professionals involved in integrating technology, leadership and design. Its primary mission is faculty, students and industry professionals dedicated to solving complex technological problems and developing the competitive technologist and applied engineering workforce. Industrial Technology is the field concerned with the application of basic engineering principles and technical skills in support of industrial engineers and managers. Industrial Technology degreed programs typically include instruction in optimization theory, human factors, organizational behavior, industrial processes, industrial planning procedures, computer applications, and report and presentation preparation. Technology Management is the field concerned with the supervision of personnel across the technical spectrum and a wide variety of complex technological systems. Technology Management degreed programs typically include instruction in production and operations management, project management, computer applications, quality control, safety and health issues, statistics, and general management principles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6489505 | 212,798 |
D-subminiature Even though these all use the same DE9 connector, the displays cannot all be interchanged and monitors or video interfaces may be damaged if connected to an incompatible device using the same connector. Later analog video (VGA and later) adapters generally replaced these connectors with DE15 high-density sockets (though some early VGA devices still used DE9 connectors). DE15 connectors are similar to DE9 connectors (see above). Many Apple Macintosh models, beginning with the Macintosh II, used DA15 sockets for analogue RGB video out. The earlier Apple IIgs used the same connector for the same purpose, but with an incompatible pinout. A digital (and thus also incompatible) RGB adapter for the Apple IIe also used a DA15F. The Apple IIc used a DA15F for an auxiliary video port which was not RGB, but provided the necessary signals to derive RGB. Starting in the late 1970s the Atari 2600 game console used modified DE9 connectors (male on the system, female on the controller) for its game controller connectors. The Atari joystick ports had bodies entirely of molded plastic without the metal shield, and they omitted the pair of fastening screws. In the years following, various video game consoles and home computers adopted the same connector for their own game ports, though they were not all interoperable. The most common wiring supported five digital connections (for up, down, left, and right movement, and one fire button), plus one pair of analog 100 kΩ potentiometers or paddles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=383705 | 376,977 |
Captodative effect Free-radical polymerization, where radicals are the chain carriers in the propagation of the process, accounted for 40 billion of the 110 billion pounds of polymers produced in the United States in 2001. Captodative olefins have a specific advantage of being responsive to solvent effects without the effect of destabilizing the radical. They have also shown to undergo their radical transformation spontaneously which allows them to be useful in polymerization mechanism elucidation and better understood through NMR Studies. Furthermore, captodative ethanes are initiators with unique properties giving higher molecular weight distribution and forming block copolymers through the known radical mechanisms. The polymers obtained from captodatively substituted starting materials exhibit "desirable" properties such as optical activity, differences in polarity, solvent affinity, thermal and mechanical stabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7498075 | 42,526 |
Plant morphology In fact, it is simply the timing of the KNOX gene expression!." Eckardt and Baum (2010) concluded that "it is now generally accepted that compound leaves express both leaf and shoot properties.” Process morphology describes and analyzes the dynamic continuum of plant form. According to this approach, structures do not "have" process(es), they "are" process(es). Thus, the structure/process dichotomy is overcome by "an enlargement of our concept of 'structure' so as to include and recognize that in the living organism it is not merely a question of spatial structure with an 'activity' as something over or against it, but that the concrete organism is a spatio-"temporal" structure and that this spatio-temporal structure is the activity itself". For Jeune, Barabé and Lacroix, classical morphology (that is, mainstream morphology, based on a qualitative homology concept implying mutually exclusive categories) and continuum morphology are sub-classes of the more encompassing process morphology (dynamic morphology). Classical morphology, continuum morphology, and process morphology are highly relevant to plant evolution, especially the field of plant evolutionary biology (plant evo-devo) that tries to integrate plant morphology and plant molecular genetics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7556348 | 162,166 |
Mary R. Dawson Dawson became the first American woman to receive the Romer-Simpson medal, which is awarded for lifetime achievement in the field of vertebrate paleontology and considered the highest honor bestowed by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Likewise she was only the second woman to serve as the Society's president in 1973–1974. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's Predoctoral Fellowship Grant, which recognizes and supports graduate student research excellence, is named after her. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4361884 | 4,557 |
Linguistic value In artificial intelligence, operations research, and related fields, a Linguistic value, (for some authors Linguistic variable) is a natural language term which is derived using quantitative or qualitative reasoning such as with probability and statistics or fuzzy sets and systems. For example, if a shuttle heat shield is deemed of having a linguistic value of a "very low" percentage of damage in re-entry, based upon knowledge from experts in the field, that probability would be given a value of say, 5%. From there on out, if it were to be used in an equation, the variable of percentage of damage will be at 5% if it deemed very low percentage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15299080 | 132,375 |
Gelignite At the time of his arrest was found in the possession of Patrick Magee and discovered in a hijacked road tanker in January 1976. PIRA volunteer, later informer, Sean O'Callaghan estimated that planting of Frangex would kill everyone within a radius. The Real IRA (RIRA) also acquired Frangex, and, in December 2000, eighty sticks were discovered on a farm in Kilmacow, County Kilkenny, near Waterford. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=226403 | 246,852 |
Electric Transit, Inc. (ETI) was a joint venture between the Škoda group in the Czech Republic and AAI Corporation in the United States which made trolleybuses for the Dayton and San Francisco trolleybus systems, constructing a total of 330 trolleybuses. ETI was formed in 1994, and ownership was divided as 65% by Škoda and 35% by AAI. The latter was a wholly owned subsidiary of United Industrial Corporation. Up to that time, Škoda had built more than 12,000 trolleybuses since 1935, but none for cities outside Europe and Asia. The ETI joint venture was dissolved in 2004, shortly after an unsuccessful bid to supply trolleybuses to Vancouver. ETI was formed in 1994 as a joint venture, with ownership divided as 65% by Škoda and 35% by AAI. The latter was a wholly owned subsidiary of United Industrial Corporation and was mainly a defense contractor. ETI originally was based in Dayton, but after completion of the contract for that city, the Dayton office was closed and ETI moved its administrative office to Hunt Valley, sharing space with partner AAI there. AAI announced in 1999 its intent to acquire Škoda Ostrov, the trolleybus manufacturing division of Skoda, as well as the 65% share Škoda held in ETI. United Industrial announced it was selling its interest in ETI in September 2000 to RailWorks Corporation as it planned to exit the transportation market altogether, but RailWorks terminated the offer less than three weeks after the announcement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13456233 | 500,857 |
Aluminum interconnects In semiconductor technology, aluminum interconnects (Al interconnects) are interconnects made of aluminum or aluminum-based alloys. Since the invention of monolithic integrated circuit (IC) by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor] in 1959, Al interconnects were widely used in silicon (Si) ICs until its replacement by copper interconnects during the late 1990s and early 2000s in advanced process technologies. Al was an ideal material for interconnects due to its ease of deposition and good adherence to silicon and silicon dioxide. Initially, pure aluminum was used, but due to junction spiking, Si was added to form an alloy. Later, electromigration caused reliability problems, and copper (Cu) was added to the alloy. Al interconnects are deposited by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition methods. They were originally patterned by wet etching, and later by various dry etching techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59659159 | 114,704 |
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 The (IBC) is the bankruptcy law of India which seeks to consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015 was introduced in Lok Sabha in December 2015. It was passed by Lok Sabha on 5 May 2016 and by Rajya Sabha on 11 May 2016. The Code received the assent of the President of India on 28 May 2016. Certain provisions of the Act have come into force from 5 August and 19 August 2016. The bankruptcy code is a one stop solution for resolving insolvencies which previously was a long process that did not offer an economically viable arrangement. The code aims to protect the interests of small investors and make the process of doing business less cumbersome. The IBC has 255 sections and 11 Schedules. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 21 December 2015 by former Finance Minister, Late Arun Jaitley. The Code was referred to a Joint Committee of Parliament on 23 December 2015, and recommended by the Committee on 28 April 2016. The Code was passed by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on 5 May and 11 May 2016 respectively. Subsequently it received assent from President Pranab Mukherjee and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 28 May 2016. The Code was passed by parliament in May 2016 and became effective in December 2016. Section 243 of this Code repeals the Presidency Towns Insolvency Act, 1909 and Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50442649 | 469,419 |
Transhumanist politics They are rational egoists and ethical egoists who embrace the prospect of using emerging technologies to enhance human capacities, which they believe stems from the self-interested application of reason and will in the context of the individual freedom to achieve a posthuman state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. They extend this rational and ethical egoism to advocate a form of "biolibertarianism". As strong civil libertarians, libertarian transhumanists hold that any attempt to limit or suppress the asserted right to human enhancement is a violation of civil rights and civil liberties. However, as strong economic libertarians, they also reject proposed public policies of government-regulated and -insured human enhancement technologies, which are advocated by democratic transhumanists, because they fear that any state intervention will steer or limit their choices. Extropianism, the earliest current of transhumanist thought defined in 1988 by philosopher Max More, initially included an anarcho-capitalist interpretation of the concept of "spontaneous order" in its principles, which states that a free market economy achieves a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any planned or mixed economy could achieve. In 2000, while revising the principles of Extropy, More seemed to be abandoning libertarianism in favor of modern liberalism and anticipatory democracy. However, many Extropians remained libertarian transhumanists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45018261 | 229,883 |
Christian B. Anfinsen Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. (March 26, 1916 – May 14, 1995) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Howard Stein for work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation (see Anfinsen's dogma). Anfinsen was born in Monessen, Pennsylvania, into a family of Norwegian American immigrants. His parents were Sophie (née Rasmussen) and Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Sr., a mechanical engineer. The family moved to Philadelphia in the 1920s. He earned a bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1937. While attending Swarthmore College he played varsity football and joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. In 1939, he earned a master's degree in organic chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1939, The American-Scandinavian Foundation awarded Anfinsen a fellowship to develop new methods for analyzing the chemical structure of complex proteins, namely enzymes, at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1941, Anfinsen was offered a university fellowship for doctoral study in the Department of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School. There, Anfinsen received his Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1943. In 1979, he converted to Judaism, by undergoing an Orthodox conversion and that same year he quit smoking. Although Anfinsen wrote in 1985 that his feelings on religion still reflect a fifty-year period of orthodox agnosticism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669196 | 24,403 |
Museum of Transport and Technology A further extension along Motions Road to Auckland Zoo commenced services on 5 December 1981 using rail set in mass concrete. In 2006–07 the tram line was further extended by a distance of 636 metres, to the aviation hangar at MOTAT 2, the service commencing on 27 April 2007. The tramway is dual gauge, employing 4-foot and 4-foot inches gauges, the rail welded and set in mass concrete. Trams are operated daily between MOTAT, alongside the Western Springs Park and precinct, past Auckland Zoo to MOTAT 2 and connect both Museum sites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2425087 | 302,137 |
Pebble Mill Studios This space was used as a rehearsal room and for a brief period of time using Studio C's gallery, was used for the early Sunday morning "Farming" programme which later on became "Countryfile", presented by John Craven who had just stopped presenting "Newsround" and latterly as office space and storage. The green room was part of an extension into open space by the driveway to the rear car park. This new extension included workshop space for the TV lighting department, an extension to the graphics department, production design and the green room for the daytime programmes produced at Pebble Mill. The centre was also home to the largest and most advanced BBC post-production departments outside London, including six VT edit suites, two dubbing suites, a small viewing screen and a multitude of Avid non-linear suites. Following the 1983 refit a vast Graphics centre was opened in the old site of TAR and contained Aston caption generators, Rank Cintel Slide Files, Quantel Paintbox and Harry's and other graphic systems. The Wardrobe/Costume department had its home in the studios central basement area just below the long glazed front window. There was a large work room with another work room containing cutting tables and sewing machines. There was also an office with several dressing rooms either side. There were also several large extras dressing rooms in the basement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741567 | 338,718 |
End-user license agreement Some courts that have addressed the validity of the shrinkwrap license agreements have found some EULAs to be invalid, characterizing them as contracts of adhesion, unconscionable, and/or unacceptable pursuant to the U.C.C.—see, for instance, "Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology", "Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.". Other courts have determined that the shrinkwrap license agreement is valid and enforceable: see "ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg", "Microsoft v. Harmony Computers", "Novell v. Network Trade Center", and "Ariz. Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc." may have some bearing as well. No court has ruled on the validity of EULAs generally; decisions are limited to particular provisions and terms. The 7th Circuit and 8th Circuit subscribe to the "licensed and not sold" argument, while most other circuits do not . In addition, the contracts' enforceability depends on whether the state has passed the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) or Anti-UCITA]] ([[UCITA Bomb Shelter) laws. In Anti-UCITA states, the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] (UCC) has been amended to either specifically define software as a good (thus making it fall under the UCC), or to disallow contracts which specify that the terms of contract are subject to the laws of a state that has passed UCITA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49764 | 466,129 |
1980s oil glut In the United States, Europe, and Japan, oil consumption had fallen 13% from 1979 to 1981, "in part, in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil exporters", continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases. After 1980, reduced demand and increased production produced a glut on the world market. The result was a six-year decline in the price of oil, which reduced the price by half in 1986 alone. During the 1980s, reliance on Middle East production dwindled as commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, the North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, and the Soviet Union became the world's largest producer of oil. Smaller non-OPEC producers including Brazil, Egypt, India, Malaysia, and Oman doubled their output between 1979 and 1985, to a total of 3 million barrels per day. In April 1979, then-president Jimmy Carter signed an executive order which was to remove price controls from petroleum products by October 1981, so that prices would be wholly determined by the free market. Carter's successor, Ronald Reagan signed an executive order on 28 January 1981, which enacted this reform immediately, allowing the free market to adjust oil prices in the US. This ended the withdrawal of old oil from the market and artificial scarcity, encouraging increased oil production. The US Oil Windfall profits tax was lowered in August 1981 and removed in 1988, ending disincentives to US oil producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15034446 | 290,594 |
Elastic recoil detection Combination of techniques is usually needed in order to obtain correct characterization. When comparing several techniques, important parameters like detection limit, depth resolution and lateral resolution must be taken into account. For this purpose, comparisons of several techniques have been shown in the table below. Table 1: Comparison of techniques with characteristic properties The main characteristics of ERDA are listed below. Such characteristics have led to many groups and scientists to explore applications of ERDA. ERDA was first demonstrated by L’Ecuyer et al. in 1976. They had used 25-40 MeV Cl ions were used to detect the recoils in the sample. After more than three decades, ERDA has been divided into two main groups. First is the Light incident Ion ERDA (LI-ERDA) and the second is the Heavy incident Ion ERDA (HI-ERDA). LI-ERDA uses low voltage single-ended accelerators, whereas the HI-ERDA uses large tandem accelerators. These techniques were mainly developed after heavy ion accelerators were introduced in the materials research. LI-ERDA is also often performed using a relatively low energy (2 MeV) 4He beam specifically to depth profile hydrogen. In this technique, multiple detectors are used: at backscattering angles to detect heavier elements by RBS and forward (recoil) detector to simultaneously detect the recoiled hydrogen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2321375 | 29,011 |
MUSCL scheme An example of the effectiveness of using a high resolution scheme is shown in the diagram opposite, which illustrates the 1D advective equation formula_34, with a step wave propagating to the right. The simulation was carried out on a mesh of 200 cells, using the Kurganov and Tadmor central scheme with Superbee limiter and used RK-4 for time integration. This simulation result contrasts extremely well against the above first-order upwind and second-order central difference results shown above. This scheme also provides good results when applied to sets of equations - see results below for this scheme applied to the Euler equations. However, care has to be taken in choosing an appropriate limiter because, for example, the Superbee limiter can cause unrealistic sharpening for some smooth waves. The scheme can readily include diffusion terms, if they are present. For example, if the above 1D scalar problem is extended to include a diffusion term, we get for which Kurganov and Tadmor propose the following central difference approximation, Where, Full details of the algorithm ("full" and "semi-discrete" versions) and its derivation can be found in the original paper (Kurganov and Tadmor, 2000), along with a number of 1D and 2D examples. Additional information is also available in the earlier related paper by Nessyahu and Tadmor (1990). Note: This scheme was originally presented by Kurganov and Tadmor as a 2nd order scheme based upon "linear extrapolation" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5732212 | 77,811 |
Écoscience is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal originally published by Université Laval (1994-2014), and by Taylor & Francis since 2015. It was founded by Serge Payette and it covers all aspects of ecology. In 2017 it had an impact factor of 0.696. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44388548 | 159,528 |
Hot money But all too often, these capital inflows are followed by another crisis. Some commentators describe these patterns of capital flow as 'hot money' that flows from one sector or country to the next and leaves behind a trail of destruction." As mentioned above, capital in the following form could be considered hot money: The types of capital in the above categories share common characteristics: the investment horizon is short, and they can come in quickly and leave quickly. There is no well-defined method for estimating the amount of hot money flowing into a country during a period of time, because hot money flows quickly and is poorly monitored. In addition, once an estimate is made, the amount of hot money may suddenly rise or fall, depending on the economic conditions driving the flow of funds. One common way of approximating the flow of hot money is to subtract a nation’s trade surplus (or deficit) and its net flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the change in the nation's foreign reserves. (approx) = Change in foreign exchange reserves - Net exports - Net foreign direct investment usually originates from the capital-rich, developed countries that have lower GDP growth rate and lower interest rates compared to the GDP growth rate and interest rate of emerging market economies such as India, Brazil, China, Turkey, Malaysia etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=400777 | 477,255 |
Strategic management Companies that pursued the highest market share position to achieve cost advantages fit under Porter's cost leadership generic strategy, but the concept of choice regarding differentiation and focus represented a new perspective. Porter's 1985 description of the value chain refers to the chain of activities (processes or collections of processes) that an organization performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market. These include functions such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service, supported by systems and technology infrastructure. By aligning the various activities in its value chain with the organization's strategy in a coherent way, a firm can achieve a competitive advantage. Porter also wrote that strategy is an internally consistent configuration of activities that differentiates a firm from its rivals. A robust competitive position cumulates from many activities which should fit coherently together. Porter wrote in 1985: "Competitive advantage cannot be understood by looking at a firm as a whole. It stems from the many discrete activities a firm performs in designing, producing, marketing, delivering and supporting its product. Each of these activities can contribute to a firm's relative cost position and create a basis for differentiation...the value chain disaggregates a firm into its strategically relevant activities in order to understand the behavior of costs and the existing and potential sources of differentiation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239450 | 489,889 |
Fluid catalytic cracking The flow of regenerated catalyst to the feedstock injection point below the catalyst riser is regulated by a slide valve in the regenerated catalyst line. The hot flue gas exits the regenerator after passing through multiple sets of two-stage cyclones that remove entrained catalyst from the flue gas. The amount of catalyst circulating between the regenerator and the reactor amounts to about 5 kg per kg of feedstock, which is equivalent to about 4.66 kg per litre of feedstock. Thus, an FCC unit processing will circulate about 55,900 tonnes per day of catalyst. The reaction product vapors (at 535 °C and a pressure of 1.72 bar) flow from the top of the reactor to the bottom section of the main column (commonly referred to as the "main fractionator" where feed splitting takes place) where they are distilled into the FCC end products of cracked petroleum naphtha, fuel oil, and offgas. After further processing for removal of sulfur compounds, the cracked naphtha becomes a high-octane component of the refinery's blended gasolines. The main fractionator offgas is sent to what is called a "gas recovery unit" where it is separated into butanes and butylenes, propane and propylene, and lower molecular weight gases (hydrogen, methane, ethylene and ethane). Some FCC gas recovery units may also separate out some of the ethane and ethylene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3527984 | 61,448 |
Nutrient ND ULs have not been determined. NE EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66575 | 185,058 |
Squeak For each contribution made under the License since 1996, a relicensing statement was obtained authorizing distribution under the MIT license, and finally in March 2010, the end result was released as 4.0, now under combined MIT and Apache licenses. The "virtual machine" is a family of virtual machines (VMs) used in Smalltalk programming language implementations. They are an essential part of any Smalltalk implementation. All are open-source software. The current VM is a high performance dynamic translation system. The relevant code is maintained on GitHub at OpenSmalltalk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37426 | 114,146 |
Clawback The term also is in use in bankruptcy matters where insiders may have raided assets prior to a filing, and in Medicaid, when a state recovers costs of long-term care or covered medical expenses from the estates of deceased Medicaid patients. The aim of the clause is to secure an option for an employer or trustee to limit bonuses, compensation, or other remuneration in case of catastrophic shifts in business, bankruptcy, and national crisis such as the financial crisis of 2007–2008, and for states to recoup the cost of administering Medicaid services. The employees' bonuses are, in a clawback scheme, tied specifically to the performance (or lack thereof) of the financial product(s) the individual(s) may have created and/or sold as part of his or her job expecting a high profit. If the product does indeed do well over a long period of time, and permanently improves the nature of the firm, the bonuses paid to the individual are allowed to be retained by the individual. However, if the product fails, and damages the nature of the firm—even years down the line from the product's inception—then the firm has the right to revoke, reclaim, or otherwise repossess some or all of the bonus amount(s). However, research shows managers who are subject to clawback provisions that are newly in place in a company often try to offset their increased risk of bonus clawback by demanding an increase in base salary that is not subject to being clawed back | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6961332 | 491,452 |
Travicom In 1987, Sabre's success in selling to European travel agents was inhibited by the refusal of the big European carriers led by British Airways to grant the system ticketing authority for their flights, even though Sabre had obtained BSP clearance for the UK in 1986. American Airlines brought a High Court action which alleged that British Airways, after the arrival of Sabre on its doorstep, immediately offered financial incentives to travel agents who continued to use and would tie any override commissions to use of the system. British Airways eventually bought out the stakes in held by Videcom and British Caledonian to become the sole owner, and although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the US Department of Transportation and the British Monopolies Commission, BA defended the use of as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22251394 | 458,335 |
Hager Group Bocchiotti/Iboco, the Italian market leader in cable management and room distribution systems, is also part of whilst Elcom produces intercom systems for residential and office buildings. There are four different areas of application for Hager Group’s products and services: Since 2018, has been working on electromobility solutions with Audi AG. The aim of the collaboration is to connect the Audi e-Tron model with Hager Group’s Home Energy Management System (HEMS). 6% of sales are invested in research and development. In 2019, the company filed around 3,000 patents. The group employs around 800 people in research and development, which mainly focuses on electromobility, intelligent building technology (for smart homes) and energy efficiency. Between October 2010 and June 2014, sponsored football club 1. FC Saarbrücken, with a focus on promoting young talent. Since 2017, the group has been supporting the French football club Racing Club Strasbourg Alsace. This sponsorship lasts for three years. products and solutions have received several design awards, including: received the following awards for innovation: The company has won the following awards in the area of design and architecture: In the area of communication, has received the following accolades: Awards as an employer: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54256334 | 262,226 |
Management contract Since there responsibilities ranges from price negotiation to stock control they have full information about the vendors. Management responsibilities includes record of all employees, their personal information and payments procedures. companies have the information of the business finance also. This puts the business in a vulnerable position. Hiring an outside contractor makes it difficult for the business to foresee the number of conflicts that can occur. For example, businessman hires a contract management company for the operations of the company. The management company may in turn take on the management of the supplier’s company too. This can lead to several compromises in the discounts, price negotiations and suppliers way of working. There can be even more conflicts even the same management company handles the management of several competitors at same time. International management can be very risky for the management companies. If a country is going through a political or social turmoil, the manager’s life is put at risk to carry on the business in such a situation. Hotel management contract is a written agreement between the owner and the operator of the hotel. The base of this relationship is that the operator handles the day-to-day working of the hotel and takes up all the additional responsibilities such as maintenance, front office, housekeeping, handling food and beverages and sale. The management contract company has the power to recruit and fire the employees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2077890 | 482,088 |
Global union federation A global union federation is an international federation of national trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups. Previously, a GUF was referred to as an international trade secretariat (ITS). Many unions are members of one or more global union federations, relevant to the sectors where they have their members. Individual unions may also be affiliated to a national trade union center, which in turn can be affiliated to the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) or the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1448417 | 459,987 |
Tony Bradshaw Anthony David Bradshaw FRS (17 January 1926 - 21 August 2008) was a British evolutionary ecologist He was born the son of an architect in Kew, Surrey and educated at St Pauls School, Hammersmith. He read Botany at Jesus College, Cambridge and in 1947 moved to the University College of Wales, first as a research student in Aberystwyth and then as a lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Botany at Bangor. There he worked on the adaptation of plants to heavy metal pollution, demonstrating the ability of natural selection to bring about rapid evolutionary changes in natural grasses, even in very localised situations. In 1958 he accepted the Chair of Botany at the University of Liverpool where he pioneered novel ideas of restoration ecology to help recover polluted sites without the need to cover them in imported topsoil. His work on the revegetation of china clay tips in Cornwall formed the basis of the techniques behind the Eden Project. In 1982 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was President of the British Ecological Society for 1982–83 and the Inaugural President of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management in 1991–94. In 1991 he delivered the Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society on "Genostasis and the limits to Evolution". He married Betty Alliston and had 3 daughters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40655036 | 1,048 |
Bacterial translation The N-terminal effector domain of HflX binds to the peptidyl transferase center in a strikingly similar manner as that of the class I release factors and induces dramatic conformational changes in central intersubunit bridges, thus promoting subunit dissociation. Accordingly, loss of HflX results in an increase in stalled ribosomes upon heat shock and possibly other stress conditions. Several antibiotics exert their action by targeting the translation process in bacteria. They exploit the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation mechanisms to selectively inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria without affecting the host. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3264380 | 148,467 |
Meta-Object Facility MOF is a "closed" metamodeling architecture; it defines an M3-model, which conforms to itself. MOF allows a "strict" meta-modeling architecture; every model element on every layer is strictly in correspondence with a model element of the layer above. MOF only provides a means to define the structure, or abstract syntax of a language or of data. For defining metamodels, MOF plays exactly the role that EBNF plays for defining programming language grammars. MOF is a Domain Specific Language (DSL) used to define metamodels, just as EBNF is a DSL for defining grammars. Similarly to EBNF, MOF could be defined in MOF. In short, MOF uses the notion of MOF::Classes (not to be confused with UML::Classes), as known from object orientation, to define concepts (model elements) on a metalayer. MOF may be used to define object-oriented metamodels (as UML for example) as well as non object-oriented metamodels (as a Petri net or a Web Service metamodel). As of May 2006, the OMG has defined two compliance points for MOF: In June 2006, a "request for proposal" was issued by OMG for a third variant, SMOF (Semantic MOF). The variant ECore that has been defined in the Eclipse Modeling Framework is more or less aligned on OMG's EMOF. Another related standard is OCL, which describes a formal language that can be used to define model constraints in terms of predicate logic. QVT, which introduces means to query, view and transform MOF-based models, is a very important standard, approved in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145438 | 133,683 |
Broadcast delay That can also be done because of time constraints of certain portions, usually those that do not affect the outcome of the show, are edited out, or the availability of hosts or other key production staff only at certain times of the day, and it is generally applicable for cable television programs. Broadcasters across North America, particularly in the United States, regularly utilize a "west-coast delay", in which special events (including some award shows and several reality competition programs) broadcast live in the Eastern or Central time zones are then tape-delayed on the western half of the country, including California, which allows post-production staff to edit out any glitches that occurred during the live broadcast. In the U.S., however, this practice is now increasingly limited to live talent shows tape-delayed for West Coast viewers, as major awards shows, beginning the 2010s, expanded to live global telecasts, including same-time continent-wide airings. Canada and Mexico, meanwhile, have multiple time zones but have routinely televised all live events simultaneously across both countries by the turn of the 21st century. International tape delays of live global events, intended by major television networks, dominated world television until the early 2010s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1136392 | 407,088 |
Ernest Lawrence Lawrence received his medal from Carl E. Wallerstedt, Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco. Robert W. Wood wrote to Lawrence and presciently noted "As you are laying the foundations for the cataclysmic explosion of uranium ... I'm sure old Nobel would approve." In March 1940, Arthur Compton, Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant, Karl T. Compton, and Alfred Lee Loomis traveled to Berkeley to discuss Lawrence's proposal for a 184-inch cyclotron with a 4,500-ton magnet that was estimated to cost $2.65 million. The Rockefeller Foundation put up $1.15 million to get the project started. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Lawrence became drawn into military projects. He helped recruit staff for the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where American physicists developed the cavity magnetron invented by Oliphant's team in Britain. The name of the new laboratory was deliberately copied from Lawrence's laboratory in Berkeley for security reasons. He also became involved in recruiting staff for underwater sound laboratories to develop techniques for detecting German submarines. Meanwhile, work continued at Berkeley with cyclotrons. In December 1940, Glenn T. Seaborg and Emilio Segrè used the cyclotron to bombard uranium-238 with deuterons producing a new element, neptunium-238, which decayed by beta emission to form plutonium-238. One of its isotopes, plutonium-239, could undergo nuclear fission which provided another way to make an atomic bomb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39040 | 295,430 |
Trematode mitochondrial code The trematode mitochondrial code (translation table 21) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Trematoda. Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51300111 | 53,842 |
Diesel emissions scandal The Porsche Panamera equipped with the VW-EA897 engine, made by Audi, exhibited an 8.3-fold limit violation with an average NOx emissions of 1,498 mg/km, according to DUH. According to DUH data, the measurements were made at outside temperatures between +10 and +14 °C. Two Porsche Cayenne with the EA897evo engine (Euro 6) are said to have exceeded the applicable limit of 80 mg/km NOx in normal mode by 3.6 or 4.2 times. Exceeding the Cayenne in normal mode increases according to DUH in sport mode with the same driving style by two times. Also the arranged software update by the "Federal Motor Transport Authority" ("Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt") does not prevent exceeding the limit. A tested Porsche Cayenne, emission standard Euro 6, exceeds the limit by 2.4 times at +10 to +16°C with an average of 191 mg NOx /km after the software update. In addition, the vehicle with a carbon dioxide emissions of 179 g CO2/km is permitted, but in real operation on the road, according to DUH, the emissions are on average 241 g CO2/km. In addition to the diesel passenger car Audi A8 4.2 TDI with emission standard Euro 6, which according to own data was measured on average 1.422 mg NOx/km, also showed further new measurements on Audi Models High NOx Limit Exceedances. An examined Audi SQ5 plus 3.0 TDI with emission standard Euro 6, with the same engine generation (EA897evo) as the Porsche Cayenne, emits an average of 441 mg NOx/ km at outside temperatures between +4 and +11°C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53648498 | 444,767 |
Coelenterazine is a luciferin, a light-emitting molecule, found in many aquatic organisms across eight phyla. It is the substrate of many luciferases such as "Renilla reniformis" luciferase (Rluc), "Gaussia" luciferase (Gluc), and photoproteins, including aequorin, and obelin. was simultaneously isolated and characterized by two groups studying the luminescent organisms sea pansy ("Renilla reniformis") and the cnidarian "Aequorea victoria", respectively. Both groups unknowingly discovered that the same compound was used in both luminescent systems, however the name of the molecule was given after the now-obsolete phylum coelenterata. Likewise, the two main metabolites – coelenteramide and coelenteramine – were named after their respective functional groups. Despite being first discovered in "Aequorea victoria", it was later shown that they do not synthesize coelenterazine, rather they obtain it through their diet, largely from crustaceans and copepods. is widely found in marine organisms including: The compound has also been isolated from organisms that are not luminescent, such as the Atlantic herring and several shrimp species including "Pandalus borealis" and "Pandalus platyuros". Biosynthesis of coelenterazine in "Metridia" starts from two molecules of tyrosine and one molecule of phenylalanine, and some researchers believe this comes in the form of a cyclized "Phe-Tyr-Tyr" (FYY) peptide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19780493 | 147,405 |
TCP Friendly Rate Control TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) is a congestion control mechanism designed for unicast flows operating in an Internet environment and competing with TCP traffic. The goal is to compete fairly with TCP traffic on medium timescales, but to be much less variable than TCP on short timescales. TCP congestion control works by maintaining a window of bytes that have not yet been acknowledged. This window is increased by a known value(α) every round trip time if no packets (a collection of bytes traversing the network) have been lost, and is decreased by a known value(β) if packet loss is detected. Thus TCP's window (and hence throughput) is a function of the losses observed in the network and the round trip time experienced by the flow. The idea behind TFRC is to measure the loss probability and round trip time and to use these as the parameters to a model of TCP throughput. The expected throughput from this model is then used to directly drive the transmit rate of a TFRC flow. RFC 5348 - "(TFRC): Protocol Specification" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16771457 | 111,971 |
Race condition The alternative sequence of operations below demonstrates this scenario: In this case, the final value is 1 instead of the correct result of 2. This occurs because here the increment operations are not mutually exclusive. Mutually exclusive operations are those that cannot be interrupted while accessing some resource such as a memory location. Not all regard data races as a subset of race conditions. The precise definition of data race is specific to the formal concurrency model being used, but typically it refers to a situation where a memory operation in one thread could potentially attempt to access a memory location at the same time that a memory operation in another thread is writing to that memory location, in a context where this is dangerous. This implies that a data race is different from a race condition as it is possible to have nondeterminism due to timing even in a program without data races, for example, in a program in which all memory accesses use only atomic operations. This can be dangerous because on many platforms, if two threads write to a memory location at the same time, it may be possible for the memory location to end up holding a value that is some arbitrary and meaningless combination of the bits representing the values that each thread was attempting to write; this could result in memory corruption if the resulting value is one that neither thread attempted to write (sometimes this is called a 'torn write') | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=475952 | 346,290 |
Non-functional requirement In systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing "functional" requirements is detailed in the system "design". The plan for implementing "non-functional" requirements is detailed in the system "architecture", because they are usually architecturally significant requirements. Broadly, functional requirements define what a system is supposed to "do" and non-functional requirements define how a system is supposed to "be". Functional requirements are usually in the form of "system shall do <requirement>", an individual action or part of the system, perhaps explicitly in the sense of a mathematical function, a black box description input, output, process and control functional model or IPO Model. In contrast, non-functional requirements are in the form of "system shall be <requirement>", an overall property of the system as a whole or of a particular aspect and not a specific function. The system's overall properties commonly mark the difference between whether the development project has succeeded or failed. Non-functional requirements are often called "quality attributes" of a system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3069747 | 201,532 |
OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share, saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects, maintained the status quo at its June conference, and endorsed "prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers", although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties. As members grew weary of a multi-year supply-contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves, the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008. Despite many political obstacles, a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota-agreement at the November 2016 conference. The agreement (which exempted disruption-ridden members Libya and Nigeria) covered the first half of 2017 – alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members, offset by expected increases in the US shale-sector, Libya, Nigeria, spare capacity, and surging late-2016 production before the cuts took effect. Indonesia announced another "temporary suspension" of its membership rather than accepting the organization's requested 5-percent production-cut. Prices fluctuated around US$50/bbl, and in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018, with the world waiting to see if and how the oil-inventory glut might be fully siphoned-off by then | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166346 | 280,206 |
Henry Louis Le Chatelier In 1901 the critic Henri Cazalis (alias Jean Lahor), listed the workshop as one of the best producers in France of Art Nouveau ceramics. seems to have encouraged Alfred's workshop and assisted with experiments in the composition of porcelain and the reactions of quartz inclusions, and also designed a thermoelectric pyrometer to measure temperature in the kilns. Le Chatelier was named "chevalier" (knight) of the Légion d'honneur in 1887, became "officier" (officer) in 1908, "commandeur" (Knight Commander) in 1919, and was finally awarded the title of "grand officier" (Knight Grand Officer) in May 1927. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=594730 | 430,820 |
Standard test signal In telecommunication, a standard test signal is a single-frequency signal with standardized level used for testing the peak power transmission capability and for measuring the total harmonic distortion of circuits or parts of an electric circuit. Standardized test signal levels and frequencies are listed in MIL-STD-188-100 and in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 47, part 68. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41737 | 303,983 |
Reverse osmosis Additionally, the ultrafiltration permeate, which contains lactose, is concentrated by reverse osmosis from 5% total solids to 18–22% total solids to reduce crystallization and drying costs of the lactose powder. Although use of the process was once avoided in the wine industry, it is now widely understood and used. An estimated 60 reverse osmosis machines were in use in Bordeaux, France, in 2002. Known users include many of the elite-classed growths (Kramer) such as Château Léoville-Las Cases in Bordeaux. In 1946, some maple syrup producers started using reverse osmosis to remove water from sap before the sap is boiled down to syrup. The use of reverse osmosis allows about 75–90% of the water to be removed from the sap, reducing energy consumption and exposure of the syrup to high temperatures. Microbial contamination and degradation of the membranes must be monitored. When beer at normal alcohol concentration is subject to reverse osmosis, both water and alcohol pass across the membrane more readily than the other components, leaving a "beer concentrate". The concentrate is then diluted with fresh water to restore the non-volatile components to their original intensity. For small-scale hydrogen production, reverse osmosis is sometimes used to prevent formation of mineral deposits on the surface of electrodes. Many reef aquarium keepers use reverse osmosis systems for their artificial mixture of seawater | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18589212 | 290,058 |
Multi-monitor The OpenGL/DirectX programmer then renders to a very large frame buffer for output. In practice, and with recent cards, this mode is being phased out because it does not make very good use of GPU parallelism and does not support arbitrary arrangements of monitors (they must all be horizontal). A more recent technique uses the wglShareLists feature of OpenGL to share data across multiple GPUs, and then render to each individual monitor's frame buffer. Android supports an additional monitor as of version 4.2 but additional software is needed to multi-task/use both at once. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1352528 | 400,468 |
MS 1512-cB58 is a galaxy in the Boötes constellation. It is a starburst galaxy that is being strongly gravitationally lensed, magnifying its apparent size by 30−50 times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16625060 | 15,329 |
Laser cooling In an effort to lessen the effect, they applied an alternative take on cooling magnesium ions below the room temperature precedent. Using the electromagnetic trap to contain the magnesium ions, they bombarded them with a laser barely out of phase from the resonant frequency of the atoms. The research from both groups served to illustrate the mechanical properties of light. Around this time, laser cooling techniques had allowed for temperatures lowered to around 40 kelvins. William Phillips was influenced by the Wineland paper and attempted to mimic it, using neutral atoms instead of ions. In 1982, he published the first paper outlining the cooling of neutral atoms. The process he used is now known as the Zeeman slower and became one of the standard techniques for slowing an atomic beam. Now, temperatures around 240 microkelvins were reached. That threshold was the lowest researchers thought was possible. When temperatures then reached 43 microkelvins in an experiment by Steven Chu, the new low was explained by the addition of more atomic states in combination to laser polarization. Previous conceptions of laser cooling were decided to have been too simplistic. The major breakthroughs in the 70s and 80s in the use of laser light for cooling led to several improvements to preexisting technology and new discoveries with temperatures just above absolute zero | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172586 | 36,526 |
DAYDREAMER is a goal-based agent and cognitive architecture developed at University of California, Los Angeles by Erik Mueller. It models the human stream of thought and its triggering and direction by emotions, as in human daydreaming. The architecture is implemented as 12,000 lines of Lisp code. was begun by Erik Mueller in 1983 while he was studying under Michael G. Dyer in the UCLA Computer Science Department. It was completed in 1987 and was followed by the ThoughtTreasure program, which was started in 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36298401 | 242,067 |
Mitsubishi Super Shift transmission In the majority of cars, the 2 speed selector was labelled as 'Power' for the lower range, and 'Economy' for the higher range. In some cars the 2 speed selector was labelled with a star icon for the lower range and 'E' (economy) for the higher range. A dashboard light system was used to indicate which mode was selected. In practice, it was very difficult to use all 8 forward speeds in sequence because every second change required movement of both gear levers at the same time - something which was almost impossible without using both hands. Many owners settled on using the transmission in low 'Power' mode the majority of the time, and only using the secondary selector to select high 'Economy' mode when in 4th gear, effectively creating a 5th gear from 4th 'high'. Production of the Super Shift transmission ended in 1990 with the discontinuation of the Tredia and Cordia series of vehicles. The Super Shift gearbox was fitted to the following vehicles: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31728073 | 362,909 |
Siphon He concluded that: "Pressure, gravity and molecular cohesion can all be driving forces in the operation of siphons". In 2014, Hughes and Gurung (at the Queensland University of Technology), ran a water siphon under varying air pressures ranging from sea level to 11.9 km () altitude. They noted that: "Flow remained more or less constant during ascension indicating that siphon flow is independent of ambient barometric pressure". They used Bernoulli's equation and the Poiseuille equation to examine pressure differentials and fluid flow within a siphon. Their conclusion was that: "It follows from the above analysis that there must be a direct cohesive connection between water molecules flowing in and out of a siphon. This is true at all atmospheric pressures in which the pressure in the apex of the siphon is above the vapour pressure of water, an exception being ionic liquids". A plain tube can be used as a siphon. An external pump has to be applied to start the liquid flowing and "prime" the siphon (in home use this is often done by a person inhaling through the tube until enough of it has filled with liquid; this may pose danger to the user, depending on the liquid that is being siphoned). This is sometimes done with any leak-free hose to siphon gasoline from a motor vehicle's gasoline tank to an external tank. (Siphoning gasoline by mouth often results in the accidental swallowing of gasoline, or aspirating it into the lungs, which can cause death or lung damage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=459163 | 270,290 |
STAR (interbank network) STAR is an interbank network and EFTPOS network in the United States. It is the largest American interbank network, with 2 million ATMs, 134 million cardholders and over 5,700 participating financial institutions. The STAR Network began in 1984 and was acquired by First Data Corporation in 2003. The network is owned and operated by STAR Networks, a subsidiary company of First Data. The network has existed since the 1980s, and has since included several other networks, mostly in the 2000s: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4590130 | 462,309 |
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