text stringlengths 17 3.36M | source stringlengths 3 333 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 518k |
|---|---|---|
DR-DOS PalmDOS was the first operating system in the family to sport the new BDOS 7.0 kernel with native DOS compatible internal data structures instead of emulations thereof. Replacing the DOS emulation on top of a CP/M kernel by a true DOS compatible kernel helped a lot in improving compatibility with some applications using some of DOS' internal data structures and also was the key in reducing the resident size of the kernel code even further—a particular requirement for the PDA market. On the other hand, introducing a genuine Current Directory Structure (CDS) imposed a limit on the depth of working directories down to 66 characters (as in MS-DOS/PC DOS), whereas previous issues of DR DOS had no such limitation due to their internal organization of directories as relative links to parent directories instead of as absolute paths. PalmDOS still reported itself as "PC DOS 3.31" to applications in order to keep the kernel small and not run into compatibility problems with Windows, which would expect the DOSMGR API to be implemented for any DOS version since 5.0. As well as a ROM-executing kernel, PalmDOS had palmtop-type support for features such as PCMCIA PC Cards (with DPMS support), power management (BatteryMAX and the $IDLE$ device driver with its patented dynamic idle detection by Gross and John P. Constant), MINIMAX task switcher support for PIM (Personal Information Modules) applications stored and executed from ROM via XIP (Execute-In-Place), etc. The PCMCIA stack for PalmDOS was partially written by Ian H. S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66086 | 136,743 |
Erbium In the high-yttrium versions of these ore concentrates, yttrium is about two-thirds of the total by weight, and erbia is about 4–5%. When the concentrate is dissolved in acid, the erbia liberates enough erbium ion to impart a distinct and characteristic pink color to the solution. This color behavior is similar to what Mosander and the other early workers in the lanthanides would have seen in their extracts from the gadolinite minerals of Ytterby. Crushed minerals are attacked by hydrochloric or sulfuric acid that transforms insoluble rare-earth oxides into soluble chlorides or sulfates. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths into their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO. The solution is treated with magnesium nitrate to produce a crystallized mixture of double salts of rare-earth metals. The salts are separated by ion exchange. In this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent. metal is obtained from its oxide or salts by heating with calcium at under argon atmosphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9478 | 40,160 |
Blackberry Hill Hospital Patients of Glenside were assessed for capability, with many placed within the Care in the Community programme, while the residual were moved into new buildings constructed on the former Manor Park site for their long term care. Geriatric services were initially run by the Frenchay Healthcare Trust, which took in patients from a wide area. In 1997 the newly created North Bristol NHS Trust (NBT), merging the operations of Frenchay and Southmead Hospitals, took over the running of these services and focused on patients from the trust catchment area. In June 2005 NBT closed inpatient services at Blackberry Hill Hospital, transferring most services to Frenchay Hospital and Southmead Hospital, with the objective of improving services while reducing costs. Stroke services, orthopedic rehabilitation services, dementia services and intermediate care services were moved from Blackberry Hill Hospital. A small respite care service was transferred to Thornbury Hospital. Associated with the move, an inpatient service for elderly mental health patients run by Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership Trust (AWP) at Blackberry Hill was enlarged in size. Some geriatric outpatient services remained at the site, including the Memory Service. However, in 2006 AWP took over the running of the Memory Service, following the national model of Mental Health Trusts running this service | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31513373 | 362,787 |
New England Aquarium In this 2008 exhibit, visitors learned that turtles and tortoises have lived on Earth for about 300 million years, long before the dinosaurs were around, but now some turtles are faced with the threat of extinction due to pollution, habitat loss and global climate change. A temporary touch tank in 2008, home to southern stingrays, cownose rays, yellow stingrays and coral catsharks, has now become a permanent exhibit, officially named the Trust Family Foundation Shark and Ray Touch Tank. The clear, shallow water allows visitors to touch and feel the different species, watching them feed in the reconstruction of their natural mangrove and lagoon themed habitat. The tank not only promotes the animals' importance in maintaining the ecosystem, but also the maintenance humans can provide for the environment. This special program in 2007 helped visitors learn about the animals that we fear the most. The special program included an interactive passport program along with live animal presentations and a large-format, high definition shark video. Prehistoric marine reptiles appeared in 3D at the Simons IMAX Theatre in "Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure". Featured animals included the sand tiger shark, anaconda, great barracuda, electric eel, lionfish, moray eel, giant Pacific octopus and southern stingray. The is on the Central Wharf along Atlantic Avenue on the waterfront in downtown Boston and adjacent to Long Wharf and the Rose Kennedy Greenway. The Boston Harborwalk goes around the perimeter of the Aquarium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1449841 | 311,746 |
Passive matrix addressing is an addressing scheme used in early LCDs. This is a matrix addressing scheme meaning that only "m" + "n" control signals are required to address an "m" × "n" display. A pixel in a passive matrix must maintain its state without active driving circuitry until it can be refreshed again. The is divided into a row or "select signal" and a column or "video signal". The select voltage determines the row that is being addressed and all "n" pixels on a row are addressed simultaneously. When pixels on a row are being addressed, a "V" potential is applied, and all other rows are unselected with a "V" potential. The video signal or column potential is then applied with a potential for each "m" columns individually. An on-switched (lit) pixel corresponds to a "V", an off-switched (unlit) corresponds to a "V" potential. The potential across pixel at selected row "i" and column "j" is and for the unselected rows. Passive matrix addressed displays, such as Ferro Liquid Display, do not need the switch component of an active matrix display, because they have built-in bistability. Technology for electronic paper also has a form of bistability. Displays with bistable pixel elements are addressed with a passive matrix addressing scheme, whereas TFT LCD displays are addressed using active addressing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=492505 | 418,180 |
United States antitrust law However, sufficiently autonomous workers, such as professional sports players have been held to fall within antitrust provisions. Second, professional sports leagues enjoy a number of exemptions. Mergers and joint agreements of professional football, hockey, baseball, and basketball leagues are exempt. Major League Baseball was held to be broadly exempt from antitrust law in "Federal Baseball Club v. National League". Holmes J held that the baseball league's organization meant that there was no commerce between the states taking place, even though teams traveled across state lines to put on the games. That travel was merely incidental to a business which took place in each state. It was subsequently held in 1952 in "Toolson v. New York Yankees", and then again in 1972 "Flood v. Kuhn", that the baseball league's exemption was an "aberration". However Congress had accepted it, and favored it, so retroactively overruling the exemption was no longer a matter for the courts, but the legislature. In "United States v. International Boxing Club of New York", it was held that, unlike baseball, boxing was not exempt, and in "Radovich v. National Football League (NFL)", professional football is generally subject to antitrust laws. As a result of the AFL-NFL merger, the National Football League was also given exemptions in exchange for certain conditions, such as not directly competing with college or high school football. However, the 2010 Supreme Court ruling in American Needle Inc. v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92025 | 470,257 |
Washington Monument The original Society refused to recognize the takeover, so the two rival Societies existed side by side until 1858. With the Know-Nothing Party disintegrating and unable to secure contributions for the monument, it surrendered its possession of the monument to the original Society three and a half years later on . To prevent future takeovers, the U.S. Congress incorporated the Society on with a stated charter and set of rules, procedures. The American Civil War (1861–1865), halted all work on the monument, but interest grew after the war's end. Engineers studied the foundation several times to determine if it was strong enough. In 1876, the American Centennial of the Declaration of Independence, Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to finally resume construction. Before work could begin again, arguments about the most appropriate design resumed. Many people thought a simple obelisk, one without the colonnade, would be too bare. Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like "a stalk of asparagus"; another critic said it offered "little ... to be proud of." This attitude led people to submit alternative designs. Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished. The Society considered five new designs, concluding that the one by William Wetmore Story (1819–1895), seemed "vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty." Congress deliberated over those five as well as Mills's original | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167585 | 225,792 |
Boeing Everett Factory The current passenger variants in production, are capable of carrying 242–290 passengers in a typical 2-class configuration, have a range of – and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (562 mph, 902 km/h, 487 kn). Production of this plane began in 2006. In February 2011, Boeing announced that some 787 work was being moved to a plant in North Charleston, South Carolina in order to relieve overcrowding of 787s at Everett caused by large volumes of 787 orders. In July 2014, Boeing announced that the 787-10 variant, the longest variant of the 787, would be produced exclusively in South Carolina as the fuselage pieces for that variant are too large for the Dreamlifter to fit for transport to Everett. These are the 787 variants currently in production in Everett: Aircraft are delivered as a whole from the Paine Field Snohomish County Airport, adjacent to and south of the plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10380134 | 358,579 |
Regeneration (biology) For example, "Chaetopterus variopedatus" and "Branchiomma nigromaculata" can regenerate both anterior and posterior body parts after latitudinal bisection. The relationship between somatic and germline stem cell regeneration has been studied at the molecular level in the annelid "Capitella teleta". Leeches, however, appear incapable of segmental regeneration. Furthermore, their close relatives, the branchiobdellids, are also incapable of segmental regeneration. However, certain individuals, like the lumbriculids, can regenerate from only a few segments. Segmental regeneration in these animals is epimorphic and occurs through blastema formation. Segmental regeneration has been gained and lost during annelid evolution, as seen in oligochaetes, where head regeneration has been lost three separate times. Along with epimorphosis, some polychaetes like "Sabella pavonina" experience morphallactic regeneration. Morphallaxis involves the de-differentiation, transformation, and re-differentation of cells to regenerate tissues. How prominent morphallactic regeneration is in oligochaetes is currently not well understood. Although relatively under-reported, it is possible that morphallaxis is a common mode of inter-segment regeneration in annelids. Following regeneration in "L. variegatus", past posterior segments sometimes become anterior in the new body orientation, consistent with morphallaxis. Following amputation, most annelids are capable of sealing their body via rapid muscular contraction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=854081 | 150,479 |
National Microbiology Laboratory NML employs scientists (MD, PhD, and DVM), biologists, and laboratory technicians, but it also includes informatics specialists, biosafety experts, specialized operations and maintenance staff, and administrative staff, among others. In total, there are approximately 600 staff members as of 2016. NML is renowned Some recent examples of the work done by NML include their involvement in the response to the West African Ebola outbreak. For a period of about 18 months, teams from NML travelled to West Africa to aid in the diagnostics during the outbreak. They worked closely with the World Health Organization and Médecins sans frontières to ensure people were properly diagnosed so that they could be properly cared for and isolated from others to stop the spread. Also during this outbreak, a promising vaccine and treatment for Ebola that were developed at NML, in conjunction with collaborators, were fast tracked into clinical trials so that they could get to the people that needed it as soon as possible. Another accomplishment was the response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In April 2009, the Mexican national lab approached NML for assistance with identifying a respiratory virus that was causing outbreaks in Mexico. NML was able to quickly identify the new virus and recognize that it matched the virus that was beginning to circulate in the U.S. As the lead laboratory in Canada, NML rapidly developed diagnostic tests and equipped provincial labs to be able to test for the new virus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1772649 | 455,711 |
Davis's law Its earliest known appearance is in John Joseph Nutt's 1913 book "Diseases and Deformities of the Foot", where Nutt outlines the law by quoting a passage from Davis's 1867 book, "Conservative Surgery": Davis's writing on the subject exposes a long chain of competing theories on the subject of soft tissue contracture and the causes of scoliosis. Davis's comments in "Conservative Surgery" were in the form of a sharp rebuke of lectures published by Louis Bauer of the Brooklyn Medical and Surgical Institute in 1862. In his writing, Bauer averred that "a contraction of ligaments is a physiological impossibility". Bauer sided with work published in 1851 by Julius Konrad Werner, director of the Orthopedic Institute of Konigsberg, Prussia; Bauer and Werner, in turn, were contradicting research published by Jacques Mathieu Delpech in 1823. Tendons are soft tissue structures that respond to changes in mechanical loading. Bulk mechanical properties, such as modulus, failure strain, and ultimate tensile strength, decrease over long periods of disuse as a result of micro-structural changes on the collagen fiber level. In micro-gravity simulations, human test subjects can experience gastrocnemius tendon strength loss of up to 58% over a 90-day period. Test subjects who were allowed to engage in resistance training displayed a smaller magnitude of tendon strength loss in the same micro-gravity environment, but modulus strength decrease was still significant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8007886 | 162,505 |
Sexual conflict Males cannot force copulation; however, while females lay eggs fertilized from a previous mating, a new male mounts the female and guards her from other males. Although the females are larger than the males, the males are still able to grasp onto a female. Females are also known to attempt to shake off the male from her back. If she does not shake him off successfully, they mate. Sexual cannibalism contradicts the traditional male-female relationship in terms of sexual conflict. Sexual cannibalism involves females slaying and consuming males during attempted courtship or copulation, as in the interaction between male and female funnel-web spider ("Hololena curta"). A possible explanation for sexual cannibalism occurring across taxa is "paternal investment". This means that females kill and consume males, sometimes after sperm exchange, in order to enhance the quality and number of her offspring. Male consumption by females serves as a blood meal since they volunteer their soma. The idea of "paternal investment" supports the concept of female choice because female spiders consume males in order to receive an increase in quality of offspring. Males may tap into female sensory biases that may influence female mate selection. Male gift-giving spiders are known to provide gifts to females in order to avoid being eaten. This is a tactic that males may use in order to manipulate females to not kill them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6778877 | 152,629 |
John Kenneth Stille (May 8, 1930 – July 19, 1989) was an American chemist who discovered the Stille reaction. He received B.A and M.A. degrees from the University of Arizona before serving in the Navy during the Korean War. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, where he studied under Carl Shipp Marvel. Stille began his independent career at the University of Iowa in 1957 before moving to Colorado State University in 1977. While at the University of Arizona, Stille met his wife-to-be, Dolores Engelking. He and Dolores were married in 1958 and had two sons, John Robert and James Kenneth. Stille was killed at age 59 in the United Airlines Flight 232 crash at Sioux City, Iowa. In 2010, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for their work on palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The Stille reaction is a key part of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry, and it is thought that Stille was a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize before his untimely death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16288589 | 51,565 |
Christian Menn Menn has stated that an engineer achieves safety and serviceability by understanding the underlying scientific principles, but that economy and elegance are achieved through non-scientific ideas. An engineer must also have aesthetic creativity. Menn describes his bridges with abstract theoretical models which allow him to analyze bridges and find stresses and distribution of forces within the structure. Building on this framework, he is able to devise numerical calculations which can eventually be used in computer modeling of the structures. The important role of tourism in the Swiss economy has a strong influence on the types of bridges that are constructed. When choosing a bridge design, Swiss leaders prioritize the aesthetic characteristics of a bridge more highly than a country that is less tourism-driven. The need for visually appealing bridges afforded bridge designer Menn with a great opportunity. His use of pre-stressed concrete and the implementation of cable-stayed bridge decks give his designs great aesthetic appeal. was a member of the Swiss Society of Civil Engineers (SIA), the Swiss Trade Group for Bridge and Building Engineering, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), and Swiss Code-Committee for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures. Before retirement, he was a member of the ETH research committee. was awarded the 2009 IABSE International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering, and the Sunniberg Bridge won the 2001 IABSE Outstanding Structure Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4815157 | 321,571 |
Entropy (information theory) As the minuteness of Boltzmann's constant indicates, the changes in for even tiny amounts of substances in chemical and physical processes represent amounts of entropy that are extremely large compared to anything in data compression or signal processing. In classical thermodynamics, entropy is defined in terms of macroscopic measurements and makes no reference to any probability distribution, which is central to the definition of information entropy. The connection between thermodynamics and what is now known as information theory was first made by Ludwig Boltzmann and expressed by his famous equation: where formula_53 is the thermodynamic entropy of a particular macrostate (defined by thermodynamic parameters such as temperature, volume, energy, etc.), "W" is the number of microstates (various combinations of particles in various energy states) that can yield the given macrostate, and "k" is Boltzmann's constant. It is assumed that each microstate is equally likely, so that the probability of a given microstate is "p = 1/W". When these probabilities are substituted into the above expression for the Gibbs entropy (or equivalently "k" times the Shannon entropy), Boltzmann's equation results. In information theoretic terms, the information entropy of a system is the amount of "missing" information needed to determine a microstate, given the macrostate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15445 | 395,867 |
Fama-DFA Prize The is an annual prize given to authors with the best capital markets and asset pricing research papers published in the "Journal of Financial Economics". The award is named after Eugene Fama who is a co-founding advisory editor of the journal, a financial economist, a 2013 Nobel laureate in Economics, a finance professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and a research director for both the Dimensional Fund Advisors and the Center for Research in Securities Prices. Fama studied efficient markets in the efficient market hypothesis, which arose from his 1960 Ph.D. dissertation, "The Behavior of Stock Market Prices". This dissertation led to publications on random walk hypothesis theory. He is said by some as the best known financial economist in the world. In the areas of portfolio theory and asset pricing the Three-factor model he developed with Kenneth French in "The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns." in the June 1992 "Journal of Finance" is sometimes used. The prize is also co-named for the investment advisory firm, Dimensional Fund Advisors. Each year personal and student subscribers to the "Journal of Financial Economics" vote for the best paper in each of two categories after the journal's editorial office has enumerated all articles and assigned them to either the corporate finance and organizations area or the capital markets and asset pricing areas. Each subscriber may use one vote for each category | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13218231 | 511,719 |
Specified load A good example of specified loads would be the following simplified floor to ceiling sandwich load table (based on the National Building Code of Canada standards): Floor Finish (Terrazzo) per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2<br> Reinforced Concrete per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2<br> Mechanical Services = 0.14 kN/m^2<br> Electrical Services = 0.10 kN/m^2 Floor Area (110 mm thickness) = 8 m^2 Total Dead Load = (0.24 + 11*0.24 + 0.14 + 0.10)*8 = 24.96 kN In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to design loads by applying Load factors or, more generally, a form of safety factors to them. In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a Design load. Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor to try to eliminate possible confusion between Limit states design and the older Allowable stress design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=237150 | 355,711 |
Model-based reasoning From a mathematical point of view, a declarative model has much in common with the situation calculus as a logical formalization for describing a system. From a more practical perspective, a declarative model means, that the system is simulated with a game engine. A game engine takes a feature as input value and determines the output signal. Sometimes, a game engine is described as a prediction engine for simulating the world. In 1990, criticism was formulated on model-based reasoning. Pioneers of Nouvelle AI have argued, that symbolic models are separated from underlying physical systems and they fail to control robots. According to behavior-based robotics representative a reactive architecture can overcome the issue. Such a system doesn't need a symbolic model but the actions are connected direct to sensor signals which are grounded in reality. In a model-based reasoning system knowledge can be represented using causal rules. For example, in a medical diagnosis system the knowledge base may contain the following rule: In contrast in a diagnostic reasoning system knowledge would be represented through diagnostic rules such as: There are many other forms of models that may be used. Models might be quantitative (for instance, based on mathematical equations) or qualitative (for instance, based on cause/effect models.) They may include representation of uncertainty. They might represent behavior over time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2708995 | 276,712 |
Wimshurst machine Any small charge on either of the two discs suffices to begin the charging process. Suppose, therefore, that the back disc has a small, net electrostatic charge. For concreteness, assume this charge is positive (red) and that the back disc ([A] lower chain) rotates counter-clockwise (right to left). As the charged sector (moving red square) rotates to the position of the brush ([Y] down arrow tip) next to front disc ([B] upper chain near center), it induces a polarization of charge on the conducting shaft ([Y-Y1] upper horizontal black line) holding the brush, attracting negative (green) charge to the near side ([Y] upper square becoming green), so that positive (red) charge accumulates on the far side (across the disc, 180 degrees away) ([Y1] upper square becoming red). The shaft's polarized charges attach to the nearest sectors on disc B, resulting in negative charge on B [Y] closer to the original positive charge on A, and positive charge on the opposite side of B [Y1]. After an additional 45° rotation ([Z] near lower chain middle), the positive (red) charge on A (lower chain) is repelled by a positive (red) charge on B ([Z] upper chain) approaching. The first collection comb ([Z] arrow-tipped lines to triangles) encountered allows both positive (red) charges to leave the sectors neutral (squares becoming black), and accumulate in the Leyden jar anode (red triangle) attracted to the Leyden jar cathode (green triangle) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179581 | 268,198 |
Groundwater banking It will also align marginal benefit with marginal cost causing the market to come to an economically-efficient level. Water has high transaction costs and create market barriers which devalues the use to society restricting the reallocation of resources. The demand does not change when there is a market barrier so there will be many unpleasant people if they do not get their share of water. If a bank is in the process of being made the removal of market-access barriers can be part of the negotiations, but it is not necessarily the bank itself that is the cause. could reduce transaction costs because each individual won't have to analyze each transaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41719991 | 224,631 |
Zoomed video port In computing, a zoomed video port (often simply ZV port) is a unidirectional video bus allowing a device in a PC card slot to transfer video data directly into a VGA frame buffer, so as to allow laptops to display real-time video. The standard was created by the PCMCIA to allow devices such as TV tuners, video inputs and MPEG coprocessors to fit into a PC card form factor and provide a cheap solution for both the laptop manufacturer and consumer. The ZV port is a direct connection between the PC card slot and VGA controller. Video data is transferred in real time without any buffering, removing the need for bus mastering or arbitration. The ZV port was invented as an alternative to such methods as the VAFC (VESA Advanced Feature Connector). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2803058 | 103,261 |
International Electrical Congress In this article, Congresses organized by the Commission are listed under "International Electrotechnical Congresses", while other related Congresses are listed under "Related International Electrotechnical Conferences". Held from 15 September-5 October 1881, in connection with the International Exposition of Electricity. Adolphe Cochery, Minister of Posts and Telegraphs of the French Government, was the Chairman. At the Congress, William Thomson (United Kingdom), Hermann von Helmholtz (Germany), and (Italy) were elected as foreign vice-presidents. About 200-250 persons participated, and a proceedings was published in 1882. Notable participants included: Helmholtz, Clausius, Kirchoff, Werner Siemens, Ernst Mach, Rayleigh, and Lenz, among others. The three main topics for the Congress were: electrical units, improvements in international telegraphy, and various applications of electricity. The Congress resolved to endorse the 1873 British Association for the Advancement of Science proposal for defining the ohm and the volt as practical units, and also made resolutions to define ampere, coulomb and farad, as units for current, quantity, and capacity respectively, to complete the practical system. It also resolved that an international committee should conduct new tests to determine the length of the column of mercury for measuring the ohm. Held from 21–25 August, in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition, with almost 500 participants. Elisha Gray was the Congress president. A proceedings was published | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14555039 | 371,942 |
English land law According to section 2, a puisne mortgage (a second or third mortgage created after a property is already mortgaged) had to be registered before it would be binding, even though it had previously counted as a legal property right. The other important kinds of charge that had to be registered are restrictive covenants and equitable easements, a right from the Family Law Act 1996 Part IV, and an "estate contract" (i.e. either a future right to buy a property, or an option to buy). Without registration, those charges would be void, but once registered those charges would bind everyone. The registration would go against the name of the title holder, although this was sometimes prone to confusing if people occasionally used different names (e.g. Francis or Frank). If an official search of the register did not reveal any titles, then the purchaser would gain good legal rights. One glaring injustice, however, was that the House of Lords held the registration rules to be strict. In "Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Green", Walter Green gave his son, Geoffrey an option to buy the property, but did not register it. Then Walter changed his mind, and knowing that Geoffrey had not registered this estate contract, he transferred the property to his wife, Evelyne, for £500 to defeat the agreement. Although the purchaser had actual notice of Geoffrey's equitable interest, it did not matter because it was not registered | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31761911 | 362,961 |
Machlett Laboratories H Laby’s X-ray group, which was a priority research topic there. This interest was sparked by the appointment in 1889 of Professor T. R. Lyle. Lyle, who was head of the school until 1915, is thought to have been the first person in Australia to have taken an X-ray photograph iii. A photocopy of this photograph can be found in the School of Physics Archive. For this particular experiment, Lyle actually made his own x-ray tube. His successor, Laby, continued to work with X-rays. During the 1920s he worked on the X-ray spectra of atoms and in 1930 he, along with Dr C. E. Eddy, published "Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Spectroscopy" iv . Also with Eddy Laby produced the paper "Sensitivity of Atomic Analysis by X-rays". Laby went on to have an X-ray spectrograph of his own design manufactured by Adam Hilger Ltd. As well as X-ray tubes, they manufactured collimators – to define the beam size – and three marks of “Dynalyser” – an invasive instrument for measuring all the important parameters in an X-ray tube. This consisted of an HV unit insulated with SF, and an indicating unit. A separate radiation monitor could be used with this, and an oscilloscope could also be attached to this device if desired. Some 2,500 of the most recent version were sold, and this device survived the sale of the company to Varian and later buyers, being in production from the early 1980s to around 1995. There were three generations of the Dynalyzer produced. Maintenance on the Dynalyzer is available by its inventor, Dr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9894678 | 388,471 |
ORCA (computer system) ORCA exclusively used an HTTP Secure (HTTPS) connection but its designers had apparently forgotten to redirect those attempting to use the equivalent HTTP address to the HTTPS address. Anyone who incorrectly typed in an address beginning with "www" was unable to reach the system, causing many volunteers to assume that it was down. Other volunteers reported being unable to get through to technical support and found themselves receiving either a busy signal or a "try again later" message. One volunteer wrote on a Romney campaign message board: "I have called the ORCA helpline. It was supposed to be live at 5 a.m. ... still getting a recording. Com ["sic"] on Boston we can't help Mitt if you won't help us.!!!!!" Many volunteers could not get their security PINs to work. According to a campaign official in Colorado, "we were called by hundreds (or more) volunteers who couldn't use the app or the backup phone system. The usernames and passwords were wrong, but the reset password tool didn't work, and we couldn't change phone PINs. We were told the problems were limited and asked to project confidence, have people use pencil and paper, and try to submit again later. Then at 6 p.m. they admitted they had issued the wrong PINs to every volunteer in Colorado, and reissued new PINS (which also didn't work)." In North Carolina, another campaign official said that "the system went down for a half hour during peak voting, but for hundreds or more, it never worked all day... Many members of our phone bank got up and left | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37597038 | 286,415 |
Diode Non-welded contact construction utilizes the Schottky barrier principle. The metal side is the pointed end of a small diameter wire that is in contact with the semiconductor crystal. In the welded contact type, a small P region is formed in the otherwise N type crystal around the metal point during manufacture by momentarily passing a relatively large current through the device. Point contact diodes generally exhibit lower capacitance, higher forward resistance and greater reverse leakage than junction diodes. A p–n junction diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor, usually silicon, but germanium and gallium arsenide are also used. Impurities are added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called an n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called a p-type semiconductor. When the n-type and p-type materials are attached together, a momentary flow of electrons occur from the n to the p side resulting in a third region between the two where no charge carriers are present. This region is called the depletion region because there are no charge carriers (neither electrons nor holes) in it. The diode's terminals are attached to the n-type and p-type regions. The boundary between these two regions, called a p–n junction, is where the action of the diode takes place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8254 | 418,803 |
Soft chemistry (also known as chimie douce) is a type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels with reactions similar to those occurring in biological systems. The aim of the soft chemistry is to synthesize materials, drawing capacity of living beings - more or less basic - such as diatoms capable of producing glass from silicates dissolved. It is a new branch of materials science that differs from conventional solid-state chemistry and its application to the intense energy to explore the chemical inventiveness of the living world. This specialty emerged in the 1980s around the label of "chimie douce", which was first published by the French chemist, in "Le Monde", 26 October 1977. French hits, the term "soft chemistry" is employed as such in the early twenty-first century in scientific publications, English and others. His mode of synthesis is similar generally for reactions involved in the polymerizations based on organic and the establishment of solutions reactive energy intake without essential polycondensation. The fundamental interest of this kind of polymerization mineral obtained at room temperature is to preserve organic molecules or microorganisms that wishes to fit. The products obtained by means of the so-called" soft chemistry" sol-gel can be stored in several types: The early results have included the creation of glasses and ceramic with new properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26786438 | 63,106 |
Jason Nieh is a Professor of Computer Science and Co-Director of the Software Systems Laboratory at Columbia University. He is most well known for his work on virtualization. He was one of the early pioneers of operating-system-level virtualization, which led to the development of Linux containers and Docker, was an early proponent of desktop virtualization, and developed key technologies for mobile virtualization, including the Linux ARM hypervisor, KVM ARM. He was also the first to introduce virtual machines and virtual appliances to teach hands-on computer science courses such as operating systems, which has now become common practice at many universities. Nieh was the technical advisor to nine States regarding the Microsoft antitrust settlement and has been an expert witness before the United States International Trade Commission. He was Chief Scientist of Desktone, which was purchased by VMware, and currently holds the same position at Cellrox. He won the Sigma Xi Young Investigator Award, seven IBM Awards, and various best paper awards including the 2004 International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking Best Paper Award, the 2011 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles Best Paper Award, and the 2012 SIGCSE Best Paper Award. He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2019 "for contributions to operating systems, virtualization, and computer science education". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41391791 | 105,185 |
Anti-nuclear movement In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the largest anti-nuclear demonstration the country has seen. Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside RWE's headquarters in Essen. Citing the Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental activists at a U.N. meeting in April 2011 "urged bolder steps to tap renewable energy so the world doesn't have to choose between the dangers of nuclear power and the ravages of climate change". In mid-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power. In India, environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project six-reactor complex, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated following Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster and during two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured. In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant, the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2996055 | 232,710 |
Plastid Some scientists argue that plastid genome loss is unlikely since even non-photosynthetic plastids contain genes necessary to complete various biosynthetic pathways, such as heme biosynthesis. In algae, the term leucoplast is used for all unpigmented plastids. Their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants. Etioplasts, amyloplasts and chromoplasts are plant-specific and do not occur in algae. Plastids in algae and hornworts may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoids. Glaucophyte algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a peptidoglycan cell wall that is similar to that of prokaryotes. Red algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts that allow them to photosynthesize to a depth of up to 268 m. The chloroplasts of plants differ from the rhodoplasts of red algae in their ability to synthesize starch, which is stored in the form of granules within the plastids. In red algae, floridean starch is synthesized and stored outside the plastids in the cytosol. Most plants inherit the plastids from only one parent. In general, angiosperms inherit plastids from the female gamete, whereas many gymnosperms inherit plastids from the male pollen. Algae also inherit plastids from only one parent. The plastid DNA of the other parent is, thus, completely lost. In normal intraspecific crossings (resulting in normal hybrids of one species), the inheritance of plastid DNA appears to be quite strictly 100% uniparental | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=153522 | 23,949 |
Donald A. Dahlstrom Donald Albert Dahlstrom (1920 – June 16, 2004) was recognized by the AIChE as one 100 prominent chemical engineers of the modern era, for his work on liquid-solids separation, particularly with respect to the hydrocyclone. He was a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Utah, and served as President of the AIChE in 1964. Dahlstrom graduated from the University of Minnesota and gained his PhD (in metallurgy and chemical engineering) from the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1949. He served in the US Navy then worked for as the "point man" for Eimco and also worked for "Envirotech" before taking up an academic post at the University of Utah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23157885 | 205,658 |
Visibility graph In computational geometry and robot motion planning, a visibility graph is a graph of intervisible locations, typically for a set of points and obstacles in the Euclidean plane. Each node in the graph represents a point location, and each edge represents a visible connection between them. That is, if the line segment connecting two locations does not pass through any obstacle, an edge is drawn between them in the graph. When the set of locations lies in a line, this can be understood as an ordered series. Visibility graphs have therefore been extended to the realm of time series analysis. Visibility graphs may be used to find Euclidean shortest paths among a set of polygonal obstacles in the plane: the shortest path between two obstacles follows straight line segments except at the vertices of the obstacles, where it may turn, so the Euclidean shortest path is the shortest path in a visibility graph that has as its nodes the start and destination points and the vertices of the obstacles. Therefore, the Euclidean shortest path problem may be decomposed into two simpler subproblems: constructing the visibility graph, and applying a shortest path algorithm such as Dijkstra's algorithm to the graph. For planning the motion of a robot that has non-negligible size compared to the obstacles, a similar approach may be used after expanding the obstacles to compensate for the size of the robot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1448291 | 109,275 |
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a mixture. By convention, relative volatility is usually denoted as formula_1. Relative volatilities are used in the design of all types of distillation processes as well as other separation or absorption processes that involve the contacting of vapor and liquid phases in a series of equilibrium stages. Relative volatilities are not used in separation or absorption processes that involve components reacting with each other (for example, the absorption of gaseous carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide). For a liquid mixture of two components (called a "binary mixture") at a given temperature and pressure, the relative volatility is defined as When their liquid concentrations are equal, more volatile components have higher vapor pressures than less volatile components. Thus, a formula_3 value (= formula_4) for a more volatile component is larger than a formula_3 value for a less volatile component. That means that formula_1 ≥ 1 since the larger formula_3 value of the more volatile component is in the numerator and the smaller formula_3 of the less volatile component is in the denominator. formula_1 is a unitless quantity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13493012 | 90,069 |
Telecommunications engineering As civil engineers, OSP engineers are responsible for drafting plans, either by hand or using Computer-aided design (CAD) software, for how telecom plant facilities will be placed. Often when working with municipalities trenching or boring permits are required and drawings must be made for these. Often these drawings include about 70% or so of the detailed information required to pave a road or add a turn lane to an existing street. Structural calculations are required when boring under heavy traffic areas such as highways or when attaching to other structures such as bridges. As civil engineers, telecom engineers provide the modern communications backbone for all technological communications distributed throughout civilizations today. Unique to telecom engineering is the use of air-core cable which requires an extensive network of air handling equipment such as compressors, manifolds, regulators and hundreds of miles of air pipe per system that connects to pressurized splice cases all designed to pressurize this special form of copper cable to keep moisture out and provide a clean signal to the customer. As political and social ambassador, the OSP engineer is a telephone operating company's face and voice to the local authorities and other utilities. OSP engineers often meet with municipalities, construction companies and other utility companies to address their concerns and educate them about how the telephone utility works and operates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8774050 | 300,085 |
Jukebox One example is the Seeburg 3W1, introduced in 1949 as companion to the 100-selection Model M100A jukebox. Stereo sound became popular in the early 1960s, and wallboxes of the era were designed with built-in speakers to provide patrons a sample of this latest technology. Initially jukeboxes playing "recorded" music were playing music recorded on wax cylinders. In the early part of the 20th century, the shellac 78 rpm record dominated jukeboxes. In 1950, the Seeburg Corporation introduced an all 45 rpm vinyl record jukebox. Since the 45s were smaller and lighter, they soon became the dominant jukebox media for the last half of the 20th century. 33⅓ RPM, CDs, and videos on DVDs were all introduced and used in the last decades of the century. MP3 downloads, and Internet-connected media players came in at the start of the 21st century. The jukebox's history has followed the wave of technological improvements in music reproduction and distribution. With its large speaker size, facilitating low-frequency (rhythm) reproduction, and large amplifier, the jukebox played sound with higher quality and volume than the listener could in his or her home, sometimes music with a "beat" (strong bass, made possible by the large speakers). While often associated with early rock and roll music (which by at least one source is said to have begun in the mid 1940s), the popularity of jukeboxes extends back much earlier, including classical music, opera and the swing music era (originating in the 1930s) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77882 | 208,399 |
Kondo model As this method is perturbative in J, it becomes invalid when J becomes large, so this method did not truly solve the Kondo problem, although it did hint at the way forward. The Kondo problem was finally solved when Kenneth Wilson applied the numerical renormalization group to the and showed that the resistivity goes to a constant as temperature goes to zero. There are many variants of the Kondo model. For instance, the spin-1/2 can be replaced by a spin-1 or even a greater spin. The two-channel is a variant of the which has the spin-1/2 coupled to two independent noninteracting bands. One can also consider the ferromagnetic (i.e. the standard with J > 0). The is intimately related to the Anderson impurity model, as can be shown by Schrieffer–Wolff transformation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33331939 | 76,997 |
St. Charles Municipal Building He wanted to build a building and donate it to them after it was completed. We had to do a little research, just what do you have in a city hall? What he wanted was the municipal offices in the building, but with a wing to the side for an industrial museum. That's what it was intended to be. However, it wasn't really industry, it was principally historical... He was very pleased with it, and very proud of it. "The village was delighted to receive it", but Coder Taylor recalled that Col. Baker did not allow city officials to be involved with the project: "He didn't care for the mayor, he didn't care for any of the councilmen, the staff didn't matter anyway, the city collector and all this. He didn't give them the opportunity to comment. We designed it without conferences with anybody, and we supervised the construction." The Municipal Building was described as "an unusual building in many respects" and is iconic of the City of St. Charles. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 in the category of Architecture/Engineering. The building's design was inspired by the Art Deco movement, but its architectural style has been characterized as Moderne. The National Register nomination characterizes it as Moderne rather than Art Deco due to the fact that it "is an example of the phase of design after 1930 in which buildings were drastically stripped of surface ornaments and windows were grouped in bands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12665134 | 348,283 |
Automotive lighting This type of identification lamp is optional in Australia and is usually made up of three stop,tail lamps giving such equipped trailers a 3rd brake light. UN Regulation 48 requires vehicles exceeding 2.10 meters in width to be equipped with left and right white front and red rear end-outline marker lamps, which serve a purpose comparable to that of the American clearance lamp, i.e. to indicate clearly the vehicle's overall width and height. The front clearance lamp may be amber in Australia and New Zealand. US and Canadian regulations require large vehicles to be equipped with amber side marker lights and reflectors mounted midway between the front and rear side markers. Australian Design Rule 45/01 provides for side marker lights on trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side. Until about the 1970s in France, Spain, Morocco, and possibly other countries, many commercial vehicles and some Soviet road trains from "Sovtransavto" had a green light mounted on the rear offside. This could be operated by the driver to indicate that it was safe for the following vehicle to overtake. The hazard warning signal (sometimes called the "hazard warning flashers", "hazard warning lights", "emergency lights", "4-way flashers", "hazards", or "flashers") is provided by flashing all of a vehicle's left and right turn signals simultaneously and in phase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2357908 | 372,695 |
Mecanum wheel The is a omnidirectional wheel design for a land-based vehicle to move in any direction. It is sometimes called the Ilon wheel after its inventor, Bengt Erland Ilon (1923-2008), who came up with the concept while working as an engineer with the Swedish company Mecanum AB, and patented it in the United States on November 13, 1972. The is based on a tireless wheel, with a series of rubberized external rollers obliquely attached to the whole circumference of its rim. These rollers typically each have an axis of rotation at 45° to the wheel plane and at 45° to the axle line. Each is an independent non-steering drive wheel with its own powertrain, and when spinning generates a propelling force perpendicular to the roller axle, which can be vectored into a longitudinal and a transverse component in relation to the vehicle. The typical Mecanum design is the four-wheel configuration as demonstrated by one of the URANUS omni-directional mobile robot (pictured) or a wheelchair with Mecanum wheels (similar to that pictured)., with an alternating with left- and right-handed rollers whose axles at the top of the wheel are parallel to the diagonal of the vehicle frame (and hence perpendicular to the diagonal when at where the bottom of the wheel contacts the ground). In such a way, each wheel will generate a thrust roughly parallel to the corresponding frame diagonal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3701507 | 427,466 |
System analysis The difference can be explained by considering the meaning of memory in a system. Future output of a system with memory depends on future input and a number of state variables, such as values of the input or output at various times in the past. If the number of state variables necessary to describe future output is finite, the system is lumped; if it is infinite, the system is distributed. Finally, systems may be characterized by certain properties which facilitate their analysis: There are many methods of analysis developed specifically for linear time-invariant ("LTI") deterministic systems. Unfortunately, in the case of analog systems, none of these properties are ever perfectly achieved. Linearity implies that operation of a system can be scaled to arbitrarily large magnitudes, which is not possible. Time-invariance is violated by aging effects that can change the outputs of analog systems over time (usually years or even decades). Thermal noise and other random phenomena ensure that the operation of any analog system will have some degree of stochastic behavior. Despite these limitations, however, it is usually reasonable to assume that deviations from these ideals will be small. As mentioned above, there are many methods of analysis developed specifically for LTI systems. This is due to their simplicity of specification. An LTI system is completely specified by its transfer function (which is a rational function for digital and lumped analog LTI systems) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=91182 | 381,266 |
Chromophore ("Conjugated systems of fewer than eight conjugated double bonds absorb only in the ultraviolet region and are colorless to the human eye", "Compounds that are blue or green typically do not rely on conjugated double bonds alone.") In the conjugated chromophores, the electrons jump between energy levels that are extended pi orbitals, created by a series of alternating single and double bonds, often in aromatic systems. Common examples include retinal (used in the eye to detect light), various food colorings, fabric dyes (azo compounds), pH indicators, lycopene, β-carotene, and anthocyanins. Various factors in a chromophore's structure go into determining at what wavelength region in a spectrum the chromophore will absorb. Lengthening or extending a conjugated system with more unsaturated (multiple) bonds in a molecule will tend to shift absorption to longer wavelengths. Woodward–Fieser rules can be used to approximate ultraviolet-visible maximum absorption wavelength in organic compounds with conjugated pi-bond systems. Some of these are metal complex chromophores, which contain a metal in a coordination complex with ligands. Examples are chlorophyll, which is used by plants for photosynthesis and hemoglobin, the oxygen transporter in the blood of vertebrate animals. In these two examples, a metal is complexed at the center of a tetrapyrrole macrocycle ring: the metal being iron in the heme group (iron in a porphyrin ring) of hemoglobin, or magnesium complexed in a chlorin-type ring in the case of chlorophyll | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193362 | 21,305 |
Gossip can: Mary Gormandy White, a human resource expert, gives the following "signs" for identifying workplace gossip: White suggests "five tips ... [to] handle the situation with aplomb: Peter Vajda identifies gossip as a form of workplace violence, noting that it is "essentially a form of attack." is thought by many to "empower one person while disempowering another" (Hafen). Accordingly, many companies have formal policies in their employee handbooks against gossip. Sometimes there is room for disagreement on exactly what constitutes unacceptable gossip, since workplace gossip may take the form of offhand remarks about someone's tendencies such as "He always takes a long lunch," or "Don’t worry, that’s just how she is." TLK Healthcare cites as examples of gossip, "tattletailing to the boss without intention of furthering a solution or speaking to co-workers about something someone else has done to upset us." Corporate email can be a particularly dangerous method of gossip delivery, as the medium is semi-permanent and messages are easily forwarded to unintended recipients; accordingly, a Mass High Tech article advised employers to instruct employees against using company email networks for gossip. Low self-esteem and a desire to "fit in" are frequently cited as motivations for workplace gossip | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12616 | 497,100 |
Moneythink Another leading driver discovered by the organization was inaccurate information about the bottom-line costs of attendance. This was underscored by the often misleading and inconsistent financial aid award letters that were sent by colleges to accepted students. Without any existing solutions for financial aid award letter comparison, the organization, again, saw another opportunity. Leveraging nearly a decade of work in tech-driven financial capability solutions for youth, doubled-down on a new product launch: using optical character recognition and machine learning software to convert financial aid award images into cohesive, understandable, easy-to-compare formats – particularly for low-income and 1st-generation students. is creating a public-facing, no-cost Award Comparison Tool that helps low-income and 1st-gen students to plan for, cover, and manage all of their college costs through a healthy mix of aid, savings, loans, and work. The nation’s $1.6T in student debt is fueled by opaque pricing in higher education. Financial aid awards are a big part of the problem. Award Comparison Tool allows students and their families to: Award comparison technology takes the guesswork out of college affordability: Award Compare tool to help all stakeholders in college planning: The Award Comparison Tool drives systems change in three key ways: 1) as the primary affordability, budgeting, and payment tool for low-income and 1st-generation students | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40316136 | 274,331 |
SR protein SR proteins interact with CDK9, the kinase component of P-TEFb leading to the phosphorylation of Ser2. SR proteins bind to the phosphorylated Ser2 on the CTD. The positioning of SR proteins on the RNA polymerase II allows the SR proteins to "see" the new RNA transcript first. SR proteins then moves from the RNA polymerase II to the pre-mRNA transcript. Once on the new RNA transcript, SR proteins can then stimulate the formation of the spliceosome. SR proteins promote the binding of U1 snRNP and U2AF snRNP to the new RNA transcript to begin the formation of the spliceosome. SR proteins also help U2 recognize and bind to the branch site of the intron that is to be excised. Later in spliceosome formation, SR proteins help recruit U4/U6 and U5 snRNPs. SR proteins are important for selecting splice sites for alternative splicing. SR proteins recognize intron and exon enhancers and silencers. SR proteins combine with SR-like proteins to select exon splicing enhancers on RNA transcripts causing U2 snRNP to bind to the upstream, adjacent branch site causing spliceosome assembly at the specific 3' site selected by the SR proteins. SR proteins' alternative splicing promoting activities are in contrast to those of hnRNPs. hnRNPs bind to exon splicing silencers, ESS, and inhibit the inclusion of exons, thus hnRNPs are splicing repressors. SR proteins and hnRNPs compete for binding to ESEs and ESSs sequences in exons. Binding is based on concentrations of SR proteins and hnRNPs in cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1138554 | 148,895 |
Surface-mount technology The components to be placed on the boards are usually delivered to the production line in either paper/plastic tapes wound on reels or plastic tubes. Some large integrated circuits are delivered in static-free trays. Numerical control pick-and-place machines remove the parts from the tapes, tubes or trays and place them on the PCB. The boards are then conveyed into the reflow soldering oven. They first enter a pre-heat zone, where the temperature of the board and all the components is gradually, uniformly raised. The boards then enter a zone where the temperature is high enough to melt the solder particles in the solder paste, bonding the component leads to the pads on the circuit board. The surface tension of the molten solder helps keep the components in place, and if the solder pad geometries are correctly designed, surface tension automatically aligns the components on their pads. There are a number of "techniques" for reflowing solder. One is to use infrared lamps; this is called infrared reflow. Another is to use a hot gas convection. Another technology which is becoming popular again is special fluorocarbon liquids with high boiling points which use a method called vapor phase reflow. Due to environmental concerns, this method was falling out of favor until lead-free legislation was introduced which requires tighter controls on soldering. At the end of 2008, convection soldering was the most popular reflow technology using either standard air or nitrogen gas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=232333 | 409,729 |
Life Sciences Research Office Life Sciences Research Organization (LSRO) is a non-profit organization based in Maryland, United States, that specializes in assembling "ad hoc" expert panels to evaluate scientific literature, data, systems, and proposals in the biomedical sciences. LSRO was founded in 1962 as an office within the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to fulfill a US military need for independent scientific counsel. In 2000, LSRO became an independent non-profit organization. It changed its name from to Life Sciences Research Organization in 2010, and in that same year announced the formation of LSRO Solutions which along with LSRO provides independent, impartial scientific analysis and advice. The organization has a reputation for conducting studies on politically charged issues which are of concern to federal agencies or corporations. Some issues include the dental amalgam controversy, dietary supplement monitoring, and "reduced risk" cigarette products. It has faced scrutiny for its private clients, particularly in relation to tobacco research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3563258 | 144,935 |
Nokia Lumia 800 WiFi sync is also available when the phone is charging and connected to the same network as the host PC. Lumia 800 includes the Windows Phone feature of up to 25 GB free OneDrive storage in Microsoft's cloud service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32542292 | 281,536 |
Fort Lee, New Jersey Fort Lee is protected around the clock by the volunteer firefighters of the Fort Lee Fire Department, which was founded in 1888 when the borough was still a part of Ridgefield Township and operates out of four fire stations. The Fort Lee Fire Department operates a fire apparatus fleet of six engines, two trucks, one rescue, one squad, two support services units, two support vans, a mobile air unit, four command vehicles and six fire prevention units. The Fort Lee Fire Department's volunteer fire companies respond to, on average, approximately 1,800 emergency calls annually. The Fort Lee School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 4,103 students and 301.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.6:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are School 1 (761 students in grades K-4), School 2 (493; PreK-4), School 3 (596; K-4), School 4 (614; K-4), Lewis F. Cole Intermediate School / Lewis F. Cole Middle School (585; 5-8) and Fort Lee High School (1,012; 9-12). During the 2010–11 school year, School #3 was awarded the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive, one of only ten schools statewide to be honored. The school was one of three in Bergen County honored that year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=136882 | 279,231 |
GLONASS Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations: the original (since 1982), GLONASS-M (since 2003) and GLONASS-K (since 2011). Each satellite has a GRAU designation 11F654, and each of them also has the military "Cosmos-NNNN" designation. The true first generation of (also called Uragan) satellites were all three-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were upgraded to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary improvements. Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 1985–1986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a two-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987, of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents. The six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked well, operating for an average of nearly 22 months. Block IIv was the most prolific of the first generation. Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005, a total of 56 satellites were launched. The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late model lasting 68 months, nearly double | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46149 | 292,011 |
Syncytium This is probably important to limit the exchange of migratory cells between the developing embryo and the body of the mother, as some blood cells are specialized to be able to insert themselves between adjacent epithelial cells. The syncytial epithelium of the placenta does not provide such an access path from the maternal circulation into the embryo. Much of the body of Hexactinellid sponges is composed of syncitial tissue. This allows them to form their large siliceous spicules exclusively inside their cells. The fine structure of tegument is essentially the same in both the cestodes and trematodes. A typical tegument is 7-16 μm thick, with distinct layers. It is a syncytium consisting of multinucleated tissues with no distinct cell boundaries. The outer zone of the syncytium, called the "distal cytoplasm," is lined with a plasma membrane. This plasma membrane is in turn associated with a layer of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules known as the glycocalyx, that varies in thickness from one species to another. The distal cytoplasm is connected to the inner layer called the "proximal cytoplasm", which is the "cellular region or cyton or perikarya" through cytoplasmic tubes that are composed of microtubules. The proximal cytoplasm contains nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, ribosomes, glycogen deposits, and numerous vesicles. The internal most layer is bounded by a layer of connective tissue known as the "basal lamina". The basal lamina is followed by a thick layer of muscle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=571538 | 167,578 |
Elektrizitätsmuseum The (Museum of Electricity) is in Münchenstein, in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland. The belongs to the electric utility Elektra Birseck Münchenstein (EBM), and was opened in 1997. Exhibits explore the history and development of power production and its use. The collection contains rare historic equipment and is complemented by a laboratory in which visitors can experiment with electric power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22191625 | 398,757 |
Hippo signaling pathway Hpo (MST1/2 in mammals) is a member of the Ste-20 family of protein kinases. This highly conserved group of serine/threonine kinases regulates several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and various stress responses. Once phosphorylated, Wts (LATS1/2 in mammals) becomes active. Misshapen (Msn, MAP4K4/6/7 in mammals) and Happyhour (Hppy, MAP4K1/2/3/5 in mammals) act in parallel to Hpo to activate Wts. Wts is a nuclear DBF-2-related kinase. These kinases are known regulators of cell cycle progression, growth, and development. Two proteins are known to facilitate the activation of Wts: Salvador (Sav) and Mob as tumor suppressor (Mats). Sav (WW45 in mammals) is a WW domain-containing protein, meaning that this protein contains a sequence of amino acids in which a tryptophan and an invariant proline are highly conserved. Hpo can bind to and phosphorylate Sav, which may function as a scaffold protein because this Hpo-Sav interaction promotes phosphorylation of Wts. Hpo can also phosphorylate and activate Mats (MOBKL1A/B in mammals), which allows Mats to associate with and strengthen the kinase activity of Wts. Activated Wts can then go on to phosphorylate and inactivate the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Yki is unable to bind DNA by itself. In its active state, Yki binds to the transcription factor Scalloped (Sd), and the Yki-Sd complex becomes localized to the nucleus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22108748 | 16,796 |
Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa Only Kuwait, Libya, Oman, and Singapore receive less rain annually than Jordan or Israel. Syria and Lebanon, in contrast, receive enough rainfall to support agriculture and recharge underground aquifers. As stated earlier, while northern parts of Jordan and Israel receive 110 cm of annual rainfall, central Jordan and the West Bank receive 20 mcm/y. Only 3 mcm/y of this water is usable, however. Israel uses roughly 850 MCM/Y of groundwater, 400 MCM/Y of which come from the Mountain Aquifer. In 1964, Israel began to withdraw 320 MCM/Y from the Jordan River for the National Water Carrier. By 1967, Israel’s National Water Carrier was extracting almost 70 percent of the Jordan River before it reached the Palestinians in the West Bank. In the 1980s, Israeli settlers consumed seven times more water than Arab farmers. Other sources show a smaller, yet still sizeable difference. Per a September 2000 study, Israel uses 1180 MCM/Y, or 62 percent of its total annual water supply on agriculture. In comparison, Jordan uses 67 MCM/Y, or 74 percent of its total water supply on agriculture. Roughly 48 percent of Israel’s average annual water usage of 1,950 MCM/Y comes from territory captured in 1967. 400 MCM/Y of this comes from ground water in the West Bank, while 450 MCM/Y comes from the upper Jordan River and the Golan Heights. As early as 1981, however, Israel was exploiting 99 percent of its available water resources | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35427527 | 325,873 |
Disulfiram Recent phase II dose-escalation studies in patients with HIV who are controlled on antiretroviral therapy have observed an increase in cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA with increasing exposure to disulfiram and its metabolites. is also being investigated in combination with vorinostat, another investigational latency reversing agent, to treat HIV. Though the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the US has not set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for disulfiram in the workplace, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 2 mg/m and recommended that workers avoid concurrent exposure to ethylene dibromide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243387 | 141,629 |
Parity (physics) If we can show that the vacuum state is invariant under parity, formula_80, the Hamiltonian is parity invariant formula_81 and the quantization conditions remain unchanged under parity, then it follows that every state has good parity, and this parity is conserved in any reaction. To show that quantum electrodynamics is invariant under parity, we have to prove that the action is invariant and the quantization is also invariant. For simplicity we will assume that canonical quantization is used; the vacuum state is then invariant under parity by construction. The invariance of the action follows from the classical invariance of Maxwell's equations. The invariance of the canonical quantization procedure can be worked out, and turns out to depend on the transformation of the annihilation operator: where p denotes the momentum of a photon and ± refers to its polarization state. This is equivalent to the statement that the photon has odd intrinsic parity. Similarly all vector bosons can be shown to have odd intrinsic parity, and all axial-vectors to have even intrinsic parity. A straightforward extension of these arguments to scalar field theories shows that scalars have even parity, since This is true even for a complex scalar field. ("Details of spinors are dealt with in the article on the "Dirac equation", where it is shown that fermions and antifermions have opposite intrinsic parity.") With fermions, there is a slight complication because there is more than one spin group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1240666 | 442,682 |
Lattice and bridged-T equalizers Solution of the four simultaneous equations derived from this data gave from which Zobel’s design data gave the following component values: In the case of the right-hand lattice chosen by Zobel, the attenuation constant has the same value at low and high frequencies, so P = F and it has a peak in the response near the resonant frequency of C and L. The attenuation linear equation for this lattice is formula_22 The expression for attenuation constant of the right hand lattice has P = F, Q = 1 and P = F.Q, so data was needed to solve for P, P, Q and Q. The data used was: at f = 0 Hz, A = 0.796 neper; at f= 3000 Hz, A = 0.747 neper; at f = 4000 Hz, A = 0.530 neper; at f = 4500 Hz, A = 0.300 neper. The solution of the four simultaneous equations derived from this data gave Using this data, Zobel’s design equations for this lattice gave following component values: The final results are shown in the figure below. Plot 1 of the figure shows the initial response of the cable run that was to be corrected. The compensation achieved by the left-hand (low frequency) lattice, alone, is shown in Plot 2. Finally, total compensation is shown in Plot 3, when the right-hand lattice is also included. Bode devoted Chapter XII of his well known book to the topic of equalizers. He pointed out that all transfer functions could be made up from a cascade of first and second order constant-resistance lattices which, of course, includes equalizer networks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55717769 | 404,186 |
Speedometer Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy. On 1 September 1979 the NHTSA required speedometers to have special emphasis on 55 mph and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph. On 25 March 1982 the NHTSA revoked the rule because no "significant safety benefits" could come from maintaining the standard. GPS devices are positional speedometers, based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement. Its speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle's speedometer (wheel size, transmission/drive ratios). Instead, the GPS's positional accuracy, and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed, is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time. Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds, when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower. The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error. Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under report the speed by the road's gradient. As mentioned in the satnav article, GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed. That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged; logs from the vehicle's speedometer could likely have been used instead, had they existed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=576681 | 430,738 |
C7H5NO3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23908999 | 29,863 |
Javier Perez-Capdevila According to Perez-Capdevila, the use of limited options to assess impacts, as well as equal weighting among all Strengths, Opportunities, Weaknesses or Threats. According to him, it is a model that does not fit reality. He proposed an alternative procedure to carry out this analysis, where he addresses the problem of inconsistency that could be generated in expert votes. He directed the first study of perception of science and technology that was carried out in Cuba, taking as a context the Guantanamo province where he resides, and stood out as a researcher in the first study of evaluation of sustainability in Cuba], in collaboration with several Cuban and Spanish universities. Contributed two new concepts: return potential and immigration potential, whose application is intended for the repopulation process of the Cuban mountains. He has written several books and scientific articles among which "The Age of Knowledge", "Definition, measurement and maps of labor competencies" and "Science and technology from a popular point of view" stand out. Notes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50487390 | 469,441 |
Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 Today, bayonets are rarely used in combat. However, both the AK-47 and M16 retain bayonet lugs and bayonets are still issued. Also, bayonets are still used for controlling prisoners and as a weapon of "last resort". In addition, some authorities have concluded that bayonets serve as useful training aids in building morale and increasing desired aggression in troops. The M16 is 44.25 inches (1124mm) long with an M7 bayonet attached. The M7 bayonet is based on earlier designs such as the M4, M5, & M6 bayonets, all of which are direct descendants of the M3 Fighting Knife and have spear-point blade with a half sharpened secondary edge. The newer M9 bayonet has a clip-point blade with saw teeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its scabbard. The current USMC OKC-3S bayonet bears a resemblance to the Marines' iconic Ka-Bar fighting knife with serrations near the handle. The AK is 40.15 inches (1020mm) long with an AKM type bayonet attached. The AK-47 has an adequate but unremarkable bayonet. However, the AKM Type I bayonet (introduced in 1959) was a revolutionary design. It has a Bowie style (clip-point) blade with sawteeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its steel scabbard. This design was copied by other nations and formed the basis of the US M9 bayonet. The AK-74 bayonet (introduced in 1983) represents a further refinement of the AKM bayonet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2471637 | 280,500 |
Cache (computing) Due to the inherent caching capability of the nodes in an ICN, it can be viewed as a loosely connected network of caches, which has unique requirements of caching policies. However, ubiquitous content caching introduces the challenge to content protection against unauthorized access, which requires extra care and solutions. Unlike proxy servers, in ICN the cache is a network-level solution. Therefore, it has rapidly changing cache states and higher request arrival rates; moreover, smaller cache sizes further impose a different kind of requirements on the content eviction policies. In particular, eviction policies for ICN should be fast and lightweight. Various cache replication and eviction schemes for different ICN architectures and applications have been proposed. The Time aware Least Recently Used (TLRU) is a variant of LRU designed for the situation where the stored contents in cache have a valid life time. The algorithm is suitable in network cache applications, such as Information-centric networking (ICN), Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and distributed networks in general. TLRU introduces a new term: TTU (Time to Use). TTU is a time stamp of a content/page which stipulates the usability time for the content based on the locality of the content and the content publisher announcement. Owing to this locality based time stamp, TTU provides more control to the local administrator to regulate in network storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6829 | 135,075 |
Generation ship A smaller spacecraft, while able to accelerate more easily and thus make higher cruise velocities more practical, would reduce exposure to cosmic radiation and the time for malfunctions to develop in the craft, but would have challenges with resource metabolic flow and ecologic balance. Generation ships travelling for long periods of time may see breakdowns in social structures. Changes in society (for example, mutiny) could occur over such periods and may prevent the ship from reaching its destination. This state was described by Algis Budrys in a 1966 book review: Robert A. Heinlein's "Orphans of the Sky" (the "impeccable statement of this theme", Budrys said) and Brian Aldiss's "Non-Stop" (U.S. title: "Starship") discussed such societies. The radiation environment of deep space is very different from that on the Earth's surface, or in low earth orbit, due to the much larger influx of high-energy galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Like other ionizing radiation, high-energy cosmic rays can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer, cataracts, and neurological disorders. One known practical solution to this problem is surrounding the crewed parts of the ship with a thick enough shielding such as a thick layer of maintained ice as proposed in "The Songs of Distant Earth", a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke (note: in this book the ship's mammoth ice shield is only in the forward part of the ship, preventing micrometeors from damaging the ship during its interstellar journey) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85620 | 268,930 |
Yoelle Maarek is a vice president at Amazon, responsible for Amazon's Alexa Shopping Research. Maarek did her undergraduate studies at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, earned a diplôme d'études approfondies from Pierre and Marie Curie University, and completed her doctorate at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1989, under the supervision of Daniel M. Berry. She worked at IBM from 1989 until 2006, and became a distinguished engineer at IBM before moving to Google. In 2006, she founded the Google Haifa Engineering Center in Haifa, Israel, where one of her key projects involved autocompletion for Google and YouTube queries. During 2009-2017 she worked in Yahoo research in Israel. From August 2017 she joined Amazon's Alexa Shopping Research. Maarek has served as program committee co-chair for WWW 2009, WSDM 2012 and SIGIR 2012. She is also a member of the Board of Governors of the Technion. In 2013, Maarek was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to industrial leadership and to information retrieval and web search." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46991856 | 123,129 |
Ultra-large-scale systems The envisioned outcome of the proposed research is a spectrum of technologies and methods for developing these systems of the future, with national-security, economic, and societal benefits that extend far beyond ULS systems themselves. The UK’s research programme in Large-scale Complex IT Systems has been concerned with issues around ULSS development and considers that an LSCITS (Large-scale complex IT system) shares many of the characteristics of a ULSS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17894942 | 289,559 |
Solid nitrogen A possible explanation of this observed phenomenon is that the sun shines through the transparent layer of nitrogen ice, heating the layers beneath. Nitrogen sublimes and eventually erupts through holes in the upper layer, carrying dust along with it and creating dark streaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47887874 | 46,144 |
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. The technique was developed by E. S. Watson and M. J. O'Neill in 1962, and introduced commercially at the 1963 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy. The first adiabatic differential scanning calorimeter that could be used in biochemistry was developed by P. L. Privalov and D. R. Monaselidze in 1964 at Institute of Physics in Tbilisi, Georgia. The term DSC was coined to describe this instrument, which measures energy directly and allows precise measurements of heat capacity. Types of DSC: The basic principle underlying this technique is that when the sample undergoes a physical transformation such as phase transitions, more or less heat will need to flow to it than the reference to maintain both at the same temperature. Whether less or more heat must flow to the sample depends on whether the process is exothermic or endothermic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=97914 | 192,825 |
Sensor-based sorting The applicable top size of the chute-type machine is bigger, as material handling of particles up to is only technically viable on this setup. The cost for most average farmers and industry workers is around half a grand for the study and ergonomic design of the sensor. The sensor itself is still a prototype not yet built but looking to be approved by fda around 2003 The belt-type machine is generally more applicable to smaller and to adhesive feed. In addition, the feed presentation is more stable which makes it more applicable for more difficult and heterogienous applications. The separation in both machine types comprises the following sub-processes: A sized screen fraction with a size range coefficient (d95/d5) of 2-5 (optimal 2-3) is fed onto a vibratory feeder which has the function to create a mono-layer, by pre-accelerating the particles. A common misunderstanding in plant design is, that you can use the vibratory feeder to discharge from a buffer bunker but a separate units needs to be applied, since the feed distribution is very important to the efficiency of the sensor-based sorter and different loads on the feeder change its position and vibration characteristics. The feed is then transferred to the presentation mechanism which is the belt or the chute in the two main machine types respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34076303 | 220,399 |
Devipuram Thus, even more than providing a home for Devi and an idol through which Hindus can worship her, this yantra teaches that while there are many aspects of the divine, the gods are ultimately all one entity. Devi is a whole entity, comprising every god and living within every deity. Through their study of the Sri Chakra, devotees learn that they and their peers are, like the gods, all one. They learn that Devi lives in them as well as in everyone around them. A common saying among devotees is "I am Devi, you are Devi", and this belief is central to maintaining the new social system Guruji instigated by way of Devipuram. The Sri Chakra is worshiped through the Navavarana ritual. This puja is always done among a large group. Both the set-up and performance of the ritual demand substantial time and effort, so that the Navavarana naturally creates a shared experience for members present. The Navavarana is both a symbol of community and an experience of community-building in its own right. By the unity it both represents and demands through its practice, it inherently promotes inclusion of others, female leadership and ownership of activity, and an element of teaching and serving one another. Durkheim argued that anomie is found within an individual’s transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, and is escaped when this transition is successfully completed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13113316 | 343,916 |
Quantities of information This fact is reflected in the above equation - a certain message, i.e. of probability 1, has an information measure of zero. In addition, a compound message of two (or more) unrelated (or mutually independent) messages would have a quantity of information that is the sum of the measures of information of each message individually. That fact is also reflected in the above equation, supporting the validity of its derivation. An example: The weather forecast broadcast is: "Tonight's forecast: Dark. Continued darkness until widely scattered light in the morning." This message contains almost no information. However, a forecast of a snowstorm would certainly contain information since such does not happen every evening. There would be an even greater amount of information in an accurate forecast of snow for a warm location, such as Miami. The amount of information in a forecast of snow for a location where it never snows (impossible event) is the highest (infinity). The entropy of a discrete message space formula_8 is a measure of the amount of uncertainty one has about which message will be chosen. It is defined as the average self-information of a message formula_4 from that message space: where An important property of entropy is that it is maximized when all the messages in the message space are equiprobable (e.g. formula_13). In this case formula_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6101309 | 386,330 |
Electric vehicle network The technical standardization part is mostly concentrated in the Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik (DKE) of the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE) – the "Standardization Overview on E-Mobility" shows a wide range of efforts from electric grid management to the charging station infrastructure to the car charger electronics. The NPE partnership has published an interim report on November 30, 2010, showing a test fleet of 2800 electric vehicles and 2500 charging stations in 8 test regions. The German government has announced that it will not install a rebate system for the introduction of electric cars but that it will reshape the legal provisions to quickly create a charging station network in Germany. Bernd Pischetsrieder (formerly Volkswagen) points to studies saying that most of the current buyers of electric cars did already own multiple cars so that a rebate plan would merely come out as a subvention of a consumer class that can afford the expense anyway. The VDE E-mobility congress on the subject was held in Leipzig on 8./9. November 2010. During the congress a large consumer study was presented that showed some 64 percent want to buy an electric car. The study did also look at the requirements to the charging process – 51 percent of consumers in Germany expect a car to be charged in less than 2 hours, up to 4 hours is acceptable to 60 percent of consumers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21079741 | 398,434 |
EXperimental Computing Facility Founded in 1986, the eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF) is an undergraduate computing-interest organization at University of California, Berkeley. The "Experimental" description was given in contrast to the Open Computing Facility and the Computer Science Undergraduate Association, which support most of the general-interest computing desires of the campus. As such, the XCF stands as a focus for a small group of computer-scientists uniquely interested in computer science. Members of the organization have been involved in projects such as NNTP, GTK+, GIMP, Gnutella, and Viola. Members of the XCF were instrumental in defending against the Morris Internet worm. Notable alumni of the organization include: Jonathan Blow, Gene Kan, Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis, Pei-Yuan Wei, and Phil Lapsley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2364464 | 108,310 |
MALOVA The (MALignant OVArian cancer) study is a multidisciplinary Danish study of ovarian cancer and encompasses epidemiology, lifestyle factors, biochemistry, and molecular biology with the purpose of identifying risk factors and prognostic factors for ovarian cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1728799 | 85,994 |
Dry cleaning Flammability concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent (white spirit) as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, resulting in government regulation of dry cleaners. After World War I, dry cleaners began using chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power. By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), or PCE for short, as the solvent. It has excellent cleaning power and is nonflammable and compatible with most garments. Because it is stable, tetrachloroethylene is readily recycled. businesses, from the perspective of the customer, are either "plants" or "drop shops". A "plant" does on-site cleaning. A drop shop receives garments from customers, sends them to a large plant, and then has the cleaned garment returned to the shop for collection by the customer. The turnaround time is longer for a drop shop than for a local plant. However, running a plant requires more work for the business owner. Since 2010, in some markets, web apps have been used to schedule low-cost home delivery for dry cleaning. This cycle minimized the risk of fire or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172118 | 499,046 |
Synthetic biology Scientists can encode digital information onto a single strand of synthetic DNA. In 2012, George M. Church encoded one of his books about synthetic biology in DNA. The 5.3 Mb of data was more than 1000 times greater than the previous largest amount of information to be stored in synthesized DNA. A similar project encoded the complete sonnets of William Shakespeare in DNA. Many technologies have been developed for incorporating unnatural nucleotides and amino acids into nucleic acids and proteins, both "in vitro" and "in vivo". For example, in May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA. By including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, they were able to exchange the bacteria 24 times; they did not generate mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. raised NASA's interest as it could help to produce resources for astronauts from a restricted portfolio of compounds sent from Earth. On Mars, in particular, synthetic biology could lead to production processes based on local resources, making it a powerful tool in the development of manned outposts with less dependence on Earth. One important topic in synthetic biology is "synthetic life", that is concerned with hypothetical organisms created "in vitro" from biomolecules and/or chemical analogues thereof | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=841429 | 237,650 |
Earthquake engineering This cyberinfrastructure allows researchers to: securely store, organize and share data within a standardized framework in a central location; remotely observe and participate in experiments through the use of synchronized real-time data and video; collaborate with colleagues to facilitate the planning, performance, analysis, and publication of research experiments; and conduct computational and hybrid simulations that may combine the results of multiple distributed experiments and link physical experiments with computer simulations to enable the investigation of overall system performance. These resources jointly provide the means for collaboration and discovery to improve the seismic design and performance of civil and mechanical infrastructure systems. The very first earthquake simulations were performed by statically applying some "horizontal inertia forces" based on scaled peak ground accelerations to a mathematical model of a building. With the further development of computational technologies, static approaches began to give way to dynamic ones. Dynamic experiments on building and non-building structures may be physical, like shake-table testing, or virtual ones. In both cases, to verify a structure's expected seismic performance, some researchers prefer to deal with so called "real time-histories" though the last cannot be "real" for a hypothetical earthquake specified by either a building code or by some particular research requirements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2111048 | 294,476 |
Enplug is an American technology company headquartered in Culver City, California that offers software for digital displays, allowing real-time social media interaction between brands and users. The company is a software licensing business. As of 2014, had displays in hundreds of businesses in forty cities. is part of the emerging Los Angeles startup community, dubbed "Silicon Beach" The company is a graduate of StartEngine, founded by Howard Marks, in September 2012.Since its founding, the company has received awards such as placement on both the Inc. Magazine and Forbes "30 Under 30" lists. In April, 2014, raised $2.5 million through seed funding, which came from a number of investors, such as Larry Keele, co-founder of Oaktree Capital Management; Rasoul Oskouy, founding member of Juniper Networks; Bill Gross, founder of Idealab; Hossein Eslambolchi, former President and CTO at AT&T; David Cohen, Executive Vice President at Interscope Records; Justin Caldbeck, Managing Director at Lightspeed Venture Partners; Troy Carter, CEO at Atom Factory; Activision co-founder Howard Marks; Amidi Group, DominateFund, and zPark Venture. Enplug's social media displays allow end-users to interact with brands in real-time through their existing social media accounts. displays support multiple social media apps, including Twitter, Facebook, Yelp, Foursquare, and Instagram using a business's custom hashtag | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42838891 | 414,673 |
Refrigeration The refrigerated rail car (refrigerated van or refrigerator car), along with the dense railroad network, became an exceedingly important link between the marketplace and the farm allowing for a national opportunity rather than a just a regional one. Before the invention of the refrigerated rail car it was impossible to ship perishable food products long distances. The beef packing industry made the first demand push for refrigeration cars. The railroad companies were slow to adopt this new invention because of their heavy investments in cattle cars, stockyards, and feedlots. cars were also complex and costly compared to other rail cars, which also slowed the adoption of the refrigerated rail car. After the slow adoption of the refrigerated car, the beef packing industry dominated the refrigerated rail car business with their ability to control ice plants and the setting of icing fees. The United States Department of Agriculture estimated that in 1916 over sixty-nine percent of the cattle killed in the country was done in plants involved in interstate trade. The same companies that were also involved in the meat trade later implemented refrigerated transport to include vegetables and fruit. The meat packing companies had much of the expensive machinery, such as refrigerated cars, and cold storage facilities that allowed for them to effectively distribute all types of perishable goods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46238 | 432,558 |
Wharton India Economic Forum The petition cited the revocation of visa to Modi in 2005 by the US state department. They were joined by Ania Loomba and Suvir Kaul, both Indian-American UPenn professors, who were critical of Modi's handling of the 2002 Hindu-Muslim riots, started formal a petition demanding the cancellation of the invitation, failing which they would protest his virtual presence at the event. The petition was sent to Amy Gutmann, the UPenn president. The university leadership stepped in to diffuse what it saw as a potentially explosive situation. The WIEF organizers had to cancel the invitation, even though they stood by the earlier decision to invite Modi. They stated that they wanted to avoid putting Modi in a "compromising position". At the time of the decision, the petition had been signed by around 135 people, and the number of signatories grew to 250 later. A senior Wharton official distanced Wharton from the decision stating “Make no mistake, the move to not have Modi was a result of UPenn, not Wharton,” pointing to the fact that not a single Wharton faculty member had signed the petition demanding cancellation of Modi's speech. In Modi's support, the Shiv Sena leader Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu scrapped his visit to Wharton. Another speaker, the Wall Street Journal writer and journalist Sadanand Dhume, also pulled out from the forum in protest. He was replaced by Sudhir Parikh, a New Jersey-based eminent physician, philanthropist, publisher and Padma Shri awardee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6040335 | 499,389 |
Gerontology There are two differences among strata: chronological age and historical experience. This theory makes two arguments. 1. Age is a mechanism for regulating behavior and as a result determines access to positions of power. 2. Birth cohorts play an influential role in the process of social change. According to this theory, which stems from the life course perspective (Bengston and Allen, 1993), aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects. Also reflecting the life course focus, consider the implications for how societies might function when age-based norms vanish—a consequence of the deinstitutionalization of the life course— and suggest that these implications pose new challenges for theorizing aging and the life course in postindustrial societies. Dramatic reductions in mortality, morbidity, and fertility over the past several decades have so shaken up the organization of the life course and the nature of educational, work, family, and leisure experiences that it is now possible for individuals to become old in new ways. The configurations and content of other life stages are being altered as well, especially for women. In consequence, theories of age and aging will need to be reconceptualized | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=436824 | 174,894 |
Pinehurst Historic District (Tuscaloosa, Alabama) The Pinehurst Historic District in Tuscaloosa, Alabama is a residential historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The listing included 17 contributing buildings and nine non-contributing ones. It was developed as Tuscaloosa's first garden landscaped residential area, during 1908 to 1935. It was Tuscaloosa's first affluent housing development and includes homes designed by local architects C.W. Ayers and Harry Harring, and one by Birmingham architect William Welton. Features of the garden landscaped residential suburb movement exemplified here include: "a landscape design that relates to the topography, natural plantings, curvilinear streets (represented here by a cul-de-sac), lack of fences, and barriers to through traffic. It includes 215 and 305 Seventeenth Ave., 1--28 Pinehurst Dr., and 6--9 N. Pinehurst Dr. in Tuscaloosa. The contributing buildings are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62334384 | 351,635 |
Amalgam (dentistry) However, there is low-quality evidence to suggest that resin composites lead to higher failure rates and risk of secondary caries than amalgam restorations. Several reviews have been made by using database in the Cochrane Library where randomized controlled trials of few studies comparing dental resin composite with dental amalgams in permanent posterior teeth were compared. This review supports the fact that amalgam restorations are particularly useful and successful in parts of the world where amalgam is still the material of choice to restore posterior teeth with proximal caries. Though, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute any adverse effects amalgam may have on patients, new research is unlikely to change opinion on its safety and due to the decision for a global phase-down of amalgam (Minamata Convention on Mercury) general opinion on its safety is unlikely to change. These are some of the reasons why amalgam has remained a superior restorative material over resin-base composites. The New England Children's Amalgam Trial (NECAT), a randomized controlled trial, yielded results "consistent with previous reports suggesting that the longevity of amalgam is higher than that of resin-based compomer in primary teeth and composites in permanent teeth. Compomers were seven times as likely to require replacement and composites were seven times as likely to require repair. There are circumstances in which composite serves better than amalgam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12415416 | 89,139 |
Hearst Transcontinental Prize The Hearst prize was a $50,000 (approximately $ today) aviation prize offered by publisher William Randolph Hearst in 1910 to the first aviator to fly coast to coast across the United States, in either direction, in fewer than 30 days from start to finish. The prize expired in November 1911 without a winner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7341793 | 491,800 |
Youla–Kucera parametrization In control theory the Youla–Kučera parametrization (also simply known as Youla parametrization) is a formula that describes all possible stabilizing feedback controllers for a given plant P, as function of a single parameter Q. The YK parametrization is a general result. It is a fundamental result of control theory and launched an entirely new area of research and found application, among others, in optimal and robust control. For ease of understanding and as suggested by Kučera it is best described for three increasingly general kinds of plant. Let formula_1 be a transfer function of a stable Single-input single-output system (SISO) system. Further, let formula_2 be a set of stable and proper functions of "formula_3". Then, the set of all proper stabilizing controllers for the plant formula_1 can be defined as formula_5, where formula_6 is an arbitrary proper and stable function of "s". It can be said, that formula_6 parametrizes all stabilizing controllers for the plant formula_1. Consider a general plant with a transfer function formula_1. Further, the transfer function can be factorized as formula_10, where M(s), N(s) are stable and proper functions of "s". Now, solve the Bézout's identity of the form formula_11, where the variables to be found (X(s), Y(s)) must be also proper and stable. After proper and stable X, Y were found, we can define one stabilizing controller that is of the form formula_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31422551 | 382,512 |
Cholesterol HMG-CoA reductase contains both a cytosolic domain (responsible for its catalytic function) and a membrane domain. The membrane domain senses signals for its degradation. Increasing concentrations of cholesterol (and other sterols) cause a change in this domain's oligomerization state, which makes it more susceptible to destruction by the proteosome. This enzyme's activity can also be reduced by phosphorylation by an AMP-activated protein kinase. Because this kinase is activated by AMP, which is produced when ATP is hydrolyzed, it follows that cholesterol synthesis is halted when ATP levels are low. As an isolated molecule, cholesterol is only minimally soluble in water, or hydrophilic. Because of this, it dissolves in blood at exceedingly small concentrations. To be transported effectively, cholesterol is instead packaged within lipoproteins, complex discoidal particles with exterior amphiphilic proteins and lipids, whose outward-facing surfaces are water-soluble and inward-facing surfaces are lipid-soluble. This allows it to travel through the blood via emulsification. Unbound cholesterol, being amphipathic, is transported in the monolayer surface of the lipoprotein particle along with phospholipids and proteins. esters bound to fatty acid, on the other hand, are transported within the fatty hydrophilic core of the lipoprotein, along with triglyceride. There are several types of lipoproteins in the blood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6437 | 186,088 |
Machine A wider meaning of "fabric, structure" is found in classical Latin, but not in Greek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century. In the 17th century, the word could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now expressed by the derived machination. The modern meaning develops out of specialized application of the term to stage engines used in theater and to military siege engines, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The OED traces the formal, modern meaning to John Harris' "Lexicon Technicum" (1704), which has: The word "engine" used as a (near-)synonym both by Harris and in later language derives ultimately (via Old French) from Latin "ingenium" "ingenuity, an invention". The hand axe, made by chipping flint to form a wedge, in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a wedge, the oldest of the six classic simple machines, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the inclined plane (ramp), which has been used since prehistoric times to move heavy objects. The other four simple machines were invented in the ancient Near East. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51462 | 432,703 |
Richard Blome (1635-1705) was an engraver, cartographer, and publisher in the Kingdom of England. Richard Blome's cartography flourished in the second half of the seventeenth century. He produced a great number of maps, but none were original, and he was often accused of plagiarism although usually made no attempt to hide his sources. His maps were attractive and quaintly designed, and they still retain their nostalgic look. Blome's series of county maps were combined in the "Britannia", based on the latest editions of mapmaker, John Speed, and was published in 1673 but was not a success. It was followed in 1681 by an issue of smaller maps entitled "Speed's Maps Epitomiz'd". Most of his work was engraved by Wenceslaus Hollar, "Richard Palmer", and "Francis Lamb", and embellished with dedications to county dignitaries which were added or omitted in later editions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35672193 | 177 |
Heat pipe The reservoir eventually dries out, since there is no method for returning liquid. When the nominal condenser is heated, liquid condenses in the evaporator and the reservoir. While the liquid can return to the nominal condenser from the nominal evaporator, the liquid in the reservoir is trapped, since the reservoir wick is not connected. Eventually, all of the liquid is trapped in the reservoir, and the heat pipe ceases operation. Most heat pipes use a wick to return the liquid from the condenser to the evaporator, allowing the heat pipe to operate in any orientation. The liquid is sucked up back to the evaporator by capillary action, similar to the way that a sponge sucks up water when an edge is placed in contact with a pool of water. However the maximum adverse elevation (evaporator over condenser) is relatively small, on the order of 25 cm long for a typical water heat pipe. If however, the evaporator is located below the condenser, the liquid can drain back by gravity instead of requiring a wick, and the distance between the two can be much longer. Such a gravity aided heat pipe is known as a thermosyphon. In a thermosyphon, liquid working fluid is vaporized by a heat supplied to the evaporator at the bottom of the heat pipe. The vapor travels to the condenser at the top of the heat pipe, where it condenses. The liquid then drains back to the bottom of the heat pipe by gravity, and the cycle repeats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=517241 | 430,266 |
James Shaw Jr. is an American electrical technician. Shaw is known for disarming a gunman armed with an AR-15 style rifle during the Nashville Waffle House shooting in Antioch, Tennessee and saving lives as a result. was born and raised in Nashville, Tennessee. He attended Hunters Lane High School. Shaw graduated from Tennessee State University with a degree in Electrical Engineering. He later studied online at Brightwood College and earned an Electrical Technician diploma. He has a daughter. Shaw began working in the electrical field at the age of 18. In an interview, Shaw stated that "... I've been destroying stuff and putting it back together since I was a little kid. I would take stuff apart and just hope I could reassemble it." He began working at AT&T as a wire technician after graduating from Tennessee State University. At AT&T, Shaw installs internet, television, and phone connections in residences. He also manages his own company, Imount Electric. When the shooting started, he ran to the bathroom—a bullet grazed his elbow and he realized there was no exit—so when he saw the gunman point the rifle down, perhaps to reload or fix a jam, he lunged and wrestled the weapon away from him. The gunman was captured by police a few days later. While four people died in the attack, it is likely that Shaw's action saved the lives of more restaurant patrons. Afterwards, Shaw established a GoFundMe campaign to raise money for the families of the four victims. Total donations raised by Shaw surpassed in early May 2018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57255044 | 264,628 |
Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump However, after the War, the number of American car owners ballooned, while oil was used to manufacture plastics, pesticides, fertilizers, among many other products. Oil and natural gas became quite popular for residential heating. At the eve of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the United States was importing one third of the oil it consumed. Although the Arab world lifted their oil embargo on the industrialized world after Secretary of State Henry Kissinger managed to persuade Israel to withdraw from some of the territories it seized in the 1967 war, they announced that the price of oil was going up to $11.65 a barrel. It was $3.00 on the eve of the 1973 war. President Jimmy Carter introduced a plan to conserve energy and reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, which included a tax on gasoline, and on the "gas guzzlers," or cars that were particularly energy-inefficient. Conservation, coupled with increased production from countries outside of OPEC, such as Mexico, Norway, and the United Kingdom, helped gradually reduce the price of oil in the 1980s. U.S. oil production has been steadily rising since 2009 while natural gas production increased 50% between 2005 and 2015, and then by 11% by 2018. Affordable and widely available energy resources have benefited manufacturers and consumers alike. In 2015, President Barack Obama, Trump's immediate predecessor, lifted a 40-year old ban on oil exports and granted over two dozen liquefied-natural-gas-export licenses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60936134 | 199,868 |
Slingbox Control of the hosting video device, usually a set top box, is done through an IR blaster, which, on older Slingboxes, required the use of an IR blaster dongle. Current generation Slingboxes have built in IR blasters on the box itself, though customers can opt to continue to use the IR blaster dongle. All Slingboxes include an Ethernet port that connects to a local network and out to the Internet. The 500 was the first to include built-in Wi-Fi. Sling uses an Amazon Web Services-based infrastructure to support encoding, relaying streams and analytics. It also sources data from multiple repositories to help guide recommendations to users, including social networks (Facebook and Twitter) and specialty services like Thuuz for sports. This infrastructure also allows Sling to report on aggregate television watching behavior. They have released several infographics and provide a Nielsen-like weekly report of the top shows. Viewing content from a requires a client application on a PC or mobile device. Sling initially offered a desktop application for Windows and the Macintosh, which was deprecated when the Watch website was released. Watch is a NPAPI-based browser plug-in for Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Apple Safari. This website experience includes the ability to view and control your set top box, an integrated electronic program guide (US/Canada only) and the ability to manage your connected Slingboxes. A registered Sling account is required to access the Watch website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3175947 | 416,513 |
Quick return mechanism A quick return mechanism is an apparatus to produce a reciprocating motion in which the time taken for travel in return stroke is less than in the forward stroke. It is driven by a circular motion source (typically a motor of some sort) and uses a system of links with three turning pairs and a sliding pair. Quick return is a common feature of tools in which the action is performed in only one direction of the stroke, such as shapers and powered saws, because it allows less time to be spent on returning the tool to its initial position. During the early-nineteenth century, nivas cutting methods involved hand tools and cranks, which were often lengthy in procedure. Joseph Whitworth changed this by creating the quick return mechanism in the mid-1800s. Using kinematics, he determined that the force and geometry of the rotating joint would affect the force and motion of the connected arm. From an pradeep sharp engineering standpoint, the quick return mechanism impacted the technology of the Industrial Revolution by minimizing the duration of a full revolution, thus reducing the peer amount of time needed for a cut or press. Quick return mechanisms are found throughout the engineering industry in different machines: The disc influences the force of the arm, which makes up the frame of reference of the quick return mechanism. The frame continues to an attached rod, which is connected to the circular disc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49162954 | 444,120 |
Long-bolt engine These compact engines were tightly packed and, unlike the previous V engines, there was no access to the crankshaft or its bearings once the two halves of the crankcase were assembled. Accordingly long through-studs were used, passing right through the engine from one side to the other. On the Sabre, some of these studs were short and served only to clamp the crankcase halves together. The others passed between cylinder heads on each side. The entire tensile force across the engine was taken on these studs, with no tension being placed on the crankcase. Owing to their high compression ratios and their high bmep, diesel engines place a high tensile stress on their cylinder block. Light alloy cylinder blocks have their usual weight advantages, but these must also withstand the high forces. Some designs, such as the US Hercules, achieve this by using long through bolts. In the Hercules design these are long studs with a nut at both top and bottom; they are prevented from rotating by an eccentric collar in the middle. In the early 1980s, Fiat invested heavily in robot automation throughout its factories, to both improve product quality and to reduce labour costs. The new Fully Integrated Robotised Engine was developed as part of this, to replace the previous range of small Fiat engines. Although taking the opportunity to update performance and emissions from Fiat's venerable 903cc pushrod engine, the primary goal of this new design was for easy assembly by robots | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000195 | 430,894 |
EPUB Each codice_38 element's codice_39 is set to the codice_24 of its respective content document. The codice_13 element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each codice_42 element has the attributes codice_43. Files referenced in codice_44 must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g. #figures in the example). An example OPF file: <?xml version="1.0"?> <package version="2.0" xmlns="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf" unique-identifier="BookId"> </package> The NCX file (Navigation Control file for XML), traditionally named codice_45, contains the hierarchical table of contents for the file. The specification for NCX was developed for Digital Talking Book (DTB), is maintained by the DAISY Consortium, and is not a part of the specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of codice_46. Of note here is that the values for the codice_47 and codice_48 elements should match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the codice_49 element is set equal to the depth of the codice_50 element. codice_51 elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents. codice_52's content is the text that appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the .ncx. codice_51's codice_54 element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier (e.g. #section1). A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in is in Section 2.4.1 of the specification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20432638 | 402,619 |
Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys The authors attribute the microstructural stability to a complex chemical arrangement. The nanocrystalline metallic grains were made via a high energy ball mill method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57993701 | 78,865 |
Circular economy A documentary about the world of fashion, "The True Cost" (2015), explained that in fast fashion, "wages, unsafe conditions, and factory disasters are all excused because of the needed jobs they create for people with no alternatives." This shows that fast fashion is harming the planet in more ways than one by running on a linear system. It is argued that by following a circular economy, the textile industry can be transformed into a sustainable business. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation is at the top of the list as it focuses on the benefits of a circular economy. Their 2017 report, "A New Textiles Economy", stated the four key ambitions needed to establish a circular economy: "phasing out substances of concern and microfiber release; transforming the way clothes are designed, sold and used to break free from their increasingly disposable nature; radically improving recycling by transforming clothing design, collection, and reprocessing; and making effective use of resources and moving to renewable input." While it may sound like a simple task, only a handful of designers in the fashion industry have taken charge, including Patagonia, Eileen Fisher, and Stella McCartney. An example of a circular economy within a fashion brand is Eileen Fisher's Tiny Factory, in which customers are encouraged to bring their worn clothing to be manufactured and resold. In a 2018 interview, Fisher explained, "A big part of the problem with fashion is overconsumption. We need to make less and sell less .. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31666505 | 502,907 |
Remote data transmission (RDT) was a term used in the 1980s, primarily in Germany, for the transmission of data between computers over a medium using a communications protocol. At the time, the most widespread form was RDT over the telephone network. Other transmission media like radio waves or light were also used. Most RDT now uses the Internet. In German speaking areas, RDT is used in the special sense of the considerably more narrowly defined Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Systems for remote administration of facilities and remote control adjustments may use remote data transmission standards. To be transmittable, data must be appropriately prepared for the medium. For this, special hardware, e.g., a modem or an ISDN card is necessary. When remote data transmission began, data were exchanged by the use of diskettes, magnetic tape, punched tape and dispatched via courier (the so-called sneaker net). In the beginning, electronic remote data transmission was also accomplished through special adapters on special data or telex lines, teleprinter, serial ports, and analog telephone] or over simple radio connections. Acoustic couplers that could be attached to a normal telephone handset, and later modems, were used. RDT achieved great significance for private users at the end of the 1980s with the arrival of local and global bulletin board systems like FidoNet and CompuServe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14417276 | 404,770 |
History of manufactured fuel gases Originally, the waste of the purifier house was flushed into a nearby body of water, such as a river or a canal. However, after fish kills, the nauseating way it made the rivers stink, and the truly horrendous stench caused by exposure of residuals if the river was running low, the public clamoured for better means of disposal. Thus it was piled into heaps for disposal. Some enterprising gas entrepreneurs tried to sell it as a weed-killer, but most people wanted nothing to do with it, and generally, it was regarded as waste which was both smelly and poisonous, and gas-works could do little with, except bury. But this was not the end of the "blue billy", for after burying it, rain would often fall upon its burial site, and leach the poison and stench from the buried waste, which could drain into fields or streams. Following countless fiascoes with "blue billy" contaminating the environment, a furious public, aided by courts, juries, judges, and masters in chancery, were often very willing to demand that the gas-works seek other methods of purification – and even pay for the damages caused by their old methods of purification. This led to the development of the "dry lime" purification process, which was less effective than the "wet lime" process, but had less toxic consequences. Still, it was quite noxious. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) was placed in thick layers on trays which were then inserted into a square or cylinder-shaped purifier tower which gas was then passed through, from the bottom to the top | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16593931 | 297,443 |
Anthroponics The time it takes for this process to occur can be drastically reduced to hours or minutes through the addition of the urease enzyme, which can be synthesized or found in watermelon seeds. The sterilized and volatilized liquid is then passed through a biofilter where nitrifying bacteria convert the ammonia to nitrate, a more plant available form of nitrogen. Given the constituents of urine and the daily amount produced per person, it is estimated that one human adult could produce almost 3 kg of lettuce from the volume of urine excreted daily. Wood ash has also been used to supplement urine when cultivating cucumbers, as they require more nutrients than those found in urine. After the biofilter, the water is transported to the hydroponic component where the plants are located, and where they will absorb the nutrients, cleaning the water before it returns to the biofilter. Almost all techniques used in hydroponics and aquaponics are also applicable to anthroponics. These include: Deep water culture, Nutrient film technique, and Media beds. Urine based solutions in hydroponics research seem to have been developed out of sustainability concerns with current mineral based hydroponic solutions. Mineral based commercial nutrient solutions are resource intensive and energy demanding, while also producing a lot of waste. The activities involved in its production include: mining, ore treatment, chemical processing, and transportation, which result in the required nutrients for the final solution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53730611 | 336,884 |
Evolution from Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine In the figure, it can be seen that the increase in Specific speed (or decrease in Head) have following consequences: Hence, these are the parameter changes that has to be incorporated in converting a Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39464628 | 435,379 |
Self-driving car To clarify the legal status of and otherwise regulate such vehicles, several states have enacted or are considering specific laws. By 2016, seven states (Nevada, California, Florida, Michigan, Hawaii, Washington, and Tennessee), along with the District of Columbia, have enacted laws for automated vehicles. Incidents such as the first fatal accident by Tesla's Autopilot system have led to discussion about revising laws and standards for automated cars. In September 2016, the US National Economic Council and US Department of Transportation released federal standards that describe how automated vehicles should react if their technology fails, how to protect passenger privacy, and how riders should be protected in the event of an accident. The new federal guidelines are meant to avoid a patchwork of state laws, while avoiding being so overbearing as to stifle innovation. In June 2011, the Nevada Legislature passed a law to authorize the use of automated cars. Nevada thus became the first jurisdiction in the world where automated vehicles might be legally operated on public roads. According to the law, the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles is responsible for setting safety and performance standards and the agency is responsible for designating areas where automated cars may be tested. This legislation was supported by Google in an effort to legally conduct further testing of its Google driverless car | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245926 | 130,501 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.