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Mercury-arc valve The momentary contact between the starting electrode and the pool may be achieved by a number of methods, including: Since momentary interruptions or reductions of output current may cause the cathode spot to extinguish, many rectifiers incorporate an additional electrode to maintain an arc whenever the plant is in use. Typically, a two or three phase supply of a few amperes passes through small "excitation anodes". A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply. This excitation or "keep-alive" circuit was necessary for single-phase rectifiers such as the excitron and for mercury-arc rectifiers used in the high-voltage supply of radiotelegraphy transmitters, as current flow was regularly interrupted every time the Morse key was released. Both glass and metal envelope rectifiers may have control grids inserted between the anode and cathode. Installation of a control grid between the anode and the pool cathode allows control of the conduction of the valve, thereby giving control of the mean output voltage produced by the rectifier. Start of the current flow can be delayed past the point at which the arc would form in an uncontrolled valve. This allows the output voltage of a valve group to be adjusted by delaying the firing point, and allows controlled mercury-arc valves to form the active switching elements in an inverter converting direct current into alternating current | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1618669 | 98,151 |
History of Python This single unification made Python's object model purely and consistently object oriented. Also added were generators which were inspired by Icon. Python 2.5 was released on September 2006 and introduced the codice_9 statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before the block of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a file and then closing it), allowing Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom. Python 2.6 was released to coincide with Python 3.0, and included some features from that release, as well as a "warnings" mode that highlighted the use of features that were removed in Python 3.0. Similarly, Python 2.7 coincided with and included features from Python 3.1, which was released on June 26, 2009. Parallel 2.x and 3.x releases then ceased, and Python 2.7 was the last release in the 2.x series. In November 2014, it was announced that Python 2.7 would be supported until 2020, but users were encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon as possible. Python 2.7 support ended on 2020-01-01 along with code freeze of 2.7 development branch. A final release, 2.7.18, occurred on 2020-04-20 and included fixes for critical bugs and release blockers. This marks the end-of-life of Python 2. Python 3.0 (also called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") was released on December 3, 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21356332 | 112,711 |
Opportunity cost When an option is chosen from alternatives, the opportunity cost is the "cost" incurred by "not" enjoying the benefit associated with the best alternative choice. The "New Oxford American Dictionary" defines it as "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen." In simple terms, opportunity cost is the benefit not received as a result of not selecting the next best option. is a key concept in economics, and has been described as expressing "the basic relationship between scarcity and choice". The opportunity cost of a product or service is the revenue that could be earned by its alternative use. In other words, opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative of a product or service. The meaning of the concept of opportunity cost can be explained with the help of following examples: Thus opportunity cost requires sacrifices. If there is no sacrifice involved in a decision, there will be no opportunity cost. In this regard the opportunity costs not involving cash flows are not recorded in the books of accounts, but they are important considerations in business decisions. The term was first used in 1894 by David L. Green in an article in the Quarterly Journal of Economics entitled "Pain Cost and Opportunity-Cost. The idea had been anticipated by previous writers including Benjamin Franklin and Frédéric Bastiat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45528 | 509,638 |
Solarium Augusti " Pliny the Elder remarked that in the course of time it had become incorrect, and offered several explanations for the shift. The obelisk was illustrated, supported by a reclining figure, on the base of the Column of Antoninus Pius. The obelisk gnomon was still standing in the 8th century CE, but was thrown down and broken, then covered in sediment; it was rediscovered in 1512, but not excavated. In a triumphant rededication, the 'Montecitorio obelisk' was re-erected in Piazza di Montecitorio by Pius VI in 1789. Edmund Buchner excavated some sections of the calibrated marble pavement of the under the block of houses between Piazza del Parlamento and Piazza San Lorenzo in Lucina. Recent studies have challenged Buchner's reconstruction of the Solarium as a full sundial, maintaining that the archaeological and textual evidence indicates a simple meridian line, marking the changing noontime position of the Sun in the course of the year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13626406 | 265,316 |
Shishmaref, Alaska The village was told by the Obama administration that no federal money was available, therefore tensions arose in 2013 when John Kerry announced Vietnam would receive $17 million to deal with climate change. Erosion rates along the island front exceed (and are not comparable with) those along adjacent sectors. Erosion is occurring along the entire island chain, but it is exacerbated at Sarichef Island in part because of the hydrographic impacts of hard armoring of a sandy shoreface and permafrost degradation that is accelerated b y infrastructure. Residents are experiencing the effects of coastal retreat on residential and commercial properties. Residents voted on town relocation several times, as early as 1975 and then in 2002 which approved it. On August 16, 2016, the village voted to move the town to the mainland. The town's residents prefer to think of the move to the mainland as an "expansion" rather than a "relocation", but although a site on the mainland called West Tin-Creek Hills was selected in 2016, there’s still a lot of planning and research to be done before that can be determined viable. Shishmaref is a traditional Inupiaq Eskimo village. Residents rely heavily on a subsistence lifestyle, hunting and gathering much of their food. Primary food sources include sea mammals such as oogruk (bearded seal), other seals and walrus, fish, birds (such as ptarmigan), caribou and moose. The village is well known in the region for its high-quality seal oil and fermented meat. It is known for its Native art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105570 | 365,335 |
Little green men A derisive usage can be seen in the episode "Tomorrow Is Yesterday", set in 1969, as Captain Kirk, captured by the US Air Force while attempting to steal film showing the "Enterprise" in Earth's atmosphere, calls himself a "little green man from Alpha Centauri" when interrogated by the base security officer. Earlier in the same episode, a rescued Air Force captain brought aboard the "Enterprise" tells Kirk he's never believed in little green men, immediately before meeting the obviously alien Mr. Spock (who replies, "Neither have I"). In the 1988 "Doctor Who" serial "Remembrance of the Daleks", the line is parodied when the Doctor states that the Daleks are aliens. Group Captain Gilmore asks if he's fighting little green men, to which the Doctor says "no, little green blobs in bonded polycarbide armour". Instead, the little green alien image seems to have migrated mainly to the world of children's media where it can still be found in abundance (e.g. the small, green "squeeze toy aliens" in the 1995 film "Toy Story" and its sequels). The "Pokémon" species "Elgyem" is based on little green men ("LGM") in its design, characteristics, and name. The Irkens from "Invader Zim" bear a similarity to green little men. In the space-simulation game "Kerbal Space Program", Kerbals are the only species in the game and are portrayed as little green men with a large head compared to their bodies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1435893 | 144,394 |
DO-178C adds the following statement about the Executable Object Code: As a comparison, DO-178B states the following with regard to the Executable Object Code: The additional clarification fills a gap that a software developer may encounter when interpreting the document. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28867648 | 383,402 |
Waru Waru This method is now being used in different areas of South America where farming is difficult, such as the altiplano and the Amazon basin. Because of this method, indigenous people are now able to farm the landscape much more efficiently and without the use of modern equipment. This method also allows for large-scale agriculture to be performed in the Amazon basin without having to rely on deforestation. Research was done at two raised-field sites by Diego Sanchez de Lozada et al. in the northern altiplano of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca in an effort to better understand the effects of frost on potato crops. At an altitude of 3810 m, these crops were subject to temperature and moisture variation. Temperatures of the soil on top of the 50 cm high raised mounds was about 1 degree Celsius higher than the temperature of the ground in nearby fields, showing that the raised-field technique was able to partially mitigate frost effects on potato crops at night. Temperature and moisture analysis of the raised fields showed that the higher temperature present was due to above-ground processes, which caused cold air to fall to the canals and not on the planted rows. The frost mitigation effects of the raised field system kept crops from freezing overnight, which increased crop yield. 16th Century Spanish accounts of the Lake Titicaca region mentioned the different types of agriculture utilized by the native peoples in detail, however there was never any mention of raised fields in their records | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15865266 | 176,173 |
Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom The failed laws includes the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP Act (PIPA) that aims to give the US government and copyright holders the access to ‘rogue’ websites. Similarly, many Filipino netizens from university students to journalists protested against the law on social media by changing their profile images into a black picture on Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms. These critics do agree that the law would empower the government to suppress cybercrime offenders such as hackers, data thieves, and cybersex offenders. The law was also further criticized of imposing limitations on freedom of expression and freedom of the press, directly violating Article III, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, through the inclusion of online libel as a crime in the passed law. This includes any person who criticizes other persons such as politicians, actors and actresses, and other people online in the forms of posting in social media site such as Facebook or blogs, and the like. The law also included a provision giving the act of online libel a punishment of one degree higher than libel in any other traditional media, making imprisonment for offenders to 12 years compared to the 6 years for libel in traditional media platforms. Online news organization are also susceptible. Miriam Defensor-Santiago served as senator of the Philippines from 1995 to 2016. She was serving her third term when she filed a bill to repose the Cybercrime Prevention Act on November 12, 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40101443 | 106,417 |
DNA repair protein XRCC4 The hairpin coding region goes through the process of NHEJ where the closed end is cleaved and repaired. The non-coding region is circularized and degraded. Thus, NHEJ is also important in the development of the immune system via its role in V(D)J recombination. Recent studies have shown an association between XRCC4 and potential susceptibility to a variety of pathologies. The most frequently observed linkage is between XRCC4 mutations and susceptibility to cancers such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas. Studies have also pointed to a potential linkage between XRCC4 mutation and endometriosis. Autoimmunity is also being studied in this regard. Linkage between XRCC4 mutations and certain pathologies may provide a basis for diagnostic biomarkers and, eventually, potential development of new therapeutics. XRCC4 polymorphisms have been linked to a risk of susceptibility for cancers such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. With respect to bladder cancer, for example, the link between XRCC4 and risk of cancer susceptibility was based on hospital-based case-control histological studies of gene variants of both XRCC4 and XRCC3 and their possible association with risk for urothelial bladder cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9933420 | 55,139 |
Santa Clara Relief Society House The is a historic house in Santa Clara, Utah. It was built in 1908 for the local chapter of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and it was designed in the Late Victorian style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 2, 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62152086 | 351,474 |
Fracture toughness In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. The critical value of stress intensity factor in mode I loading measured under plane strain conditions is known as the plane strain fracture toughness, denoted formula_1. is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance to crack propagation and standard values for a given material are generally available. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and thick components having plane strain conditions. Plane strain conditions give the lowest fracture toughness value which is a material property. When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the designation formula_2. Slow self-sustaining crack propagation known as stress corrosion cracking, can occur in a corrosive environment above the threshold formula_3 and below formula_1. Small increments of crack extension can also occur during fatigue crack growth, which after repeated loading cycles, can gradually grow a crack until final failure occurs by exceeding the fracture toughness. varies by approximately 4 orders of magnitude across materials. Metals hold the highest values of fracture toughness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3239291 | 72,647 |
Cognitive ergonomics Neuroergonomic research at the university of Iowa has been involved with assessing safe-driving protocol, enhancing elderly mobility, and analyzing cognitive abilities involved with the navigation of abstract virtual environments." Successful, ergonomic intervention in the area of cognitive tasks requires a thorough understanding not only of the demands of the work situation, but also of user strategies in performing cognitive tasks and of limitations in human cognition. In some cases, the artifacts or tools used to carry out a task may impose their own constraints and limitations (e.g., navigating through a large number of GUI screens). Tools may also co-determine the very nature of the task. In this sense, the analysis of cognitive tasks should examine both the interaction of users with their work setting and the user interaction with artifacts or tools; the latter is very important as modern artifacts (e.g., control panels, software, expert systems) become increasingly sophisticated. Emphasis lies on how to design human-machine interfaces and cognitive artifacts so that human performance is sustained in work environments where information may be unreliable, events may be difficult to predict, multiple simultaneous goals may be in conflict, and performance may be time constrained. "Cognitive task analysis" is a general term for the set of methods used to identify the mental demands and cognitive skills needed to complete a task | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3225176 | 109,000 |
Selective yellow Research done in the Netherlands in 1976 concluded that yellow and white headlamps are of equivalent values in regards to traffic safety, though yellow light causes less discomfort glare than white light. Researchers note that tungsten filament lamps emit only a small amount of the blue light blocked by a selective-yellow filter, so such filtration makes only a small difference in the characteristics of the light output, and suggest that headlamps using newer kinds of sources such as metal halide (HID) bulbs may, through filtration, give off less visually distracting light while still having greater light output than halogen ones. The UNECE Regulations formally define selective yellow in terms of the CIE 1931 colour space as follows: For front fog lamps, the limit towards white is extended: The entirety of the basic selective yellow definition lies outside the gamut of the sRGB colour space—such a pure yellow cannot be represented using RGB primaries. The colour swatch above is a desaturated approximation, created by taking the centroid of the standard selective yellow definition at (0.502, 0.477) and moving it towards the D65 white point, until it meets the sRGB gamut triangle at (0.478, 0.458). Here are images of a car equipped with selective yellow headlamps and driving lamps, a set of fog lamps designed to produce selective yellow light, and of the light beam emitted from the same lamps: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3300999 | 370,884 |
Anonymous function Using them is never the only way to solve a problem; each anonymous function could instead be defined as a named function and called by name. Some programmers use anonymous functions to encapsulate specific, non-reusable code without littering the code with a lot of little one-line normal functions. In some programming languages, anonymous functions are commonly implemented for very specific purposes such as binding events to callbacks, or instantiating the function for particular values, which may be more efficient, more readable, and less error-prone than calling a more-generic named function. The following examples are written in Python 3. When attempting to sort in a non-standard way, it may be easier to contain the sorting logic as an anonymous function instead of creating a named function. Most languages provide a generic sort function that implements a sort algorithm that will sort arbitrary objects. This function usually accepts an arbitrary function that determines how to compare whether two elements are equal or if one is greater or less than the other. Consider this Python code sorting a list of strings by length of the string: The anonymous function in this example is the lambda expression: The anonymous function accepts one argument, codice_1, and returns the length of its argument, which is then used by the codice_2 method as the criteria for sorting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7018181 | 107,019 |
Binary search tree The initial call to this function can be something like this: if (isBST(root, INT_MIN, INT_MAX)) { } else { Essentially we keep creating a valid range (starting from [MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE]) and keep shrinking it down for each node as we go down recursively. As pointed out in section #Traversal, an in-order traversal of a binary "search" tree returns the nodes sorted. Thus we only need to keep the last visited node while traversing the tree and check whether its key is smaller (or smaller/equal, if duplicates are to be allowed in the tree) compared to the current key. A binary search tree can be used to implement a simple sorting algorithm. Similar to heapsort, we insert all the values we wish to sort into a new ordered data structure—in this case a binary search tree—and then traverse it in order. The worst-case time of codice_4 is —if you feed it a sorted list of values, it chains them into a linked list with no left subtrees. For example, codice_5 yields the tree codice_6. There are several schemes for overcoming this flaw with simple binary trees; the most common is the self-balancing binary search tree. If this same procedure is done using such a tree, the overall worst-case time is , which is asymptotically optimal for a comparison sort. In practice, the added overhead in time and space for a tree-based sort (particularly for node allocation) make it inferior to other asymptotically optimal sorts such as heapsort for static list sorting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4320 | 134,798 |
Matanuska Colony Community Center The Matanuska Colony Community Center, also Palmer Historic District, is a cluster of buildings near the center of Palmer, Alaska that were the centerpiece of the Depression-era Matanuska Valley Colony. This federal rural resettlement program was intended to give needy families resources and land to improve their condition. The colony's buildings were erected beginning in 1935, and those that survive represent a well-preserved example of government community planning. It is centered on a city block bounded by East Dahlia Avenue, South Valley Way, South Denali Street, and East Elmwood Avenue, and extends to the north and south. The buildings on this block are organized around a grassy quadrangle, laid out in 1935. Prominent buildings include the Palmer Depot and three churches, located in the block just southeast of the quadrangle, one of which, the United Protestant Church, is a distinctive log structure. The colony's Central School, now added to several times, houses the offices of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. The area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The Matanuska Valley Colony Community Center was returned on the 1940 U.S. Census as the Alaska Railroad Colony Community Center (unincorporated). It had a population of 94. It has since been annexed into the city of Palmer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45088123 | 361,284 |
Messenger RNA Most of the mRNA found in bacteria and archaea is polycistronic, as is the human mitochondrial genome. Dicistronic or bicistronic mRNA encodes only two proteins. In eukaryotes mRNA molecules form circular structures due to an interaction between the eIF4E and poly(A)-binding protein, which both bind to eIF4G, forming an mRNA-protein-mRNA bridge. Circularization is thought to promote cycling of ribosomes on the mRNA leading to time-efficient translation, and may also function to ensure only intact mRNA are translated (partially degraded mRNA characteristically have no m7G cap, or no poly-A tail). Other mechanisms for circularization exist, particularly in virus mRNA. Poliovirus mRNA uses a cloverleaf section towards its 5' end to bind PCBP2, which binds poly(A)-binding protein, forming the familiar mRNA-protein-mRNA circle. Barley yellow dwarf virus has binding between mRNA segments on its 5' end and 3' end (called kissing stem loops), circularizing the mRNA without any proteins involved. RNA virus genomes (the + strands of which are translated as mRNA) are also commonly circularized. During genome replication the circularization acts to enhance genome replication speeds, cycling viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase much the same as the ribosome is hypothesized to cycle. Different mRNAs within the same cell have distinct lifetimes (stabilities). In bacterial cells, individual mRNAs can survive from seconds to more than an hour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20232 | 95,457 |
Controlled vocabulary Numerous methodologies have been developed to assist in the creation of controlled vocabularies, including faceted classification, which enables a given data record or document to be described in multiple ways. Controlled vocabularies, such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings, are an essential component of bibliography, the study and classification of books. They were initially developed in library and information science. In the 1950s, government agencies began to develop controlled vocabularies for the burgeoning journal literature in specialized fields; an example is the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Subsequently, for-profit firms (called Abstracting and indexing services) emerged to index the fast-growing literature in every field of knowledge. In the 1960s, an online bibliographic database industry developed based on dialup X.25 networking. These services were seldom made available to the public because they were difficult to use; specialist librarians called search intermediaries handled the searching job. In the 1980s, the first full text databases appeared; these databases contain the full text of the index articles as well as the bibliographic information. Online bibliographic databases have migrated to the Internet and are now publicly available; however, most are proprietary and can be expensive to use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1850719 | 293,184 |
Networks in marketing Chaos Theory applied to marketing offers an alternative explanation for the complex, apparently disorderly patterns of behavior in marketing systems over time which are observed in phenomena such as sales, inventories, brand shares and prices. Marketing systems are identified as being nonlinear in nature because they fail to satisfy the superposition principle (outputs are not directly proportional to inputs). Even though the rules governing behavior in marketing systems are known, it is impossible to make accurate long-term predictions of system behavior due to the high sensitivity of initial conditions. This happens even though marketing systems are fully deterministic. Traditional explanations of marketing phenomena typically rely on assumed patterns of external shocks, random noise or inherently stochastic processes to account for the complex dynamics within marketing systems. Chaos Theory explains at least a component of disorderly market behavior in terms of deterministic feedback mechanisms reflected in the rules governing system members’ behavior and interactions. This feedback represents non-linearity and occurs in two forms: (1) the reinforcing growth effect of positive feedback; and (2) the damping effect of negative feedback. Chaos theory also offers alternative explanations for the existence of various types of marketing institutions as 'disequilibrium mechanisms' designed to buffer or reduce the effects of complex dynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35591871 | 475,838 |
Power over Ethernet Mode A delivers power on the data pairs of 100BASE-TX or 10BASE-T. Mode B delivers power on the spare pairs. 4-pair delivers power on all four pairs. PoE can also be used on 1000BASE-T, 2.5GBASE-T, 5GBASE-T and 10GBASE-T Ethernet, in which case there are no spare pairs and all power is delivered using the phantom technique. Mode A has two alternate configurations (MDI and MDI-X), using the same pairs but with different polarities. In mode A, pins 1 and 2 (pair #2 in T568B wiring) form one side of the 48 V DC, and pins 3 and 6 (pair #3 in T568B) form the other side. These are the same two pairs used for data transmission in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, allowing the provision of both power and data over only two pairs in such networks. The free polarity allows PoE to accommodate for crossover cables, patch cables and Auto MDI-X. In mode B, pins 4–5 (pair #1 in both T568A and T568B) form one side of the DC supply and pins 7–8 (pair #4 in both T568A and T568B) provide the return; these are the "spare" pairs in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Mode B, therefore, requires a 4-pair cable. The PSE, not the PD, decides whether power mode A or B shall be used. PDs that implement only mode A or mode B are disallowed by the standard. The PSE can implement mode A or B or both. A PD indicates that it is standards-compliant by placing a 25 kΩ resistor between the powered pairs. If the PSE detects a resistance that is too high or too low (including a short circuit), no power is applied. This protects devices that do not support PoE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=782836 | 388,980 |
Compact dimension In string theory, a model used in theoretical physics, a compact dimension is curled up in itself and very small (usually Planck length). Anything moving along this dimension's direction would return to its starting point almost instantaneously, and the fact that the dimension is smaller than the smallest particle means that it cannot be observed by conventional means. Extra dimensions in a theory which are made compact are said to have undergone compactification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=303712 | 5,125 |
Nuclear electronics is a subfield of electronics concerned with the design and use of high-speed electronic systems for nuclear physics and elementary particle physics research, and for industrial and medical use. Essential elements of such systems include fast detectors for charged particles, discriminators for separating them by energy, counters for counting the pulses produced by individual particles, fast logic circuits (including coincidence and veto gates), for identification of particular types of complex particle events, and pulse height analyzers (PHAs) for sorting and counting gamma rays or particle interactions by energy, for spectral analysis. Some of the essential components that make up the elements of a nuclear electronic analysis system include: These elements were originally developed and built in the laboratories of the scientists doing the pioneering work in the field, but are nowadays designed, developed, and manufactured by a variety of specialized vendors: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17596903 | 298,217 |
Commensurate line circuit In the decade after Richards' publication, advances in the theory of distributed circuits took place mostly in Japan. K. Kuroda published these identities in 1955 in his Ph.D thesis. However, they did not appear in English until 1958 in a paper by Ozaki and Ishii on stripline filters. One of the major applications of commensurate line theory is to design distributed-element filters. Such filters constructed directly by Richards' and Kuroda's method are not very compact. This can be an important design consideration, especially in mobile devices. The stubs stick out to the side of the main line and the space between them is not doing anything useful. Ideally, the stubs should project on alternate sides to prevent them coupling with each other, taking up further space, although this is not always done for space considerations. More than that, the cascade connected elements that couple together the stubs contribute nothing to the frequency function, they are only there to transform the stubs into the required impedance. Putting it another way, the order of the frequency function is determined solely by the number of stubs, not by the total number of UEs (generally speaking, the higher the order, the better the filter). More complex synthesis techniques can produce filters in which all elements are contributing. The cascade connected λ/8 sections of the Kuroda circuits are an example of impedance transformers, the archetypical example of such circuits is the λ/4 impedance transformer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26914142 | 382,917 |
UGC 12158 or PGC 69533 is an Sb-type barred spiral galaxy located approximately away from Earth in the constellation of Pegasus. Its tight spiral disk spans approximately across, whose scale at heliocentric distance is about 36.9 kiloparsecs per arcmin. It is also often stated to resemble the Milky Way in appearance, which is mostly due to its disk inclination being almost perpendicular to the line of sight. On 15 December 2003, a 19.2v magnitude Type Ia supernova, was recorded on one of the spiral arms near the apparent centre in UGC 12158, and was designated as SN 2004EF. (Blue star within in Starbox Hubble's Space Telescope image.) It reached 17.5v magnitude on 4 September 2004 before fading from view. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52589742 | 8,374 |
Optical fiber Such joints typically have higher optical loss and are less robust than fusion splices, especially if the gel is used. All splicing techniques involve installing an enclosure that protects the splice. Fibers are terminated in connectors that hold the fiber end precisely and securely. A fiber-optic connector is basically a rigid cylindrical barrel surrounded by a sleeve that holds the barrel in its mating socket. The mating mechanism can be "push and click", "turn and latch" ("bayonet mount"), or "screw-in" ("threaded"). The barrel is typically free to move within the sleeve, and may have a key that prevents the barrel and fiber from rotating as the connectors are mated. A typical connector is installed by preparing the fiber end and inserting it into the rear of the connector body. Quick-set adhesive is usually used to hold the fiber securely, and a strain relief is secured to the rear. Once the adhesive sets, the fiber's end is polished to a mirror finish. Various polish profiles are used, depending on the type of fiber and the application. For single-mode fiber, fiber ends are typically polished with a slight curvature that makes the mated connectors touch only at their cores. This is called a "physical contact" (PC) polish. The curved surface may be polished at an angle, to make an "angled physical contact (APC)" connection. Such connections have higher loss than PC connections, but greatly reduced back reflection, because light that reflects from the angled surface leaks out of the fiber core | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3372377 | 197,422 |
Arching or compressive membrane action in reinforced concrete slabs </ref> Use of this CMA methodology normally results in substantial savings in reinforcement in the slab of a beam and slab bridge deck, provided certain limitations and boundary conditions are satisfied. Kirkpatrick, Rankin & Long's approach to the prediction of the enhanced punching strength of bridge deck slabs was based on the punching shear prediction equation derived by Long for the shear mode of punching failure, combined with an effective reinforcement ratio, which represented the arching action strength enhancement. The effective reinforcement ratio was determined from the maximum arching moment of resistance in a rigidly restrained concrete slab, which Rankin had derived for laterally restrained concrete slabs from McDowell, McKee and Sevin's arching action deformation theory for masonry walls. The derivation of the maximum arching moment of resistance of laterally restrained concrete bridge deck slabs utilised Rankin's idealised elastic-plastic stress-strain criterion for concrete, valid for concrete cylinder strengths up to at least 70N/mm, which he had derived on the basis of Hognestad, Hanson and McHenry's ultimate parabolic stress block coefficients for concrete | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38364510 | 221,559 |
Mars trilogy After Martian independence, she grudgingly becomes the first president of Mars. A mechanical engineer with anarchist leanings, possibly based on the Russian Machist, Alexander Bogdanov (the character's ancestor) and Arkady Strugatsky, he is regarded by many other members of the First Hundred, particularly Boyle, as a troublemaker. He leads the team which establishes an outpost on the moon Phobos, and leads an uprising against the transnational corporation towards the end of first novel. Like Boone (with whom he was good friends), his political ideas (later known as Bogdanovism) weigh heavily on characters later in the series. In love with Nadia Chernyshevski, he is killed during the first Martian revolution in 2061. An American physicist, he is a brilliant and creative scientist, and is greatly respected for his intellectual gifts. However, he is socially awkward and often finds it difficult to understand and relate to other people. Russell is a leader of the Green movement, the goal of which is to terraform Mars. During "Green Mars", Sax suffers a stroke while being tortured by government security forces and fellow member of the First Hundred, Phyllis Boyle (although according to later it is revealed she actually opposed Sax's torture). He subsequently suffers from Expressive aphasia and has to relearn how to speak and becomes less predictable in his actions. Originally apolitical, this event and a growing attachment to Mars itself leads Russell to become the physical architect of the second revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89970 | 269,054 |
Buffalo Automation is an artificial intelligence (AI) startup that develops autonomous navigation technology for commercial ships and recreational boats, with the goal to improve maritime safety. It is a private company based in Buffalo, New York. Thiru Vikram is the CEO of the company. was founded by Thiru Vikram, Alexander Zhitelzeyf and Emilie Reynolds, who were engineering students at the University at Buffalo. Originating as a university research project, the concept was transformed into a company in 2015. The team developed AutoMate, a predictive system which uses artificial intelligence technology and neural networks to coordinate and integrate data, decisions, and actions based on nautical maps, cameras, sensors, thermal imaging, broadband radars, GPS, LiDAR and Automatic Identification System (AIS). The system allows autonomous identification and safe navigation around stationary objects (allision avoidance), swimmers, and other vessels within the surrounding . Initially developed as a fleet management and autopilot solution for the commercial shipping industry, the technology has since been adapted for use with recreational boats, including yachts and motorboats. Initial tests were performed in 2015, using a -long catamaran equipped with the AutoMate system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57318939 | 264,654 |
American Legion Hut (Hampton, South Carolina) American Legion Hut is a historic clubhouse located at Hampton, Hampton County, South Carolina. It was built in 1933, and is a one-story, T-shaped cypress log building with a truss roof. The Hut was constructed as, and continues to be a meeting hall for the Hampton American Legion Post 108 as well as serving as a site for civic and social events. Local workers built the Hut supported by funds from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the Great Depression. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42931274 | 355,197 |
Fatty acid synthase The evolutionary history of fatty acid synthases are very much intertwined with that of polyketide synthases (PKS). Polyketide synthases use a similar mechanism and homologous domains to produce secondary metabolite lipids. Furthermore, polyketide synthases also exhibit a Type I and Type II organization. FAS I in animals is thought to have arisen through modification of PKS I in fungi, whereas FAS I in fungi and the CMN group of bacteria seem to have arisen separately through the fusion of FAS II genes. Mammalian FAS consists of a homodimer of two identical protein subunits, in which three catalytic domains in the N-terminal section (-ketoacyl synthase (KS), malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), and dehydrase (DH)), are separated by a core region of 600 residues from four C-terminal domains (enoyl reductase (ER), -ketoacyl reductase (KR), acyl carrier protein (ACP) and thioesterase (TE)). The conventional model for organization of FAS (see the 'head-to-tail' model on the right) is largely based on the observations that the bifunctional reagent 1,3-dibromopropanone (DBP) is able to crosslink the active site cysteine thiol of the KS domain in one FAS monomer with the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of the ACP domain in the other monomer. Complementation analysis of FAS dimers carrying different mutations on each monomer has established that the KS and MAT domains can cooperate with the ACP of either monomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8808087 | 47,466 |
Capillary length This pressure difference can be calculated from Laplace's pressure equation, For a soap bubble, there exists two boundary surfaces, internal and external, and therefore two contributions to the excess pressure and Laplace's formula doubles to The capillary length can then be worked out the same way except that the thickness of the film, formula_37 must be taken into account as the bubble has a hollow center, unlike the droplet which is a solid. Instead of thinking of a droplet where each side is formula_38 as in the above derivation, for a bubble formula_39 is now with formula_41 and formula_37 the radius and thickness of the bubble respectively. As above, the Laplace and hydrostatic pressure are equated resulting in Thus the capillary length contributes to a physiochemical limit that dictates the maximum size a soap bubble can take. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12092048 | 347,926 |
Virtual keyboard In September 2016 Google has released a virtual keyboard app for their Daydream virtual reality headset. To enter text, the user can point at specific letters with the Daydream controller. In February 2017 Logitech presented experimental approach to bring their keyboards into the virtual environment. With the Vive Tracker and the Logitech G gaming keyboard it is possible to exactly track every finger movement, without wearing any type of glove. 50 of such packages were send to exclusive developers, enabling them, in combination of Logitche's BRIDGE developers kit, to test and experiment with the new technology. Virtual keyboards may be used in some cases to reduce the risk of keystroke logging. For example, Westpac’s online banking service uses a virtual keyboard for the password entry, as does TreasuryDirect (see picture). It is more difficult for malware to monitor the display and mouse to obtain the data entered via the virtual keyboard, than it is to monitor real keystrokes. However it is possible, for example by recording screenshots at regular intervals or upon each mouse click. The use of an on-screen keyboard on which the user "types" with mouse clicks can increase the risk of password disclosure by shoulder surfing, because: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4151148 | 276,254 |
Photochromism Some of the most common processes involved in photochromism are pericyclic reactions, cis-trans isomerizations, intramolecular hydrogen transfer, intramolecular group transfers, dissociation processes and electron transfers (oxidation-reduction). Another requirement of photochromism is two states of the molecule should be thermally stable under ambient conditions for a reasonable time. All the same, nitrospiropyran (which back-isomerizes in the dark over ~10 minutes at room temperature) is considered photochromic. All photochromic molecules back-isomerize to their more stable form at some rate, and this back-isomerization is accelerated by heating. There is therefore a close relationship between photochromic and thermochromic compounds. The timescale of thermal back-isomerization is important for applications, and may be molecularly engineered. Photochromic compounds considered to be "thermally stable" include some diarylethenes, which do not back isomerize even after heating at 80 C for 3 months. Since photochromic chromophores are dyes, and operate according to well-known reactions, their molecular engineering to fine-tune their properties can be achieved relatively easily using known design models, quantum mechanics calculations, and experimentation. In particular, the tuning of absorbance bands to particular parts of the spectrum and the engineering of thermal stability have received much attention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2482408 | 29,726 |
Epistemic modal logic , describing the epistemic status of perfect reasoners with infinite memory capacity), it makes sense for formula_33 to be an equivalence relation, since this is the strongest form and is the most appropriate for the greatest number of applications. An equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The accessibility relation does not have to have these qualities; there are certainly other choices possible, such as those used when modeling belief rather than knowledge. Assuming that formula_33 is an equivalence relation, and that the agents are perfect reasoners, a few properties of knowledge can be derived. The properties listed here are often known as the "S5 Properties," for reasons described in the Axiom Systems section below. This axiom is traditionally known as K. In epistemic terms, it states that if an agent knows formula_5 and knows that formula_44, then the agent must also know formula_45. So, This axiom is valid on any frame in relational semantics. Another property we can derive is that if formula_47 is valid, then formula_48. This does not mean that if formula_47 is true, then agent i knows formula_47. What it means is that if formula_47 is true in every world that an agent considers to be a possible world, then the agent must know formula_47 at every possible world. This principle is traditionally called N. This rule always preserves truth in relational semantics. This axiom is also known as T. It says that if an agent knows facts, the facts must be true | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3827197 | 233,892 |
Dietary fiber As of 2018, the British Nutrition Foundation has recommended a minimum fiber intake of 30 grams per day for healthy adults. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), which deals with the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre, "based on the available evidence on bowel function, the Panel considers dietary fibre intakes of 25 g per day to be adequate for normal laxation in adults". On average, North Americans consume less than 50% of the dietary fiber levels recommended for good health. In the preferred food choices of today's youth, this value may be as low as 20%, a factor considered by experts as contributing to the obesity levels seen in many developed countries. Recognizing the growing scientific evidence for physiological benefits of increased fiber intake, regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States have given approvals to food products making health claims for fiber. The FDA classifies which ingredients qualify as being "fiber", and requires for product labeling that a physiological benefit is gained by adding the fiber ingredient. As of 2008, the FDA approved health claims for qualified fiber products to display labeling that regular consumption may reduce blood cholesterol levels – which can lower the risk of coronary heart disease – and also reduce the risk of some types of cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66554 | 185,044 |
Ancient technology A later screw pump design from Egypt had a spiral groove cut on the outside of a solid wooden cylinder and then the cylinder was covered by boards ot sheets of metal closely covering the surfaces between the grooves. The screw pump was later introduced from Egypt to Greece. For later technologies in Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman Egypt, see Ancient Greek technology and Roman technology, respectively. For later technology in medieval Arabic Egypt, see Inventions in medieval Islam and Arab Agricultural Revolution. The history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the earliest civilizations of the world. The Indus Valley civilization yields evidence of mathematics, hydrography, metrology, metallurgy, astronomy, medicine, surgery, civil engineering and sewage collection and disposal being practiced by its inhabitants. The Indus Valley Civilization, situated in a resource-rich area (in modern Pakistan and northwestern India), is notable for its early application of city planning, sanitation technologies, and plumbing. Cities in the Indus Valley offer some of the first examples of closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries. The Takshashila University was an important seat of learning in the ancient world. It was the center of education for scholars from all over Asia. Many Greek, Persian and Chinese students studied here under great scholars including Kautilya, Panini, Jivaka, and Vishnu Sharma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2293952 | 301,721 |
Smart battery A smart battery or a smart battery pack is a rechargeable battery pack with a built-in battery management system (BMS), usually designed for use in a portable computer such as a laptop. In addition to the usual positive and negative terminals, a smart battery has two or more terminals to connect to the BMS; typically the negative terminal is also used as BMS "ground". BMS interface examples are: SMBus, PMBus, EIA-232, EIA-485, and Local Interconnect Network. Internally, a smart battery can measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and SoH (State of Health) parameters, indicating the state of the cells. Externally, a smart battery can communicate with a smart battery charger and a "smart energy user" via the bus interface. A smart battery can demand that the charging stop, request charging, or demand that the smart energy user stop using power from this battery. There are standard specifications for smart batteries: Smart Battery System, MIPI BIF and many ad-hoc specifications. A smart battery charger is mainly a switch mode power supply (also known as high frequency charger) that has the ability to communicate with a smart battery pack's battery management system (BMS) in order to control and monitor the charging process. This communication may be by a standard bus such as CAN bus in automobiles or System Management Bus (SMBus) in computers. The charge process is controlled by the BMS and not by the charger, thus increasing security in the system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3892697 | 121,065 |
Clarence Darrow On September 9, 1925, a white mob in Detroit attempted to drive a black family out of the home they had purchased in a white neighborhood. During the struggle, a white man was killed, and the eleven black men in the house were later arrested and charged with murder. Ossian Sweet, a doctor, and three members of his family were brought to trial, and after an initial deadlock, Darrow argued to the all-white jury: "I insist that there is nothing but prejudice in this case; that if it was reversed and eleven white men had shot and killed a black man while protecting their home and their lives against a mob of blacks, nobody would have dreamed of having them indicted. They would have been given medals instead..." Following a mistrial, it was agreed that each of the eleven defendants would be tried individually. Darrow, alongside Thomas Chawke, would first defend Ossian's brother Henry, who had confessed to firing the shot on Garland Street. Henry was found not guilty on grounds of self-defense, and the prosecution determined to drop the charges on the remaining ten. The trials were presided over by Frank Murphy, who went on to become Governor of Michigan and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Darrow's closing statement, which lasted over seven hours, is seen as a landmark in the Civil Rights movement and was included in the book "Speeches that Changed the World" (given the name "I Believe in the Law of Love") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159917 | 498,797 |
Types of concrete While many manufacturers have worked to improve energy efficiency at their plants and modified their cement mixes to reduce CO production, these decreases have been offset worldwide by increased concrete use in China and India. A number of researchers have tried to increase the CO sequestering capabilities of concrete by developing materials that will store more CO or acquire it more quickly. The ideal would be to make concrete that is carbon neutral or even carbon negative. One approach is to use magnesium silicate (talc) as an alternative ingredient to calcium. This lowers the temperature required for the production process and decreases the release of carbon dioxide during firing. During the hardening phase, additional carbon is sequestered. A related approach is the use of mineral carbonation (MC) to produce stable carbonate aggregates from calcium- or magnesium-containing materials and CO. Stable aggregates can be used in concrete production or to produce carbon neutral building blocks such as bricks or precast concrete. CarbonCure Technologies of Nova Scotia uses waste CO from oil refineries to make its bricks and wet cement mix, offsetting up to 5% of its carbon footprint. Solidia Technologies of New Jersey fires its brick and precast concrete at lower temperatures and cures them with CO gas, claiming to reduce its carbon emissions by 30%. Another method of calcium-based mineral carbonation has been inspired by biomimicry of naturally occurring calcium structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24969173 | 324,911 |
Electronic business Customers, suppliers, employees, and numerous other people use any particular e-business system daily and expect their confidential information to stay secure. Hackers are one of the great threats to the security of e-businesses. Some common security concerns for e-Businesses include keeping business and customer information private and confidential, authenticity of data, and data integrity. Some of the methods of protecting e-business security and keeping information secure include physical security measures as well as data storage, data transmission, anti-virus software, firewalls, and encryption to list a few. Confidentiality is the extent to which businesses makes personal information available to other businesses and individuals. With any business, confidential information must remain secure and only be accessible to the intended recipient. However, this becomes even more difficult when dealing with e-businesses specifically. To keep such information secure means protecting any electronic records and files from unauthorized access, as well as ensuring safe transmission and data storage of such information. Tools such as encryption and firewalls manage this specific concern within e-business. E-business transactions pose greater challenges for establishing authenticity due to the ease with which electronic information may be altered and copied | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264466 | 490,503 |
Labour supply From a Marxist perspective, a labour supply is a core requirement in a capitalist society. To avoid labour shortage and ensure a labour supply, a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self-provisioning, which would let them be independent—and they must instead, to survive, be compelled to sell their labour for a subsistence wage. In the pre-industrial economies wage labour was generally undertaken only by those with little or no land of their own. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2594158 | 479,359 |
VARAN (Versatile Automation Random Access Network) is a Fieldbus Ethernet-based industrial communication system. is a wired data network technology for local data networks (LAN) with the main application in the field of automation technology. It enables the exchange of data in the form of data frames between all LAN connected devices (controllers, input/output devices, drives, etc.). includes the definitions for types of cables and connectors, describes the physical signalling and specifies packet formats and protocols. From the perspective of the OSI model, specifies both the physical layer (OSI Layer 1) and the data link layer (OSI Layer 2). is a protocol according to the principle master-slave. The BUS USER ORGANIZATION (VNO) is responsible for the care of the Protocol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49896739 | 128,873 |
Dynamic design analysis method This was achieved through laboratory shock testing of equipment prior to its installation aboard vessels. With the advances in computer simulation and modeling capabilities, it is now possible to simulate a vessel's response to an underwater explosion and to identify potential problems or failures without extensive field testing. By using DDAM analytical techniques, money and time are saved. The DDAM simulates the interaction between the shock-loaded component and its fixed structure as the free motion of a naval vessel in water produces a higher shock spectrum than a heavy structure would when mounted to a terrestrial surface. The DDAM takes interaction into account in relation to the mass of the equipment, its mounting location, and the orientation of the equipment on the vessel. Engineers use finite element method analysis software to verify designs using DDAM computer simulations that model the known characteristics of underwater explosion phenomena as well as the surface ship or submarine body responses to shock loading and application of a shock spectra in order to apply the appropriate shock responses at the mountings of shipboard equipment (e.g., masts, propulsion shafts, rudders, rudderstocks, bearings, exhaust uptakes and other critical structures) due to underwater explosions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31322231 | 31,600 |
Loran-C Several other chains remained active, and some had been upgraded for continued use. At the end of 2015, navigation chains in most of Europe were turned off. In December 2015 in the United States, there was also renewed discussion of funding an eLoran system and NIST was offering to fund development of a microchip-sized eLoran receiver for distribution of timing signals. Recent United States legislation, such as the National Timing Resilience and Security Act of 2017 and other bills, has been introduced that may resurrect Loran. The original LORAN was proposed by Alfred Lee Loomis at a meeting of the Microwave Committee. The United States Army Air Corps were interested in the concept for aircraft navigation, and after some discussion they returned a requirement for a system offering accuracy of about at a range of , and a maximum range as great as for high-flying aircraft. The Microwave Committee, by this time organized into what would become the MIT Radiation Laboratory, took up development as Project 3. During the initial meetings, a member of the UK liaison team, Taffy Bowen, mentioned that he was aware the British were also working on a similar concept, but had no information on its performance. The development team, led by Loomis, made rapid progress on the transmitter design and tested several systems during 1940 before settling on a 3 MHz design. Extensive signal-strength measurements were made by mounting a conventional radio receiver in a station wagon and driving around the eastern states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18376 | 250,982 |
List of Rockchip products In terms of performance, the RK3066 is between the Samsung Exynos 4210 and the Samsung Exynos 4212. As of 2013, it was targeted at tablets and Android TV dongles and boxes. It has been a popular choice for both tablets and other devices since 2012. The RK3068 is a version of the RK3066 specifically targeted at Android TV dongles and boxes. Its package is much smaller than the RK3066. The RK3028 is a low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-A9-based processor clocked at 1.0 GHz with ARM Mali-400 GPU. It is pin-compatible with the RK2928. It is used in a few kids tablets and low-cost Android HDMI TV dongles. The RK3026 is an updated ultra-low-end dual-core ARM Cortex-A9-based tablet processor clocked at 1.0 GHz with ARM Mali-400 MP2 GPU. Manufactured at 40 nm, it is pin-compatible with the RK2926. It features 1080p H.264 video encoding and 1080p decoding in multiple formats. Supporting Android 4.4, it has been adopted for low-end tablets in 2014. The RK3036 is a low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-A7-based processor released in Q4 2014 for smart set-top boxes with support for H.265 video decoding. The RK3188 was the first product in the RK31xx series, announced for production in the 2nd quarter of 2013. The RK3188 features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 clocked up to 1.6 GHz frequency. It is targeted at tablets and Android TV dongles and boxes, and has been a popular choice for both tablets and other devices requiring good performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60580512 | 114,918 |
Engineering technologist The new occupational category of "technologist" was established in the 1960s in conjunction with an emerging system of community colleges and technical institutes. It was designed to effectively bridge the gap between the increasingly theoretical nature of engineering degrees and the predominantly practical approach of technician and trades programs. Provincial associations may certify individuals as a Professional Technologist (P.Tech.), Certified Engineering Technologist (C.E.T.), Registered Engineering Technologist (R.E.T.), Applied Science Technologist (AScT) or Technologue Professionel [T.P.]. These provincial associations are constituent members of the Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists (CCTT), which nationally accredits technology programs across Canada through its Canadian Technology Accreditation Board (CTAB). Nationally accredited engineering technology programs range from two to three years in length, depending on the province, often containing as many classroom hours as a 4-year degree program. In the United States, the hierarchy of educational structure and acknowledgement start at the U.S. Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). The U.S. Department of Education acknowledges regional and national accreditations and CHEA recognizes specialty accreditations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=481988 | 270,508 |
Glucose Glucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. The name glucose derives through the French from the Greek ('glukos'), which means "sweet", in reference to must, the sweet, first press of grapes in the making of wine. The suffix "-ose" is a chemical classifier, denoting a sugar. was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf. was discovered in grapes by Johann Tobias Lowitz in 1792 and recognized as different from cane sugar (sucrose). is the term coined by Jean Baptiste Dumas in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature. Friedrich August Kekulé proposed the term dextrose (from Latin dexter = right), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right. In contrast, -fructose (a ketohexose) and -glucose turn linearly polarized light to the left. The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light ("d" and "l"-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the - and -notation, which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of - or -glyceraldehyde. Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its chemical makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in organic chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12950 | 40,878 |
Electrification A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule. Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date. By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after AC became the standard for new systems. The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating steam engines, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551731 | 368,741 |
Calanque de Port-Miou The is one of the three big Cassis calanques. It is very long and narrow, and thus was very suitable for establishing a marina. The name "Port-Miou" is an approximate transcription in French orthography of the Occitan "Pòrt-Melhor" (the "best port") which is locally pronuncied /pwɔʁ.mi.ju/. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5045748 | 454,424 |
Queen Sirikit National Convention Center The bulk of construction was finished by June 1991, under budget and about two months before the scheduled date of August 1991. It was finished in only 16 months. Projects of this magnitude normally take 40 months. On 29 August 1991, King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit officially opened the Queen Sirikit National Convention Center. The center was named after Queen Sirikit in honour of her 60th birthday. The convention center was closed for renovation on 26 April 2019 and is scheduled to reopen in May 2022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221039 | 339,895 |
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents Serious radiation and other accidents and incidents include: Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992, the United States maintained a program of vigorous nuclear testing, with the exception of a moratorium between November 1958 and September 1961. By official count, a total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted, with over 100 of them taking place at sites in the Pacific Ocean, over 900 of them at the Nevada Test Site, and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States (Alaska, Colorado, Mississippi, and New Mexico). Until November 1962, the vast majority of the U.S. tests were atmospheric (that is, above-ground); after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty all testing was regulated underground, in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout. The U.S. program of atmospheric nuclear testing exposed a number of the population to the hazards of fallout. Estimating exact numbers, and the exact consequences, of people exposed has been medically very difficult, with the exception of the high exposures of Marshall Islanders and Japanese fishers in the case of the Castle Bravo incident in 1954. A number of groups of U.S. citizens — especially farmers and inhabitants of cities downwind of the Nevada Test Site and U.S. military workers at various tests — have sued for compensation and recognition of their exposure, many successfully | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=383813 | 59,152 |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase Studies in animal models of inflammatory arthritis have yielded promising results, and ASK1 has recently been found to be unique amongst the MAPKs in that it is inducible by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1128936 | 50,465 |
Louise Massey House The Louise Massey House, at 209 W. Alameda St. in Roswell, New Mexico, was a home of country singer Louise Massey (1902-1983) during 1918 to 1982. The house was built in 1928 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was in this house in 1928 that "Louise Massey and her husband, Milt Mabie, her two brothers, Curt and Alien, were interviewed for their first professional singing job as "The Westerners" by the Red Path Chatauqua. By 1930 they had a five year contract on CBS Radio in Kansas City. Later they joined WLS National Barn Dance. By 1938 Louise Massey was a star solo singer with the Westerners and with other shows on NBC Radio Programs in N.Y. City. Louise's 1934 recording of "When the White Azaleas are Blooming" sold three million copies and earned her a lifetime recording contract with Columbia Records. In 1940 Louise and Milt bought a ranch on the Hondo River, but retained her previous residence as a second home. Louise wrote her most famous song "In My Adobe Hacienda" which was her biggest hit single recording in this house. In 1945 she retired and lived with her husband on Hondo Ranch. After Milt's death in 1973 and due to failing health, Louise spent her last years in this home in Roswell and in various nursing homes. Louise died in June, 1983." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61130165 | 315,529 |
MyLink a.k.a. Intellilink is a telematics system/infotainment system offered by General Motors in their vehicles. The system was debuted in 2011 in the then-new Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid car. It has since been offered in all GM brand vehicles aside from Cadillac, who uses their exclusive CUE infotainment system. The name is used for Chevrolet and Holden vehicles, while the IntelliLink name is used on GMC, Buick, Opel and Vauxhall vehicles. systems are manufactured by three companies for GM, Panasonic for most models, LG Electronics for the unit equipped on the Chevrolet Sonic, Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Trax and Vauxhall/Opel Adam, and Bosch for Cadillac's CUE system. The system runs on the QNX real-time operating system and voice recognition software from Nuance. It allows users to control online services through apps, like Pandora Internet Radio or Stitcher Radio through voice commands or the touch-screen interface. The car is able to access online content via a smartphone with a 3G data connection connected through Bluetooth. Users are also able to control their phone wirelessly via the same interface. also integrates OnStar's services (Advanced Automatic Collision Notification, roadside assistance, vehicle diagnostics information, live advisors, and turn-by-turn navigation). can play video and image files in select formats. Images should be in .jpg, .bmp, .png, or .gif format. Video files should be .avi, .mpg, .mp4, .divx, .xvid, or .wmv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31572332 | 445,550 |
Monodominance Though many have a combination, all monodominant forests have at least one of these traits to create the monodominant habitat. Many of the tropical monodominant trees are associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi networks. Mycorrhizal fungi are known to effect plant diversity trends in a variety of ecosystems around the world. Ectomycorrhizal relations with trees can increase nutrient supplies through a more effectual use of larger capacities of soils or through the direct decomposition of leaf litter. This has been suggested to provide a competitive advantage to such tree species. Examples of ectomycorrhizal trees in tropical rainforests can be found in Asia, Africa, and the Neotropics. There is a strong correlation between the ECM association in tropical trees and the occurrence of monodominance. Fungi like mycorrihizae appear not to harm the leaves and even display a symbiotic relationship. ECM fungi are derived from saprotrophs and retain some ability to decompose organic material. Because tropical soils are often nutrient-poor, ECM trees are predicted to have a competitive advantage over neighboring trees because of their ability to attain more nutrients. With time this could lead to dominance in a tropical rainforest. A study of "Dicymbe corymbosa" individuals show that (in terms of total basal area) the adult trees dominate resources and space. Additionally, they form coppices, also known as epicormic shoots, which allow their perseverance over time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36081308 | 178,470 |
Crab (cipher) In cryptography, Crab is a block cipher proposed by Burt Kaliski and Matt Robshaw at the first Fast Software Encryption workshop in 1993. Not really intended for use, Crab was developed to demonstrate how ideas from hash functions could be used to create a fast cipher. Crab has an unusually large block size of 8192 bits. Its creators suggested using an 80-bit key, but the cipher could use any key size. The authors didn't specify an actual key schedule, only that the key is used to generate two large sets of subkeys: a permutation of the numbers 0 through 255, and an array of 2048 32-bit numbers. The block is divided into 256 32-bit subblocks, which are permuted at the beginning. Then the algorithm makes four passes over the data, each time applying one of four transformations adapted from MD5. A brief note on the cryptanalysis of Crab is included in Markku-Juhani Saarinen's paper on block ciphers based on SHA-1 and MD5, published at FSE 2003. The author demonstrates a weakness in Crab that permits a distinguisher using no more than a dozen chosen plaintexts, and speculates that this can be converted into a full key-recovery attack using no more than 2 chosen plaintexts. Such an attack would depend on the key schedule used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7866313 | 103,395 |
Syndicated loan An amortizing term loan (A-term loan or TLA) is a term loan with a progressive repayment schedule that typically runs six years or less. These loans are normally syndicated to banks along with revolving credits as part of a larger syndication. In the U.S., A-term loans have become increasingly rare over the years as issuers bypassed the bank market and tapped institutional investors for all or most of their funded loans. An institutional term loan (B-term, C-term or D-term loan) is a term-loan facility with a portion carved out for nonbank, institutional investors. These loans became more common as the institutional loan investor base grew in the U.S. and Europe. These loans are priced higher than amortizing term loans because they have longer maturities and bullet repayment schedules. This institutional category also includes second-lien loans and covenant-lite loans. The Shared National Credit Program was established in 1977 by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to provide an efficient and consistent review and classification of any large syndicated loan. As of January 1, 2018, the program covers any loan or loan complaint of at least $100 million that is shared by three or more supervised institutions. The agencies' review is conducted annually, reporting after third quarter examinations and reflecting data as of June 30. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1357029 | 457,286 |
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase Therefore, they are considered useful optogenetic tools to investigate cGMP signaling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63029820 | 163,335 |
Achaemenid architecture " Naqsh-e Rustam is an archaeological site located about 6 kilometers to the northwest of Persepolis in Marvdasht region in the Fars province of Iran. Nash-e Rustam acts as a necropolis for the Achaemenid kings, but is a significant historical entity in that it also housed ancient Elamite relief, as well as later relief by the Sassanid kings. Naqsh-e Rustam is not the actual name of this massive structure, but is the New Persian compound word composed of "Naqsh" meaning "face", or "facade", and "Rustam" referring to the hero of the Persian epic Shahnameh. The Elamites, Achaemenids, and the Sassanids lived centuries before the drafting of the Shahnameh by the Persian poet Ferdowsi, and therefore the name is a misnomer, the result of the great amnesia of Persians about their ancient past, that settled over them after being conquered by the Arabs. The name therefore is a retrospective creation, due to lack of historical documents and lack of any inclusive knowledge of its origin. In ancient Persia, this structure would overlook the now long gone city of Istakhr easily accessible from Persepolis. Istakhr had a religious role as it was the place where Achaemenids held their reverence of the water goddess Anahita. The structure is carved into a native limestone rock mountain, and houses the burial chambers of Darius the Great, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II, all Achaemenid monarchs of Persia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30586232 | 285,449 |
Discovery and development of integrase inhibitors Benard "et al" (2004) synthesized INIs with a quinoline subunit and an ancillary aromatic ring linked by functionalized spacers such as amide, hydrazide, urea and hydroxyprop-1-en-3-one moiety. They found that the amide group containing dervates were the most promising ones. By synthesizing series of styrylquinones researchers found out that a carboxyl group at C-7, a hydroxylgroup at C-8 in the quinoline subunit and an ancillary phenyl ring (Figure 4: Structure M) are required for inhibition, although alterations of the ring are tolerated. Two hydroxyl groups on the ancillary phenyl ring are also required for inhibitory potency. Since critical structure information is scarce on HIV integrase catalysis it is difficult to find the exact pharmacophore for its inhibition. Wang "et al" (2010) hoped that by studying the SAR and pharmacophore of a dual inhibitor scaffold, focusing both on integrase and reverse transcriptase (RT) it would be possible to observe anti-integrase activity. By studying the SAR of HIV integrase inhibitors it was possible to find that for optimal integrase inhibition the pharmacophore requires a regiospecific (N-1) DKA of a specific length. A DKA functionality or its heterocyclic bioisostere that selectively inhibit strand transfer seem to be present in all major chemotypes of integrase inhibitors. As detailed in the SAR discussion above the two necessary structural components of INI are a benzyl hydrophobic moiety and a chelating triad to bind the Mg ions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33139249 | 76,904 |
Nakagin Capsule Tower The capsules were fitted with utilities and interior fittings before being shipped to the building site, where they were attached to the concrete towers. Each capsule was attached independently and cantilevered from the shaft, so that any capsule could be removed easily without affecting the others. The capsules are all-welded lightweight steel-truss boxes clad in galvanized, rib-reinforced steel panels which were coated with rust-preventative paint and finished with a coat of Kenitex glossy spray after processing. The cores are rigid-frame, made of a steel frame and reinforced concrete. From the basement to the second floor, ordinary concrete was used; above those levels, lightweight concrete was used. Shuttering consists of large panels the height of a single storey of the tower. In order to make early use of the staircase, precast concrete was used in the floor plates and the elevator shafts. Because of the pattern in which two days of steel-frame work were followed by two days of precast-concrete work, the staircase was completely operational by the time the framework was finished. On-site construction of the elevators was shortened by incorporating the 3-D frames, the rails, and anchor indicator boxes in the precast concrete elements and by employing prefabricated cages. The original target demographic were bachelor Tōkyō salarymen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8319693 | 356,920 |
Order (business) "Contract for sale" includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time. A "sale" consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price (Section 2-401). A "present sale" means a sale which is accomplished by the making of the contract. In their "Advance Monthly Sales for Retail Trade and Food Services", the US Census Bureau publishes estimates of US retail and food services sales. These "sales" are orders that have been filled; payment has been made or is an account receivable. In their "Preliminary Report on Manufacturers' Shipments, Inventories and Orders", the US Census Bureau publishes statistics for "new orders", shipments, "unfilled orders" and inventories for manufactured durable goods. This gives an indication whether trade is increasing or decreasing for manufactured durable goods in the US. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288396 | 463,230 |
Laterite The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has employed this system to rehabilitate degraded laterite soils in Niger and increase smallholder farmers' incomes. When moist, laterites can easily be cut with a spade into regular-sized blocks. is mined while it is below the water table, so it is wet and soft. Upon exposure to air it gradually hardens as the moisture between the flat clay particles evaporates and the larger iron salts lock into a rigid lattice structure and become resistant to atmospheric conditions. The art of quarrying laterite material into masonry is suspected to have been introduced from the Indian subcontinent. After 1000 CE Angkorian construction changed from circular or irregular earthen walls to rectangular temple enclosures of laterite, brick and stone structures. Geographic surveys show areas which have laterite stone alignments which may be foundations of temple sites that have not survived. The Khmer people constructed the Angkor monuments—which are widely distributed in Cambodia and Thailand—between the 9th and 13th centuries. The stone materials used were sandstone and laterite; brick had been used in monuments constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries. Two types of laterite can be identified; both types consist of the minerals kaolinite, quartz, hematite and goethite. Differences in the amounts of minor elements arsenic, antimony, vanadium and strontium were measured between the two laterites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26855026 | 337,927 |
Dead man's switch If the user falls or walks away without turning off the treadmill, the switch cuts power to the treadmill belt. Strategic Air Command developed a dead man's switch for its nuclear bombers, known as Special Weapons Emergency Separation System (SWESS), that ensured the nuclear payload detonated in the event of the crew becoming incapacitated through enemy action. The purpose of this device, unlike other examples mentioned above, was fail-deadly rather than fail-safe. Once armed, the system would detonate the onboard nuclear weapons if the aircraft dropped below a predetermined level, typically due to being shot down. The main safety failing with the basic dead man's system is the possibility of the operating device being held permanently in position, either deliberately or accidentally. Vigilance control was developed to detect this condition by requiring that the dead man's device be released momentarily and re-applied at timed intervals. There has also been a proposal to introduce a similar system to automotive cruise controls. A hybrid between a dead man's switch and a vigilance control device is a dead-man's vigilance device. Software versions of dead man's switches are generally only used by people with technical expertise, and can serve several purposes, such as sending a notification to friends or deleting and encrypting data | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=351284 | 453,156 |
Superfluid helium-4 The Landau theory does not elaborate on the microscopic structure of the superfluid component of liquid helium. The first attempts to create a microscopic theory of the superfluid component itself were done by London and subsequently, Tisza. Other microscopical models have been proposed by different authors. Their main objective is to derive the form of the inter-particle potential between helium atoms in superfluid state from first principles of quantum mechanics. To date, a number of models of this kind have been proposed, including: models with vortex rings, hard-sphere models, and Gaussian cluster theories. Landau thought that vorticity entered superfluid helium-4 by vortex sheets, but such sheets have since been shown to be unstable. Lars Onsager and, later independently, Feynman showed that vorticity enters by quantized vortex lines. They also developed the idea of quantum vortex rings. Arie Bijl in the 1940s, and Richard Feynman around 1955, developed microscopic theories for the roton, which was shortly observed with inelastic neutron experiments by Palevsky. Later on, Feynman admitted that his model gives only qualitative agreement with experiment. The models are based on the simplified form of the inter-particle potential between helium-4 atoms in the superfluid phase. Namely, the potential is assumed to be of the hard-sphere type. In these models the famous Landau (roton) spectrum of excitations is qualitatively reproduced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27573 | 434,724 |
Comparison of HTML parsers HTML parsers are software for automated Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) parsing. They have two main purposes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36625178 | 98,533 |
Passbook A passbook or bankbook is a paper book used to record bank or building society transactions on a deposit account. Traditionally, a passbook is used for accounts with a low transaction volume, such as savings accounts. A bank teller or postmaster would write by hand the date and amount of the transaction and the updated balance and enter his or her initials. In the late 20th century, small dot matrix or inkjet printers were introduced that were capable of updating the passbook at the account holder's convenience, either at an automated teller machine or a passbook printer, either in a self-serve mode, by post, or in a branch. Passbooks appeared in the 18th century, allowing customers to hold transaction information in their own hands for the first time. Up until then, transactions were recorded in ledgers at the bank only, so customers had no history of their own deposits and withdrawals. The passbook, which was around the size of a passport, ensured that customers had control over their own information, and was called a "passbook" because it was used as a way to identify the account holder without needing further identification. It also regularly passed between the bank and the account holder for updating. To add credit to an account by bringing cash to a bank in person, the account holder can fill a small "credit slip" or "deposit slip". The total amount of each note and coin is counted and entered on the slip, along with who it is paid in by and the date | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1236407 | 456,792 |
Crown eukaryotes Indeed, these features are more abundant in the TACK Archaea. This suggests that the acquisition of mitochondria was not the onset event, but that rather there had been prior to that an important acquisition of rudimentary eukaryotic traits in the early eukaryotic stem groups. Loss of cell wall and formation of membrane-lined compartments are the kind of things that we might expect occurring in the eukaryotic stem groups. In the same way, mitochondrial acquisition must not be regarded as the end of the process, for still new complex families of genes had to be developed after or during the endosymbiotic exchange. In this way, from FECA to LECA, we can think of organisms that can be considered as protoeukaryotes. At the end of the process, LECA was already a complex organism with the presence of protein families involved in cellular compartmentalization. Elucidation of this problem from paleontological record is hindered due to taphonomic loss of biomarkers and the small likelihood that cells without walls or other coverings fossilize. This taphonomic barrier blurs our view of the FECA-LECA transition. The recognition of early eukaryotes lies on general eukaryotic features: larger size, morphological complexity and multicellularity. In this sense, the most common fossils clearly assigned to eukaryotes are to acanthomorphic acritarchs, ornate carbonaceous vesicles with no taxonomic affiliation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1694221 | 150,021 |
Lockout–tagout Lock Out, Tag Out (LOTO), Lock Out, Tag Out, Try Out (LOTOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work. It requires that hazardous energy sources be "isolated and rendered inoperative" before work is started on the equipment in question. The isolated power sources are then locked and a tag is placed on the lock identifying the worker who placed it. The worker then holds the key for the lock, ensuring that only he or she can remove the lock and start the machine. This prevents accidental startup of a machine while it is in a hazardous state or while a worker is in direct contact with it. Lockout-tagout is used across industries as a safe method of working on hazardous equipment and is mandated by law in some countries. Disconnecting or making safe the equipment involves the removal of all energy sources and is known as "isolation". The steps necessary to isolate equipment are often documented in an "isolation procedure" or a "lockout tagout procedure". The isolation procedure generally includes the following tasks: The locking and tagging of the isolation point lets others know not to de-isolate the device. To emphasize the last step above in addition to the others, the entire process can be referred to as lock, tag, and try (that is, trying to turn on the isolated equipment to confirm it has been de-energized and cannot operate) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2684302 | 477,950 |
MiniDisc However, as a concession to this the most recent Hi-MD players can upload to PC a digitally recorded file which can subsequently be resaved as a WAV (PCM) file and thus replicated. The digitally encoded audio signal on a has traditionally been data-compressed using the ATRAC format (Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding). This is in fact a 'psychoacoustic' data reduction system which omits some of the musical content. It is claimed by Sony that the content that is omitted is inaudible anyway. Some original sounds have been known to defeat ATRAC which typically introduces a crackle or whistle onto the data stream. ATRAC was devised for so that the same amount of audio a CD can carry can fit on a disc far smaller than the CD (which contains uncompressed 16-bit stereo linear PCM audio). ATRAC reduces the 1.4 Mbit/s of a CD to a 292 kbit/s data stream, roughly a 5:1 reduction. ATRAC was also used on nearly all flash memory Walkman devices until the 8 series. Sony's ATRAC codec differs from uncompressed PCM in that it is a psychoacoustic lossy audio data reduction scheme and is such that the recorded signal does not require decompression on replay. Although it is intended that the reproduced signal may sound nearly identical to the original as far as the listener is concerned, it differs sufficiently that listening on a high quality audio system will betray the difference – other true compression schemes generally share this characteristic to a greater or lesser degree | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44009 | 304,273 |
Filing status Under United States federal income tax law, filing status determines which tax return form an individual will use and is an important factor in computing taxable income. is based on marital status and family situation. There are five possible filing status categories: single individual, married person filing jointly or surviving spouse, married person filing separately, head of household and a qualifying widow(er) with dependent children. A taxpayer who qualifies for more than one filing status may choose the most advantageous status. Generally, the marital status on the last day of the year determines the status for the entire year. Generally, if someone is unmarried, divorced, a registered domestic partner, or legally separated according to state law on December 31, that person must file as a single person for that year because the marital status at year-end applies for the entire tax year. There are some exceptions, such as qualifying as a head of household or as a surviving spouse, that do not require one to file as a single taxpayer. Marital status is decided based on a person's marital status on December 31. If a couple is married on December 31 of the taxable year, the couple may file a joint return for the year. However, even if the first day of legal separation or divorce from the spouse is December 31, one cannot file a joint return for any portion of that year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13360662 | 500,774 |
Chloroplast This process involves invaginations of the inner plastid membrane, forming sheets of membrane that project into the internal stroma. These membrane sheets then fold to form thylakoids and grana. If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts. Light, however, does not guarantee that a proplastid will develop into a chloroplast. Whether a proplastid develops into a chloroplast some other kind of plastid is mostly controlled by the nucleus and is largely influenced by the kind of cell it resides in. Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6355 | 49,174 |
Behavioral operations management Cognitive psychology is considered to be one of the dominant theoretical force in behavioral science. People often react and behave differently when they are put into different social situations. The aim of social psychology is to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviors. It questions or provides an insight of how human behavior relies on the physical environment. Social psychology theories attempt to explain why there are competition between individuals, why it is often the case that individuals or organisations seek to protect and maintain their status, and why it has been observed that individuals and organisations are willing to sacrifice efficiency to achieve their goal of staying at a higher hierarchical position. In addition to status, social psychology also includes people's behavior towards goal setting, feedback and controls, interdependence, and reciprocity. The use of psychology in behavioral operations research links to the idea of judging the relationship between people's mental health and wellbeing and their behavior at work. Psychology experts often set up indicators to evaluate how an employee's surroundings, such as working environment and noise, can affect their productivity. Organizational behavior is the study of ways people react or behave when they are organized in groups. The purpose of these studies is to improve business productivity, trying to create a more efficient business organization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843630 | 215,466 |
Nagoya Protocol Domestic-level access measures aim to: Domestic-level benefit-sharing measures aim to provide for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources with the contracting party providing genetic resources. Utilization includes research and development on the genetic or biochemical composition of genetic resources, as well as subsequent applications and commercialization. Sharing is subject to mutually agreed terms. Benefits may be monetary or non-monetary such as royalties and the sharing of research results. Specific obligations to support compliance with the domestic legislation or regulatory requirements of the contracting party providing genetic resources, and contractual obligations reflected in mutually agreed terms, are a significant innovation of the Nagoya Protocol. Contracting parties are to: The Nagoya Protocol's success will require effective implementation at the domestic level. A range of tools and mechanisms provided by the will assist contracting parties including: Based on a country's self-assessment of national needs and priorities, capacity-building may help to: A growing number of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) include provisions related to access to genetic resources or to the sharing of the benefits that arise out of their utilization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33847153 | 178,978 |
Adaptive behavior (ecology) In addition, individuals often display altruistic behaviors when the relative is genetically similar to them. This means offspring or siblings are more likely to benefit from altruism than someone more distantly related, such as a cousin, aunt, or uncle. Kin selection has played a large role in the evolution of social and adaptive behaviors in chimpanzees. Closely related chimpanzees will form a kin group that cooperates to protect a territory, thereby increasing their access to females and resources. By working together with close relatives, they can ensure that their genes will persist in the next generation, even if circumstances make them unable to reproduce themselves. This behavioral adaptation coincides with chimpanzee's ability to distinguish kin from non-kin (referred to as visual kin selection) allowing chimps to formulate large, complex societies, where they use altruistic methods to ensure their genes persist in future generations. A wide variety of species, including lions, honeybees, and insects have displayed kin selection as an adaptive behavior. As mentioned above, chimpanzees work together with closely related kin to protect their territory. Defending territory from rivals (known as territoriality) is a learnt adaptive behavior performed by several ecological species. The advantage of being territorial varies depending on the species of interest, but the underlying principle is always to increase overall fitness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22052921 | 141,229 |
History of molecular evolution It was in that context that Dobzhansky first published his famous statement, "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution", in a 1964 paper affirming the importance of organismal biology in the face of the molecular threat; Dobzhansky characterized the molecular disciplines as "Cartesian" (reductionist) and organismal disciplines as "Darwinian". Mayr and Simpson attended many of the early conferences where molecular evolution was discussed, critiquing what they saw as the overly simplistic approaches of the molecular clock. The molecular clock, based on uniform rates of genetic change driven by random mutations and drift, seemed incompatible with the varying rates of evolution and environmentally-driven adaptive processes (such as adaptive radiation) that were among the key developments of the evolutionary synthesis. At the 1962 Wenner-Gren conference, the 1964 Colloquium on the Evolution of Blood Proteins in Bruges, Belgium, and the 1964 Conference on Evolving Genes and Proteins at Rutgers University, they engaged directly with the molecular biologists and biochemists, hoping to maintain the central place of Darwinian explanations in evolution as its study spread to new fields. Though not directly related to molecular evolution, the mid-1960s also saw the rise of the gene-centered view of evolution, spurred by George C. Williams's "Adaptation and Natural Selection" (1966) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11863361 | 193,978 |
Gas mask During the Cold War era, it was seen as inevitable that there would be a constant NBC threat on the battlefield, and thus troops needed protection in which they could remain fully functional; thus protective gear, and especially gas masks have evolved to incorporate innovations in terms of increasing user-comfort, and in compatibility with other equipment (from drinking devices to artificial respiration tubes, to communications systems etc.). The gas mask has thus now arrived at a 'fourth generation' of development. During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), Iraq developed its chemical weapons program with the help of Europeans countries (such as Germany and France) , and used them large-scale against Iranians as well as against Iraqi Kurds. Iran was unprepared for chemical warfare. In 1984, Iran received gas masks from the Republic of Korea and East Germany, but the Korean masks were not suited for the faces of non-East Asian people and the filter only lasted for 15 minutes, and the 5,000 masks bought from East Germany proved to be not gas masks but spray painting goggles. As late as 1986, Iranian diplomats still traveled in Europe to buy active charcoal and models of filters in order to produce defensive gear domestically. In April 1988, Iran started domestic production of gas masks by the Iran Yasa factories. Most civilians learned how to use gas masks through the civil defense department, but children received most gas mask education in school drills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12772 | 40,801 |
Cooling tower Severe freezing conditions can create growing volumes of ice, resulting in increased structural loads which can cause structural damage or collapse. To prevent freezing, the following procedures are used: Cooling towers constructed in whole or in part of combustible materials can support internal fire propagation. Such fires can become very intense, due to the high surface-volume ratio of the towers, and fires can be further intensified by natural convection or fan-assisted draft. The resulting damage can be sufficiently severe to require the replacement of the entire cell or tower structure. For this reason, some codes and standards recommend that combustible cooling towers be provided with an automatic fire sprinkler system. Fires can propagate internally within the tower structure when the cell is not in operation (such as for maintenance or construction), and even while the tower is in operation, especially those of the induced-draft type, because of the existence of relatively dry areas within the towers. Being very large structures, cooling towers are susceptible to wind damage, and several spectacular failures have occurred in the past. At Ferrybridge power station on 1 November 1965, the station was the site of a major structural failure, when three of the cooling towers collapsed owing to vibrations in winds. Although the structures had been built to withstand higher wind speeds, the shape of the cooling towers caused westerly winds to be funneled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=750772 | 385,091 |
Liquidator (law) Without sanction, the liquidator may sell company property, claim against insolvent contributories, raise money on the security of company assets, and do all such things as may be necessary for the winding-up and distribution of assets. In compulsory liquidation, the liquidator must assume control of all property to which the company appears to be entitled. The exercise of their powers is subject to the supervision of the court. They may be compelled to call a meeting of creditors or contributories when requested to do so by those holding above the statutory minimum. In a voluntary winding-up, the liquidator may exercise the court's power of settling a list of contributories and of making calls, and he may summon general meetings of the company for any purpose he thinks fit. In a creditor's voluntary winding-up, he must report to the creditor's meeting on the exercise of his powers. The liquidator is generally obliged to make returns and accounts, owes fiduciary duties to the company and should investigate the causes of the company's failure and the conduct of its managers, in the wider public interest of action being taken against those engaged in commercially culpable conduct. A liquidator who is appointed to wind-up a failing business should act with professional efficiency and not exercise the sort of complacency that might have caused the business to decline in the first place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6636016 | 499,841 |
Public Achievement Later that year, CDC staff conducted training and provided technical consultation at a regional conference organized by MTO for more than 200 educators and young people using in the Balkans, Turkey, and Poland. In 2008, MTO led training for trainers in the Kharkov and Odessa regions of Ukraine, where local partners want to make Ukraine a center of Public Achievement. MTO also led training for trainers in the Visegrád Group countries, where there are now 19 sites. Through site visits to the United States by Polish, Turkish, and Palestinian partners, visits by center staff to Poland and Turkey, and in follow-up consultations, CDC staff have trained trainers and provided ongoing mentoring and technical assistance. In the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jordan, PA (“Popular Achievement”) has been supported by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) since 2003. As in Eastern and Central Europe, PA teams have addressed a wide range of issues such as treating drinking water, creating violence reduction programs, repairing a school, creating a handbook for disabled people, doing a village history, helping poor families, and creating a community library. An in-depth evaluation by the AFSC found that team participants learn to analyze local problems, communicate effectively, map and understand power, and build relationships with local organizations and authorities, while gaining confidence and civic identity in the process. In 2008, 756 young people from Gaza and the West Bank participated in PA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23244585 | 510,215 |
Projection screen Ambient light originating from other sources may reach the eye immediately after having reflected from the screen surface, giving no advantage over a white high-gain screen in terms of contrast ratio. The potential improvement from a grey screen may thus be best realized in a darkened room, where the only light is that of the projector. Partly fueled by popularity, grey screen technology has improved greatly in recent years. Grey screens are now available in various gain and grey-scale levels. Certain screens are claimed to selectively reflect the narrow wavelengths of projector light while absorbing other wavelengths in the optical spectrum. Sony makes a screen that appears grey in normal room light, and is intended to reduce the effect of ambient light. This is purported to work by preferentially absorbing ambient light of colors not used by the projector, while preferentially reflecting the colors of red, green and blue light the projector uses. A true color-selective screen has not been substantiated. A contrast-enhancing screen has been introduced by Dai Nippon Printing (DNP) and Screen Innovations that is based on thin layers of black louvers rather than wavelength-selective reflection properties. In an optimally configured system, projection screen surface and the real image plane are made to coincide. From an optical point of view, a screen is not needed for the image to form; screens are rather used to make an image visible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238936 | 372,453 |
George Devol George Charles Devol Jr. (February 20, 1912 – August 11, 2011) was an American inventor, best known for creating Unimate, the first industrial robot. Devol's invention earned him the title "Grandfather of Robotics". As recognized by the National Inventors Hall of Fame, "Devol's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry." was born in an upper middle-class family in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended Riordan Prep school. Choosing to forego higher education, in 1932 Devol went into business, forming United Cinephone to produce variable area recording directly onto film for the new sound motion pictures ("talkies"). However, he later learned that companies like RCA and Western Electric were working in the same area, and decided to discontinue the product. During that time, Devol also developed and patented industrial lighting and invented the automatic opening door. In 1939, Devol applied for a patent for proximity controls for use in laundry press machines, based on a radio frequency field. This control would automatically open and close laundry presses when workers approached the machines. Once the war began, Devol was advised by the patent office that his patent application would be placed on hold for the duration of the conflict. Around the time the World War II began, Devol sold his interest in United Cinephone and approached Sperry Gyroscope to see if they were interested in his ideas on radar technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1633417 | 249,787 |
IRise Business stakeholders, end users and development teams can interact with the simulation and conduct near-final usability testing prior to the start of coding. The visual allows users to get the desired features, functionality, look and feel before development. Web applications, commercial off-the-shelf systems like SAP and Oracle, desktop systems, and mobile apps can be simulated. The iRise platform is available both as a SaaS or on-premises service. Teams from around the globe can collaborate in real-time on interactive prototypes, annotate them with requirements, securely share them, collect feedback, generate documentation, and export code to jumpstart development, all within the browser. Authors use a drag-and-drop paradigm to lay out scenarios, screens, widgets, data interactions, business logic and behavior. Masters and templates are supported that become reusable definition assets, and text requirements can be noted in context to the scenarios and screens of the simulation. Users can add additional fidelity with iRise Studio, the desktop companion application for adding complex behaviors, business logic, and data operations. iRise Studio, allows users to transform simple prototypes into realistic simulations that stakeholders can actually use and test, again without a line of code. Using the iBloc Application Programming Interface (API), users can create their own custom UI elements and actions or import existing JavaScript-based components available on the Internet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31294901 | 480,166 |
Indoor air quality Examples include: paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. Chlorinated drinking water releases chloroform when hot water is used in the home. Benzene is emitted from fuel stored in attached garages. Overheated cooking oils emit acrolein and formaldehyde. A meta-analysis of 77 surveys of VOCs in homes in the US found the top ten riskiest indoor air VOCs were acrolein, formaldehyde, benzene, hexachlorobutadiene, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzyl chloride, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, acrylonitrile, and vinyl chloride. These compounds exceeded health standards in most homes. Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household products. Paints, varnishes, and wax all contain organic solvents, as do many cleaning, disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, and hobby products. Fuels are made up of organic chemicals. All of these products can release organic compounds during usage, and, to some degree, when they are stored. Testing emissions from building materials used indoors has become increasingly common for floor coverings, paints, and many other important indoor building materials and finishes. Several initiatives envisage to reduce indoor air contamination by limiting VOC emissions from products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219736 | 500,206 |
Telecommunication Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the [existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device. Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. The conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.[88] Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly thirty years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear". The first commercial telephone services were set-up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33094374 | 487,217 |
Honeywell Studio Honeywell Studio, also known as the Wabash Country Club, is a historic clubhouse located at Wabash, Wabash County, Indiana. It was built in 1936, and is a Tudor Revival style masonry building. It consists of a five-story central tower with a 1 1/2-story east wing and one-story west wing. An addition was constructed in 1946 and the terrace enclosed in 1967. It was originally built as the private movie studio of Mark Honeywell (1874–1964) and leased to the Wabash Country Club in 1945. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51211241 | 326,546 |
Rogers Milk Plant Building The is a historic commercial building at 216 West Birch in Rogers, Arkansas. It is an industrial three-story building, built out of concrete and steel. The floors are stepped, decreasing in size at each level. The exterior is painted concrete, with regularly spaced sash windows separated by pilaster-like projections. A metal-sided warehouse was appended to the building at a later date. The main structure was built in 1928, and was operated first by Barnes Dairy Products and then by the Carnation Company. In the 1960s it was taken over by a seed company business, which operated on the site until 2006. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61690866 | 351,173 |
Lambert's cosine law This means that although the radiance of the surface depends on the angle from the normal to the illuminating source, it will not depend on the angle from the normal to the observer. For example, if the moon were a Lambertian scatterer, one would expect to see its scattered brightness appreciably diminish towards the terminator due to the increased angle at which sunlight hit the surface. The fact that it does not diminish illustrates that the moon is not a Lambertian scatterer, and in fact tends to scatter more light into the oblique angles than a Lambertian scatterer. The emission of a Lambertian radiator does not depend on the amount of incident radiation, but rather from radiation originating in the emitting body itself. For example, if the sun were a Lambertian radiator, one would expect to see a constant brightness across the entire solar disc. The fact that the sun exhibits limb darkening in the visible region illustrates that it is not a Lambertian radiator. A black body is an example of a Lambertian radiator. The situation for a Lambertian surface (emitting or scattering) is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. For conceptual clarity we will think in terms of photons rather than energy or luminous energy. The wedges in the circle each represent an equal angle "dΩ", of an arbitrarily chosen size, and for a Lambertian surface, the number of photons per second emitted into each wedge is proportional to the area of the wedge. The length of each wedge is the product of the diameter of the circle and cos("θ") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41306 | 379,508 |
Urban runoff Because of fertilizer and organic waste that urban runoff often carries, eutrophication often occurs in waterways affected by this type of runoff. After heavy rains, organic matter in the waterway is relatively high compared with natural levels, spurring growth of algae blooms that soon consume most of the oxygen. Once the naturally occurring oxygen in the water is depleted, the algae blooms die, and their decomposition causes further eutrophication. Algae blooms mostly occur in areas with still water, such as stream pools and the pools behind dams, weirs, and some drop structures. Eutrophication usually comes with deadly consequences for fish and other aquatic organisms. Excessive stream bank erosion may cause flooding and property damage. For many years governments have often responded to urban stream erosion problems by river engineering through construction of hardened embankments and similar control structures using concrete and masonry materials. Use of these hard materials destroys habitat for fish and other animals. Such a project may stabilize the immediate area where flood damage occurred, but often it simply shifts the problem to an upstream or downstream segment of the stream. Urban flooding has significant economic implications. In the US, industry experts estimate that wet basements can lower property values by 10%-25% and are cited among the top reasons for not purchasing a home | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18522361 | 56,219 |
Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere The numerical results obtained at 22.5 GHz were: Note the way the solution bvp bents over the straight line. A consequence of this property is that the ray can reach locations situated below the horizon of S. This is consistent with observations. The trajectory is a Concave function is a consequence of the fact that the gradient of the refraction index is negative, so the Eikonal equation implies that the second derivative of the trajectory is negative. From the point where the ray is parallel to ground, relative to the chosen coordinates, the ray goes down but relative to ground level, the ray goes up. Often engineers are interested in finding the limits of a system. In this case, a simple idea is to try some low elevation angle and let the ray reach the desired altitude. This point of view has a problem: if suffice to take the angle for which the ray has a tangent point of lowest altitude. For instance with the case of a source at 5 km altitude, of nominal elevation angle −0.5-degree and the target is at 30 km altitude; the attenuation found by the boundary value method is 11.33 dB. The previous point of view of worst case leads to an elevation angle of −1.87-degree and an attenuation of 170.77 dB. With this kind of attenuation, every system would be unusable! It was found also for this case that with the nominal elevation angle, the distance of the tangent point to ground is 5.84 km; that of the worst case is 2.69 km. The nominal distance from source to target is 6383.84 km; for the worst case, it is 990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29082171 | 383,478 |
History of radar Using journal papers on ionospheric measurements for information on pulsed transmission, Bay developed a system called "Sas" (Eagle) around existing communications hardware. The "Sas" operated at 120 MHz (2.5 m) and was in a cabin with separate transmitting and receiving dipole arrays attached; the assembly was all on a rotatable platform. According to published records, the system was tested in 1944 atop Mount János and had a range of “better than 500 km”. A second "Sas" was installed at another location. There is no indication that either "Sas" installation was ever in regular service. After the war, Bay used a modified "Sas" to successfully bounce a signal off the moon. At the start of World War II in September 1939, both the United Kingdom and Germany knew of each other's ongoing efforts in radio navigation and its countermeasures – the "Battle of the beams". Also, both nations were generally aware of, and intensely interested in, the other's developments in radio-based detection and tracking, and engaged in an active campaign of espionage and false leaks about their respective equipment. By the time of the Battle of Britain, both sides were deploying range and direction-finding units (radars) and control stations as part of integrated air defense capability. However, the German "Funkmessgerät" (radio measuring device) systems could not assist in an offensive role and was thus not supported by Adolf Hitler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280053 | 407,517 |
Thorium Energy Alliance TEA proposes to leverage education and training activities by: TEA plans to engage politicians through round-table discussions and provide them with expert opinion, white papers, executive summaries and talking points to demonstrate thorium technology. There is a major initiative to engage the public through regular and social media channels. TEA facilitates experts to appear on radio and television and participate in group discussions and provide interviews. In this direction TEA generates a large quantity of its own media including, webcasts, podcasts, videos, pamphlets, books and articles. TEA sponsors advertising campaigns in print, television and targeted mail. In the future, TEA plans to track the milestones in the creation of a thorium economy. One of the proposed methods will be to create a thorium and related technology stock portfolio and a Thorium ETF, which will allow the public to track and participate in the growing value of the thorium economy. TEA organizes regular annual conferences since 2009, where scientific sessions and cross-cutting energy and fuel management discussions bring together a cross-section of interested domain experts. The inaugural conference in 2009 took place in Washington D.C., followed by California (2010), Washington D.C. (2011), and Chicago (2012). The 2013 annual conference was held in Chicago, May 30–31. The most recent conference was held in Palo Alto, CA, June 3–4, 2015. The 2017 annual conference will be held in St. Louis, August 21–22. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38171120 | 32,598 |
Design management Operational level Operational design management involves the management of individual design projects and design teams. Its goal is to achieve the objectives set by strategic design management. Success of good design management can be measured by evaluating the quality of operational design management outcomes. It includes the selection and management of design suppliers and encompasses the documentation, supervision, and evaluation of design processes and results. It deals with personal leadership, emotional intelligence, and the cooperation with and management of internal communications. Regular management functions, tools, and concepts can often be applied to the management of design on the operational level. It is implemented to achieve specific design objectives and manage the judgment of design proposals. It can help to build brand equity through the consistent creation and implementation of high-quality design solutions that best fit the brand identity and desired consumer experience, in the most efficient way. Depending on the type of company and industry, the following job titles are associated with this role: operational design manager, senior designer, team leader, visual communication manager, corporate design coordinator, and others. Tactical level Tactical design management addresses the organisation of design resources and design processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3555307 | 238,970 |
Current (fluid) A current in a fluid is the magnitude and direction of flow within that fluid. An air current presents the same properties specifically for a gaseous medium. Types of fluid currents include | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24483792 | 10,901 |
Ytterbium 0 days, Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being Yb ("t" 46 seconds). The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 atomic mass unit (u) for Yb to 180.9562 u for Yb. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than Yb is beta decay. The primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes lighter than Yb are thulium isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than Yb are lutetium isotopes. is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. The main mining areas are China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. Reserves of ytterbium are estimated as one million tonnes. is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation. Compounds of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg/kg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34240 | 37,752 |
Cheque Banks try to save time processing cheques by sending them electronically between banks. clearing is usually done through an electronic cheque broker, such as The Clearing House, Viewpointe LLC or the Federal Reserve Banks. Copies of the cheques are stored at a bank or the broker, for periods up to 99 years, and this is why some cheque archives have grown to 20 petabytes. The access to these archives is now worldwide, as most bank programming is now done offshore. Many utilities and most credit cards will also allow customers to pay by providing bank information and having the payee draw payment from the customer's account (direct debit). Many people in the US still use paper money orders to pay bills or transfer money which is a unique type of cheque. They have security advantages over mailing cash, and do not require access to a bank account. Canada's usage of cheques is less than that of the US and is declining rapidly at the urging of the Canadian Banking Association. The Government of Canada claims it is 6.5 times more expensive to mail a cheque than to make a direct deposit. The Canadian Payments Association reported that in 2012, cheque use in Canada accounted for only 40% of total financial transactions. The Interac system, which allows instant fund transfers via chip or magnetic strip and PIN, is widely used by merchants to the point that few brick and mortar merchants accept cheques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1267494 | 456,895 |
MacOS version history Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed (similar to iOS). Documents auto-save by default. OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. 2GB of memory is required. Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features, including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine. Notification Center is added, providing an overview of alerts from applications. Notes is added, as an application separate from Mail, synching with its iOS counterpart through the iCloud service. Messages, an instant messaging software application, replaces iChat. OS X Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It placed emphasis on battery life, Finder enhancements, other enhancements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to the OS X platform. iBooks and Apple Maps applications were added | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162549 | 133,977 |
Barton (crater) Barton crater is a 54-km (32-mi) diameter crater on Venus. It is the size at which craters on Venus begin to possess peak-rings instead of a single central peak. The floor of Barton crater is flat and radar-dark, indicating possible infilling by lava flows sometime following the impact. Barton's central peak-ring is discontinuous and appears to have been disrupted or separated during or following the cratering process. The crater is named after Clara Barton, the founder of the American Red Cross. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14697272 | 15,007 |
Edible vaccines tumefaciens" is the most preferred strain because it carries tumour-inducing plasmids. The genes will be made into a neutralized Ti-plasmid and the heterologous gene is inserted to form a recombinant plasmid vector. The vector is then turned into the desired strain with the help of the virulence genes of the bacterium. It is then transferred and integrated into the genomic DNA of the host plant by non-homologous recombination at random sites. This method has a low yield and is a slow process, and it is the most effective when used with dicotyledonous plants such as, tomato, potato, and tobacco. Another technique is the microprojectile bombardment method where selected DNA sequences are processed and penetrated into the chloroplast genome. The gene containing DNA coated metal particles are fired at the plant cells using a gene gun. The plants take up the DNA, grow into new plants, then are cloned to produce large numbers of genetically identical crops. The gene transfer is independent, and it can express antigens through nuclear and chloroplast transformation. There are a few other techniques that have been tested, however, the three techniques describe above are more common and practical. One of the alternative methods is nuclear transformation. This is when the desired gene is inserted into the plant nucleus through non-homologous recombination. Furthermore, electroporation has been considered, but it is not common because the cell wall has to be weakened before the pulses and DNA insertion can occur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59951553 | 158,417 |
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