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Mohamed Gad-el-Hak He is additionally a contributing editor for Springer-Verlag's "Lecture Notes in Engineering" and "Lecture Notes in Physics", for McGraw-Hill's "Year Book of Science and Technology", and for CRC Press's "Mechanical Engineering Series". In 1998, Gad-el-Hak was named the Fourteenth ASME Freeman Scholar. In 1999, he was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Prize as well as the Japanese Government Research Award for Foreign Scholars. In 2002, he was named ASME Distinguished Lecturer. Gad-el-Hak has also been awarded the ASME Medal for contributions to the discipline of fluids engineering, as well as a Certificate of Appreciation for his services in advancing the engineering profession. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2017) "In Defense of Science: What Would John Do?" "Physics of Fluids", vol. 29, pp. 020602.1–020602.10. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2016) "Nine Decades of Fluid Mechanics," "Journal of Fluids Engineering", vol. 138, pp. 100803.1–100803.10. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2008) "Large-Scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation", 600 pages, Cambridge University Press, London. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2006) "Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive Flow Management", 448 pages, Cambridge University Press, London. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2006) "The MEMS Handbook", in three volumes, 1680 pages, CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2004) "Publish or Perish—An Ailing Enterprise?," "Physics Today", vol. 57, March, pp. 61–62. Gad-el-Hak, M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18595173 | 290,076 |
Gudgeon In addition while the bottom fitting is a gudgeon turning on a pintail the upper two fittings are a pair of gudgeons each with a pin joining them with split pin/washer to stop them coming out. In navigations locks, the upper pivot point for a miter gate is referred to as the gudgeon, and carries horizontal loads caused by a gate leaf hanging with no water load. The lower pivot, which carries the weight of the leaf, is referred to as the pintle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2019701 | 422,552 |
Pre-Code Hollywood By mid-1934 when Cardinal Dougherty of Philadelphia called for a Catholic boycott of all films, and Raymond Cannon was privately preparing a congressional bill supported by both Democrats and Republicans which would introduce Government oversight, the studios decided they had had enough. They re-organized the enforcement procedures giving Hays and the recently appointed Joseph I. Breen, a devout Roman Catholic, head of the new Production Code Administration (PCA), greater control over censorship. The studios agreed to disband their appeals committee and to impose a $25,000 fine for producing, distributing, or exhibiting any film without PCA approval. Hays had originally hired Breen, who had worked in public relations, in 1930 to handle Production Code publicity, and the latter was popular among Catholics. Joy began working solely for Fox Studios, and Wingate had been bypassed in favor of Breen in December 1933. Hays became a functionary, while Breen handled the business of censoring films. Breen initially had anti-Semitic prejudices, and was quoted as stating that Jews "are, probably, the scum of the earth." When Breen died in 1965, the trade magazine "Variety" stated, "More than any single individual, he shaped the moral stature of the American motion picture." Although the Legion's impact on the more effective enforcement of the Code is unquestionable, its influence on the general populace is harder to gauge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2863180 | 277,196 |
Li-Fi PureLiFi, formerly pureVLC, is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firm set up to commercialize products for integration with existing LED-lighting systems. In October 2011, a research organisation Fraunhofer IPMS and industry Companies formed the Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products, which is not the same as - a term defined by the IEEE 802.15.7r1 standardization committee. VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates of over 1.6 Gbit/s were demonstrated over a single color LED. In September 2013, a press release said that Li-Fi, or VLC systems in general, do not require line-of-sight conditions. In October 2013, it was reported Chinese manufacturers were working on development kits. In April 2014, the Russian company Stins Coman announced the development of a wireless local network called BeamCaster. Their current module transfers data at 1.25 gigabytes per second (GB/s) but they foresee boosting speeds up to 5 GB/s in the near future. In 2014 a new record was established by Sisoft (a Mexican company) that was able to transfer data at speeds of up to 10 GB/s across a light spectrum emitted by LED lamps. Recent integrated CMOS optical receivers for systems are implemented with avalanche photodiodes (APDs) which has a low sensitivity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34533427 | 230,139 |
Haber process Haber, with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, developed the high-pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the at laboratory scale. They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about per hour. The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber's tabletop machine to industrial-level production. He succeeded in 1910. Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes, in 1918 and 1931 respectively, for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large-scale, continuous-flow, high-pressure technology. Ammonia was first manufactured using the on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF's Oppau plant in Germany, reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year. During World War I, the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate. The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile (Chile saltpetre) controlled by British companies. Germany had no such resources, so the proved essential to the German war effort. Synthetic ammonia from the was used for the production of nitric acid, a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives. Today, the most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with KO, CaO, SiO, and AlO. The original Haber–Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst, but it was available in extremely small quantities. Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14022 | 497,172 |
Dissipative particle dynamics In principle, simulations of very large systems, approaching a cubic micron for milliseconds, are possible using a parallel implementation of DPD running on multiple processors in a Beowulf-style cluster. Because the non-bonded forces are short-ranged in DPD, it is possible to parallelize a DPD code very efficiently using a spatial domain decomposition technique. In this scheme, the total simulation space is divided into a number of cuboidal regions each of which is assigned to a distinct processor in the cluster. Each processor is responsible for integrating the equations of motion of all beads whose centres of mass lie within its region of space. Only beads lying near the boundaries of each processor's space require communication between processors. In order to ensure that the simulation is efficient, the crucial requirement is that the number of particle-particle interactions that require inter-processor communication be much smaller than the number of particle-particle interactions within the bulk of each processor's region of space. Roughly speaking, this means that the volume of space assigned to each processor should be sufficiently large that its surface area (multiplied by a distance comparable to the force cut-off distance) is much less than its volume. A wide variety of complex hydrodynamic phenomena have been simulated using DPD, the list here is necessarily incomplete | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12578506 | 348,257 |
Philosophy of information While computer science brings new opportunities and challenges to traditional philosophical studies, and changes the ways philosophers understand foundational concepts in philosophy, further major progress in computer science would only be feasible when philosophy provides sound foundations for areas such as bioinformatics, software engineering, knowledge engineering, and ontologies. Classical topics in philosophy, namely, mind, consciousness, experience, reasoning, knowledge, truth, morality and creativity are rapidly becoming common concerns and foci of investigation in computer science, e.g., in areas such as agent computing, software agents, and intelligent mobile agent technologies. According to Luciano Floridi " one can think of several ways for applying computational methods towards philosophical matters: Numerous philosophers and other thinkers have carried out philosophical studies of the social and cultural aspects of electronically mediated information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4522868 | 282,464 |
Cordwood construction The quantity of labor relative to gaining a specific R value for cordwood is higher when compared to straw bale and stick frame construction. Funds saved in construction may need to be allocated for heating costs or longterm exterior maintenance. An organic, mortar-like cob creates less of an environmental impact because of the use of readily available mud and straw, whereas toxins emitted during the production of Portland cement are very harmful, albeit less tangible in the final product. Like many alternative building styles, the sustainability of cordwood construction is dependent upon materials and construction variables. Following the Cordwood Conference in 2005 at Merrill, Wisconsin, a document was published to address "best practices" in cordwood construction and building code compliance. The document entitled "Cordwood and the Code: A Building Permit Guide" assists cordwood builders get the necessary code permits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695742 | 338,452 |
Aggression On Bellona Island, a culture based on male dominance and physical violence, women tend to get into conflicts with other women more frequently than with men. When in conflict with males, instead of using physical means, they make up songs mocking the man, which spread across the island and humiliate him. If a woman wanted to kill a man, she would either convince her male relatives to kill him or hire an assassin. Although these two methods involve physical violence, both are forms of indirect aggression, since the aggressor herself avoids getting directly involved or putting herself in immediate physical danger. See also the sections on testosterone and evolutionary explanations for gender differences above. There has been some links between those prone to violence and their alcohol use. Those who are prone to violence and use alcohol are more likely to carry out violent acts. Alcohol impairs judgment, making people much less cautious than they usually are (MacDonald et al. 1996). It also disrupts the way information is processed (Bushman 1993, 1997; Bushman & Cooper 1990). Pain and discomfort also increase aggression. Even the simple act of placing one's hands in hot water can cause an aggressive response. Hot temperatures have been implicated as a factor in a number of studies. One study completed in the midst of the civil rights movement found that riots were more likely on hotter days than cooler ones (Carlsmith & Anderson 1979) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58687 | 191,720 |
Compression ratio An engine with high static compression ratio and late intake valve closure will have a dynamic compression ratio similar to an engine with lower compression but earlier intake valve closure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6863 | 300,997 |
Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji If the Japanese sources for this history can be confirmed, it would be an important addition to the understanding of Japanese cryptology leading up to World War II. Polish cryptanalysts were very good and if they tutored the Japanese for almost fifteen years, it makes the Japanese failure to break most of the Allied codes during the war much more puzzling. Hyakutake Harukichi was among the first group of Japanese officers to study in Poland and on his return was made the chief of the code section of the third department of the army general staff. This was in 1926. Naturally enough, one of his first concerns was strengthening Army codes. He started by designing a new system to replace a four-letter code used by military attachés that had been in use since around 1918. The replacement was the two-letter, ten-chart code that Yardley mentions but mistakenly attributes to Kowalefsky in about 1920. Yardley gives the following description of Hyakutake's new system and its effectiveness: Yardley also describes the Japanese system of sectioning their messages but does not make it clear if this applies to the two-letter, ten-chart code. Takagawa's description of Hyakutake's code does not mention any sectioning but otherwise closely matches Yardley's account. It is possible then that sectioning was not a part of Hyakutake's new system. Which code systems involved sectioning and when the systems were used is not clear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16017967 | 297,060 |
Game theory In biology, game theory has been used as a model to understand many different phenomena. It was first used to explain the evolution (and stability) of the approximate 1:1 sex ratios. suggested that the 1:1 sex ratios are a result of evolutionary forces acting on individuals who could be seen as trying to maximize their number of grandchildren. Additionally, biologists have used evolutionary game theory and the ESS to explain the emergence of animal communication. The analysis of signaling games and other communication games has provided insight into the evolution of communication among animals. For example, the mobbing behavior of many species, in which a large number of prey animals attack a larger predator, seems to be an example of spontaneous emergent organization. Ants have also been shown to exhibit feed-forward behavior akin to fashion (see Paul Ormerod's "Butterfly Economics"). Biologists have used the game of chicken to analyze fighting behavior and territoriality. According to Maynard Smith, in the preface to "Evolution and the Theory of Games", "paradoxically, it has turned out that game theory is more readily applied to biology than to the field of economic behaviour for which it was originally designed". Evolutionary game theory has been used to explain many seemingly incongruous phenomena in nature. One such phenomenon is known as biological altruism. This is a situation in which an organism appears to act in a way that benefits other organisms and is detrimental to itself | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11924 | 259,389 |
Radio-frequency microelectromechanical system 1–6 GHz frequency range, and the actual integration of RF MEMS switches on a self-similar Sierpinski gasket antenna to increase its number of resonant frequencies, extending its range to 8 GHz, 14 GHz and 25 GHz, an RF MEMS radiation pattern reconfigurable spiral antenna for 6 and 10 GHz, an RF MEMS radiation pattern reconfigurable spiral antenna for the 6–7 GHz frequency band based on packaged Radant MEMS SPST-RMSW100 switches, an RF MEMS multiband Sierpinski fractal antenna, again with integrated RF MEMS switches, functioning at different bands from 2.4 to 18 GHz, and a 2-bit Ka-band RF MEMS frequency tunable slot antenna. The Samsung Omnia W was the first smart phone to include a RF MEMS antenna. RF bandpass filters can be used to increase out-of-band rejection, in case the antenna fails to provide sufficient selectivity. Out-of-band rejection eases the dynamic range requirement on the LNA and the mixer in the light of interference. Off-chip RF bandpass filters based on lumped bulk acoustic wave (BAW), ceramic, SAW, quartz crystal, and FBAR resonators have superseded distributed RF bandpass filters based on transmission line resonators, printed on substrates with low loss tangent, or based on waveguide cavities. Tunable RF bandpass filters offer a significant size reduction over switched RF bandpass filter banks. They can be implemented using III-V semiconducting varactors, BST or PZT ferroelectric and RF MEMS resonators and switches, switched capacitors and varactors, and YIG ferrites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12368347 | 89,076 |
Reactor pressure vessel 7 wt% was required to increase the yield strength. Other common steel alloys include SA-533 Grade B Class 1 and SA-508 Class 2. Both materials have main alloying elements of nickel, manganese, molybdenum, and silicon, but the latter also includes 0.25-0.45 wt% chromium. All alloys listed in the reference also have >0.04 wt% sulfur. Low-alloyed NiMoMn ferritic steels are attractive for this purpose due to their high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion, properties that make them resistant to thermal shock. However, when considering the properties of these steels, one must take into account the response it will have to radiation damage. Due to harsh conditions, the RPV cylinder shell material is often the lifetime-limiting component for a nuclear reactor. Understanding the effects radiation has on the microstructure in addition to the physical and mechanical properties will allow scientists to design alloys more resistant to radiation damage. In 2018 Rosatom announced it had developed a thermal annealing technique for RPVs which ameliorates radiation damage and extends service life by between 15 and 30 years. This had been demonstrated on unit 1 of the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant. Due to the nature of nuclear energy generation, the materials used in the RPV are constantly bombarded by high-energy particles. These particles can either be neutrons or fragments of an atom created by a fission event | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2904516 | 311,910 |
Laser printing of single nanoparticles The laser printing of single nanoparticles is a method of applying optical forces that direct single nanoparticles to targeted substrate regions. Van der Waals interactions cause attachment of the single nanoparticles to the substrate areas. This has been accomplished with gold and silicon nanoparticles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42347710 | 6,584 |
Paper Credit An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the of Great Britain, generally shortened to Paper Credit, is a book on monetary theory in economics, written by Henry Thornton and published in Britain in 1802. It is seen as prescient of modern monetary problems, having addressed paper currency, risk of inflation, and other issues that were appearing as certificates began to displace gold as currency in early 19th century Britain. Along with being an advocate of liberty — siding in Parliament with William Pitt the Elder in advocacy for the new United States and being one of the most important Abolitionists of slavery in England — Henry Thornton was a major force in the mercantile world and one of the top bankers in England. He had turned a small banking house into one of the largest in London in the last decade of the 18th century. During that period, monetary theory was largely stagnant, although monetary technology was still advancing. One result of this was a cycle of boom and bust that occurred about once per decade between 1760 and 1800. The last ground-breaking paper on monetary theory was Joseph Harris' Essay on Money and Coins, printed in 1757, and still seen as a primary source of money theory in Thornton's time. In the same period, country banks in England had become more common, while the Bank of England had stopped printing certificates and become a sort of Lender of Last Resort to other banks, much like the Federal Reserve would in the 20th century in the US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54184168 | 505,148 |
Feed-in tariff On the other hand, the purchase price for power generated from wind is based on the number of operating hours and is more elaborate than the solar tariff. It covers operating hours ranging from 2500 up through 4000 hours, with decreasing purchase rates ranging from US$0.1148/KWh down to US$0.046/KWh. In the second phase, the categories of solar generation were reduced to four, with the residential category tariff increased to 1.0288 EGP/KWh. The second category, non-residential installations of less than 500 KW has a purchase price of 1.0858 EGP/KWh. The third and fourth categories, non-residential installations between 500 KW and 20 MW and between 20 MW and 50 MW, have a purchase tariff of US$0.0788/KWh and US$0.084/KWh, respectively (with 30% of tariff pegged at the exchange rate of 8.88 EGP per USD). The government will purchase the electricity generated by investors, taking inflation into account, while consumption will be paid in local currency and depreciation rates reviewed after two years. The Ministry of Finance will provide concessional subsidized bank financing for households and institutions using less than 200 KW at a rate of 4%, and 8% for 200-500KW. The government is preparing a law that would allow for state-owned lands to be made available for new energy production projects under a usufruct system in exchange for 2% of the energy produced. The electricity companies will be obligated to purchase and transport the energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12638406 | 373,607 |
Anaerobic clarigester The anaerobic clarigester is a form of anaerobic digester. It is regarded as being the ancestor of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) anaerobic digester. A clarigester treats dilute biodegradable feedstocks and separates out solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention times. A diagram comparing the UASB, anaerobic clarigester and anaerobic contact processes can be found here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6589624 | 331,545 |
Perspectivity With "O" and "O"* being points of "R" in neither plane, use the construction of the last section to project "S" onto "T" by the perspectivity with center "O" followed by the projection of "T" back onto "S" with the perspectivity with center "O"*. This composition is a bijective map of the points of "S" onto itself which preserves collinear points and is called a "perspective collineation" ("central collineation" in more modern terminology). Let φ be a perspective collineation of "S". Each point of the line of intersection of "S" and "T" will be fixed by φ and this line is called the "axis" of φ. Let point "P" be the intersection of line "OO"* with the plane "S". "P" is also fixed by φ and every line of "S" that passes through "P" is stabilized by φ (fixed, but not necessarily pointwise fixed). "P" is called the "center" of φ. The restriction of φ to any line of "S" not passing through "P" is the central perspectivity in "S" with center "P" between that line and the line which is its image under φ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23912960 | 350,782 |
High tech High technology, or high tech (sometimes also called frontier technology or frontier tech), is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology available. The opposite of high tech is "low technology", referring to simple, often traditional or mechanical technology; for example, a slide rule is a low-tech calculating device. The phrase was used in a 1958 "The New York Times" story advocating "atomic energy" for Europe: "... Western Europe, with its dense population and its high technology ..." Robert Metz used the term in a financial column in 1969: "Arthur H. Collins of Collins Radio] controls a score of high technology patents in a variety of fields." and in a 1971 article used the abbreviated form, "high tech." A widely used classification of high-technological manufacturing industries is provided by the OECD. It is based on the intensity of research and development activities used in these industries within OECD countries, resulting in four distinct categories. Startups working on high technologies (or developing new high technologies) are sometimes referred to as deep tech. High-tech, as opposed to high-touch, may refer to self-service experiences that do not require human interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=525028 | 269,553 |
FurReal Friends " Another notable toy manufactured by FurReal was the Butterscotch Pony, a large, animatronic, whinnying pony, among the toy line's products designed for children to sit on. The pony was designed with an assortment of sound effects mimicking those of live horses and opened a gateway to the production of a second animatronic pony named S'mores of slightly higher quality with more sound effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8581253 | 287,642 |
List of elements by stability of isotopes However, it is possible that some isotopes that are now considered stable will be revealed to decay with extremely long half-lives (as with ). This list depicts what is agreed upon by the consensus of the scientific community as of 2019. For each of the 80 stable elements, the number of the stable isotopes is given. Only 90 isotopes are expected to be perfectly stable, and an additional 162 are energetically unstable, but have never been observed to decay. Thus, 252 isotopes (nuclides) are stable by definition (including tantalum-180m, for which no decay has yet been observed). Those that may in the future be found to be radioactive are expected to have half-lives longer than 10 years (for example, xenon-134). In April 2019 it was announced that the half-life of xenon-124 had been measured to 1.8 × 10 years. This is the longest half-life directly measured for any unstable isotope; only the half-life of tellurium-128 is longer. Of the chemical elements, only one element (tin) has 10 such stable isotopes, five have seven isotopes, eight have six isotopes, ten have five isotopes, nine have four isotopes, five have three stable isotopes, 16 have two stable isotopes, and 26 have a single stable isotope. Additionally, about 30 nuclides of the naturally occurring elements have unstable isotopes with a half-life larger than the age of the Solar System (~10 years or more) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4253950 | 57,104 |
Taylor's law Using simulations the symmetrical form fits the data when there is positive correlation of disease status of neighbors. Where there is a negative correlation between the likelihood of neighbours being infected, the asymmetrical version is a better fit to the data. Because of the ubiquitous occurrence of in biology it has found a variety of uses some of which are listed here. It has been recommended based on simulation studies in applications testing the validity of to a data sample that: (1) the total number of organisms studied be > 15 (2) the minimum number of groups of organisms studied be > 5 (3) the density of the organisms should vary by at least 2 orders of magnitude within the sample It is common assumed (at least initially) that a population is randomly distributed in the environment. If a population is randomly distributed then the mean ( "m" ) and variance ( "s" ) of the population are equal and the proportion of samples that contain at least one individual ( "p" ) is When a species with a clumped pattern is compared with one that is randomly distributed with equal overall densities, p will be less for the species having the clumped distribution pattern. Conversely when comparing a uniformly and a randomly distributed species but at equal overall densities, "p" will be greater for the randomly distributed population. This can be graphically tested by plotting "p" against "m". Wilson and Room developed a binomial model that incorporates Taylor's law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34983797 | 179,654 |
Fulmer Research Institute Many papers were published in learned journals and books and many patents were granted to Fulmer authors. Fulmer sponsored the further education of its technicians and helped many young graduates in metallurgy, physics and other sciences on the road to successful careers. In the 1970s and 80s Fulmer undertook curriculum development projects in Berkshire and Buckinghamshire primary and secondary schools. It thus introduced many young people to engineering, to problem solving methods and to working in teams.[49] A senior staff member joined the Berkshire education advisory service from Fulmer to continue and extend work of this kind. Among the companies and organizations that owe their origins to Fulmer are: Grev Brook; Bill Bowyer; David Davies; Mike Dewey; Bill Flavell; Philipp Gross; Eddie Sugars; GI Williams Over the life of Fulmer about 500 people were members of staff. Among these, because of the wide range of projects that Fulmer undertook, investigators and other technical staff had to be able to adapt their specialist skills and to innovate. They were also expected to play a part in attracting the necessary funding from business or Government. In 1969, Pinewood film studios hired a chemistry laboratory at Fulmer for use as a film set for the film "The Chairman" (also known as "The Most Dangerous Man in the World"), starring Gregory Peck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50399438 | 214,528 |
Participatory design In terms of distributed participatory design, YouTube and their content creators, or YouTubers, incorporate many of these elements into their website designs and planning. Video pages contain a 'share' function that allows for individuals to circulate a link to a video through various social media sites to increase exposure and possibly redirect people to other sites content creators use for circulating media and for receiving reactions. Additionally, feedback can appear in the form of comments and ratings. Each video has separate comment sections for users to leave input and ideas in. YouTube also uses a rating system of thumbs up/thumbs down to provide the content creators with a statistic on how well a video was received. Many popular YouTubers use social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Google+ to announce video updates and any information on external projects. Through managing social networks, website, and YouTube channel, the content creators can manage the distributed participation effectively and maintain their fanbases as well as update them on any changes in the design or content creation process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=966255 | 235,783 |
List of industrial occupations The following is a list of industrial occupations. Industrial occupations are generally characterized by being manual-labour-intensive and requiring little to no education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35283210 | 230,504 |
Quality of service An alternative to complex QoS control mechanisms is to provide high quality communication by generously over-provisioning a network so that capacity is based on peak traffic load estimates. This approach is simple for networks with predictable peak loads. This calculation may need to appreciate demanding applications that can compensate for variations in bandwidth and delay with large receive buffers, which is often possible for example in video streaming. Over-provisioning can be of limited use in the face of transport protocols (such as TCP) that over time increase the amount of data placed on the network until all available bandwidth is consumed and packets are dropped. Such greedy protocols tend to increase latency and packet loss for all users. The amount of over-provisioning in interior links required to replace QoS depends on the number of users and their traffic demands. This limits usability of over-provisioning. Newer more bandwidth intensive applications and the addition of more users results in the loss of over-provisioned networks. This then requires a physical update of the relevant network links which is an expensive process. Thus over-provisioning cannot be blindly assumed on the Internet. Commercial VoIP services are often competitive with traditional telephone service in terms of call quality even without QoS mechanisms in use on the user's connection to their ISP and the VoIP provider's connection to a different ISP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25315 | 208,925 |
Industrial wastewater treatment Neutralisation frequently produces a precipitate that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some cases, gases may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation. Waste streams rich in hardness ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause severe "furring" of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes. A 1-metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by careful pH management of the released wastewater. Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver, cadmium, thallium, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or selenium) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be "incinerated" within the wastewater by the advanced oxidation process | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1558218 | 460,527 |
Quasiperiodic motion In mathematics and theoretical physics, quasiperiodic motion is in rough terms the type of motion executed by a dynamical system containing a finite number (two or more) of incommensurable frequencies. That is, if we imagine that the phase space is modelled by a torus "T" (that is, the variables are periodic like angles), the trajectory of the system is modelled by a curve on "T" that wraps around the torus without ever exactly coming back on itself. A quasiperiodic function on the real line is the type of function (continuous, say) obtained from a function on "T", by means of a curve which is linear (when lifted from "T" to its covering Euclidean space), by composition. It is therefore oscillating, with a finite number of underlying frequencies. (NB the sense in which theta functions and the Weierstrass zeta function in complex analysis are said to have quasi-periods with respect to a period lattice is something distinct from this.) The theory of almost periodic functions is, roughly speaking, for the same situation but allowing "T" to be a torus with an infinite number of dimensions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1590390 | 437,359 |
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation. occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" (1859). by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: (1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), (2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and (3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9236 | 189,752 |
Manganese diselenide Manganese(II) diselenide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnSe. This rarely encountered solid is structurally similar to that of iron pyrite (FeS). Analogous to the description of iron pyrite, manganese diselenide is sometimes viewed as being composed of Mn and Se ions, although being a semiconductor, MnSe is not appropriately described in formal oxidation states. The high‐resolution Mn 2p spectra of the MnSe2 has two distinct peaks at 642.2 and 653.9 eV correspond to the Mn 2p3/2 and Mn 2p1/2 spin–orbit components, respectively. The energy difference (Δ 2p) of 11.7 eV confirms the presence of Mn4+ ions in the sample. A good correlation was observed with the literature value for the Mn4+ state., No peaks for Mn2+ ions were observed at 640–641 eV, which confirmed the formation of only the Mn4+ oxidation state with a d3 electronic configuration.The Se 3d spectra were deconvoluted into two well‐defined peaks (3d5/2 and 3d3/2) at a binding energy of 54.46 and 55.31 eV, respectively. These two peaks confirmed the presence of Se2− ions in MnSe2.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5292813 | 78,554 |
Net neutrality Further, another 43 municipal broadband providers told the FCC that Title II "will trigger consequences beyond the Commission's control and risk serious harm to our ability to fund and deploy broadband without bringing any concrete benefit for consumers or edge providers that the market is not already proving today without the aid of any additional regulation". According to a "Wired" magazine article by TechFreedom's Berin Szoka, Matthew Starr, and Jon Henke, local governments and public utilities impose the most significant barriers to entry for more cable broadband competition: "While popular arguments focus on supposed 'monopolists' such as big cable companies, it's government that's really to blame." The authors state that local governments and their public utilities charge ISPs far more than they actually cost and have the final say on whether an ISP can build a network. The public officials determine what requirements an ISP must meet to get approval for access to publicly owned "rights of way" (which lets them place their wires), thus reducing the number of potential competitors who can profitably deploy Internet service—such as AT&T's U-Verse, Google Fiber, and Verizon FiOS. Kickbacks may include municipal requirements for ISPs such as building out service where it is not demanded, donating equipment, and delivering free broadband to government buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1398166 | 101,480 |
AM stereo One of the best known stations to use the Kahn system was 890/WLS, Chicago. WLS still transmits in today but uses the Motorola C-QUAM system instead. However, the Kahn system suffered from lower stereo separation above 5 kHz (reaching none at 7 kHz whereas FM stereo has 40 dB or more separation at 15 kHz) and the radio antenna array on directional AM (common on a lot of nighttime and some daytime stations) had to have a flat response across the entire 20 kHz AM channel. If the array had a higher reactance value (leading to a higher Standing wave ratio) on one side of the frequency vs the other, it would affect the audio response of that channel and thus the stereo signal would be affected. Also, Kahn refused to license any radio receivers manufacturers with his design, although multi-system receivers were manufactured by various companies such as Sony, Sansui, and Sanyo, which could receive any of the four systems. Nonetheless, this system remained competitive with C-QUAM into the late 1980s and Kahn was very vocal about its advantages over Motorola's system. Kahn filed a lawsuit claiming that the Motorola system did not meet FCC emission bandwidth specifications, but by that time, C-QUAM had already been declared as the single standard for in the USA. Kahn's design was later revamped for monaural use and used in the Power-Side system, in which a decreased signal in one sideband is used to improve coverage and loudness, especially with directional antenna arrays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=653312 | 212,159 |
Eos (protein) mEos2 shows almost identical spectral properties, brightness, pKa, photoconversion, contrast and maturation properties to WT Eos. The localization precision of mEos2 is twice as great as other monomeric fluorescent proteins. Also at the Janelia Research Campus, a new fluorescent molecules known as CaMPARI (calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator) was developed using EosFP. The permanent green to red conversion signal was coupled with a calcium-sensitive protein, calmodulin, so that colour change in the fusion construct depended on the release of calcium accompanied by neural activity. CaMPARI is able to permanently mark neurons that are active at an any time. This visualization is possible across a wide amount of brain tissue as opposed to the limited view available with using a microscope. It also allows for the visualization of neural activity during complicated behaviours as the organism under study is allowed to move freely, rather than under a microscope. It also allows for the observation of neurons during specific behaviour periods. CaMPARI has, thus far, been used to label active neural circuits in mice, zebrafish and fruit flies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21170509 | 33,320 |
Global Positioning System " GPS receiver manufacturers have argued that LightSquared's licensed spectrum of 1525 to 1559 MHz was never envisioned as being used for high-speed wireless broadband based on the 2003 and 2004 FCC ATC rulings making clear that the Ancillary Tower Component (ATC) would be, in fact, ancillary to the primary satellite component. To build public support of efforts to continue the 2004 FCC authorization of LightSquared's ancillary terrestrial component vs. a simple ground-based LTE service in the Mobile Satellite Service band, GPS receiver manufacturer Trimble Navigation Ltd. formed the "Coalition To Save Our GPS." The FCC and LightSquared have each made public commitments to solve the GPS interference issue before the network is allowed to operate. According to Chris Dancy of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, airline pilots with the type of systems that would be affected "may go off course and not even realize it." The problems could also affect the Federal Aviation Administration upgrade to the air traffic control system, United States Defense Department guidance, and local emergency services including 911. On February 14, 2012, the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11866 | 259,360 |
Index Seminum meaning in Latin "seed index", is a catalog of seeds of wild or cultivated plants offered free of charge or in exchange of seeds of equivalent value by botanical gardens or arboretums. It is published annually or biennially by these institutions, traditionally in A5 format (148 × 210 mm). Seeds presented in are readily available and kept in seed banks. More than 1000 institutions from 48 countries publish with the intention of establishing a free and fare exchange. The exchange of seeds and spores constitutes one of the main ways of increasing the living collections of the Botanical Gardens, and is also a way of obtaining material for the development of research work. Generally there are several items that are included in the listings: The classification of plant species is made by alphabetical order of the families to which they belong, and another by genus. The seeds collected in the botanical garden itself must have a separate classification. It is important that the origin of the seeds is well specified, clarifying whether they were collected outside or inside the botanical garden itself. Tradition of collecting and exchanging seeds dates back to XVIII century. In XXI century this tradition is reexamined in the context of the conservation of biodiversity and the fight against invasive species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63789406 | 6,355 |
Corrosion societies are professional societies for corrosion engineers for the purpose of sharing experience and discoveries. Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA) Incorporated in 1958 as a Not For Profit primarily operating in Australasia. NACE International claims to be the worldwide society with universally accepted standards. European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) is an association of individual European country joined in a larger umbrella group known as the European Federation of Corrosion. They meet at an annual congress named EUROCORR. A cooperation between EFC and NACE was signed during the NACE Corrosion conference in San Diego, California in March 2003. The agreement improved benefit sharing between the two parties like discounts on publications and journal subscriptions. NACE and EFC will also publicize each other's event's and activities. The Australasian Corrosion Association works with NACE in Australia and New Zealand offering accredited NACE courses in the Australasian region. The annual Corrosion & Prevention conference held in November each year presents original Papers published in the Journal Corrosion & Materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6460960 | 267,288 |
Stop Online Piracy Act Conference of Mayors, the National Association of Attorneys General, the Chamber of Commerce, the Better Business Bureau, the AFL–CIO and 22 trade unions, the National Consumers League, and over a hundred associations representing industries throughout the economy which claim that they are being harmed by online piracy. Opponents argued that the proposed legislation threatened free speech and innovation, and enabled law enforcement to block access to entire Internet domains due to infringing content posted on a single blog or webpage. They also stated that SOPA would bypass the "safe harbor" protections from liability presently afforded to websites by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Some library associations also claimed that the legislation's emphasis on stronger copyright enforcement would expose libraries to prosecution. Other opponents claimed that requiring search engines to delete domain names violated the First Amendment and could begin a worldwide arms race of unprecedented Internet censorship. On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia, Google, and an estimated 7,000 other smaller websites coordinated a service blackout, in protest against the bill. A banner the next day said more than 162 million people viewed its banner. Other protests against SOPA and PIPA included petition drives, with Google stating it collected over seven million signatures, boycotts of companies and organizations that support the legislation, and an opposition rally held in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33629639 | 413,502 |
Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs. In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", in "Science" magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine. In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote "Biochemical Individuality", a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine. Another paper in "Science" by Pauling in 1968, introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention. Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications. Some researchers separate molecular surgery as a compartment of molecular medicine. is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6737235 | 55,300 |
Bricolage Karlesky and Fiona Lee The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship of the University of Michigan, draws from two separate disciplines. The first, “social bricolage,” was introduced by cultural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss in 1962. Lévi-Strauss was interested in how societies create novel solutions by using resources that already exist in the collective social consciousness. The second, "creative cognition,” is an intra-psychic approach to studying how individuals retrieve and recombine knowledge in new ways. Psychological bricolage, therefore, refers to the cognitive processes that enable individuals to retrieve and recombine previously unrelated knowledge they already possess. Psychological bricolage is an intra-individual process akin to Karl E. Weick’s notion of bricolage in organizations, which is akin to Lévi-Strauss' notion of bricolage in societies. In his book "The Savage Mind" (1962, English translation 1966), French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss used "bricolage" to describe the characteristic patterns of mythological thought. In his description it is opposed to the engineers' creative thinking, which proceeds from goals to means. Mythical thought, according to Lévi-Strauss, attempts to re-use available materials in order to solve new problems. Jacques Derrida extends this notion to any discourse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1008869 | 236,110 |
Chromatographic response function Chromatographic response function, often abbreviated to CRF, is a coefficient which measures the quality of the separation in the result of a chromatography. The CRF concept have been created during the development of separation optimization, to compare the quality of many simulated or real chromatographic separations. Many CRFs have been proposed and discussed. In high performance liquid chromatography the CRF is calculated from various parameters of the peaks of solutes (like width, retention time, symmetry etc.) are considered into the calculation. In TLC the CRFs are based on the placement of the spots, measured as RF values. The CRFs in thin layer chromatography characterize the "equal-spreading" of the spots. The ideal case, when the RF of the spots are uniformly distributed in <0,1> range (for example 0.25,0.5 and 0.75 for three solutes) should be characterized as the best situation possible. The simplest criteria are formula_1 and formula_1 product (Wang et al., 1996). They are the smallest difference between sorted RF values, or product of such differences. Another function is the multispot response function (MRF) as developed by De Spiegeleer et al. It is based also of differences product. This function always lies between 0 and 1. When two RF values are equal, it is equal to 0, when all RF values are equal-spread, it is equal to 1. The L and U values – upper and lower limit of RF – give possibility to avoid the band region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9614993 | 54,750 |
Gigapackets are billions (10) of packets or datagrams. The packet is the fundamental unit of information in computer networks. Data transfer rates in gigapackets per second are associated with high speed networks, especially fiber optic networks. The bit rates that are used to create gigapackets are in the range of gigabits per second. These rates are seen in network speeds of gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit Ethernet and SONET Optical Carrier rates of OC-48 at 2.5 Gbit/s and OC-192 at 10 Gbit/s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1288483 | 249,200 |
Nortel Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three-story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as "The Telephone City". After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882, to compensate the restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States. In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards, at first the 50-line Standard Magneto Switchboard. The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888. By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and a new factory was under construction. As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for telephones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products. The Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter prohibited the company to build other products. In 1895, the Bell Telephone of Canada spun off its manufacturing arm to build telephones for sale to other companies, as well as other products, such as fire alarm boxes, police street call boxes, and fire department call equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21243 | 471,000 |
Ease of doing business index These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, "Doing Business" highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. Since The Regulation of Entry was published, Simeon Djankov and Andrei Shleifer have published eight other academic studies, one for each set of indicators covered by the report. In 2013, "Doing Business" covered regulations measured from June 2011 through May 2012. Over the previous decade, the reports recorded nearly 2,000 regulatory reforms implemented by 180 economies. In 2014 "Doing Business" covered regulations measured from June 2012 through May 2013 in 189 economies. In 2015, "Doing Business" covered regulations measured from June 2013 through June 2014 in 189 economies. For the first time this year, "Doing Business" collected data for 2 cities in 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These economies include: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. The added city enables a sub-national comparison and benchmarking against other large cities. More than 3,000 academic papers have used data from the index. The effect of improving regulations on economic growth is claimed to be very strong. Moving from the worst one-fourth of nations to the best one-fourth implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6866136 | 501,606 |
Creativity It offers connections with the sections on the ‘”Four C” model’, ‘Theories of creative processes’, ‘as a subset of intelligence’, ‘and personality’, and ‘In organisations’ It is the last section that the investigation addresses. Research studies of the knowledge economy may be classified into three levels: macro, meso and micro. Macro studies refer to investigations at a societal or transnational dimension. Meso studies focus on organisations. Micro investigations centre on the minutiae workings of workers. There is also an interdisciplinary dimension such as research from businesses (e.g. Burton-Jones, 1999; Drucker, 1999), economics (e.g. Cortada, 1998; Reich, 2001; Florida, 2003), education (e.g. Farrell and Fenwick, 2007; Brown, Lauder and Ashton, 2011), human resource management (e.g. Davenport, 2005), knowledge and organizational management (Alvesson, 2004; Defillippi, Arthur and Lindsay, 2006; Orr, Nutley, Russell, Bain, Hacking and Moran, 2016), sociology, psychology, and knowledge economy-related sectors – especially information technology (IT) software (e.g. O’Riain, 2004; Nerland, 2008) and advertising (e.g. Grabher, 2004; Lury, 2004) (Loo, 2017). Loo (2017) studies how individual workers in the knowledge economy use their creativity and know-how in the advertising and IT software sectors. It examines this phenomenon across three developed countries of England, Japan and Singapore to observe global perspectives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142910 | 279,364 |
R-value (insulation) To the extent that all heat transfer processes (conduction, convection, and radiation) contribute to the measurements, the derived R-value represents an apparent R-value. Vacuum insulated panels have the highest R-value, approximately R-45 (in U.S. units) per inch; aerogel has the next highest R-value (about R-10 to R-30 per inch), followed by polyurethane (PUR) and phenolic foam insulations with R-7 per inch. They are followed closely by polyisocyanurate (PIR) at R-5.8, graphite impregnated expanded polystyrene at R-5, and expanded polystyrene (EPS) at R-4 per inch. Loose cellulose, fibreglass (both blown and in batts), and rock wool (both blown and in batts) all possess an R-value of roughly R-2.5 to R-4 per inch. Straw bales perform at about R-1.5 per inch. However, typical straw bale houses have very thick walls and thus are well insulated. Snow is roughly R-1 per inch. Brick has a very poor insulating ability at a mere R-0.2 per inch; however it does have a relatively good thermal mass. Note that the above examples all use the U.S. (non-SI) definition for R-value. When determining the overall thermal resistance of a building assembly such as a wall or roof, the insulating effect of the surface air film is added to the thermal resistance of the other materials. In practice the above surface values are used for floors, ceilings, and walls in a building, but are not accurate for enclosed air cavities, such as between panes of glass | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=253849 | 356,001 |
Diabatic In quantum chemistry, the potential energy surfaces are obtained within the adiabatic or Born–Oppenheimer approximation. This corresponds to a representation of the molecular wave function where the variables corresponding to the molecular geometry and the electronic degrees of freedom are separated. The non separable terms are due to the nuclear kinetic energy terms in the molecular Hamiltonian and are said to couple the potential energy surfaces. In the neighbourhood of an avoided crossing or conical intersection, these terms cannot be neglected. One therefore usually performs one unitary transformation from the adiabatic representation to the so-called diabatic representation in which the nuclear kinetic energy operator is diagonal. In this representation, the coupling is due to the electronic energy and is a scalar quantity which is significantly easier to estimate numerically. In the diabatic representation, the potential energy surfaces are smoother, so that low order Taylor series expansions of the surface capture much of the complexity of the original system. However strictly diabatic states do not exist in the general case. Hence, diabatic potentials generated from transforming multiple electronic energy surfaces together are generally not exact. These can be called pseudo-diabatic potentials, but generally the term is not used unless it is necessary to highlight this subtlety. Hence, pseudo-diabatic potentials are synonymous with diabatic potentials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2178880 | 21,234 |
Loren E. Babcock In 2008, he was one of a team of researchers who discovered the oldest footprints ever found, over 570 million years old, in Nevada. Although he was uncertain, Babcock believed that they came from an arthropod species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47805321 | 7,371 |
Computer Arimaa The following techniques are used by some or all of the artificial intelligence programs that play Arimaa: Several aspects of Arimaa make it difficult for computer programs to beat good human players. Because so much effort has gone into the development of strong chess-playing software, it is particularly relevant to understand why techniques applicable to chess are less effective for Arimaa. Traditional chess programs use brute-force searching coupled with static position evaluation dominated by material considerations. They examine many, many possible moves, but they are not good (compared to humans) at determining who is winning at the end of a series of moves unless one side has more pieces than the other. The same is true for Arimaa programs, but their results are not as good in practice. When brute-force searching is applied to Arimaa, the depth of the search is limited by the huge number of options each player has on each turn. Computationally, the number of options a player has available to them governs the number of different paths play can go down. This is known as the branching factor. The average branching factor in a game of Chess is about 35, whereas in Arimaa it is about 17,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39278567 | 106,158 |
3C 66A is a blazar located in the constellation Andromeda. The "distance" of a far away galaxy depends on what distance measurement you use. With a redshift of 0.444, light from this active galaxy is estimated to have taken around 4.5 billion years to reach us. But as a result of the expansion of the Universe, the present (co-moving) distance to this galaxy is about 5.4 billion light-years (1647 Mpc). Even at this great distance this blazar has an apparent magnitude of about 15.5. Although 0.444 is used as the common redshift value, 0.3347 is a new strict lower limit "inferred through observing the far-UV absorption by the low-z IGM." underwent an optical outburst in 2007 August, as monitored by the Tuorla blazar monitoring program. The event was monitored by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26784889 | 11,282 |
Government procurement org, "despite the CNMP's efforts, major public procurement contracts, notably those involving the state electric company EDH, are routinely awarded in a non-competitive fashion", providing significant opportunities for corruption. in Honduras is overseen by the National Office of Contracting and Procurement of the State of Honduras ("Oficina Normativa de Contratación y Adquisiciones del Estado", ONCAE), based in Tegucigalpa. Honduras has five laws directing public contracting: Act No. 84/2007 on Public Procurement (2007) has three objectives: The Isle of Man government promotes competition in procurement under the "Council of Ministers' Procurement Policy for Government" published in 2017. In Israel, the Mandatory Tenders Law of 12 March 1992, 5752–1992 (as amended), governs government procurement procedures. Oversight of the legislation lies with the Ministry of Finance in conjunction with the Knesset Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. The government may, with the approval of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, direct that a state or a government corporation may not enter into a contract with a particular foreign country or with a particular foreign supplier for reasons of foreign policy. The Government of Jamaica Procurement Guidelines apply to government procurement in Jamaica, and the Public Sector Procurement Policy of November 2010 reflects "the government’s .. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8488190 | 502,143 |
Chiller Compressors can also be either Hermetic (welded closed) or semihermetic (bolted together). In recent years, application of variable-speed drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to rotary screw and scroll-technology compressors. Condensers can be air-cooled, water-cooled, or evaporative. The condenser is a heat exchanger which allows heat to migrate from the refrigerant gas to either water or air. Air cooled condenser are manufactured from copper tubes (for the refrigerant flow) and aluminium fins (for the air flow). Each condenser has a different material cost and they vary in terms of efficiency. With evaporative cooling condensers, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more. Air cooled condensers are installed and operated outdoors and are cooled with outside air, that is often forced through the condender using electric fans. Water cooled condensers are cooled with water that is in turn cooled by a cooling tower. The expansion device or refrigerant metering device (RMD) restricts the flow of the liquid refrigerant causing a pressure drop that vaporizes some of the refrigerant; this vaporization absorbs heat from nearby liquid refrigerant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=784830 | 388,993 |
BSRIA (it takes its name from the initial letters of the Building Services Research and Information Association) is a UK-based testing, instrumentation, research and consultancy organisation, providing specialist services in construction and building services engineering. It is a not-for-profit, member-based association, with over 650 member companies; related services are delivered by a trading company, Limited. Any profits made are invested in its research programme, producing best practice guidance. is a full member of the Construction Industry Council. had a turnover of £11.8 million in 2010/11. It employs over 180 people at its UK head office in Bracknell as well as regionally based engineers in the UK and offices in France, Spain, Germany, China, Japan, Brazil and North America. BSRIA's mission is "to enable the building services and construction industries and their clients to enhance the value of the built environment, by improving the quality of their products and services, the efficiency of their provision and the effectiveness of their operation." was formed in 1955 as the Heating and Ventilating Research Council, later to become the Heating and Ventilating Research Association. As the industry became increasingly linked with other services so its research association and professional body saw the need to widen their remit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20443048 | 343,675 |
New Enterprise Associates The firm continued to grow steadily throughout the 1980s and early 1990s raising $900 million from 1987 through 1996 across NEA's next four funds. Beginning with NEA-8 in 1998, the firm greatly increased the size of its investment funds. NEA's tenth fund had $2.3 billion of investor commitments in 2000. After raising a more modest $1.1 billion in 2004 for the firm's eleventh fund, NEA raised $2.3 billion and $2.5 billion for its next two funds, respectively. In 2010, NEA launched its thirteenth investment fund with $2.5 billion of investor capital, the largest since the Financial crisis of 2007–08. In 2012, NEA closed its fourteenth investment fund with $2.6 billion of investor capital. In April 2015, NEA closed its fifteenth investment fund with $3.1 billion in investor capital - the largest venture capital fund ever raised. In June 2017, NEA closed its sixteenth investment fund with $3.3 billion in investor capital - again the largest venture capital fund ever raised. In 2018, former CEO of General Electric, Jeff Immelt, joined the firm as a venture partner. In March 2020, NEA named Liza Landsman as a General Partner. She joined the firm as a Venture Partner in 2018 after serving as president of Jet.com, an NEA portfolio company. The firm's investments include Formlabs, Masterclass, 23andMe, 3com, Appian, Bitglass, Bloom Energy, Box, Braintree, Boingo Wireless, Box, Buzzfeed, CareerBuilder, Caremark Rx, CCP Games, Climate Corporation, Cloudflare, Coursera, Cvent, Desktop Metal, Diapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33457394 | 1,929 |
Insertion mount machine A shuttle mechanism picks the needed component needed from the magazines and drops it into a transfer assembly. The insertion head picks the component from the transfer assembly and inserts the IC into the board while a clinch assembly underneath cuts and bends the leads either inward for sockets or outward for ICs. Due to the transition from insertion mount technology (through-hole) to surface-mount technology of integrated circuits, these machines are no longer being newly manufactured. Axial inserters used to consist of a stand-alone sequencer machine which cut and sequenced the parts onto a reel. That reel was then transferred over to a standalone axial inserter to insert the components. This is all done on one machine today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26893990 | 414,090 |
Zabeen Hirji In 2005 she was named a fellow of Centennial College. Hirji was listed in the 2001 edition of "Who's Who in Canadian Business" and the 2009 edition of "Canadian Who's Who". In 2017, she received the 2017 Ivey Business School Lifetime Achievement Award in HR Industry – Canadian HR Awards. In 2016 she was recognized with Canada's Meritorious Service Medal for Advancing Diversity and Inclusion and the Outstanding Alumni Award for Professional Achievement from Simon Fraser University. In 2014 she received the Catalyst Canada honour for championing the advancement of women and minorities in Canadian business. In 2011 and 2014 she was named one of the Top 25 Women of Influence by the Women of Influence organization. She was inducted into that organization's Canada's Most Powerful Women: Top 100 Hall of Fame in 2012. In 2010 she was honored as Corporate Executive of the Year by the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce. Hirji has two adult children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47874426 | 473,153 |
Wi-Fi These frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name WaveLAN. The Australian radio-astronomer Dr John O'Sullivan with his colleagues Terence Percival, Graham Daniels, Diet Ostry, and John Deane developed a key patent used in as a by-product of a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) research project, "a failed experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle". Dr O'Sullivan and his colleagues are credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method later used in to "unsmear" the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved popular. In 1999, the Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the trademark under which most products are sold. uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009, 14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents. This led to Australia labeling as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 | 234,166 |
Bastille In 1685 Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had previously granted various rights to French Protestants; the subsequent royal crackdown was driven by the king's strongly anti-Protestant views. The was used to investigate and break up Protestant networks by imprisoning and questioning the more recalcitrant members of the community, in particular upper-class Calvinists; some 254 Protestants were imprisoned in the during Louis's reign. By Louis's reign, prisoners were detained using a "lettre de cachet", "a letter under royal seal", issued by the king and countersigned by a minister, ordering a named person to be held. Louis, closely involved in this aspect of government, personally decided who should be imprisoned at the Bastille. The arrest itself involved an element of ceremony: the individual would be tapped on the shoulder with a white baton and formally detained in the name of the king. Detention in the was typically ordered for an indefinite period and there was considerable secrecy over who had been detained and why: the legend of the "Man in the Iron Mask", a mysterious prisoner who finally died in 1703, symbolises this period of the Bastille. Although in practice many were held at the as a form of punishment, legally a prisoner in the was only being detained for preventative or investigative reasons: the prison was not officially supposed to be a punitive measure in its own right. The average length of imprisonment in the under Louis XIV was approximately three years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66186 | 329,759 |
Porter's five forces analysis According to Porter, the five forces framework should be used at the line-of-business industry level; it is not designed to be used at the industry group or industry sector level. An industry is defined at a lower, more basic level: a market in which similar or closely related products and/or services are sold to buyers (see industry information). A firm which competes in a single industry should develop, at a minimum, one five forces analysis for its industry. Porter makes clear that for diversified companies, the primary issue in corporate strategy is the selection of industries (lines of business) in which the company will compete. The average "Fortune Global 1,000" company competes in 52 industries . Porter's framework has been challenged by other academics and strategists. For instance, Kevin P. Coyne and Somu Subramaniam claim that three dubious assumptions underlie the five forces: Also, the last chapter of the book: "Age of agile" attributes the bankruptcy of Porter's firm to the outdated nature of his model around competitiveness instead of creating customer value and not making the customers at the center of the universe, i.e customer centricity. An important extension to Porter's work came from Adam Brandenburger and Barry Nalebuff of Yale School of Management in the mid-1990s. Using game theory, they added the concept of complementors (also called "the 6th force") to try to explain the reasoning behind strategic alliances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=253149 | 490,382 |
Dan Hirschberg Daniel S. Hirschberg is a full professor in Computer Science at University of California, Irvine. His research interests are in the theory of design and analysis of algorithms. He obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Princeton University in 1975. He supervised the PhD dissertation of Lawrence L. Larmore. He is best known for his 1975 and 1977 work on the longest common subsequence problem: Hirschberg's algorithm for this problem and for the related string edit distance problem solves it efficiently in only linear space. He is also known for his work in several other areas, including Distributed Algorithms. In Nancy Lynch's book "Distributed Algorithms" she gives details of an algorithm by Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair for leader election in a synchronous ring. Lynch named this algorithm the HS algorithm, after its authors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7816958 | 103,353 |
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine "S"-Adenosyl--homocysteine (SAH) is the biosynthetic precursor to homocysteine. SAH is formed by the demethylation of "S"-adenosyl--methionine. Adenosylhomocysteinase converts SAH into homocysteine and adenosine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7057416 | 55,820 |
Peltric set is a term referring to the combination of a Pelton wheel and an electric generator, and is a useful water-powered turbine for mountainous regions where the head available is generally high but the flow is low. This set can be economically connected in an existing break pressure tank of a drinking water supply line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6624657 | 267,448 |
Main Street Two Walt Disney Company theme parks, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and the Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida, both have "Main Street, U.S.A." sections immediately at their front. These areas, which are designed to look like the main street of a small town, house gift shops, restaurants and various services, along with park offices on the second floors. While the architecture of these "streets" appears to be turn-of-the-20th-century, in fact these are decorative false-fronts on industrial-style buildings. Main Street, U.S.A. is also present at Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland. At Tokyo Disneyland the area is named "World Bazaar," but has the same look as Main Street, albeit housed under a decorative glass roof for protection from Japan's unpredictable weather. Disney's design copied visual elements of small-town America seen in films by Frank Capra and others, in a deliberate attempt to capture the iconic symbolism of small-town America. Disney wanted to embed the values and memories associated with life in small towns into an entertainment experience for tourists. Inc. is the name of a community revitalization program begun by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the late 1970s. The core of the philosophy is the preservation of the historic built environment by engaging in historic preservation. focuses on a holistic approach to revitalization based on the 4-point approach of design, promotion, economic restructuring, and organization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23523337 | 457,529 |
Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35‒60 °C, and commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Despite the name, petroleum ether is not classified as an ether; the term is used only figuratively, signifying extreme lightness and volatility. The very lightest, most volatile liquid hydrocarbon solvents that can be bought from laboratory chemical suppliers may also be offered under the name petroleum ether. consists mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and is usually low on aromatics. It is commonly hydrodesulfurized and may be hydrogenated to reduce the amount of aromatic and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. bears normally a descriptive suffix giving the boiling range. Thus, from the leading international laboratory chemical suppliers it is possible to buy various petroleum ethers with boiling ranges such as 30-50 °C, 40-60 °C, 50-70 °C, 60-80 °C, etc. In the United States, laboratory grade aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with boiling ranges as high as 100-140 °C may be called petroleum ether, rather than petroleum spirit. It is not advisable to employ a fraction with a wider boiling point range than 20 °C, because of possible loss of the more volatile portion during its use in recrystallisation, etc., and consequent different solubilising properties of the higher boiling residue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1350181 | 39,657 |
Animal rights The respect for animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism derives from the doctrine of ahimsa. The Dharmic interpretation of this doctrine prohibits the killing of any living being. were recognized early by the Sharia (Islamic law). This recognition is based on both the Qur'an and the Hadith. In the Qur'an, there are many references to animals, detailing that they have souls, form communities, communicate with God and worship Him in their own way. Muhammad forbade his followers to harm any animal and asked them to respect the rights of animals. It is a distinctive characteristic of the Shariah that all animals have legal rights. Othman Llewellyn even argues that Shariah has mechanisms for the full repair of injuries suffered by non-human creatures including their representation in court, assessment of injuries and awarding of relief to them. The classical Muslim jurist 'Izz ad-Din ibn 'Abd as-Salam, who flourished during the thirteenth century, formulated the following statement of animal rights: The two main philosophical approaches to animal rights are utilitarian and rights-based. The former is exemplified by Peter Singer, and the latter by Tom Regan and Gary Francione. Their differences reflect a distinction philosophers draw between ethical theories that judge the rightness of an act by its consequences (consequentialism/teleological ethics, or utilitarianism), and those that focus on the principle behind the act, almost regardless of consequences (deontological ethics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7116046 | 153,022 |
Timeline of motor vehicle brands Motorcycle: Kawasaki USA: Apollo Italy: ATS, Scuderia Serenissima, Lamborghini UK: Bond, Gordon-Keeble USA: Exner Revival Cars; trucks: Marmon Italy: ASA Soviet Union: ErAZ USA: Fiberfab France: Matra India: Heavy Vehicles Factory Italy: Ferves Soviet Union: IzhAvto Spain: IPV UK: Jago, Peel Bulgaria: Bulgarrenault Italy: Bizzarrini Soviet Union: Lada; trucks: MoAZ Romania: Dacia UK: Norton-Villiers, Trident, Unipower India: TATA MOTORS Italy: Autozodiaco, LMX Sirex Turkey: Tofaş UK: Piper USA: Savage GT Soviet Union. Trucks: Kamaz UK: Enfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33287451 | 466,949 |
Angular momentum operator The components have the following commutation relations with each other: where [ , ] denotes the commutator This can be written generally as where "l", "m", "n" are the component indices (1 for "x", 2 for "y", 3 for "z"), and "ε" denotes the Levi-Civita symbol. A compact expression as one vector equation is also possible: The commutation relations can be proved as a direct consequence of the canonical commutation relations formula_11, where "δ" is the Kronecker delta. There is an analogous relationship in classical physics: where "L" is a component of the "classical" angular momentum operator, and formula_13 is the Poisson bracket. The same commutation relations apply for the other angular momentum operators (spin and total angular momentum): These can be "assumed" to hold in analogy with L. Alternatively, they can be "derived" as discussed below. These commutation relations mean that L has the mathematical structure of a Lie algebra, and the "ε" are its structure constants. In this case, the Lie algebra is SU(2) or SO(3) in physics notation (formula_15 or formula_16 respectively in mathematics notation), i.e. Lie algebra associated with rotations in three dimensions. The same is true of J and S. The reason is discussed below. These commutation relations are relevant for measurement and uncertainty, as discussed further below. Like any vector, a magnitude can be defined for the orbital angular momentum operator, L is another quantum operator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3797203 | 427,578 |
Ancient Egyptian pottery includes all objects of fired clay from ancient Egypt. First and foremost, ceramics served as household wares for the storage, preparation, transport, and consumption of food, drink, and raw materials. Such items include beer and wine mugs and water jugs, but also bread molds, fire pits, lamps, and stands for holding round vessels, which were all commonly used in the Egyptian household. Other types of pottery served ritual purposes. Ceramics are often found as grave goods. Specialists in ancient Egyptian pottery draw a fundamental distinction between ceramics made of Nile clay and those made of marl clay, based on chemical and mineralogical composition and ceramic properties. Nile clay is the result of eroded material in the Ethiopian mountains, which was transported into Egypt by the Nile. This clay has deposited on the banks of the Nile in Egypt since the Late Pleistocene by the inundation. Marl clay is a yellow-white stone which occurs in limestone deposits. These deposits were created in the Pleistocene, when the primordial waters of the Nile and its tributaries brought sediment into Egypt and deposited in on what was then the desert edge. Our understanding of the nature and organisation of ancient Egyptian pottery manufacture is based on tomb paintings, models, and archaeological remains of pottery workshops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57140071 | 264,550 |
Civita Castellana Cathedral ( or "Santa Maria di Pozzano") is a cathedral in Civita Castellana, central Italy. It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Civita Castellana. The edifice was built from around 1185, over a pre-existing church, and was completed with the construction of the portico in 1210. The latter saw the intervention of the Roman Cosmati family of architects and marble workers. After centuries of decay, in the 18th century the church was totally restored and the interior was renovated in Baroque style. The two aisles were turned into side chapels, communicating with each other, thus keeping only a single nave. A plaque on the building's exterior commemorates Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's sojourn in Civita Castellana on 17 July 1770: he also played the cathedral's organ in the Sunday mass of that day. The church is preceded by a 13th-century portico, in whose architrave was once a mosaic frieze with gilded letters. Today only a few fragments of the latter can be seen. Two central piers support a rounded arch, in which is the writing “Gloria in excelsis Deo…”, while another inscription at the top contains the name of the portico's designer, "IACOBUS CIVIS ROMANUS" ("James, citizen of Rome") and the date of execution (1210). The central and final piers of the portico are decorated with the marble symbols of the Four Evangelists, while in the middle of the arch is a lamb, symbolizing Jesus Christ. The cathedral has three entrance gates. The central one is sided by four Corinthian columns, two of which stand on marble lions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29659136 | 353,563 |
Automaton It is also said that when King Solomon stepped upon the throne, a mechanism was set in motion. As soon as he stepped upon the first step, a golden ox and a golden lion each stretched out one foot to support him and help him rise to the next step. On each side, the animals helped the King up until he was comfortably seated upon the throne. In ancient China, a curious account of automata is found in the Lie Zi text, believed to have originated around 400 BCE and compiled around the fourth century CE. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (1023-957 BCE) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a very realistic and detailed life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork: The 5th-century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban are attributed with the invention of artificial wooden birds ("ma yuan") that could successfully fly, according to the "Han Fei Zi". Other notable examples of automata include Archytas' dove, mentioned by Aulus Gellius. Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban, who made artificial wooden birds ("ma yuan") that could successfully fly according to the "Han Fei Zi" and other texts. The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189749 | 394,501 |
Gas tungsten arc welding Direct current with a negatively charged electrode (DCEN) is often employed when welding steels, nickel, titanium, and other metals. It can also be used in automatic GTAW of aluminum or magnesium when helium is used as a shielding gas. The negatively charged electrode generates heat by emitting electrons, which travel across the arc, causing thermal ionization of the shielding gas and increasing the temperature of the base material. The ionized shielding gas flows toward the electrode, not the base material, and this can allow oxides to build on the surface of the weld. Direct current with a positively charged electrode (DCEP) is less common, and is used primarily for shallow welds since less heat is generated in the base material. Instead of flowing from the electrode to the base material, as in DCEN, electrons go the other direction, causing the electrode to reach very high temperatures. To help it maintain its shape and prevent softening, a larger electrode is often used. As the electrons flow toward the electrode, ionized shielding gas flows back toward the base material, cleaning the weld by removing oxides and other impurities and thereby improving its quality and appearance. Alternating current, commonly used when welding aluminum and magnesium manually or semi-automatically, combines the two direct currents by making the electrode and base material alternate between positive and negative charge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1448709 | 437,021 |
Small form factor 5") desktop hard drives and external power supplies, like the Optiplex 745 and 755. More recent units use 6.4 cm (2.5") laptop hard drives and have integrated power supplies, like the Optiplex 990 USFF. The compact size comes at the cost of restricted expandability, as USFF models have no PCI or PCIe slots and may have limited CPU and memory options. Starting from Series 5, USFF was replaced with Micro variants, an even smaller size option that uses external power supplies and does not have optical drives. Understood as comprising nano-ITX (12 × 12 cm) and pico-ITX (10 × 7.2 cm) boards, the format was championed by Via Technologies. Intel now describes its own Next Unit of Computing (NUC) products (10.2 x 10.2 cm or 4 × 4") as UCFF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2236556 | 428,679 |
LabCorp , the Board of Directors includes Garheng Kong. In 1997 Roche owned 49.7% of but sold all of their stock until 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13072917 | 184,659 |
Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope. The general procedure to produce polyclonal antibodies is as follows: An antigen/adjuvant conjugate is injected into an animal of choice to initiate an amplified immune response. After a series of injections over a specific length of time, the animal is expected to have created antibodies against the conjugate. Blood is then extracted from the animal and then purified to obtain the antibody of interest. Inoculation is performed on a suitable mammal, such as a mouse, rabbit or goat. Larger mammals are often preferred as the amount of serum that can be collected is greater. An antigen is injected into the mammal. This induces the B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. This polyclonal IgG is purified from the mammal's serum. By contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line Many methodologies exist for polyclonal antibody production in laboratory animals. Institutional guidelines governing animal use and procedures relating to these methodologies are generally oriented around humane considerations and appropriate conduct for adjuvant (agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves) use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1111019 | 39,100 |
Joel Moses (born 1941) is an Israeli-American mathematician, computer scientist and Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1941 and emigrated to the United States in 1954. He attended Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York. He received his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in mathematics from Columbia University and a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in mathematics, also from Columbia. Under the supervision of Marvin Minsky, Moses received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in mathematics at MIT in 1967 with a thesis entitled "Symbolic Integration". This laid the groundwork for the Macsyma symbolic mathematics program that was created at MIT largely under his supervision between 1969 and 1983. Macsyma was able to solve problems such as simplification, polynomial factorization, indefinite integration, solution of differential equations, and other higher-order mathematical questions. Moses served in administrative posts at MIT from 1974 and 1998: associate director of the Laboratory for Computer Science, head of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, dean of Engineering, and provost. He also served as acting director of the Engineering Systems Division at MIT from 2006 to 2007 and acting director of the Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development from 2007 to 2010. His memoirs are published. He was interviewed on the occasion of MIT's 150th anniversary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1929039 | 104,823 |
Streetcar tunnels in Chicago But the Chicago River, with its two branches, separated the North and West Sides from the downtown and South Side. To enter downtown cable cars would have to cross the river. The Chicago River was the city's port, and shipping had priority over land transport. Heavy river traffic and flat terrain required movable bridges, causing long traffic delays, and which could not have cables on them. But the city had previously built two horse and pedestrian tunnels under the river, both were in poor condition and neither was being used. One under LaSalle St. connected the North Side and one under Washington St. the West Side. A third tunnel next to Van Buren St., also connecting the West Side, was built later. An 1886 ordinance allowed the North Chicago Street Railroad to use the LaSalle St. tunnel in exchange for payment, moving a bridge, rehabilitating, and maintaining the tunnel. Cable service began on March 26, 1888 and ended October 21, 1906. In 1888 The West Chicago Street Railway (WCSRy) made a similar arrangement with the city over the Washington St. tunnel. Cable service began August 12, 1890 and ended August 19, 1906. The last tunnel was built privately by the WCSRy next to Van Buren St. Construction began in 1890 but went slow and the tunnel didn't enter service until July 27, 1893. It was closed for cable July 22, 1906. When built all three tunnels were 18 feet under the riverbed, but in 1900 the direction of the Chicago River was reversed by deepening it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3456652 | 240,962 |
Analogue filter In the 1950s, Sallen–Key active RC filters were made with vacuum tube amplifiers; these filters replaced the bulky inductors with bulky and hot vacuum tubes. Transistors offered more power-efficient active filter designs. Later, inexpensive operational amplifiers enabled other active RC filter design topologies. Although active filter designs were commonplace at low frequencies, they were impractical at high frequencies where the amplifiers were not ideal; LC (and transmission line) filters were still used at radio frequencies. Gradually, the low frequency active RC filter was supplanted by the switched-capacitor filter that operated in the discrete time domain rather than the continuous time domain. All of these filter technologies require precision components for high performance filtering, and that often requires that the filters be tuned. Adjustable components are expensive, and the labor to do the tuning can be significant. Tuning the poles and zeros of a 7th-order elliptic filter is not a simple exercise. Integrated circuits have made digital computation inexpensive, so now low frequency filtering is done with digital signal processors. Such digital filters have no problem implementing ultra-precise (and stable) values, so no tuning or adjustment is required. Digital filters also don't have to worry about stray coupling paths and shielding the individual filter sections from one another. One downside is the digital signal processing may consume much more power than an equivalent LC filter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23431648 | 131,462 |
Managerial prerogative The employees are expected to show a certain level of subordination to the employer as well as respect secondary duties such as following instructions given to them by employers. Loyalty is also seen as an essential part of most businesses in Finland, and it is seen as a secondary duty as well. Managers use their prerogatives to dismiss or fire employees for reasons specified by them. If these reasons are not enough to defend the dismissal, then this situation is considered an unfair dismissal. Managerial prerogatives give managers the ability to dismiss employees. These prerogatives vary from country to country. Manager rights sometimes from company to company within the same country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19397405 | 481,476 |
Engineering physics , development of engineering solutions to contemporary problems in the physical and life sciences by applying fundamental principles). Qualified engineering physicists, with a degree in Engineering Physics, can work professionally as engineers and/or physicists in the high technology industries and beyond, becoming domain experts in multiple engineering and scientific fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740540 | 212,493 |
Air Movement and Control Association The Engineering Conference is a discussion forum for presentation of engineering papers written by engineers and experts in the air movement and control industry. U.S. licensed engineers attending either seminar are eligible for approximately 12 Professional Development Hours. The AMCA headquarters is located at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA. The AMCA Certified Ratings Program (CRP) is a program which allows all manufacturers of air movement and air control devices to obtain an AMCA Seal when their equipment has been tested and rated in accordance with recognized test standards. The goal of the AMCA CRP is to ensure that a manufacturer's product lines have been tested and rated in conformance with an approved test standard and rating requirement. Only after the product has been tested and the manufacturer's cataloged ratings have been submitted to and approved by AMCA International's staff, can performance seals be displayed in literature and on equipment. Additionally, each certified / licensed product line is subject to continuing check tests every three years in AMCA International's Laboratory or one of AMCA International's Independent Accredited laboratories.. AMCA International publishes over 64 publications and standards, including testing methods, a Certified Ratings Program (CRP), application guides, educational texts, and safety guides. AMCA is an accredited ANSI developer, and all AMCA standards are proposed as American National Standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8057558 | 385,693 |
Preorbital gland The preorbital gland is a paired exocrine gland found in many species of hoofed animals, which is homologous to the lacrimal gland found in humans. These glands are trenchlike slits of dark blue to black, nearly bare skin extending from the medial canthus of each eye. They are lined by a combination of sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and they produce secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. Ungulates frequently deposit these secretions on twigs and grass as a means of communication with other animals. The preorbital gland serves different roles in different species. Pheromone-containing secretions from the preorbital gland may serve to establish an animal's dominance (especially in preparation for breeding), mark its territory, or simply to produce a pleasurable sensation to the animal. Because of its critical role in scent marking, the preorbital gland is usually considered as a type of scent gland. A further function of these glands may be to produce antimicrobial compounds to fight against skin pathogens. Antimicrobial compounds found in these glands may be biosynthesized by the animal itself, or by microorganisms that live in these glands. Deer have seven major external scent glands, distributed throughout their bodies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35895841 | 64,784 |
Antineoplastic resistance Pharmacogenetics play an increasingly important role in antineoplastic treatment. Rapid sequencing technologies can identify genetic markers for treatment sensitivity and potential resistance. Certain markers are more representative and more likely to be used clinically. When BRCA1 and BRCA2 are missing, as in 5 percent to 10 percent of all breast cancers, a stalled fork remains destabilized and its newly synthesized DNA is degraded. This genomic instability means the cancer cell is actually more sensitive to DNA-damaging chemotherapy drugs. MDR proteins are known to be drug-resistance genes, and are highly expressed in various cancers. Inhibition of the "MDR" genes could result in sensitization of cells to therapeutics and a decrease in antineoplastic resistance. Reversin 121 (R121) is a high-affinity peptide for MDR, and use of R121 as a treatment for pancreatic cancer cells results in increased chemosensitivity and decreased proliferation. Aberrant NF-κB expression is found in many cancers, and NF-κB has been found to be involved in resistance to platinum-based chemotherapies, such as cisplatin. NF-κB inhibition by genistein in various cancer cell lines (prostate, breast, lung and pancreas) showed increased growth inhibition and an increase in chemosensitivity, seen as an increase in apoptosis induced by therapeutic agents. However, targeting the NF-κB pathway can be difficult, as there can be many off-target and non-specific effects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38828080 | 165,444 |
4-Methylimidazole For an average weighted person (68 kg) to receive a 360 mg/kg dose from consuming dark beer or cola drinks, they would have to consume approximately 244,800 12-oz drinks. A 2007 study by the United States National Toxicology Program (NTP) examined the potential carcinogenicity of 4-MeI in mice and rats. When mice were fed average daily doses of 40, 80, or 170 mg of 4-MeI per kilogram of body weight for two years, increased rates of benign lung tumors (alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas) were seen in females at all examined doses; malignant lung tumors (alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas) were seen in males administered the highest dose; and an increased combined rate of benign and malignant tumors was seen in males at the top dose and in females at the top two doses. When rats were fed daily doses of 30, 55, or 115 mg of 4-MeI per kg of body weight for two years, the incidence of leukemia was increased in females at the highest dose only. 4-MeI was inactive in several "in vitro" and "in vivo" tests of genotoxicity. The United States Food and Drug Administration has stated that it has "no reason to believe that there is any immediate or short term danger presented by 4-MeI at levels expected in food from the use of caramel coloring". The Agency describes the NTP carcinogenicity study as having been conducted at doses that "far exceed" current estimates of human exposure from the consumption of caramel coloring in foods and soft drinks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34345543 | 62,058 |
Copper(II) nitrate Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, under what are known as "Menke conditions", in honor of the Dutch chemist who discovered that metal nitrates are effective reagents for nitration. Hydrated copper nitrate adsorbed onto clay affords a reagent called "Claycop". The resulting blue-colored clay is used as a slurry, for example for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides. Claycop is also used to convert dithioacetals to carbonyls. A related reagent based on montmorillonite has proven useful for the nitration of aromatic compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556263 | 26,153 |
Endemism Cedars, already ravaged by centuries of shipbuilding, were driven nearly to extinction in the twentieth century by the introduction of a parasite. Bermuda petrels and cedars are now rare, as are other species endemic to Bermuda. Principal causes of habitat degradation and loss in highly endemistic ecosystems include agriculture, urban growth, surface mining, mineral extraction, logging operations and slash-and-burn agriculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=937971 | 145,464 |
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), also called surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface plasmon resonance of metallic surfaces with imaging of the metallic surface. The heterogeneity of the refractive index of the metallic surface imparts high contrast images, caused by the shift in the resonance angle. SPRM can achieve a thickness sensitivity of few tenths of nanometer and lateral resolution achieves values of micrometer scale. SPRM is used to characterize surfaces such as self-assembled monolayers, multilayer films, metal nanoparticles, oligonucleotide arrays, and binding and reduction reactions. Surface plasmon polaritons are surface electromagnetic waves coupled to oscillating free electrons of a metallic surface that propagate along a metal/dielectric interface. Since polaritons are highly sensitive to small changes in the refractive index of the metallic material, it can be used as a biosensing tool that does not require labeling. SPRM measurements can be made in real-time. Wang and collaborators studied the binding kinetics of membrane proteins in single cells. The concept of classical SPR has been since 1968 but the SPR imaging technique was introduced in 1988 by Rothenhausler and Knoll. Capturing a high resolution image of low contrast samples for optical measuring techniques is a near impossible task until the introduction of SPRM technique that came into existence in the year 1988. In SPRM technique, plasmon surface polariton (PSP) waves are used for illumination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47482842 | 415,202 |
Slide library "Slide buyers' guide : an international directory of slide sources for art and architecture", 6th edition edited by Norine Duncan Cashman, published by Libraries Unlimited, Visual resources series. At head of title: Visual Resources Association 1990. "Beyond the Book: Extending MARC for Subject Access", edited by Toni Petersen and Pat Molholt, by G.K. Hall. Several papers on visual resources, including : "Access to Diverse Collections in University Settings: the Berkeley Dilemma", by Howard Besser and Maryly Snow, and "Visual Depictions and the Use of MARC: A View from the Trenches of Slide Librarianship", by Maryly Snow 1990. Tim Berners-Lee starts work on a hypertext graphical-user-interface (GUI) and makes up the name World Wide Web as the name for the program 1991. "Facilities Standards for Art Libraries and Visual Resources Collections", edited by Betty Jo Irvine. Published by Libraries Unlimited for ARLIS/NA 1991. "World Architecture Index: a Guide to Illustrations", compiled by Edward H. Teague, published by Greenwood Press as part of its Art Reference Collection No. 12 1991. Visual Resources Association creates its listserv, VRA-L, a vital communication tool for its visual resources curators members 1992. "Users' Guide to The Art and Architecture Thesaurus", published along with the electronic edition by Oxford University Press 1993. Visual Resources Association established its Data Standards Committee 1994. March | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324134 | 236,732 |
Kinematic determinacy is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where material compatibility conditions alone can be used to calculate deflections. A kinematically determinate structure can be defined as a structure where, if it is possible to find nodal displacements compatible with member extensions, those nodal displacements are unique. The structure has no possible mechanisms, i.e. nodal displacements, compatible with zero member extensions, at least to a first-order approximation. Mathematically, the mass matrix of the structure must have full rank. can be loosely used to classify an arrangement of structural members as a "structure" (stable) instead of a "mechanism" (unstable). The principles of kinematic determinacy are used to design precision devices such as mirror mounts for optics, and precision linear motion bearings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1516949 | 211,916 |
History of condoms In the writings of Muslims and Jews during the Middle Ages, there are some references to attempts at male-controlled contraception, including suggestions to cover the penis in tar or soak it in onion juice. Some of these writings might describe condom use, but they are "oblique", "veiled", and "vague". Prior to the 15th century, some use of glans condoms (devices covering only the head of the penis) is recorded in Asia. Glans condoms seem to have been used for birth control, and to have been known only by members of the upper classes. In China, glans condoms may have been made of oiled silk paper, or of lamb intestines. In Japan, they were made of tortoise shell or animal horn. The first well-documented outbreak of what is now known as syphilis occurred in 1494 among French troops. The disease then swept across Europe. As Jared Diamond describes it, "when syphilis was first definitely recorded in Europe in 1495, its pustules often covered the body from the head to the knees, caused flesh to fall from people's faces, and led to death within a few months." (The disease is less frequently fatal today.) By 1505, the disease had spread to Asia, and within a few decades had "decimated large areas of China". In 16th-century Italy, Gabriele Falloppio authored the earliest uncontested description of condom use. "De Morbo Gallico" ("The French Disease", referring to syphilis) was published in 1564, two years after Falloppio's death | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18053246 | 289,644 |
Forward osmosis The first separation step of FO, driven by an osmotic pressure gradient, does not require a significant energy input (only unpressurized stirring or pumping of the solutions involved). The second separation step, however does typically require energy input. One method used for the second separation step is to employ RO. This approach has been used, for instance, in the treatment of landfill leachate. An FO membrane separation is used to draw water from the leachate feed into a saline (NaCl) brine. The diluted brine is then passed through a RO process to produce fresh water and a reusable brine concentrate. The advantage of this method is not a savings in energy, but rather in the fact that the FO process is more resistant to fouling from the leachate feed than a RO process alone would be. A similar FO/RO hybrid has been used for the concentration of food products, such as fruit juice. Brine concentration using forward osmosis may be achieved using a high osmotic pressure draw solution with a means to recover and regenerate it. One such process uses the ammonia-carbon dioxide (NH/CO) forward osmosis process invented at Yale University by Rob McGinnis, who subsequently founded Oasys Water to commercialize the technology. Because ammonia and carbon dioxide readily dissociate into gases using heat, the draw solutes can effectively be recovered and reused in a closed loop system, achieving separation through the conversion between thermal energy and osmotic pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=855056 | 237,806 |
Coherent control The most well studied method is Stimulated raman adiabatic passage STIRAP which employs an auxiliary state to achieve complete state-to-state population transfer. One of the most prolific generic pulse shapes is a chirped pulse a pulse with a varying frequency in time. Optimal control as applied in coherent control seeks the optimal control field for steering a quantum system to its objective. For state-to-state control the objective is defined as the maximum overlap at the final time T with the state formula_1: where the initial state is formula_3. The time dependent control Hamiltonian has the typical form: where formula_5 is the control field. Optimal control solves for the optimal field formula_6using the calculus of variations introducing Lagrange multipliers. A new objective functional is defined where formula_8 is a wave function like Lagrange multiplier and the formula_9 parameter regulates the integral intensity. Variation of formula_10 with respect to formula_11 and formula_12 leads to two coupled Schrödinger equations. A forward equation for formula_13 with initial condition formula_14and a backward equation for the Lagrange multiplier formula_15 with final condition formula_16. Finding a solution requires an iterative approach. Different algorithms have been applied for obtaining the control field such as the Krotov method. A local in time alternative method has been developed, where at each time step, the field is calculated to direct the state to the target | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2544439 | 27,705 |
Redundancy (information theory) In Information theory, redundancy measures the fractional difference between the entropy of an ensemble , and its maximum possible value formula_1. Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data. Data compression is a way to reduce or eliminate unwanted redundancy, while checksums are a way of adding desired redundancy for purposes of error detection when communicating over a noisy channel of limited capacity. In describing the redundancy of raw data, the rate of a source of information is the average entropy per symbol. For memoryless sources, this is merely the entropy of each symbol, while, in the most general case of a stochastic process, it is the limit, as "n" goes to infinity, of the joint entropy of the first "n" symbols divided by "n". It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a memoryless source is simply formula_3, since by definition there is no interdependence of the successive messages of a memoryless source. The absolute rate of a language or source is simply the logarithm of the cardinality of the message space, or alphabet. (This formula is sometimes called the Hartley function.) This is the maximum possible rate of information that can be transmitted with that alphabet. (The logarithm should be taken to a base appropriate for the unit of measurement in use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1953582 | 375,791 |
Native resolution The native resolution of a LCD, LCoS or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution. As an LCD consists of a fixed raster, it cannot change resolution to match the signal being displayed as a CRT monitor can, meaning that optimal display quality can be reached only when the signal input matches the native resolution. An image where the number of pixels is the same as in the image source and where the pixels are perfectly aligned to the pixels in the source is said to be "pixel perfect". While CRT monitors can usually display images at various resolutions, an LCD monitor has to rely on interpolation (scaling of the image), which causes a loss of image quality. An LCD has to scale up a smaller image to fit into the area of the native resolution. This is the same principle as taking a smaller image in an image editing program and enlarging it; the smaller image loses its sharpness when it is expanded. This is especially problematic as most resolutions are in a 4:3 aspect ratio (640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1600×1200) but there are odd resolutions that are not, notably 1280×1024. If a user were to map 1024×768 to a 1280×1024 screen there would be distortion as well as some image errors, as there is not a one-to-one mapping with regard to pixels. This results in noticeable quality loss and the image is much less sharp. In theory, some resolutions could work well, if they are exact multiples of smaller image sizes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2160219 | 372,332 |
Impedance bridging This also correspondingly minimizes the current drawn from the source device. This has a number of effects including: This situation is typically encountered in line or mic level connections where the source device (such as the line-out of an audio player or the output of a microphone) has a fixed output impedance which cannot be changed. In such cases, maximum signal level with minimum distortion is obtained with a receiving device that has as high an input impedance as possible (this also optimizes noise as it minimizes attenuation). In the cases of devices with very high output impedances, such as with a guitar or a high-Z mic, a DI box can be used to convert the high output impedances to a lower impedance so as to not require the receiving device to have outrageously high input impedance and thus suffer drawbacks such as increased noise pickup with long cable runs. In such cases, the DI box is placed close to the source device (such as the guitar and mic), and any long cables are attached to the output of the DI box (which usually also converts unbalanced signals to balanced signals to further increase noise immunity). Given an unchangeable "Z", one can maximize both the voltage and current (and therefore, the power) at the load by minimizing "Z". This is because the power delivered to the load in the above circuit (assuming all impedances are purely real) is: As can be seen, to maximize "P", one needs to minimize "R" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638234 | 420,962 |
RIP kinase RIP kinases (receptor-interacting protein kinases) are a class of serine/threonine protein kinases. In humans, five different RIP kinases are known: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35871615 | 178,363 |
Induced stem cells Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) undergo self-renewal in the presence of the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Following LIF withdrawal, mESCs differentiate, accompanied by an increase in cell–substratum adhesion and cell spreading. Restricted cell spreading in the absence of LIF by either culturing mESCs on chemically defined, weakly adhesive biosubstrates, or by manipulating the cytoskeleton allowed the cells to remain in an undifferentiated and pluripotent state. The effect of restricted cell spreading on mESC self-renewal is not mediated by increased intercellular adhesion, as inhibition of mESC adhesion using a function blocking anti E-cadherin antibody or siRNA does not promote differentiation. Possible mechanisms of stem cell fate predetermination by physical interactions with the extracellular matrix have been described. A new method has been developed that turns cells into stem cells faster and more efficiently by 'squeezing' them using 3D microenvironment stiffness and density of the surrounding gel. The technique can be applied to a large number of cells to produce stem cells for medical purposes on an industrial scale. Cells involved in the reprogramming process change morphologically as the process proceeds. This results in physical difference in adhesive forces among cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | 242,095 |
Worldwide Exchange On June 6, 2014, Westgate himself left the program, as well as CNBC Europe, and was replaced by Julia Chatterley. Newly hired anchor Wilfred Frost (son of David Frost) joined as co-anchor on September 1, 2014, and Seema Mody (formerly of CNBC TV18 and CNBC US) joined the program on September 15 (later to leave during September 2015 when she returned to CNBC's US headquarters). In June 2015, Carolin Roth (previously CNBC Europe's Zurich correspondent and Europe anchor of "Capital Connection") joined the program. She replaced Julia Chatterley (who then returned to her previous role as a correspondent) and became a permanent co-anchor. On September 4, 2015 as previously mentioned, Mody left "Worldwide Exchange" to rejoin CNBC US and less than a week later, on September 10, Susan Li, previously a co-anchor of "Asia Squawk Box" on sister network CNBC Asia, joined the program in the same capacity. The last two-hour edition of "Worldwide Exchange" aired on December 24, 2015, and was reduced to one-hour beginning the week of December 28. The final CNBC Europe-produced show from London aired on December 31, 2015. Beginning on January 4, 2016, "Worldwide Exchange" is produced and presented from the United States and now primarily acts as an early morning show for the American audience rather than as a global business programme. Sara Eisen (currently co-anchor of CNBC US' "Squawk on the Street") joined incumbent anchor Frost as the new anchor team for the new hour-long show and now airs weekdays from 5:00 a.m. to 6:00 a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3471389 | 459,197 |
City Nature Challenge The is an annual, global, community science competition to document urban biodiversity. The challenge is a bioblitz that engages residents and visitors to find and document plants, animals, and other organisms living in urban areas. The goals are to engage the public in the collection of biodiversity data, with three awards each year for the cities that makes the most observations, find the most species, and engage the most people. Participants primarily use the iNaturalist app and website to document their observations, though some areas use other platforms, such as Natusfera in Spain. The observation period is followed by several days of identification and the final announcement of winners. Participants need not know how to identify the species; help is provided through iNaturalist's automated species identification feature as well as the community of users on iNaturalist, including professional scientists and expert naturalists. The was founded by Alison Young and Rebecca Johnson of the California Academy of Sciences and Lila Higgins of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The first challenge was in the spring of 2016 between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Participants documented over 20,000 observations with the iNaturalist platform. In 2017, the challenge expanded to 16 cities across the United States and participants collected over 125,000 observations of wildlife in 5 days. In 2018, the challenge expanded to 68 cities across the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59689693 | 158,331 |
Segregation (materials science) Segregation that occurs due to the processing history of the sample (but that would disappear at long times) is termed non-equilibrium segregation. Equilibrium segregation is associated with the lattice disorder at interfaces, where there are sites of energy different from those within the lattice at which the solute atoms can deposit themselves. The equilibrium segregation is so termed because the solute atoms segregate themselves to the interface or surface in accordance with the statistics of thermodynamics in order to minimize the overall free energy of the system. This sort of partitioning of solute atoms between the grain boundary and the lattice was predicted by McLean in 1957. Non-equilibrium segregation, first theorized by Westbrook in 1964, occurs as a result of solutes coupling to vacancies which are moving to grain boundary sources or sinks during quenching or application of stress. It can also occur as a result of solute pile-up at a moving interface. There are two main features of non-equilibrium segregation, by which it is most easily distinguished from equilibrium segregation. In the non-equilibrium effect, the magnitude of the segregation increases with increasing temperature and the alloy can be homogenized without further quenching because its lowest energy state corresponds to a uniform solute distribution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14539370 | 46,427 |
CBRN defense RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training. The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for the RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom. The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF. The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment. The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia' was formed in March 2005. Training in the defence against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training. "CBRN" is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=645951 | 37,583 |
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