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Ribbon synapse Like most exocytosis, Ca regulates the release of vesicles from the presynaptic membrane. Different types of ribbon synapses have different dependence on Ca releases. The hair cell ribbon synapses exhibit a steep dependence on Ca concentration, while the photoreceptor synapses is less steeply dependent on Ca and is stimulated by much lower levels of free Ca. The hair cell ribbon synapse experiences spontaneous activity in the absence of stimuli, under conditions of a constant hair cell membrane potential. Voltage clamp at the postsynaptic bouton showed that the bouton experiences a wide range of excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. The current amplitude distribution is a positive-skew, with a range of larger amplitudes for both spontaneous and stimulus evoked release. It was thought that this current distribution was not explainable with single vesicle release, and other scenarios of release have been proposed: coordinated multivesicular release, kiss-and-run, or compound fusion of vesicles prior to exocytosis. However it has been recently proposed that uniquantal release with fusion pore flickering is the most plausible interpretation of the found current distribution. In fact, the charge distribution of currents is actually normally distributed, supporting the uniquantal release scenario. It has been shown that the skewness of the current amplitude distribution is well explained by different time courses of neurotransmitter release of a single vesicles with a flickering fusion pore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21610244 | 140,918 |
Salton Sea The Imperial Dam was built to avoid the flooding that created the Salton Sea. The had some success as a resort area, with Salton City, Beach, and Desert Shores, on the western shore and Desert Beach, North Shore, and Bombay Beach, built on the eastern shore in the 1950s. However, many of the settlements substantially shrank in size, or have been abandoned, mostly due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources. Many of the species of fish that lived in the sea have been killed off by the combination of pollutants, salt levels, and algal blooms. Dead fish have been known to wash up in mass quantities on the beaches. The smell of the lake, combined with the stench of the decaying fish, also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea. The US Geological Survey describes the smell as "objectionable", "noxious", "unique", and "pervasive". Many people now visit the and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures and see the squatter settlement of Slab City. The town of Niland is southeast of the sea, with a population of 1,006. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, the area roughly within of the sandy shoreline of the would have a Saltbush / Greasewood ("40") vegetation type and a Great Basin Shrubland ("7") vegetation form. Due to the high salinity, very few fish species can tolerate living in the Salton Sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=440359 | 339,176 |
Alpha-Naphthylthiourea α-Naphthylthiourea (ANTU) is an organosulfur compound with the formula CHNHC(S)NH. This a white, crystalline powder although commercial samples may be off-white. It is used as a rodenticide and as such is fairly toxic. Naphthylthiourea is available as 10% active baits in suitable protein- or carbohydrate-rich materials and as a 20% tracking powder. Like other thioureas, ANTU can be prepared by several routes. The usual method is the reaction of 1-naphthylamine hydrochloride with ammonium thiocyanate: It is produced from the reaction of 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate with ammonia. ANTU is specifically toxic in lung cells due to its conversion to a short-lived active metabolite to which it is converted in the liver, not ANTU acting directly. This damage is focused on the endothelium of pulmonary capillaries and venules, it will lead to the formation of irreversible gaps in the endothelium of pulmonary vessels. This damage can lead to pulmonary edema. In ANTU poisoning plasma, carbon and ferritin escape through a gap in the thick part of the pulmonary capillary into the interstitial tissues of the lung is toxic to inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, although the intoxication may be delayed. According to the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the recommended workplace airborne exposure limit is 0.3 mg/m averaged over a 10-hour workshift. Exposure to 100 mg/m is immediately dangerous to life and health. The lethal dose in humans is approximately 4 g/kg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20841332 | 146,379 |
BlogHer is an American community and media company founded by Elisa Camahort Page, Jory des Jardins, and Lisa Stone in 2005. The company, Blogher LLC, includes conferences and a blog advertising network. In 2007, it expanded to include BlogHers Act, a political blogging network by and for women. Dan Gillmor quoted the site's community guideline "We embrace the spirit of civil disagreement" as an ideal. began as a conference in 2005 in San José, California. It began with an idea and a blog, and once announced, quickly grew to a 300-person conference on women and blogging. The second conference was held in San José and was much larger than the first, with at least 750 attendees. '07 keynote speakers in Chicago include Rashmi Sinha, Gina Bianchini, Annalee Newitz, Elizabeth Edwards, and Esther Dyson. In 2007, the community events also expanded to a business blogging conference in March in New York City. Business keynote speakers included Elisa Camahort, Jeannette Gibson, Stephanie Bergman, Rachel Clarke, Lisa Weinstein, Lisa Stone, Debi Fine, Marissa Mayer, Stacy Morrison, and Caroline Little. In 2008, the cofounders were honored with the Social Impact ABIE Award from the Anita Borg Institute. On July 16, 2008, iVillage, a network of online media outlets owned by NBC Universal, announced that it had reached a partnership with the network to provide content for sites across the iVillage network. Additionally, received $5 million in funding from Peacock Ventures, NBC Universal's venture investment arm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12047145 | 257,652 |
Born–Oppenheimer approximation The Schrödinger equation, which must be solved to obtain the energy levels and wavefunction of this molecule, is a partial differential eigenvalue equation in the three-dimensional coordinates of the nuclei and electrons, giving 3×12 + 3×42 = 36 nuclear + 126 electronic = 162 variables for the wave function. The computational complexity, i.e. the computational power required to solve an eigenvalue equation, increases faster than the square of the number of coordinates. When applying the BO approximation, two smaller, consecutive steps can be used: For a given position of the nuclei, the "electronic" Schrödinger equation is solved, while treating the nuclei as stationary (not "coupled" with the dynamics of the electrons). This corresponding eigenvalue problem then consists only of the 126 electronic coordinates. This electronic computation is then repeated for other possible positions of the nuclei, i.e. deformations of the molecule. For benzene, this could be done using a grid of 36 possible nuclear position coordinates. The electronic energies on this grid are then connected to give a potential energy surface for the nuclei. This potential is then used for a second Schrödinger equation containing only the 36 coordinates of the nuclei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68946 | 69,793 |
Drywall Gypsum lath was an early substrate for plaster. An alternative to traditional wood or metal lath, it was a panel made up of compressed gypsum plaster board that was sometimes grooved or punched with holes to allow wet plaster to key into its surface. As it evolved, it was faced with paper impregnated with gypsum crystals that bonded with the applied facing layer of plaster. In 1936 US Gypsum trademarked ROCKLATH for their gypsum lath product. In 2002 the European Commission imposed fines totaling €420 million on the companies Lafarge, BPB, Knauf and Gyproc Benelux, which had operated a cartel on the market which affected 80% of consumers in France, the UK, Germany and the Benelux countries. A wallboard panel consists of a layer of gypsum plaster sandwiched between two layers of paper. The raw gypsum, CaSO·2 HO, is heated to drive off the water then slightly rehydrated to produce the hemihydrate of calcium sulfate (CaSO· HO). The plaster is mixed with fibre (typically paper and/or fibreglass), plasticizer, foaming agent, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator, EDTA, starch or other chelate as a retarder, various additives that may decrease mildew and increase fire resistance, and wax emulsion or silanes for lower water absorption. The board is then formed by sandwiching a core of the wet mixture between two sheets of heavy paper or fibreglass mats. When the core sets it is then dried in a large drying chamber, and the sandwich becomes rigid and strong enough for use as a building material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331784 | 321,377 |
Wheel sizing The bolt circle diameter is typically expressed in "mm" and accompanies the number of bolts in your vehicle's bolt pattern designation. One example of a common bolt pattern is 5x100. This means there are 5 bolts evenly spaced about a 100mm bolt circle. The picture to the right is an example of a 5x100 bolt pattern on a Subaru BRZ. The wheel has 5 lug nuts and utilizes a 100mm bolt circle diameter. Some of the most common BCD values are 100mm (≈3.94 inches), 112mm (4.41 inches) and 114.3mm (4.5 inches). These are used widely in modern vehicles and it is safe to assume that your vehicle's wheels utilize one of these BCDs. Always check your owner's manual or call your local car dealership to confirm the bolt pattern on your vehicle. Wheels must be fitted with the correct type of lug nuts on their corresponding wheel studs. Lug nuts will have either flat, tapered (conical), or ball (radius) seats. The type of seat a wheel requires will determine the appropriate lug nuts required to securely attach the wheel to the vehicle. A flat seat type has a flat end that screws down the wheel stud to put pressure on the wheel and compress it against the mounting hub. Similarly, tapered and ball seat types have a tapered or conical end and a semicircular end respectively. A place to find the lug nut type is to check OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) specifications if you have stock wheels or contact the seller if you have aftermarket wheels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917653 | 438,426 |
Broth microdilution is a method used to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to antibiotics. It is the most commonly used method to perform this test in the United States. During testing, multiple microtiter plates are filled with a broth composed of Brucella and supplements of blood. Varying concentrations of the antibiotics and the bacteria to be tested are then added to the plate. The plate is then placed into a non-CO2 incubator and heated at thirty-five degrees Celsius for sixteen to twenty hours. Following the allotted time, the plate is removed and checked for bacterial growth. If the broth became cloudy or a layer of cells formed at the bottom, then bacterial growth has occurred. The results of the broth microdilution method are reported in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), or the lowest concentration of antibiotics that stopped bacterial expansion. The broth microdilution method can be used to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to multiple antibiotics at once. is also highly accurate. The accuracy of its results are comparable to agar dilution, the gold standard of susceptibility testing. Other advantages include the commercial availability of plates, the ease of testing and storing the plates, and the ability for the results of some tests to be read by machines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44413376 | 159,576 |
Monokub () is a computer motherboard based on the Russian Elbrus 2000 computer architecture, which form the basis for the Monoblock PC office workstation. The motherboard has a miniITX formfactor and contains a single Elbrus-2C+ microprocessor with a clock frequency of 500 MHz. The memory controller provides a dual-channel memory mode. The board has two DDR2-800 memory slots, which enables up to 16 GB of RAM memory (using ECC modules). It also supports expansion boards using PCI Express x16 bus. In addition there is an on-board Gigabit Ethernet interface, 4 USB 2.0, RS-232 interface, DVI connector and audio input/output ports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38966621 | 412,538 |
Ian McNair Ian Wallace McNair (23 October 1933 – 30 October 2007) was a market research expert in Australia, known in the Australian market research industry, through the work of his father Bill McNair and his own work. When Ian was born in 1933, his father Bill received news that the advertising agency he worked at, JWT, had won the Kelloggs advertising contract. For this reason, Ian almost acquired the name Ian Kellogg. However the middle name Wallace was chosen for two reasons; it was the middle name of Bill's brother, but probably more so in recognition of William Wallace whose defeat of the English in 1298 was significant to the Scottish heritage of the McNair family. In 1950, Ian started full-time study in Economics at University of Sydney but later reverted to part-time study while working at the accounting firm Holt and Thompson. He also did three months National Service at this time, where he was known as Gunner McNair or Private Eye McNair. Influenced by his father, Ian joined the McNair Survey Pty Ltd in 1953, the market research business that Bill McNair and his business partner Gwen Nelson had bought from JWT. He joined initially on a trial six-week period as a clerk. In 1953 TV arrived in Australia, and The McNair Survey supplied both radio and now TV ratings. The McNair Survey began to work in political opinion polling, and in the 1955 Federal Election they correctly predicted that Federal Labor leader, Dr. H. V. Evatt would retain his hotly contested seat of Barton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17603859 | 498,205 |
Great Oxidation Event Oxidative stress involving production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might have acted in synergy with other environmental stresses (such as ultraviolet radiation and/or desiccation) to drive selection in an early archaeal lineage towards eukaryosis. This archaeal ancestor may already have had DNA repair mechanisms based on DNA pairing and recombination and possibly some kind of cell fusion mechanism. The detrimental effects of internal ROS (produced by endosymbiont proto-mitochondria) on the archaeal genome could have promoted the evolution of meiotic sex from these humble beginnings. Selective pressure for efficient DNA repair of oxidative DNA damages may have driven the evolution of eukaryotic sex involving such features as cell-cell fusions, cytoskeleton-mediated chromosome movements and emergence of the nuclear membrane. Thus the evolution of eukaryotic sex and eukaryogenesis were likely inseparable processes that evolved in large part to facilitate DNA repair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3268926 | 148,484 |
Nutating disc engine The "Times" engine had been built by Whitworth and had been shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851 where it ran smoothly and quietly and impressed all who saw it. In 1853 a disc engine 13 inches in diameter was purchased from Rennie to propel a 55 foot Russian gunboat, which it did at a speed of . At the time the advantages of the disc engine were listed in 1855 by "The Mechanics' Magazine" as: Disc engines ultimately fell into disuse due to the competition offered by modern high speed steam engines which were small and light and could offer features such as compounding. Additionally, conventional engines did not require the same precision manufacture as disc engines and steam leakage was not a problem. The nutating disc meter which uses the same geometry and concept as the Dakeynes' original engine is probably the most widely used flowmeter in the world, and it is claimed that more than half the water meters installed in domestic premises in the US and Europe are of this type. Used for 150 years, it is essentially a Dakeyne Disc Engine and was most probably developed by Farey and Donkin who mentioned a "fluid measurement meter" in their 1850 disc engine patent granted in 1850. By 1859 they were being manufactured by the Buffalo Meter Company of Buffalo, New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14598720 | 290,356 |
Redfield ratio Consequently, the system-specific Redfield Ratio could serve as a proxy for plankton community structure. Despite reports that the elemental composition of organisms such as marine phytoplankton in an oceanic region do not conform to the canonical Redfield ratio, the fundamental concept of this ratio remains valid and useful. In 2014, an article was released in the Scientific Data journal, which aggregated Redfield ratios measurements from observational cruises around the world from 1970 to 2010. This article provides a large database that can be used to study the evolution of particular phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen across sea stations and time. Some feel that there are other elements, such as potassium, sulfur, zinc, copper, and iron are also important in the ocean chemistry. In particular, iron (Fe) was considered of great importance as early biological oceanographers hypothesized that iron may also be a limiting factor for primary production in the ocean. As a result an extended was developed to include this as part of this balance. This new stoichiometric ratio states that the ratio should be 106 C:16 N:1 P:0.1-0.001 Fe. The large variation for Fe is a result of the significant obstacle of ships and scientific equipment contaminating any samples collected at sea with excess Fe.. It was this contamination that resulted in early evidence suggesting that iron concentrations were high and not a limiting factor in marine primary production | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3157750 | 148,181 |
Hyperview (computing) A hyperview in computing is a hypertextual view of the content of a database or set of data on a group of activities. As with a hyperdiagram multiple views are linked to form a hyperview. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50447852 | 288,835 |
Net neutrality 8% of ZIP codes in the United States had two or more providers of high speed Internet lines available, and 94.6% of ZIP codes had four or more providers, as reported by University of Chicago economists Gary Becker, Dennis Carlton, and Hal Sider in a 2010 paper. FCC commissioner Ajit Pai states that the FCC completely brushes away the concerns of smaller competitors who are going to be subject to various taxes, such as state property taxes and general receipts taxes. As a result, according to Pai, that does nothing to create more competition within the market. According to Pai, the FCC's ruling to impose Title II regulations is opposed by the country's smallest private competitors and many municipal broadband providers. In his dissent, Pai noted that 142 wireless ISPs (WISPs) said that FCC's new "regulatory intrusion into our businesses ... would likely force us to raise prices, delay deployment expansion, or both". He also noted that 24 of the country's smallest ISPs, each with fewer than 1,000 residential broadband customers, wrote to the FCC stating that Title II "will badly strain our limited resources" because they "have no in-house attorneys and no budget line items for outside counsel" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1398166 | 101,479 |
Bent's rule In particular, the one bond C-H coupling constant "J" is related to the fractional s character of the carbon hybrid orbital used to form the bond through the empirical relationship formula_1. (For instance the pure sp hybrid atomic orbital found in the C-H bond of methane would have 25% s character resulting in an expected coupling constant of 500 Hz × 0.25 = 125 Hz, in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined value.) As the electronegativity of the substituent increases, the amount of p character directed towards the substituent increases as well. This leaves more s character in the bonds to the methyl protons, which leads to increased "J" coupling constants. The inductive effect can be explained with Bent's rule. The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar substituent constant. The polar substituent constants are similar in principle to σ values from the Hammett equation, as an increasing value corresponds to a greater electron-withdrawing ability. suggests that as the electronegativity of the groups increase, more p character is diverted towards those groups, which leaves more s character in the bond between the central carbon and the R group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3840994 | 41,369 |
Digital on-screen graphic The DOGs for the other channels appear at the top left-hand corner on other channels except BBC News (which is bottom left and forms part of integrated information graphics), its international counterpart, BBC World News, and BBC Parliament. The BBC News Channel's DOG does not appear when it airs Breakfast. Whilst BBC Four and BBC Parliament have static DOGs, the ones on CBBC and CBeebies alongside other channels such as Nick Jr. feature moving elements. ITV uses DOGs on all its channels, as do its counterparts STV in central and northern Scotland, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands, and UTV in Northern Ireland. Although BBC One and BBC Two currently do not feature their own channel-specific DOGs, a generic BBC logo appears on the top left-hand corner of their iPlayer feeds as is the case with other BBC channels. This generic BBC DOG also appears on catch-up or on-demand programmes on the iPlayer. The logos on channels such as ITV (excluding STV), Channel 5, E4, E!, Disney XD, Sky Arts 1 and 2, Sky1, Sky2, Sky Sports, History, More4 and CITV are almost transparent, whereas others like those on Comedy Central, Disney Junior, some UKTV channels, CBBC, CBeebies, the Discovery channels, Nick Jr., Nicktoons, Boomerang and Nickelodeon are bright and noticeable. Sky Movies and Film4 do not use DOGs, but Channel 4 (starting in July 2017), Channel 4 HD and the timeshift channel Channel 4+1 all do. Some stations display their on-screen graphics permanently | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=974664 | 118,663 |
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation The analog of the classical "state vectors" in the classical description is quantum state vectors in the description of photons. The early interpretation is based on the experiments of Max Planck and the interpretation of those experiments by Albert Einstein, which was that electromagnetic radiation is composed of irreducible packets of energy, known as photons. The energy of each packet is related to the angular frequency of the wave by the relation where formula_41 is an experimentally determined quantity known as the reduced Planck's constant. If there are formula_42 photons in a box of volume formula_43, the energy (neglecting zero point energy) in the electromagnetic field is and the energy density is The energy of a photon can be related to classical fields through the correspondence principle which states that for a large number of photons, the quantum and classical treatments must agree. Thus, for very large formula_42, the quantum energy density must be the same as the classical energy density The average number of photons in the box in a coherent state is then The correspondence principle also determines the momentum and angular momentum of the photon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6936414 | 440,487 |
Territorial waters Following the US Presidential proclamation, the issue of legally determining territorial waters by international agreement was raised, and in its first session in 1949, the International Law Commission of the United Nations added the subject to its agenda. The important issue of the breadth of territorial waters could not be resolved at either the UNCLOS I (1956-1958) or UNCLOS II (1960) conferences, with neither the two major contenders of a 3-mile or 12-mile limit reaching the required two-thirds support. This lack of agreement had the potential to lead to serious international disputes. It was only at the UNCLOS III (1973-1982) conference, whose provisions did not come into force until 1994, that this issue was resolved at twelve nautical miles. Pirate radio broadcasting from artificial marine fixtures or anchored ships can be controlled by the affected coastal nation or other nations wherever that broadcast may originate, whether in the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf or even on the high seas. Thus a coastal nation has total control over its internal waters, slightly less control over territorial waters, and ostensibly even less control over waters within the contiguous zones. However, it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=496983 | 483,702 |
OpenTTD has been praised for the number of improvements it has made to the original Transport Tycoon Deluxe, such as the AI, graphics, sounds, and ability to play multiplayer. received the most votes for Game of the Year for the 2004 Amiga Games Award. Lewis Denby from PC Gamer ranked 20th in its May 2011 list of best free PC games. Hungarian Unix Portal users chose "OpenTTD" as favourite (free) game in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010. In 2014 "OpenTTD" was named by PCGamer among the "Ten top fan remade classics you can play for free right now". In 2015 and 2016, Rock, Paper, Shotgun ranked "OpenTTD" 8th on its The 50 Best Free Games on PC list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=703297 | 476,453 |
Mockingbird (Marvel Comics) Together she and Ka-Zar tackle threats such as the Pusher, Gemini, Victorius, Gog, and the Plunderer. As the series progresses she begins to wear a regular costume of tinted-glasses, a red one-piece, and boots. Her S.H.I.E.L.D. designation of "Agent 19" is revealed and she and Ka-Zar finally kiss. In 1974 the color Ka-Zar series left "Astonishing Tales" and was relaunched in the "Ka-Zar, Lord of the Hidden Jungle" title. The strip is set once again in the Savage Land and Morse is absent for the first story. She returns in the third issue—explaining that Nick Fury had sent her on a S.H.I.E.L.D. assignment to look into "El Tigre", a subversive who is exploiting the energy crisis in South America. This leads her to reluctantly travel back to the Savage Land, where she and Ka-Zar defeat El Tigre and his ally Man-God together. The introduction of Shanna the She-Devil into Ka-Zar's supporting cast changes Morse's role in the stories of this period. Ka-Zar expresses clear attraction to the more jungle-friendly Shanna from the outset and Morse is cast as the secondary love interest. This dynamic is most notable in Morse's lone appearance in the Ka-Zar strip in the black-and-white magazine "Savage Tales" (#8; Jan. 1975). Written by Gerry Conway, the story depicts Morse leading Shanna and a group of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents into the Savage Land where they work with Ka-Zar to neutralise a threat to world security. During the course of the adventure Morse realises that Ka-Zar's affections lie with Shanna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2312289 | 168,697 |
Bradford Parkinson Fortunately, one of Parkinson's Electrical Engineering professors was an Air Force officer who urged him to consider being commissioned in the Air Force rather than the Navy. Parkinson also knew he wanted to get a Ph.D. later in life, and the Air Force was more receptive to graduate and post-graduate education at this time. After being commissioned in the Air Force, he was trained in electronics maintenance and supervised large ground radar installations in Washington State. He then was sponsored by USAF to attend MIT, studying controls engineering, inertial guidance, astronautics and electrical engineering. Parkinson worked in the lab of Charles Stark Draper, the namesake for the prestigious Draper Prize which Parkinson went on to win later in his life. At MIT, he received a Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1961 and was elected to the Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi honor Societies. Parkinson was then assigned to work at the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility at Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo, New Mexico. There he developed tests and was a Chief Analyst for the evaluation of the Air Force’s inertial guidance systems and continued work on electrical and controls engineering. In 1964, after three years at Holloman, Parkinson was assigned to a Ph.D. program at Stanford University graduating in 1966, with a degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2410578 | 302,060 |
Enphase Energy The next-gen Envoy-S offers revenue-grade metering of solar production, consumption monitoring, and integrated Wi-Fi. The company also moved into home energy storage with its Storage System featuring an AC Battery, a modular, 1.2kWh lithium-iron phosphate offering aimed at residential users that is part of a Home Energy Solution. The Home Energy Solution launched in Australia in mid-2016. 2017 began the introduction of the new IQ architecture, which uses a new cabling system. Two conductors, down from four, are integrated and compliant with electrical codes due to the use of GFCI, no need for a neutral and no conductive materials in the enclosure. The initial products were the IQ6 and IQ6+, followed in 2018 by the IQ7. In 2019 the IQ8 series will enable continuous power production during grid outages during daytime without the need for batteries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41089823 | 412,889 |
Bromine pentafluoride It may spontaneously ignite or explode upon contact with organic materials or metal dust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317016 | 21,956 |
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium The is a cricket stadium located in Bangalore, Karnataka. Flanked by the picturesque Cubbon Park, Queen's Road, Cubbon and uptown MG Road, this five-decade-old stadium is situated in the heart of the city of Bangalore It has a seating capacity of 35,000, and regularly hosts Test cricket, One Day Internationals (ODI) and other First-class cricket matches, as well as musical and cultural events. The stadium is the home ground of the Karnataka state cricket team and the Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore. It is owned by the Government of Karnataka and has been leased out to the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA) for a period of 100 years. Formerly known as the Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium, it was later rechristened in tribute to Mr. Mangalam Chinnaswamy, who had served the KSCA for four decades and was also president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from 1977–1980. It is the first cricket stadium in the world to use solar panels to generate a bulk of the electricity needed to run the stadium. This has been procured as by the "Go Green" initiative of the KSCA. As of 13 January 2020 it has hosted 22 Tests, 24 ODIs and 7 T20Is. With generous patronage from the Government of Karnataka, the foundation stone of this stadium was laid in 1969 and construction work commenced in 1970. The stadium was first used for First-class cricket matches during the 1972–73 season. It earned Test status during the 1974–75 season when the West Indies toured India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2101648 | 339,520 |
Eight-hour day It was introduced in Chile on 8 September 1924 at the demand of then-general Luis Altamirano as part of the "Ruido de sables" that culminated in the September Junta. New Zealand United States of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2100109 | 482,202 |
Lead(II) iodide Large high-purity crystals can be obtained by zone melting or by the Bridgman–Stockbarger technique. These processes can remove various impurities from commercial . Lead iodide is a precursor material in the fabrication of highly efficient solar cells. Typically, a solution of in an organic solvent, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide, is applied over a titanium dioxide layer by spin coating. The layer is then treated with a solution of methylammonium iodide and annealed, turning it into the double salt methylammonium lead iodide , with a perovskite structure. The reaction changes the film's color from yellow to light brown. Lead iodide was formerly used as a paint pigment under the name "iodine yellow". It was described by Prosper Mérimée (1830) as "not yet much known in commerce, is as bright as orpiment or chromate of lead. It is thought to be more permanent; but time only can prove its pretension to so essential a quality. It is prepared by precipitating a solution of acetate or nitrate of lead, with potassium iodide: the nitrate produces a more brilliant yellow color." However, due to the toxicity and instability of the compound it is no longer used as such. It may still be used in art for bronzing and in gold-like mosaic tiles. Common material characterization techniques such as electron microscopy can damage samples of lead (II) iodide. Thin films of lead (II) iodide are unstable in ambient air | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=766244 | 416,958 |
Two-dimensional materials The unzipping of boron nitride nanotubes by plasma can be used to control the size of the nanosheets, but it produces semiconducting boron nitride nanosheets. The potassium intercalation method produces a low yield of nanosheets as boron nitride is resistive to the effects of intercalants. Solvent exfoliation is often used in tandem with sonication to break the weak Van der Waals interactions present in bulk boron nitride to isolate large quantities of boron nitride nanosheets. Polar solvents such as isopropyl alcohol and DMF have been found to be more effective in exfoliating boron nitride layers than nonpolar solvents because these solvents possess a similar surface energy to the surface energy of boron nitride nanosheets. Combinations of different solvents also exfoliate boron nitride better than when the solvents were used individually. However, many solvents that can be used to exfoliate boron nitride are fairly toxic and expensive. Common solvents such as water and isopropyl alcohol have been determined to be comparable to these toxic polar solvents in exfoliating boron nitride sheets. Chemical functionalization of boron nitride involves attaching molecules onto the outer and inner layers of bulk boron nitride. There are three types of functionalization that can be done to boron nitride: covalent functionalization, ionic functionalization, or non covalent functionalization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43589512 | 393,767 |
Ringing artifacts In fact, if one takes a brick wall low-pass filter (sinc in time domain, rectangular in frequency domain) and truncates it (multiplies with a rectangular function in the time domain), this convolves the frequency domain with sinc (Fourier transform of the rectangular function) and causes ringing in the "frequency" domain, which is referred to as "ripple." In symbols, formula_3 The frequency ringing in the stopband is also referred to as side lobes. Flat response in the passband is desirable, so one windows with functions whose Fourier transform has fewer oscillations, so the frequency domain behavior is better. Multiplication in the time domain corresponds to convolution in the frequency domain, so multiplying a filter by a window function corresponds to convolving the Fourier transform of the original filter by the Fourier transform of the window, which has a smoothing effect – thus windowing in the time domain corresponds to smoothing in the frequency domain, and reduces or eliminates overshoot and ringing. In the frequency domain, the cause can be interpreted as due to the sharp (brick-wall) cut-off, and ringing reduced by using a filter with smoother roll-off | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22200477 | 398,764 |
Directors' duties By definition, where a director enters into a transaction with a company, there is a conflict between the director's interest (to do well for himself out of the transaction) and his duty to the company (to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction). This rule is so strictly enforced that, even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical, the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it. In "Aberdeen Ry v. Blaikie" Lord Cranworth stated in his judgment that: "A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is, of course, the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting. Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. And it is a rule of universal application that no one, having such duties to discharge, shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has, "or can have", a personal interest conflicting "or which possibly may conflict", with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into..." However, in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle. It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle should be capable of being abrogated in the company's constitution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18199221 | 485,109 |
Failure rate Other units, such as miles, revolutions, etc., can also be used in place of "time" units. Failure rates are often expressed in engineering notation as failures per million, or 10, especially for individual components, since their failure rates are often very low. The Failures In Time (FIT) rate of a device is the number of failures that can be expected in one billion (10) device-hours of operation. (E.g. 1000 devices for 1 million hours, or 1 million devices for 1000 hours each, or some other combination.) This term is used particularly by the semiconductor industry. The relationship of FIT to MTBF may be expressed as: MTBF = 1,000,000,000 x 1/FIT. Under certain engineering assumptions (e.g. besides the above assumptions for a constant failure rate, the assumption that the considered system has no relevant redundancies), the failure rate for a complex system is simply the sum of the individual failure rates of its components, as long as the units are consistent, e.g. failures per million hours. This permits testing of individual components or subsystems, whose failure rates are then added to obtain the total system failure rate. Adding "redundant" components to eliminate a single point of failure improves the mission failure rate, but makes the series failure rate (also called the logistics failure rate) worse—the extra components improve the mean time between critical failures (MTBCF), even though the mean time before something fails is worse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1336960 | 442,944 |
Asymmetric C-element Asymmetric C-elements are extended C-elements which allow inputs which only effect the operation of the element when transitioning in one of the directions. Asymmetric inputs are attached to either the minus (-) or plus (+) strips of the symbol. The common inputs which effect both the transitions are connected to the centre of the symbol. When transitioning from zero to one, the C-element will take into account the common and the asymmetric plus inputs. All these inputs must be high for the up transition to take place. Similarly when transitioning from one to zero the C-element will take into account the common and the asymmetric minus inputs. All these inputs must be low for the down transition to happen. The figure shows the gate-level and transistor-level implementations and symbol of the asymmetric C-element. In the figure the plus inputs are marked with a 'P', the minus inputs are marked with an 'm' and the common inputs are marked with a 'C'. In addition, it is possible to extend the asymmetric input convention to inverted C-elements, where a plus (minus) on an input port means that an input is required for the inverted output to fall (rise). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2254112 | 372,505 |
EFluor Nanocrystal The absorption spectrum of nanocrystals displays a number of peaks overlaid on background that rises exponentially toward the ultraviolet, where the lowest energy absorption peak arises from the 1S-1S transition, and has been correlated to the physical size of the quantum dot. Generally referred to as the "1st exciton," and is the primary absorption characteristic used to determine both size and concentration for most quantum dots. The photoluminescence spectra of quantum dots are also unique relative to organic dyes in that they are typically Gaussian-shaped curves with no red-tailing to the spectrum. The width of the photoluminescence peak represents the heterogeneity in size dispersion of the quantum dots, where a large size dispersion will lead to broad emission peaks, and tight size-dispersion will lead to narrow emission peaks, often quantified by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value. eFluor Nanocrystals are specified at ≤30nm FWHM for the CdSe nanocrystals, and ≤70nm FWHM for the InGaP eFluor 700 nanocrystals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25128729 | 75,885 |
International Workers' Day After its first universal election in 1994, 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995. On its website, the city of Durban states that the holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime". In Tanzania, it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as the Worker's Day. 1 May is recognized as Labour Day within Tunisia. In Uganda, Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May. 1 May is recognized as public holiday in Zimbabwe and called Workers' Day. In Argentina, Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities. The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time. In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the Radical Civic Union president Hipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo Perón (1946–55). He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office. 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday. In Brazil, Workers' Day is an official holiday that is celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39353050 | 488,636 |
Rate of penetration In the drilling industry, the rate of penetration (ROP), also known as penetration rate or drill rate, is the speed at which a drill bit breaks the rock under it to deepen the borehole. It is normally measured in feet per minute or meters per hour, but sometimes it is expressed in minutes per foot. Generally, ROP increases in fast drilling formation such as sandstone (positive drill break) and decreases in slow drilling formations such as shale (reverse break). ROP decreases in shale due to diagenesis and overburden stresses. Over pressured zones can give twice of ROP as expected which is an indicative of a "well kick". Drillers need to stop and do the bottoms up. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17796821 | 298,372 |
NHL on SportsChannel America They also used their own facilities for any Conference Final series that did not involve one of SportsChannel's regional teams. In 1989, both Conference Finals series involved two of SportsChannel's regional teams (Philadelphia and Chicago). However, Hawks owner Bill Wirtz's banned home games from televising in Chicago. So, Jiggs McDonald and Herb Brooks called the Clarence Campbell Conference Final between Calgary and Chicago on SportsChannel America. SportsChannel America's master control was at a Cablevision studio in Oak Park, Illinois with its NHL studios located at Adelphi University on Long Island. John Shannon was the senior producer and lead producer of "The NHL on SportsChannel America". Bob Papa and Leandra Reilly were the studio hosts for the network. Denis Potvin was the studio analyst for the network. For the Stanley Cup Finals, Jiggs McDonald served as the play-by-play man while Bill Clement was the color commentator. Also during the Stanley Cup Finals, Mike Emrick served as the host while John Davidson served as the rinkside and intermission analyst (Herb Brooks filled that role in 1989). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8245186 | 406,511 |
Adhesion Naturally this applies very strongly to wetting liquids, but also to gas molecules that could adsorb onto the surface in question, thereby occupying potential adhesion sites. This last point is actually fairly intuitive: Leaving an adhesive exposed to air too long gets it dirty, and its adhesive strength will decrease. This is observed in the experiment: when mica is cleaved in air, its cleavage energy, W or W, is smaller than the cleavage energy in vacuum, W, by a factor of 13. Lateral adhesion is the adhesion associated with sliding one object on a substrate such as sliding a drop on a surface. When the two objects are solids, either with or without a liquid between them, the lateral adhesion is described as friction. However, the behavior of lateral adhesion between a drop and a surface is tribologically very different from friction between solids, and the naturally adhesive contact between a flat surface and a liquid drop makes the lateral adhesion in this case, an individual field. Lateral adhesion can be measured using the centrifugal adhesion balance (CAB), which uses a combination of centrifugal and gravitational forces to decouple the normal and lateral forces in the problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=835157 | 96,485 |
Broadway Hollywood Building " The unifying exterior element between the original structure and its annex are the ground level colonnades. The building is included in the National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic District-listed Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District, which covers from 6200–7000 Hollywood Boulevard, that was designated April 4, 1985. Both of the building's streetscapes—Hollywood Boulevard & Vine Street—are located within the City of Los Angeles Monument area LA-194 designated as the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which was designated July 5, 1978. The building and its neon sign were individually designated as a City monument (LA-664) on September 29, 1999. On April 4, 1985, the building and the entire Hollywood Blvd Commercial & Entertainment District were recognized by the California Office of Historic Preservation with status code 1D in designations 0053-4680-0054 and 0053-4680-9999, respectively. The building is covered by the Mills Act (Contract Number: 53175873 and Case Number: CHC-2005-5690-MA). In 1927, the Classical Revival Style building was built by local businessman Frank R. Strong as a B. H. Dyas Company Department Store. The construction, which continued into 1928, marked the first department store branch outside of the main Downtown Los Angeles central business district and led to similar large-scale commercial developments outside downtown. Due to the Great Depression, B. H | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43500991 | 360,176 |
Cromemco Dazzler Cromemco's Dazzler (or TV DAZZLER) was a graphics card for S-100 bus computers. Released in 1976, it is the first commercial color bit-mapped graphics card available for microcomputers. Multiple Dazzler cards could be installed in a single machine and synced together, a feature which could, with minor modification, be used to genlock. Genlocked Dazzler cards drove ColorGraphics Weather Systems displays that generated most of the weather imagery seen on US television in the early 1980s. The Dazzler came about in a roundabout fashion after Les Solomon, an editor for "Popular Electronics" magazine, demonstrated the original Altair 8800 to Roger Melen of Stanford University. After seeing it, Melen purchased Altair #2 for his friend Harry Garland to work with. The two built a number of add-ons for the machine, starting with an early video digitizer called the Cyclops and then moving on to the prototype Dazzler. The Dazzler was first introduced at the Homebrew Computer Club on November 12, 1975. Like many early microcomputer projects of the era, the Dazzler was originally announced as a self-built kit in "Popular Electronics". In order to "kick start" construction, they offered kits including a circuit board and the required parts, which the user would then assemble on their own. This led to sales of completely assembled Dazzler systems, which became the only way to purchase the product some time after | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20594585 | 117,546 |
Contact (novel) The other two are given to Abonnema Eda, a Nigerian physicist credited with discovering the theory of everything and Xi Qiaomu, a Chinese archaeologist and expert on the Qin dynasty. While in Japan, Ellie receives a medallion from Joss, which she carries aboard the Machine as it is activated. Once activated, the dodecahedron transports the group through a series of wormholes to a massive station near the center of the Milky Way. The station contains a surreal Earth-like beach where the five are split up. Ellie meets an extraterrestrial in a form indistinguishable from Ted Arroway, who explains his people's reasons for making contact, and tells her of their ongoing project to alter the properties of the universe by accumulating enough mass in Cygnus A to counter the effects of entropy. He also tells her that the wormhole system was built by unknown precursors, and hints at the discovery of artificial messages in transcendental numbers like π. Ellie is reunited with the other four travellers who have also met simulations of their loved ones. She captures video evidence of the encounter before the dodecahedron takes them back to Earth. Upon returning, the passengers discover that what seemed like many hours took no time at all from Earth's perspective. They also find that all of their video footage has been erased, presumably by magnetic fields in the wormholes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181622 | 268,222 |
Ecological economics There has then been a move to regard such things as natural capital and ecosystems functions as goods and services. However, this is far from uncontroversial within ecology or ecological economics due to the potential for narrowing down values to those found in mainstream economics and the danger of merely regarding Nature as a commodity. This has been referred to as ecologists 'selling out on Nature'. There is then a concern that ecological economics has failed to learn from the extensive literature in environmental ethics about how to structure a plural value system. Resource and neoclassical economics focus primarily on the efficient allocation of resources and less on the two other problems of importance to ecological economics: distribution (equity), and the scale of the economy relative to the ecosystems upon which it relies. makes a clear distinction between growth (quantitative increase in economic output) and development (qualitative improvement of the quality of life), while arguing that neoclassical economics confuses the two. Ecological economists point out that beyond modest levels, increased per-capita consumption (the typical economic measure of "standard of living") may not always lead to improvement in human well-being, but may have harmful effects on the environment and broader societal well-being. This situation is sometimes referred to as uneconomic growth (see diagram above) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 | 359,200 |
Magnetic amplifier The windings of a magnetic amplifier have a higher tolerance to momentary overloads than comparable solid-state devices. The magnetic amplifier is also used as a transducer in applications such as current measurement and the flux gate compass. The reactor cores of magnetic amplifiers withstand neutron radiation extremely well. For this special reason magnetic amplifiers have been used in nuclear power applications. The gain available from a single stage is limited and low compared to electronic amplifiers. Frequency response of a high-gain amplifier is limited to about one-tenth the excitation frequency, although this is often mitigated by exciting magnetic amplifiers with currents at higher than utility frequency. Solid-state electronic amplifiers can be more compact and efficient than magnetic amplifiers. The bias and feedback windings are not unilateral and may couple energy back from the controlled circuit into the control circuit. This complicates the design of multistage amplifiers when compared with electronic devices. Magnetic amplifiers were important as modulation and control amplifiers in the early development of voice transmission by radio. A magnetic amplifier was used as voice modulator for a 2 kilowatt Alexanderson alternator, and magnetic amplifiers were used in the keying circuits of large high-frequency alternators used for radio communications. Magnetic amplifiers were also used to regulate the speed of Alexanderson alternators to maintain the accuracy of the transmitted radio frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=830206 | 389,106 |
Shigeo Shingo , born in Saga City, Japan, was a Japanese industrial engineer who was considered as the world’s leading expert on manufacturing practices and the Toyota Production System. After having worked as a technician specialized in fusions at the Taiwanese railways in Taipei, at the end of the World War II, in 1945, he started to work at the Japan Management Association (JMA)() in Tokyo, becoming a consultant focused on the improvement of factory management. Gathering tips from the improvement experiences in the field he had in 1950 at Toyo Ind. (now Mazda) and in 1957 at the sites in Hiroshima of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, since 1969 Shingō got involved in some actions in Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) for the reduction of set-up time (change of dies) of pressing machines which took him to the formulation of a specific technique based on operational analysis, which shortened set-up times from 1 to 2 hours (or even half a day) per each exchange of dies to a rapid setting of a few minutes. The method spread out under the English denomination "Single Minute Exchange of Die", abbreviated as SMED. Shingo may well be known better in the West than in Japan, as a result of his meeting Norman Bodek, an American entrepreneur and founder of Productivity Inc. In 1981 Bodek travelled to Japan to learn about the Toyota Production System, coming across books by Shingō, who as an external consultant had been teaching Industrial engineering courses at Toyota since 1955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2381197 | 478,856 |
Precession electron diffraction This complicates the indexing of the diffraction pattern and can corrupt the measured intensities of reflections near the overlap region, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the collected pattern for direct methods calculations. For a cursory introduction to the theory of electron diffraction, see the theory section of the electron diffraction wiki. For a more in depth but understandable treatment, see part 2 of Williams and Carter's Transmission Electron Microscopy text While it is clear that precession reduces many of the dynamical diffraction effects that plague other forms of electron diffraction, the resulting patterns cannot be considered purely kinematical in general. There are models that attempt to introduce corrections to convert measured PED patterns into true kinematical patterns that can be used for more accurate direct methods calculations, with varying degrees of success. Here, the most basic corrections are discussed. In purely kinematical diffraction, the intensities of various formula_1 reflections, formula_2, are related to the square of the amplitude of the structure factor, formula_3 by the equation: This relationship is generally far from accurate for experimental dynamical electron diffraction and when many reflections have a large excitation error. First, a Lorentz correction analogous to that used in x-ray diffraction can be applied to account for the fact that reflections are infrequently exactly at the Bragg condition over the course of a PED measurement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46877391 | 45,652 |
Workiva Workiva, Inc. is an American cloud-based software company. It provides a suite of enterprise applications and solutions that enable the use of connected data and automation of reporting across finance, accounting, risk, and compliance. The company was named for the second consecutive year as one of "Fortune"'s 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2020. Inc. was formed as WebFilings LLC in California in August 2008 by six entrepreneurs— four engineers and two public-company chief financial officers. Five of the founders previously served as executives at Engineering Animation Inc. (EAI), a 3D computer animation company. Workiva's CEO, Martin Vanderploeg was a co-founder of EAI (NASDAQ:EAII) and served as CTO and Executive Vice President until they were acquired in 2000 by UGS Corp, and is now a division of Siemens, the German technology multinational. Workiva's primary product is Wdesk, a cloud-based enterprise software-as-a-service platform that enables companies to collect, manage, report and analyse critical business data in real time. Wdesk also allows companies to manage and file financial and compliance documents to regulatory agencies. The Wdesk platform integrates information from disparate content formats, including spreadsheets, presentation documents, emails and other unstructured data, into a single cloud-based report. In July, 2014, the company's name was changed to LLC, and was converted into a Delaware limited liability company in September 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43191345 | 496,717 |
Automatic box-opening technology refers to the process of automatically opening boxes on a conveyor or other "pass through" environment. The process was invented due to a gap in automation technology that exists in large distribution centers and warehouses. This trend has continued to develop as some manufacturing companies have gone overseas and leaving United States more as a mass distribution network rather than a manufacturer. Conveyors, in-motion scales, sorting equipment, and high visibility software have contributed to automation of distribution center for years. However, the simple process of opening a box has safety issues and Automatic Box Cutters reduce high labor costs, processing over 500 boxes an hour. Such "Automatic Box Cutting Technology" is able to perform the work of up to 8 people by fully automating the box opening process, with only requiring manual interaction when changing cutting blades. This technology is able to increase overall efficiency through the entire packaging operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13830206 | 203,939 |
Graphic Exchange Magazine It was also published simultaneously in rich PDF (Portable Document Format that included links, video, music, and other rich media), the first publication in the world to use this new format. In 2006, "gX" began broadening its content to reflect an updated editorial mandate that encompassed themes related to the intersection of art and design with technology. Editorial reflected such topics as the use of wide screens in architecture and digital music. Print production was halted in 2006 but "Graphic Exchange" continues online at gXo.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2676892 | 281,225 |
Integrating ADC The reference resistors, formula_15 and formula_16 are necessarily smaller than formula_17 to ensure that the references can overcome the charge introduced by the input. A comparator is connected to the output to compare the integrator's voltage with a threshold voltage. The output of the comparator is used by the converter's controller to decide which reference voltage should be applied. This can be a relatively simple algorithm: if the integrator's output above the threshold, enable the positive reference (to cause the output to go down); if the integrator's output is below the threshold, enable the negative reference (to cause the output to go up). The controller keeps track of how often each switch is turned on in order to estimate how much additional charge was placed onto (or removed from) the integrator capacitor as a result of the reference voltages. To the right is a graph of sample output from the integrator during a multi-slope run-up. Each dashed vertical line represents a decision point by the controller where it samples the polarity of the output and chooses to apply either the positive or negative reference voltage to the input | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22269055 | 398,805 |
Experience curve effects However, it has been found to be useful in many contexts. Across numerous industries (see below), estimates of "b" range from 0.75 to 0.9 (i.e., 1-"b" ranges from 0.1 to 0.25). The unit curve was expressed in slightly different nomenclature by Henderson: where: These effects are often expressed graphically. The curve is plotted with the cumulative units produced on the horizontal axis and unit cost on the vertical axis. The BCG group used the value of b to name a given industry curve. Thus a curve showing a 15% cost reduction for every doubling of output was called an “85% experience curve”. The primary reason for why experience and learning curve effects apply, of course, is the complex processes of learning involved. As discussed in the main article, learning generally begins with making successively larger finds and then successively smaller ones. The equations for these effects come from the usefulness of mathematical models for certain somewhat predictable aspects of those generally non-deterministic processes. They include: The experience curve effect can on occasion come to an abrupt stop. Graphically, the curve is truncated. Existing processes become obsolete and the firm must upgrade to remain competitive. The upgrade will mean the old experience curve will be replaced by a new one. This occurs when: BCG founder Henderson published on the development of the experience curve. According to Henderson, its first "attempt to explain cost behavior over time in a process industry" began in 1966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=322332 | 452,893 |
Co-fired ceramic The possibility of the fabrication of many various passive thick-film components, sensors and 3D mechanical structures enabled the fabrication of multilayer LTCC microsystems. Using HTCC technology, microsystems for harsh environments, such as working temperatures of 1000 °C, have been realized. LTCC substrates can be most beneficially used for the realization of miniaturized devices and robust substrates. LTCC technology allows the combination of individual layers with different functionalities such as high permittivity and low dielectric loss into a single multilayer laminated package and thereby to achieve multi-functionality in combination with a high integration and interconnection level. It also provides the possibility to fabricate three-dimensional, robust structures enabling in combination with thick film technology the integration of passive, electronic components, such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors into a single device. Low-temperature co-firing technology presents advantages compared to other packaging technologies including high temperature co-firing: the ceramic is generally fired below 1,000 °C due to a special composition of the material. This permits the co-firing with highly conductive materials (silver, copper, and gold). LTCC also features the ability to embed passive elements, such as resistors, capacitors and inductors into the ceramic package minimising the size of the completed module | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41433885 | 414,522 |
Improved Military Rifle Improved military rifle propellants are tubular nitrocellulose propellants evolved from World War I through World War II for loading military and commercial ammunition and sold to civilians for reloading rifle ammunition for hunting and target shooting. These propellants were DuPont modifications of United States artillery propellants. DuPont miniaturized the large artillery grains to form military rifle propellants suitable for use in small arms. These were improved during the first world war to be more efficient in rimless military cartridges replacing earlier rimmed rifle cartridges. Four-digit numbers identified experimental propellants, and a few successful varieties warranted extensive production by several manufacturers. Some were used almost exclusively for military contracts, or commercial ammunition production, but a few have been distributed for civilian use in handloading. Improved military rifle propellants are coated with dinitrotoluene (DNT) to slow initial burning and graphite to minimize static electricity during blending and loading. They contain 0.6% diphenylamine as a stabilizer and 1% potassium sulfate to reduce muzzle flash. John Bernadou patented a single-base propellant while working at the Naval Torpedo Station in 1897. Bernadou's colloid of nitrocellulose with ether and alcohol was formulated for the reaction pressures generated within naval artillery. The colloid was extruded in dense cylinders with longitudinal perforations to decompose in accordance with Piobert's law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26131239 | 244,143 |
Mohamed M. Atalla The US Patent and Trademark Office calls the MOSFET a "groundbreaking invention that transformed life and culture around the world". The invention of the MOSFET by Atalla and Kahng has been credited as "the birth of modern electronics" and is considered to be possibly the most important invention in electronics. In 1960, Atalla and Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm, along with a gate length of 20µm. In 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer-base metal–semiconductor junction (M–S junction) transistor. This device has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with the metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. With its low resistance and short transit times in the thin metallic nanolayer base, the device was capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors. Their pioneering work involved depositing metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with the emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact). They deposited gold (Au) thin films with a thickness of 10 nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge), while the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si). Atalla resigned from BTL in 1962. Extending their work on MOS technology, Atalla and Kahng next did pioneering work on hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 | 412,716 |
Computer One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn. Before the era of inexpensive computers, the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer. Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878457 | 463,793 |
Macular degeneration It most commonly occurs in people over the age of fifty and in the United States is the most common cause of vision loss in this age group. About 0.4% of people between 50 and 60 have the disease, while it occurs in 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, and nearly 12% of people over 80 years old. Signs and symptoms of macular degeneration include: by itself will not lead to total blindness. For that matter, only a small number of people with visual impairment are totally blind. In almost all cases, some vision remains, mainly peripheral. Other complicating conditions may lead to such an acute condition (severe stroke or trauma, untreated glaucoma, etc.), but few macular degeneration patients experience total visual loss. The area of the macula comprises only about 2.1% of the retina, and the remaining 97.9% (the peripheral field) remains unaffected by the disease. Even though the macula provides such a small fraction of the visual field, almost half of the visual cortex is devoted to processing macular information. The loss of central vision profoundly affects visual functioning. It is quite difficult, for example, to read without central vision. Pictures that attempt to depict the central visual loss of macular degeneration with a black spot do not do justice to the devastating nature of the visual loss. This can be demonstrated by printing letters six inches high on a piece of paper and attempting to identify them while looking straight ahead and holding the paper slightly to the side | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=895033 | 145,276 |
Four-tensor The electric dipole moment d and magnetic dipole moment μ of a particle are unified into a single tensor The Ricci curvature tensor is another second order tensor. In general relativity, there are curvature tensors which tend to be higher order, such as the Riemann curvature tensor and Weyl curvature tensor which are both fourth order tensors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3038928 | 201,488 |
Moscone Center With the solar array (675 kW capacity) in place, San Francisco boasts one of the largest city-owned solar installations in the country. The electricity generated by the solar system, combined with savings from energy efficiency measures, delivers the equivalent energy to power approximately 8,500 homes. The location of the complex in the South of Market area provides easy access to downtown San Francisco's many hotels and restaurants, as well as major transportation systems. The center is two blocks away from the Powell Street station, which is served by both BART and Muni Metro. When complete, the Yerba Buena/Moscone station will also bring Muni Metro service to the southwestern corner of the convention center complex and provide connectivity with Caltrain. An Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach stop at (station code SFM) also transports riders to the Emeryville Amtrak station along the "Capitol Corridor" line. Labor organizations supported the construction of the Center, and were granted full labor jurisdiction. All labor in the Convention Center is performed by I.A.T.S.E. Local 16 Stagehands, Sign and Display Workers Local #510, Brotherhood of Teamsters local #65, IBEW Local #6, Security I.A.T.S.E. Local #B-18, Communications Workers of America, and the Hotel & Restaurant Workers Local #2. Projection Presentation Technology is the on-site rental service. hosts many large events each year. During the 2016–17 season, hosted 74 events with a total attendance of 1,021,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3478470 | 320,591 |
Virus quantification A more precise estimate is obtained by applying the Poisson distribution. Where P(o) is the proportion of negative tubes and m is the mean number of infectious units per volume (PFU/ml), P(o) = e(-m). For any titer expressed as a TCID, P(o) = 0.5. Thus e(-m) = 0.5 and m = -ln 0.5 which is ~ 0.7. Therefore, one could multiply the TCID titer (per ml) by 0.7 to predict the mean number of PFU/ml. When actually applying such calculations, remember the calculated mean will only be valid if the changes in protocol required to visualize plaques do not alter the expression of infectious virus as compared with expression under conditions employed for TCID. Thus as a working estimate, one can assume material with a TCID of 1 × 10 TCID/ml will produce 0.7 × 10 PFUs/ml. There are several variations of protein-based virus quantification assays. In general, these methods quantify either the amount of all protein or the amount of a specific virus protein in the sample rather than the number of infected cells or virus particles. Quantification most commonly relies on fluorescence detection. Some assay variations quantify protein directly in a sample while other variations require host cell infection and incubation to allow virus growth prior to protein quantification. The variation used depends primarily on the amount of protein (i.e. virus) in the initial sample and the sensitivity of the assay itself. If incubation and virus growth are required, cell and/or virus lysis/digestion are often conducted prior to analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26069912 | 62,596 |
Beam-index tube The Chromatron used two sets of fine wires suspended behind the display area to electrically focus its single beam, one set of wires pulling the beam towards the red side and the other towards the blue. The grids were aligned so the beam would normally focus onto the green stripe in the middle, but by varying the relative voltage between the two the beam could accurately hit the colored stripes. In practice the wires were difficult to keep aligned with the phosphors, and gave off electrical noise that interfered with the radio receivers in a television application. It saw some use in military settings, including some commercial television use in the Yaou, Sony 19C 70 and the Sony KV 7010U. The other similar design is the Trinitron, which combined the vertical stripes of the beam-index and Chromatron tubes with a new single-gun three-beam cathode and an aperture grille instead of a shadow mask. The result was a design with the mechanical simplicity of the shadow mask design and the bright images of the beam-index system. Trinitron was a major product for Sony for several decades, representing the high-point of conventional color TV displays until the widespread introduction of plasma displays and LCD televisions in the 21st century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21858666 | 405,413 |
Contour advection We need to keep the fraction of arc traced out between two adjacent points, formula_4, where formula_5 is the path difference between them, roughly constant In, cubic spline fitting is used both to calculate the curvature and interpolate new points into the contour. The spline, which is fitted parametrically, returns a set of second-order derivatives. A powerful refinement to the technique involves cutting out filaments that have become too narrow to be significant. If the distance method of adding/removing points is used, then it is relatively straight forward to check the distances between all combinations of points. If a distance between non-adjacent points is too small, then the two points are separated from their neighbours, joined together and their neighbours joined also. Points may then be removed if necessary. Once we allow surgery, we allow multiply connected domains inside the same contour. A piece of the contour only one point in length would be removed from the simulation. The most challenging part of the exercise is keeping track of all the points in order to reduce the number of distance calculations---see nearest neighbour search. If the curvature method is used, then it may be difficult to recognize when two sections of the contour are close enough to apply the surgery because of differing spacing in strongly curved versus relatively straight sections. Advected contours, e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27313138 | 362,001 |
UiPath 6 million led by the Earlybird Venture Capital, with Credo Ventures and Seedcamp as backers. In April 2017, received a $30 million investment in one of the biggest Series A rounds of funding in Europe, led by Accel. Previous investors Earlybird Venture Capital, Credo Ventures and Seedcamp also joined. On March 6, 2018, received a $153 million investment from Accel, CapitalG, and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, valuing the company at $1.1 billion. On September 18, 2018, raised $225 million in the funding round led by CapitalG and Sequoia Capital at a $3 billion valuation. On April 30, 2019, raised $568 million in a Series D round of funding led by hedge fund Coatue Management, with participation from Alphabet’s CapitalG, Sequoia, Accel, Madrona Venture Group, IVP, Dragoneer, Wellington, Sands Capital, and funds advised by T. Rowe Price & Associates. The company also now claims a valuation of $7 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55725939 | 129,469 |
Rate-of-living theory Support for this theory has been bolstered by studies linking a lower basal metabolic rate (evident with a lowered heartbeat) to increased life expectancy. This has been proposed by some to be the key to why animals like the Giant Tortoise can live over 150 years. However, the ratio of resting metabolic rate to total daily energy expenditure can vary between 1.6 and 8.0 between species of mammals. Animals also vary in the degree of coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, the amount of saturated fat in mitochondrial membranes, the amount of DNA repair, and many other factors that affect maximum life span. Furthermore, a number of species with high metabolic rate, like bats and birds, are long-lived. In a 2007 analysis it was shown that, when modern statistical methods for correcting for the effects of body size and phylogeny are employed, metabolic rate does not correlate with longevity in mammals or birds. A recent article published in January 2020 demonstrates that there is no evidence for the Rate-of-Living theory across the tetrapod tree of life. Written by Gavin Stark, Daniel Pincheira-Donoso, and Shai Meiri, the article, explains why the Rate-of-Living theory no longer holds true. By using a data set that showed the lifespan of thousands of vertebrates and using the different ideas that the Rate-of-Living theory supports, they were able to come up with an experiment that was able to test how these ideas, such as metabolic rates relate to the lifespan of different vertebrates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40489816 | 28,384 |
Turbidity current Although some rivers can often have continuously high sediment load that can create a continuous hyperpycnal plume, such as the Haile River (China), which has an average suspended concentration of 40.5 kg/m³. The sediment concentration needed to produce a hyperpycnal plume in marine water is 35 to 45 kg/m³, depending on the water properties within the coastal zone. Most rivers produce hyperpycnal flows only during exceptional events, such as storms, floods, glacier outbursts, dam breaks, and lahar flows. In fresh water environments, such as lakes, the suspended sediment concentration needed to produce a hyperpycnal plume is quite low (1 kg/m³). The transport and deposition of the sediments in narrow alpine reservoirs is often caused by turbidity currents. They follow the thalweg of the lake to the deepest area near the dam, where the sediments can affect the operation of the bottom outlet and the intake structures. Controlling this sedimentation within the reservoir can be achieved by using solid and permeable obstacles with the right design. Turbidity currents are often triggered by tectonic disturbances of the sea floor. The displacement of continental crust in the form of fluidization and physical shaking both contribute to their formation. Earthquakes have been linked to turbidity current deposition in many settings, particularly where physiography favors preservation of the deposits and limits the other sources of turbidity current deposition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1763424 | 422,104 |
Wood gas generator Wood gasifiers of proven design and thoroughly tested construction are considered safe to use outdoors, or in a partially enclosed space, for example, under a shelter open to the air on two sides; they may also be considered relatively safe to use in an extremely well ventilated (e.g. negative pressure) indoor area not connected to any indoor area used for sleeping, equipped with redundant (more than 1), completely independent, battery-powered, regularly tested carbon-monoxide gas detectors. However, prudence must dictate that any sort of experimental wood gasifier design or new construction be thoroughly tested outdoors, and only outdoors, with a "buddy" at all times, and with constant vigilance for any sign of headache, drowsiness, or nausea, as these are the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition, mixtures of excessive quantities of air and gas should be avoided as this could lead to the deflagration (explosion) of the gas in question if a combustion source is present. Long-term storage of wood-gas, except through the use of a gasholder-type water-displacement apparatus, should not be attempted, due to the volatile elements present in the gas, which, if allowed to excessively precipitate, will condense in the storage vessel. Under no circumstances should wood-gas ever be compressed to more than above ambient, as this may induce condensation of volatiles, as well as lead to the likelihood of severe injury or death due to carbon monoxide or deflagration if the vessel leaks or fails | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2541603 | 27,684 |
Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made. Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. The base material, however, is still overwhelmingly crude oil that is distilled and then modified physically and chemically. The actual synthesis process and composition of additives is generally a commercial trade secret and will vary among producers. is used as a substitute for petroleum-refined oils when operating in extreme temperature. Aircraft jet engines, for example, require the use of synthetic oils, whereas aircraft piston engines do not. Synthetic oils are also used in metal stamping to provide environmental and other benefits when compared to conventional petroleum and animal-fat based products. These products are also referred to as "non-oil" or "oil free". Some "synthetic" oil is made from Group III base stock, some from Group IV. Some from a blend of the two. Mobil sued Castrol and Castrol prevailed in showing that their Group III base stock oil was changed enough that it qualified as full synthetic. Since then API has removed all references to Synthetic in their documentation regarding standards. "Full synthetic" is a marketing term and is not a measurable quality. Poly-alpha-olefin (poly-α-olefin, PAO) is a non-polar polymer made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. They are designated at API Group IV and are a 100% synthetic chemical compound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=522468 | 34,497 |
Genetic engineering Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold. has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products. The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use; the first field trials were destroyed by anti-GM activists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12383 | 223,845 |
Romney Academy Other educators at during its early years were E. W. Newton, Silas C. Walker, Thomas Mulledy, and Samuel Mulledy. Thomas and Samuel Mulledy each later served as presidents of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. The land upon which was established was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine's son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719. The South Branch Survey of the Northern Neck Proprietary extended from the north end of The Trough to the confluence of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River. Lord Fairfax originally planned to maintain the South Branch Survey as his personal manor but later commissioned James Genn to survey the South Branch Potomac River lowlands for sale in 1748, with land lots ranging in size from to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34398061 | 325,461 |
Multi-image Phototypesetting was done by a variety of means including the Visual Graphics Corporation PhotoTypositor and the Compugraphic EditWriter at companies that specialized in providing typography. When making artwork for multi-image presentations, photographs, transparencies, and film images or continuous tone film or airbrushed masks could also be used as part of the camera-ready artwork. The color or image separated layers of artwork were pin-registered using a variety of standard pin systems including 1/4-inch, Oxberry, and Acme. The artwork was created on a light table or animation disc to provide back lighting. Often the art was created based on a grid system. A copy of the optical slide camera grid or reticle was used to align the artwork elements. The use of the grid for alignment could be used to accurately position images and art elements throughout the process from the creation of the artwork to the final projected images. This process also allowed layers of the artwork to be interchangeable from slide to slide, images or graphic elements could be carefully placed on the screen relative to other images, and for combining parts of images or graphics by separate slides as in an animated sequence. The audio track of a multi-image show provided a framework for the timing of the presentation and for the sequencing and animations of the slides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34658245 | 230,202 |
Serial manipulator For example when a serial manipulator is fully extended it is in what is known as the boundary singularity. At a singularity the end-effector loses one or more degrees of twist freedom (instantaneously, the end-effector cannot move in these directions). Serial robots with less than six independent joints are always singular in the sense that they can never span a six-dimensional twist space. This is often called an architectural singularity. A singularity is usually not an isolated point in the workspace of the robot, but a sub-manifold. A redundant manipulator has more than six degrees of freedom which means that it has additional joint parameters that allow the configuration of the robot to change while it holds its end-effector in a fixed position and orientation. A typical redundant manipulator has seven joints, for example three at the shoulder, one elbow joint and three at the wrist. This manipulator can move its elbow around a circle while it maintains a specific position and orientation of its end-effector. A snake robot has many more than six degrees of freedom and is often called hyper-redundant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8440094 | 216,456 |
Energy balance (energy economics) Energy balance, in terms of energy economics, is concerned with all processes within an organization that have a reference to energy. It derives from the ecobalance and has the ambition to analyze and verify the emergence, transformation and use of energy resources in an organization in detail. Energy balances serve as a major statistical data base for energy policy and energy management decisions. They contain important information such as the amount and composition of energy consumption, its changes or the transformation of energy. Countries and NGOs publish energy balances, for instance "World Energy Balances" published by the International Energy Agency IEA. The basic idea of a balance is that nothing can get lost or annihilated - this fits to the first law of thermodynamics, which assigns energy this property. But energy splits up during usage and its output does not have the same potential for the physical performance as before. For this reason it is important to distinguish between input and output of energy usage. The input side can easily be measured with the help of the meter readings. But on the output side there may be effects that are difficulty predictable, such as heat, dust or noise. In this context it is very interesting, how much of the energy used has actually reached the intended use. Based on this calculation, improvement measures can be derived. A separation in energy sources and places of consumption is necessary. An Outline based on the cost centre of the organization is also possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38317591 | 286,704 |
Sampled data system In systems science, a sampled-data system is a control system in which a continuous-time plant is controlled with a digital device. Under periodic sampling, the sampled-data system is time-varying but also periodic; thus, it may be modeled by a simplified discrete-time system obtained by discretizing the plant. However, this discrete model does not capture the inter-sample behavior of the real system, which may be critical in a number of applications. The analysis of sampled-data systems incorporating full-time information leads to challenging control problems with a rich mathematical structure. Many of these problems have only been solved recently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2211723 | 372,411 |
Smartbook In September 2009, Foxconn announced it is working on smartbook development. In November 2009, a Quanta Computer pre-production Snapdragon powered sample smartbook device that ran Android was unveiled. Companies like Acer Inc. planned to release a smartbook, but due to the popularity of tablets, MacBook Air and Ultrabooks, plans were scrapped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23064447 | 205,610 |
Running Shaadi They convince Neha and her boyfriend to comply with their plan to get hitched. Finally Neha's marriage day arrives. However, Neha's boyfriend and Cyberjeet end up at a police station. Nimmi tries to help Neha run away, but Neha's family finds her and brings her back to the mandap. Bharose goes to the bathroom and finds a man whom he had helped to elope. This man helps him with Neha's elopement. In the end, Bharose gets tired of running along with Nimmi and he decides to confront her family and get married with their consent. The music of Shoojit Sircar's films has always received high critical and commercial success. His film "Vicky Donor" was commercially successful, and its audio was hugely popular. The music of his films "Madras Cafe" and "Piku" is very unconventional as well. The music from "Running Shaadi" has been created by an assembled team taking the feel of mixed cult. The music is by Anupam Roy, Abhishek-Akshay and Zeb and features the voices of singers like Bappi Lahiri, Papon, & Labh Janjua. The full movie soundtrack released on 27 January consists of seven songs. The music rights are bought by Times Music. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42626508 | 242,769 |
Recurrent neural network Hopfield networks - a special kind of RNN - were discovered by John Hopfield in 1982. In 1993, a neural history compressor system solved a “Very Deep Learning” task that required more than 1000 subsequent layers in an RNN unfolded in time. Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were invented by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber in 1997 and set accuracy records in multiple applications domains. Around 2007, LSTM started to revolutionize speech recognition, outperforming traditional models in certain speech applications. In 2009, a Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC)-trained LSTM network was the first RNN to win pattern recognition contests when it won several competitions in connected handwriting recognition. In 2014, the Chinese search giant Baidu used CTC-trained RNNs to break the Switchboard Hub5'00 speech recognition benchmark without using any traditional speech processing methods. LSTM also improved large-vocabulary speech recognition and text-to-speech synthesis and was used in Google Android. In 2015, Google's speech recognition reportedly experienced a dramatic performance jump of 49% through CTC-trained LSTM, which was used by Google voice search. LSTM broke records for improved machine translation, Language Modeling and Multilingual Language Processing. LSTM combined with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) improved automatic image captioning. RNNs come in many variants. Basic RNNs are a network of neuron-like nodes organized into successive layers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1706303 | 250,152 |
Zero speed switch There are two types of ZSS, based on power supply provision. One is the interrupted power type, in which the power supply is given to the ZSS only for the duration for which the power is going to the motor of that machine. In the second type, the power supply is continuously given to the ZSS. Installation of the zero speed switches depends on the shaft or rotating part construction, where the speed has to be monitored. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43867951 | 431,711 |
Peter Jeffrey Booker Its first chapters deal with: Another 1978 review revealed more of the content: The second 1979 edition of this work was enlarged and revised and contained 19 chapters. In "A history of engineering drawing," Brooker (1963) goes more into details about the live, work and accomplishments of engineering designers. Brooker, for example, explained that: The 1978 review of this work also stipulated, that: In his 1963 "A history of engineering drawing" Booker made the distinction between primary and secondary geometry. As Riley (2010) explained: Inspired on this distinction John Willats in his 1997 "Art and Representation. New Principles in the Analysis of Pictures" defined projection systems in terms of primary and secondary geometry. Pascal lefèvre (2006) explained: Articles, a selection: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44933008 | 229,800 |
History of chemistry In 1825, Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig performed the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers, earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduced that isomerism was caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure. In 1827, William Prout classified biomolecules into their modern groupings: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. After the nature of combustion was settled, a dispute about vitalism and the essential distinction between organic and inorganic substances began. The vitalism question was revolutionized in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and disproving the theory of vitalism. This opened a new research field in chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The most important among them are mauve, magenta, and other synthetic dyes, as well as the widely used drug aspirin. The discovery of the artificial synthesis of urea contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism, as the empirical chemical formulas for urea and ammonium cyanate are identical (see Wöhler synthesis). In 1832, Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discovered and explained functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry, as well as first synthesizing benzaldehyde | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416046 | 83,996 |
Public choice Public choice, or public choice theory, is "the use of economic tools to deal with traditional problems of political science". Its content includes the study of political behavior. In political science, it is the subset of positive political theory that studies self-interested agents (voters, politicians, bureaucrats) and their interactions, which can be represented in a number of ways – using (for example) standard constrained utility maximization, game theory, or decision theory. The "Journal of Economic Literature"s classification code regards public choice as a subarea of microeconomics, under JEL: D7: "Analysis of Collective Decision-Making" (specifically, JEL: D72: "Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior"). analysis has roots in positive analysis ("what is") but is often used for normative purposes ("what ought to be") in order to identify a problem or to suggest improvements to constitutional rules (i.e., constitutional economics). theory is also closely related to social choice theory, a mathematical approach to aggregation of individual interests, welfares, or votes. Much early work had aspects of both, and both fields use the tools of economics and game theory. Since voter behavior influences the behavior of public officials, public-choice theory often uses results from social-choice theory. General treatments of public choice may also be classified under public economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51256 | 509,797 |
Diauxic growth Eventually, when all the glucose has been consumed, the bacterium will begin the process of expressing the genes to metabolize the lactose. This will only occur when all glucose in the media has been consumed. For these reasons, diauxic growth occurs in multiple phases. The first phase is the "fast growth phase", since the bacterium is consuming (in the case of the above example) exclusively glucose, and is capable of rapid growth. The second phase is a "lag phase" while the genes used in lactose metabolism are expressed and observable cell growth stops. This is followed by another "growth phase" which is slower than the first because of the use of lactose as the primary energy source. The final stage is the "saturation phase". This process can also refer to the positive control of the lac operon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32065785 | 187,976 |
Shih-Fu Chang His compact hashing work has enabled order of magnitude speedup and storage reduction in high-profile applications such as an online human trafficking crime fighting system (joint work with Svebor Karaman) that has been deployed in 200+ law enforcement agencies. In addition, he has developed a series of fundamental methods of graph-based semi-supervised learning that successfully address the challenge of training large-scale multimedia retrieval systems with noisy and sparse labels. These methods have been adopted in building the first commercialized brain machine interface system for rapid image retrieval. The graph-based search process, based on the random walk with restart theory, developed jointly with X. Wu and Z. Li, has also been deployed in the large app recommendation system of Huawei (connecting 1/2 billion apps to 300 million users). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54954832 | 122,701 |
Jolla C is a limited-edition mobile phone by Jolla geared toward Community and Developers with Sailfish OS and no third-party applications installed by factory, so called "purest Sailfish OS". It is the first dual SIM device from Jolla, whose hardware specification is nearly identical to Aqua Fish released later on by Intex Technologies, only with different cellular bands set. It is compatible with Android apps. Absence of 3rd party software helps, mainly developers, to test and observe behaviour of developed code software without interferences from other non-system software. Also this model is for betatesting and validation of OS upgrades to find and eliminate in daily use eventual bugs before they will be distributed as update of the OS. For that purpose it will be receiving all new parts of OS code with "early release mechanism" intended for community members or developers involved in OS development. They are also available for other devices but only after user's declaration and not by default. This also means that unpredictable risk of using beta-tested OS elements and eventual consequences is possible in this particular model - for some this is what is attractor and advantage of the model. It was offered from 25 May 2016 via Jolla site for those who registered for The Sailfish community device program there. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50688644 | 288,955 |
Network performance Transportation is concerned almost entirely with throughput, which is why physical deliveries of backup tape archives are still largely done by vehicle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1522954 | 369,422 |
Crossness Pumping Station The is a former sewage pumping station designed by the Metropolitan Board of Works's chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette and architect Charles Henry Driver at the eastern end of the Southern Outfall Sewer and the Ridgeway path in the London Borough of Bexley. Constructed between 1859 and 1865 by William Webster, as part of Bazalgette's redevelopment of the London sewerage system, it features spectacular ornamental cast ironwork, that Nikolaus Pevsner described as "a masterpiece of engineering – a Victorian cathedral of ironwork". It is adjacent to Erith Marshes, a grazing marsh, the northern part of which is designated as Crossness Nature Reserve. This provides a valuable habitat for creatures ranging from moths to small amphibians and water voles. The Southern Outfall Works, as the complex was originally called, was officially opened on 4 April 1865, by Edward, Prince of Wales, attended by Prince Alfred, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Lord Mayor of London, and many other persons of rank. Following an address by Joseph Bazalgette, the Royal party toured the works and reservoirs, and the Prince then turned the wheel which started the engines and, as the Illustrated London News observed, "a sensible vibration was felt throughout the building, showing that the enormous beams, lifting-rods and flywheels were in operation." At Crossness, the incoming liquid was raised some by the application of four large steam driven pumps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3105514 | 312,403 |
Nelson's Column, Montreal Nelson's Column () is a monument erected in 1809 in Place Jacques-Cartier, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, which is dedicated to the memory of Admiral Horatio Nelson, following his death at the Battle of Trafalgar. Subsequent to the destruction of Nelson's Pillar in Dublin (1808–1966), Montreal's pillar now stands as the second-oldest "Nelson's Column" in the world, after the Nelson Monument in Glasgow. It is also the city's oldest monument and is the oldest war monument in Canada. The public funds raised for building the monument were collected from both British and French Montrealers. According to popular memory (and since repeated by Rumilly and Leacock), Montrealers first became aware of Nelson's death on a snowy New Year's Eve in 1805. As river navigation was closed for the winter, word reached Montreal overland via New York City, when a ball being hosted by Samuel Gerrard was interrupted by a messenger. Gerrard immediately went down to the Exchange Coffee House to publicly relay the news, while proposing that a monument be built to honour both Nelson's memory and his victory over Napoleon's fleet. A number of people subscribed on the spot and a subscription list was left open in the Old Court House, where over the following weeks further names were added | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23158912 | 341,821 |
Point mutation Though the exact mechanism of repeat recognition and mutagenesis are poorly understood, RIP results in repeated sequences undergoing multiple transition mutations. The RIP mutations do not seem to be limited to repeated sequences. Indeed, for example, in the phytopathogenic fungus "L. maculans", RIP mutations are found in single copy regions, adjacent to the repeated elements. These regions are either non-coding regions or genes encoding small secreted proteins including avirulence genes. The degree of RIP within these single copy regions was proportional to their proximity to repetitive elements. Rep and Kistler have speculated that the presence of highly repetitive regions containing transposons, may promote mutation of resident effector genes. So the presence of effector genes within such regions is suggested to promote their adaptation and diversification when exposed to strong selection pressure. As RIP mutation is traditionally observed to be restricted to repetitive regions and not single copy regions, Fudal "et al." suggested that leakage of RIP mutation might occur within a relatively short distance of a RIP-affected repeat. Indeed, this has been reported in "N. crassa" whereby leakage of RIP was detected in single copy sequences at least 930 bp from the boundary of neighbouring duplicated sequences. To elucidate the mechanism of detection of repeated sequences leading to RIP may allow to understand how the flanking sequences may also be affected | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=611074 | 142,310 |
SAT Subject Test in Chemistry Students receive 1 point for every correct answer, lose ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and receive 0 points for questions left blank. This score is then converted to a scaled score of 200-800. The mean score for the 2009 test administrations was 638, standard deviation 113. In 2011, the mean score was 648 with a standard deviation of 110. The College Board's recommended preparation is a one-year college preparatory course in chemistry, a one-year course in algebra, and experience in the laboratory. However, some second-year algebra concepts (including logarithms) are tested on this subject test. Given the timed nature of the test, one of the keys of the mathematics that appears on the SAT II in Chemistry is not the difficulty, but rather the speed at which it must be completed. Furthermore, the oft-quoted prerequisite of lab-experience is sometimes unnecessary for the due to the nature of the questions concerning experiments; most laboratory concepts can simply be memorized beforehand. Some lab-based questions use diagrams, and thus it is helpful to know what common glassware looks like and how the different pieces are used. Like most of the SAT Subject Tests, the Chemistry SAT Test is relatively difficult. It tests a very wide breadth of content and expects students to formulate answers in a very short period of time. Many high school students find themselves picking up extra resource material, like prep books and online aids, to help them prepare for the SAT Chemistry test | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11495010 | 81,870 |
Split-ring resonator Described by the nomenclature these are two rectangular square D type configurations, exactly the same size, lying flat, side by side, in the unit cell. Also these are not concentric. One set of cited dimensions are 2 mm on the shorter side, and 3.12 mm on the longer side. The gaps in each ring face each other, in the unit cell. The "Omega Structure", as the nomenclature describes, has an Ω-shaped ring structure. There are two of these, standing vertical, side by side, instead of lying flat, in the unit cell. In 2005 these were considered to be a new type of metamaterial. One set of cited dimensions are annular parameters of R=1.4 mm and r=1 mm, and the straight edge is 3.33 mm. Another new metamaterial in 2005 was a coupled “S” shaped structure. There are two vertical "S" shaped structures, side by side, in a unit cell. There is no gap as in the ring structure, however there is a space between the top and middle parts of the S and space between the middle part and bottom part of the S. Furthermore, it still has the properties of having an electric plasma frequency and a magnetic resonant frequency. Other types of split-ring resonators are the spiral resonator with 8 loops. broadside coupled split-ring resonator (BC-SRR). Two-layer multi spiral resonator (TL-MSR), the broad-side coupled spiral resonator with four turns, the complementary split ring resonator, the open split-ring resonator (OSRR), and the open complementary split-ring resonator (OCSRR) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8849460 | 388,078 |
Stephen Vargo Stephen L. Vargo is a Shidler Distinguished Professor and Professor of Marketing at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. He has an MS degree in social psychology and a PhD in Marketing. He has held visiting positions at the University of Maryland, College Park the University of California, Riverside, University of Cambridge, the University of Auckland, and Karlstad University. Prior to entering academics, he had a career in entrepreneurial business and has consulted for a variety of major national, regional, and local corporations and governmental agencies. Vargo’s primary areas of research are marketing theory and thought, service dominant logic (marketing), and consumers’ evaluative reference scales. He has had articles published in the "Journal of Marketing", the "Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science", the "Journal of Service Research", the "Journal of Retailing", the "Journal of Macromarketing", and other major marketing journals and books, including, "The Service Dominant Logic of Marketing: Dialog, Debate, and Directions", and "The Sage Handbook on Service-Dominant Logic", which he co-edited and "Service-Dominant Logic: Premises, Perspectives, Possibilities", which he coauthored.. Vargo currently serves on the editorial review boards of the "Journal of Marketing", the "Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science", "Journal of Service Research", the "Australasian Marketing Journal", and the "Journal of Service Management and Service Science" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24789498 | 452,050 |
Expander cycle All expander cycle engines need to use a cryogenic fuel such as hydrogen, methane, or propane that easily reach their boiling points. Some expander cycle engines may use a gas generator of some kind to start the turbine and run the engine until the heat input from the thrust chamber and nozzle skirt increases as the chamber pressure builds up. In an "open" cycle, or "bleed" expander cycle, only some of the fuel is heated to drive the turbines, which is then vented to atmosphere to increase turbine efficiency. While this increases power output, the dumped fuel leads to a decrease in propellant efficiency (lower engine specific impulse). A "closed" cycle expander engine sends the turbine exhaust to the combustion chamber (see image at right.) Some examples of an expander cycle engine are the Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10 and the Vinci engine for the future Ariane 6. This operational cycle is a modification of the traditional expander cycle. In the bleed (or open) cycle, instead of routing heated propellant through the turbine and sending it back to be combusted, only a small portion of the propellant is heated and used to drive the turbine and is then bled off, being vented overboard without going through the combustion chamber. Bleeding off the turbine exhaust allows for a higher turbopump output by decreasing backpressure and maximizing the pressure drop through the turbine. Compared with a standard expander cycle, this leads to higher engine thrust at the cost of efficiency by wasting the bled propellant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314978 | 449,836 |
Hahn Air Systems GmbH is a global consolidation service (GCS) that brings the content of transportation providers such as airlines, high-speed railway companies and tour operators into Global Distribution Systems (GDS), which travel agencies use to book and issue tickets. The services of Hahn Air Systems’ clients can be found under the two-letter codes H1 (flights) and 5W (rail and shuttle services) in all major GDS. Tickets need to be issued on an HR-169 ticket. HR is the two-letter designator and 169 is the billing code of Hahn Air Lines GmbH, the sister company of Hahn Air Systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42811661 | 496,549 |
Incineration In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into the boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone. The flue gases are then cooled in the superheaters, where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically at a pressure of for the electricity generation in the turbine. At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around , and is passed to the flue gas cleaning system. In Scandinavia, scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for district heating is low. Often, incineration plants consist of several separate 'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste can continue to be received at one boiler line while the others are undergoing maintenance, repair, or upgrading. The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called clinkers. Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by waste compactors. The rotary-kiln incinerator is used by municipalities and by large industrial plants. This design of incinerator has two chambers: a primary chamber and secondary chamber. The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consists of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216187 | 35,195 |
Bussiere Garden Bussiere Garden, also called Jardin Bussière, located in the north of Sujiaguo Town, Haidian District of Beijing, was constructed by Doctor of Peking Union Medical College during the years in the Republic of China. Jean-Augustin Bussière (1872-1958), the owner of Bussiere Garden, came to Beijing in 1913 and practiced medicine there for 41 years. His aim was to purchase medical equipment from France and introduce advanced medical experience to China. He built a watchtower in his own villa as a place for local people to rest. His patients were of varied professions and social classes. Bussière was a central figure in the French community in China and served as a social place for the French elite. The French poet Saint-John Perse, who later received the Nobel Prize in Literature, visited China accompanied by Bussiere. His long expressionist poem "Anabase" was written on the background of the desert and Mount Miaofeng. , who had been proofreading the Chinese novel "Dream of Red Mansions" for more than ten years, was also a visitor of the mansion. was once one of the Communist Party of China (CCP)'s underground intelligence interface locations of Pingxi. Before the Japanese invasion, Bussière's British friends delivered two high-power telegraph transmitters to Yan'an through Bussiere Garden. The CCP's headquarter of guerrilla forces in Mount Miaofeng was located than 100 meters from Bussiere Garden. is a private garden with a combination of Chinese and Western elements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53653712 | 336,845 |
Carbohydrate metabolism The branching of glycogen increases its solubility, and allows for a higher number of glucose molecules to be accessible for breakdown. Glycogenesis occurs primarily in the liver, skeletal muscles, and kidney. The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative method of oxidizing glucose. It occurs in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, testis, milk glands, phagocyte cells, and red blood cells. It produces products that are used in other cell processes, while reducing NADP to NADPH. This pathway is regulated through changes in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Fructose must undergo certain extra steps in order to enter the glycolysis pathway. Enzymes located in certain tissues can add a phosphate group to fructose. This phosphorylation creates fructose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway that can be broken down directly in those tissues. This pathway occurs in the muscles, adipose tissue, and kidney. In the liver, enzymes produce fructose-1-phosphate, which enters the glycolysis pathway and is later cleaved into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Lactose, or milk sugar, consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. After separation from glucose, galactose travels to the liver for conversion to glucose. Galactokinase uses one molecule of ATP to phosphorylate galactose. The phosphorylated galactose is then converted to glucose-1-phosphate, and then eventually glucose-6-phosphate, which can be broken down in glycolysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=383675 | 60,658 |
Tribology In this way, the particles of this material, which will be removed, will be easily visible and accessible. Finally, to accelerate wear times, one of the best-known techniques used is that of the high pressure contact tests. In this case, to obtain the desired results it is sufficient to apply the load on a very reduced contact area. Historically, tribology research concentrated on the design and effective lubrication of machine components, particularly for bearings. However, the study of tribology extends into most aspects of modern technology and any system where one material slides over another can be affected by complex tribological interactions. Traditionally, tribology research in the transport industry focused on reliability, ensuring the safe, continuous operation of machine components. Nowadays, due to an increased focus on energy consumption, efficiency has become increasingly important and thus lubricants have become progressively more complex and sophisticated in order to achieve this. also plays an important role in manufacturing. For example, in metal-forming operations, friction increases tool wear and the power required to work a piece. This results in increased costs due to more frequent tool replacement, loss of tolerance as tool dimensions shift, and greater forces required to shape a piece. The use of lubricants which minimize direct surface contact reduces tool wear and power requirements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=489228 | 430,104 |
History of compiler construction Their input consists grammar analyzing formula and transform operations that produce abstract syntax trees, or simply output reformated text strings that may be stack machine code. Many can be programmed in their own metalanguage enabling them to compile themselves, making them self-hosting extensible language compilers. Many metacompilers build on the work of Dewey Val Schorre. His META II compiler, first released in 1964, was the first documented metacompiler. Able to define its own language and others, META II accepted syntax formula having imbedded output (code production)s. It also translated to one of the earliest instances of a virtual machine. Lexical analysis was performed by built token recognizing functions: .ID, .STRING, and .NUMBER. Quoted strings in syntax formula recognize lexemes that are not kept. TREE-META, a second generation Schorre metacompiler, appeared around 1968. It extended the capabilities of META II, adding unparse rules separating code production from the grammar analysis. Tree transform operations in the syntax formula produce abstract syntax trees that the unparse rules operate on. The unparse tree pattern matching provided peephole optimization ability. CWIC, described in a 1970 ACM publication is a third generation Schorre metacompiler that added lexing rules and backtracking operators to the grammar analysis. LISP 2 was married with the unparse rules of TREEMETA in the CWIC generator language. With LISP 2 processing, CWIC can generate fully optimized code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21310186 | 112,612 |
Optical head-mounted display In 2014, Microsoft revealed the device, naming it HoloLens. In an 6 October 2015 event Microsoft demonstrated the demo of HoloLens and made its developer edition available at $3000. In March 2013, the Boston-startup LAFORGE Optical was founded by five former and current students of the Rochester Institute of Technology, with the intention to design and market an eyewear with an embedded heads-up display system. In December 2013, the company launched pre-order sales of its Icis eyewear on the company's official website for $220. This plan was then abandoned for the release of a new pair of eyewear LAFORGE dubbed Shima. These went on sale on the company's official website for $590 under the marketing banner of an alpha/beta product release. Since then there have been multiple delays and a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the actual availability of the glasses. At Ceatec trade show, Toshiba unveiled the Toshiba Glass, a prototype of pair of glasses with a tiny, lightweight projector which displays an image. Toshiba Glass was jointly created by Yamamoto Kogaku Co. which makes glasses under the Swans brand. In November 2013, Ashkelon Eyewear Technologies Ltd was founded by the Israeli celebrity inventor Benny Goldstein, with the intention to develop and bring to market a very low-cost wearable heads-up display. Their first product, the Ashkelon Visor, is launching for around $20 and should arrive at consumers hands somewhere in the middle of 2015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39723807 | 412,703 |
Technology of the New York City Subway ) ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late. Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays. In 2017, the MTA started testing ultra-wideband radio-enabled train signaling on the IND Culver Line. The ultra-wideband train signals would be able to carry more data wirelessly in a manner similar to CBTC, but can be installed faster. The ultra-wideband signals would have the added benefit of allowing passengers to use cellphones while between stations, instead of the current setup (see ) that only provides cellphone signals within the stations. The MTA has long been reluctant to install platform screen doors in the subway system, though it had been considering such an idea since the 1980s. Originally, it was planned to install platform doors in several stations along the Second Avenue Subway, but their installation presented substantial technical challenges, as there are different placements of doors on New York City Subway rolling stock. The Second Avenue Subway screen-door was scrapped in 2012 as cost-prohibitive. The MTA is also interested in retrofitting platform screen doors on the Canarsie Line, along the , and on the IRT Flushing Line, along the | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55208663 | 194,369 |
Inclusive fitness Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species and a major contribution to the field of sociobiology, which holds that some behaviors can be dictated by genes, and therefore can be passed to future generations and may be selected for as the organism evolves. Although described in seemingly anthropomorphic terms, these ideas apply to all living things, and can describe the evolution of innate and learned behaviors over a wide range of species including insects, small mammals or humans. Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=678078 | 142,690 |
Dilution assay More of interest is an estimate of formula_28 or an estimate of the dose that induces a specific response. These estimates involve taking ratios of statistically dependent parameter estimates. Fieller's theorem can be used to compute confidence intervals of these ratios. Some special cases deserve particular mention because of their widespread use: If formula_4 is linear and formula_16 this is known as a slope-ratio model. If formula_4 is linear and formula_19 this is known as a parallel line model. Another commonly applied model is the probit model where formula_4 is the cumulative normal distribution function, formula_19 and formula_7 follows a binomial distribution. An antibiotic standard (shown in red) and test preparation (shown in blue) are applied at three dose levels to sensitive microorganisms on a layer of agar in petri dishes. The stronger the dose the larger the zone of inhibition of growth of the microorganisms. The biological response formula_36 is in this case the zone of inhibition and the diameter of this zone formula_37 can be used as the measurable response. The doses formula_12 are transformed to logarithms formula_17 and the method of least squares is used to fit two parallel lines to the data. The horizontal distance formula_40 between the two lines (shown in green) serves as an estimate of the potency formula_28 of the test preparation relative to the standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9427669 | 54,510 |
Poison Ivy (character) Later, Woodrue flees from the authorities leaving Isley in the hospital for six months. Enraged at the betrayal, she suffers from violent mood swings, being sweet one moment and evil the next. When her boyfriend has a car accident after mysteriously suffering from a massive fungal overgrowth, Isley drops out of school and leaves Seattle, eventually settling in Gotham City. She begins her criminal career by threatening to release her suffocating spores into the air unless the city meets her demands. Batman, who appears in Gotham that very same year, thwarts her scheme, and she is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum. From this point on, she has a kind of obsession with Batman, him being the only person she could not control due to his strong will and focus. Over the years, she develops plant-like superpowers, the most noticeable being a lethal toxin in her lips; she is literally able to kill with a kiss. In subsequent issues, she states that she only started a life of crime to attain sufficient funds to find a location to be alone with her plants, undisturbed by humanity. A few years later, she attempts to leave Gotham forever, escaping Arkham to settle on a desert island in the Caribbean. She transforms the barren wasteland into a second Eden, and is, for the first time in her life, happy. It is soon firebombed, however, when an American-owned corporation tests their weapons systems out on what they think is an abandoned island. Ivy returns to Gotham with a vengeance, punishing those responsible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=74154 | 13,435 |
Fluorescence imaging is a type of non-invasive imaging technique that can help visualize biological processes taking place in a living organism. Images can be produced from a variety of methods including: microscopy, imaging probes, and spectroscopy. Fluorescence itself, is a form of luminescence that results from matter emitting light of a certain wavelength after absorbing electromagnetic radiation. Molecules that re-emit light upon absorption of light are called fluorophores. photographs fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins to mark molecular mechanisms and structures. It allows one to experimentally observe the dynamics of gene expression, protein expression, and molecular interactions in a living cell. It essentially serves as a precise, quantitative tool regarding biochemical applications. A common misconception, fluorescence differs from bioluminescence by how the proteins from each process produce light. Bioluminescence is a chemical process that involves enzymes breaking down a substrate to produce light. Fluorescence is the physical excitation of an electron, and subsequent return to emit light. When a certain molecule absorbs light, the energy of the molecule is briefly raised to a higher excited state. The subsequent return to ground state results in emission of fluorescent light that can be detected and measured. The emitted light, resulting from the absorbed photon of energy "hv", has a specific wavelength | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59921575 | 158,403 |
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