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Current injection technique This removed the need for the semiconductor device used in the current injection circuit to have high breakdown voltage rating and also provided electrical isolation. Typical application of this technique in an inductive load chopper circuit showed a significant reduction in the tail current of insulated gate bipolar transistors, and the reverse recovery time and charge of the freewheeling diode used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22760945 | 392,797 |
Quantum microscopy Quantum metrology involves using quantum mechanics to make precise measurement that cannot be achieved classically. Typically, entanglement of N particles are used to measure a phase with a precision ∆φ = 1/N. called the Heisenberg limit. This exceeds the ∆φ = 1/ precision limit possible with N non-entangled particles, called the standard quantum limit (SQL). The signal-to-noise ratio for a given light intensity is limited by the standard quantum limit, which is critical for measurements where the probe light intensity is limited in order to avoid damaging the sample. The standard quantum limit can be tackled using quantum entangled particles. Researchers developed a microscope that uses quantum entanglement to increase its sensitivity. The experimentation of the microscope involved imaging a pattern carved in relief on the surface of a glass plate. In one of these works, the pattern was only 17 nanometers higher than the plate, which can be difficult to resolve when using typical microscopy apparatuses. Quantum entanglement microscopes are a form of confocal-type differential interference contrast microscope. Entangled photon pairs and more generally, NOON states are used as the source of illumination. Two beams of photons are beamed at two adjacent spots on the flat-surfaced sample. The interference pattern of the beams are measured after they are reflected. When the two beams hit the flat surface, they both travel the same length and produce a corresponding interference pattern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46373048 | 432,074 |
Exaptation Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonize land, because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided support against gravity and mechanical components that could interact to provide levers, columns and other means of locomotion that did not depend on submergence in water. Metabolism can be considered an important part of exaptation. As one of the oldest biological systems and being central to life on the Earth, studies have shown that metabolism may be able to use exaptation in order to be fit, given some new set of conditions or environment. Studies have shown that up to 44 carbon sources are viable for metabolism to successfully take place and that any one adaptation in these specific metabolic systems is due to multiple exaptations. Taking this perspective, exaptations are important in the origination of adaptations in general. A recent example comes from Richard Lenski's "E. coli" long-term evolution experiment, in which aerobic growth on citrate arose in one of twelve populations after 31,000 generations of evolution. Genomic analysis by Blount and colleagues showed that this novel trait was due to a gene duplication that caused a citrate transporter that is normally expressed only under anoxic conditions to be expressed under oxic conditions, thus exapting it for aerobic use. Metabolic systems have the potential to innovate without adaptive origins. Gould and Brosius took the concept of exaptation to the genetic level | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1242211 | 143,739 |
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a toxic fungal secondary metabolite. Chemically, CPA is related to ergoline alkaloids. CPA was originally isolated from "Penicillium cyclopium" and subsequently from other fungi including "Penicillium griseofulvum", "Penicillium camemberti", "Penicillium commune", "Aspergillus flavus", and "Aspergillus versicolor". CPA only appears to be toxic in high concentrations. Ingestion of CPA causes one to be an anorexic, to be dehydrated, to lose weight, to be immobile, and has some sign of spasm when near death. They can be found in molds, corns, peanuts, and other fermented products, such as cheese and sausages.Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of SERCA ATPase in intracellular Ca storage sites. CPA inhibits SERCA ATPase by keeping it in one specific confirmation, thus, preventing it from forming another. CPA also binds to SERCA ATPase at the same site as another inhibitor, thapsigargin (TG). In this way, CPA lowers the ability of SERCA ATPase to bind an ATP molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4675617 | 91,450 |
Ray Kurzweil In "Transcendent Man" Kurzweil states "We humans are going to start linking with each other and become a metaconnection we will all be connected and all be omnipresent, plugged into this global network that is connected to billions of people, and filled with data." Kurzweil states in a press conference that we are the only species that goes beyond our limitations — "we didn't stay in the caves, we didn't stay on the planet, and we're not going to stay with the limitations of our biology". In his singularity based documentary he is quoted saying "I think people are fooling themselves when they say they have accepted death". In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs. Kurzweil was referred to as "the ultimate thinking machine" by "Forbes" and as a "restless genius" by "The Wall Street Journal". PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 "revolutionaries who made America" along with other inventors of the past two centuries. "Inc." magazine ranked him #8 among the "most fascinating" entrepreneurs in the United States and called him "Edison's rightful heir" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25984 | 113,476 |
Fan (machine) A typical example uses a detached 10-watt, solar panel and is supplied with appropriate brackets, cables, and connectors. It can be used to ventilate up to of area and can move air at up to . Because of the wide availability of 12 V brushless DC electric motors and the convenience of wiring such a low voltage, such fans usually operate on 12 volts. The detached solar panel is typically installed in the spot which gets most of the sun light and then connected to the fan mounted as far as away. Other permanently-mounted and small portable fans include an integrated (non-detachable) solar panel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12877572 | 441,259 |
Material selection Reality often presents limitations, and the utilitarian factor must be taken in consideration. The cost of the ideal material, depending on shape, size and composition, may be prohibitive, and the demand, the commonality of frequently utilized and known items, its characteristics and even the region of the market dictate its availability. An Ashby plot, named for Michael Ashby of Cambridge University, is a scatter plot which displays two or more properties of many materials or classes of materials. These plots are useful to compare the ratio between different properties. For the example of the stiff/light part discussed above would have Young's modulus on one axis and density on the other axis, with one data point on the graph for each candidate material. On such a plot, it is easy to find not only the material with the highest stiffness, or that with the lowest density, but that with the best ratio formula_2. Using a log scale on both axes facilitates selection of the material with the best plate stiffness formula_1. The first plot on the right shows density and Young's modulus, in a linear scale. The second plot shows the same materials attributes in a log-log scale. Materials families (polymers, foams, metals, etc.) are identified by colors. Cost of materials plays a very significant role in their selection. The most straightforward way to weight cost against properties is to develop a monetary metric for properties of parts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7589621 | 42,591 |
C21H26N2O4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35534124 | 64,486 |
Laboratory information management system The disadvantages of this setup are more sunk costs in system administration and reduced functionality on mobile platforms. The disadvantage of a thick client is in the installation and update phases of the applications. Users who want the security, high speed and functionality of a thick client may use Microsoft ClickOnce Technology. This enables the user to install and run a Windows-based smart client application by clicking a link in a web page. The software does not need to be installed at each user workstation one by one. ClickOnce applications can be self-updating; they can check for newer versions as they become available and automatically replace any updated files. LIMS implementations are notorious for often being lengthy and costly. This is due in part to the diversity of requirements within each lab, but also to the inflexible nature of most LIMS products for adapting to these widely varying requirements. Newer LIMS solutions are beginning to emerge that take advantage of modern techniques in software design that are inherently more configurable and adaptable — particularly at the data layer — than prior solutions. This means not only that implementations are much faster, but also that the costs are lower and the risk of obsolescence is minimized. Until recently, the LIMS and Laboratory Information System (LIS) have exhibited a few key differences, making them noticeably separate entities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570749 | 270,097 |
Asbestos-related diseases They have a white or pale yellow shaggy appearance and are typically distributed on the posterolateral chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal pleura. The number and size varies. Pleural plaques are typically asymptomatic, however, there is still some controversy on this topic. An association between pleural plaques and chest pain has been reported, but this has not been confirmed in more recent studies. Similarly, an association between pleural plaques and a restrictive impairment with diminished diffusing capacity on pulmonary function testing has been described. This has not been a consistent finding and it has been postulated that this might be related to undetected early fibrosis. The pathogenesis of pleural plaques remains uncertain. The most likely explanation is that asbestos fibres reach the parietal pleura by passage through lymphatic channels where they excite an inflammatory reaction. The chest X-ray is the usual tool for diagnosing pleural plaques but chest CT scan is more sensitive and specific in this regard. Pleural plaques are evidence of past asbestos exposure and indicate an increased risk for the future development of other asbestos-related diseases. Pleural plaques in themselves are not pre-malignant. Individuals with pleural plaques are usually not compensated in most compensation systems. Diffuse pleural thickening (DPT) is non-circumscribed fibrous thickening of the visceral pleura with areas of adherence to the parietal pleura and obliteration of the pleural space | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37923694 | 495,918 |
Multi-divisional form Unlike the M-form, the U-form is a business structure in which a corporate "department" maintains control of the strategic and decision making process. While this model allowed for unification and consistency, it limited companies from growing and expanding into other markets. It wasn't until the 1920s that firms began to adopt the more decentralized multidivisional form as a business model, having a central office be in charge of the overall strategic decisions while allowing each division to make their own operational decisions. After World War I, the United States experienced a large growth in population as well as an increase in urbanization. This resulted in the demand for a larger quantity of goods as well as a wider variety of products. This provided the perfect opportunity for firms to diversify their products and expand into different markets . This business strategy is known as diversification. However, diversification was only possible for the firms that had the technology to make that transition. For example, during the 1920s, DuPont, an explosives manufacturing company, was able to successfully diversify its lines of production because it had the chemical technology to produce a range of chemical products, including paint and fertilizer. Companies that were able to diversify were the ones that went on to adopt the M-form because it proved to be the best way to manage a diversity of production lines while maintaining efficiency and maximizing profit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27532640 | 480,729 |
Ravenscraig steelworks The Ravenscraig steelworks, operated by Colvilles and from 1967 by British Steel Corporation, consisted of an integrated iron and steel works and a hot strip steel mill. They were located in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Motherwell was noted as the steel production capital of Scotland, nicknamed Steelopolis. Its skyline was dominated by the gas holder and three cooling towers of the Ravenscraig steel plant which closed in 1992. The Ravenscraig plant had one of the longest continuous casting, hot rolling, steel production facilities in the world before it was decommissioned. Construction of the integrated iron and steel works started in 1954. The steel mill, which was built shortly after, was one of four in the United Kingdom. In 1992, when it closed down, it was the largest hot strip steel mill in Western Europe. The former steelworks and strip mill have now been cleared, and the site is in the process of becoming the new town of Ravenscraig. On 15 February 1951, as a result of the Iron and Steel Act 1949, the nationalised Scottish iron and steel companies came under the ownership of the Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain. However, a change of government and the passing of the Iron and Steel Act 1953, gradually returned the former nationalised iron and steel companies to their original owners. This was to be achieved via the Iron and Steel Holding and Realisation Agency, which was charged with creating an efficient industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17011177 | 315,007 |
Addressing mode page fault, bus error, address error) leading to an interrupt, then restarting the instruction becomes much more problematic since one or more registers may need to be set back to the state they were in before the instruction originally started. There have been at least two computer architectures which have had implementation problems with regard to recovery from interrupts when this addressing mode is used: | load | reg | base| Before determining the effective address, the value in the base register is decremented by the size of the data item which is to be accessed. Within a loop, this addressing mode can be used to step backwards through all the elements of an array or vector. A stack can be implemented by using this mode in conjunction with the previous addressing mode (autoincrement). See the discussion of side-effects under the autoincrement addressing mode. Any of the addressing modes mentioned in this article could have an extra bit to indicate indirect addressing, i.e. the address calculated using some mode is in fact the address of a location (typically a complete word) which contains the actual effective address. Indirect addressing may be used for code or data. It can make implementation of "pointers", "references", or "handles" much easier, and can also make it easier to call subroutines which are not otherwise addressable. Indirect addressing does carry a performance penalty due to the extra memory access involved. Some early minicomputers (e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=838142 | 389,147 |
Internal rate of return The term "internal rate of return" or "IRR" or "Since Inception Internal Rate of Return (SI-IRR)" is in some contexts used to refer to the unannualized return over the period, particularly for periods of less than a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60358 | 466,440 |
Mosque of Amir al-Maridani The Mosque of Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, dating from 1340 CE, is a mosque from the era of the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Egypt. Located south of Bab Zuweila, in the Darb al-Ahmar neighbourhood, it was built on the outskirts of medieval Cairo by Amir Altinbugha al-Maridani, with significant help from Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad. The mosque has a hypostyle plan similar to the Mosque of al-Nasir, and its exterior walls are decorated in typical Mamluk architecture style. At the time of its building, it was one of the most extravagantly decorated mosques in Cairo, marked by the first fully octagonal minaret and large dome, as well as other architectural innovations. Its history and luxuriousness are directly correlated to the life and prominence of al-Maridani, as it was built with the patronage of his father-in-law, Sultan Muhammad and significant donations from al-Maridani's own pocket. The land for the Mosque was in Tabbana quarter of Cairo, and was originally a burial area; in the Islamic year 738 (1337-8 CE) al-Maridani purchased the area on which the sultan and he would commission the mosque. Sultan Muhammad appointed an overseer to purchase the surrounding houses, which he subsequently cleared. To build the mosque, the sultan appointed his master builder, "al-mu'allim" (the teacher) al-Suyufi, and provided about 15,000 dirhams worth of wood and marble. Construction began in 739/1338-9, and total expenditure for the mosque reached over three hundred thousand dirhams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31092533 | 352,740 |
Depensation In population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a population (such as a fish stock) whereby, due to certain causes, a decrease in the breeding population (mature individuals) leads to reduced production and survival of eggs or offspring. The causes may include predation levels rising per offspring (given the same level of overall predator pressure) and the allee effect, particularly the reduced likelihood of finding a mate. When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (resource depletion), or even local extinction. The phenomenon of critical depensation may be modelled or defined by a negative second order derivative of population growth rate with respect of population biomass, which describes a situation where a decline in population biomass is not compensated by a corresponding increase in marginal growth per unit of biomass. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4139830 | 4,491 |
Customer to customer At that point it's up to the seller and buyer to finish the transaction independently of the C2C site. C2C sites make money by charging fees to sellers. Although it's free to shop and place bids, sellers place fees to list items for sale, add on promotional features, and successfully complete transactions. Many C2C sites have expanded and developed existing product categories by introducing category-specific bulletin boards and chat rooms, integrating category-specific content, advertising its service in targeted publications and participating in targeted trade shows. eBay specifically has also broadened the range of products that it offers to facilitate trading on the site, including payment services, shipping services, authentication, appraisal, vehicle inspection and escrow services. Specialty marketplaces have also been added to serve the specialized needs of buyers and sellers. For example, eBay Motors serves the automotive marketplace, including vehicles, parts and accessories; and Half.com (now closed) was focused on providing a fixed-price trading environment, initially for books music, videos and video games. Many online auction sites use a system called PayPal for sellers to receive online payments securely and quickly. A traditional credit card is not required to use this site because PayPal can be linked directly to your bank account. There are various platforms that Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce is taking place on, such as social media (e.g. Facebook), advertisement websites (e.g | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22554733 | 458,480 |
Second messenger system There are three basic types of secondary messenger molecules: These intracellular messengers have some properties in common: There are several different secondary messenger systems (cAMP system, phosphoinositol system, and arachidonic acid system), but they all are quite similar in overall mechanism, although the substances involved and overall effects can vary. In most cases, a ligand binds to a membrane-spanning receptor protein molecule. The binding of a ligand to the receptor causes a conformation change in the receptor. This conformation change can affect the activity of the receptor and result in the production of active second messengers. In the case of G protein-coupled receptors, the conformation change exposes a binding site for a "G-protein". The G-protein (named for the GDP and GTP molecules that bind to it) is bound to the inner membrane of the cell and consists of three subunits: alpha, beta and gamma. The G-protein is known as the "transducer." When the G-protein binds with the receptor, it becomes able to exchange a GDP (guanosine diphosphate) molecule on its alpha subunit for a GTP (guanosine triphosphate) molecule. Once this exchange takes place, the alpha subunit of the G-protein transducer breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits, all parts remaining membrane-bound. The alpha subunit, now free to move along the inner membrane, eventually contacts another membrane-bound protein - the "primary effector | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1800732 | 94,731 |
Brand When customers experience brand recognition, they are triggered by either a visual or verbal cue. For example, when looking to satisfy a category need such as a toilet paper, the customer would firstly be presented with multiple brands to choose from. Once the customer is visually or verbally faced with a brand, he/she may remember being introduced to the brand before. When given some type of cue, consumers who are able to retrieve the particular memory node that referred to the brand, they exhibit brand recognition. Often, this form of brand awareness assists customers in choosing one brand over another when faced with a low-involvement purchasing decision. recognition is often the mode of brand awareness that operates in retail shopping environments. When presented with a product at the point-of-sale, or after viewing its visual packaging, consumers are able to recognize the brand and may be able to associate it with attributes or meanings acquired through exposure to promotion or word-of-mouth referrals. In contrast to brand recall, where few consumers are able to spontaneously recall brand names within a given category, when prompted with a brand name, a larger number of consumers are typically able to recognize it. recognition is most successful when people can elicit recognition without being explicitly exposed to the company's name, but rather through visual signifiers like logos, slogans, and colors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18950900 | 481,179 |
Löwenherz thread (This further differentiates the from the ISO metric thread, where screws must be specified by both their diameter and pitch because multiple pitches exist for a single diameter.) Löwenherz fasteners are assembled using standard metric wrenches or sockets, and often the hex size for bolt heads and nuts is repeated (so 17mm wrenches can be used on both 9mm and 10mm Löwenherz hardware). The was used extensively in measuring instruments (like micrometers, which achieve greater precision with finer thread pitches) and in shell manufacturing. It was also popular choice for use in optical instruments, especially in Germany. In addition to seeing its use in instruments designed in Germany, Austria and France, the Löwenhetz thread was once adopted by the Bureau of Standards in the United States as a solution to the lack of uniformity in the type of screws used in American-made instruments. As a precision or scientific thread, the Löwenherz form was rivaled by two contemporary forms: Swiss-designed Thury thread and its derivative the British Association thread. In modern applications, the has been replaced with the DIN 13 standard for metric screws. ISO fasteners are available in many of the same pitches and diameters as Löwenherz fasteners; however, ISO and Löwenherz fasteners are not directly interchangeable because the difference in the thread geometry prevents proper mating of fastening components (so an M6x1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52077960 | 444,544 |
Vaginal flora in pregnancy This sometimes leads to chorioamnionitis and other negative pregnancy outcomes. When there are high bacterial counts in of the vagina during pregnancy is typically due to the presence of the following organisms: Investigations into reproductive-associated microbiomes began around 1885 by Theodor Escherich. He wrote that meconium from the newborn was free of bacteria. This was interpreted as the uterine environment was sterile. Other investigations used sterile diapers for meconium collection. No bacteria were able to be cultured from the samples. Bacteria were detected and were directly proportional to the time between birth and the passage of meconium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46717397 | 165,060 |
Walter A. Shewhart Though he lectured in England in 1932 under the sponsorship of Karl Pearson (another committed operationalist) his ideas attracted little enthusiasm within the English statistical tradition. The British Standards nominally based on his work, in fact, diverge on serious philosophical and methodological issues from his practice. His more conventional work led him to formulate the statistical idea of tolerance intervals and to propose his data presentation rules, which are listed below: Walter Shewhart visited India in 1947–1948 under the sponsorship of P. C. Mahalanobis of the Indian Statistical Institute. He toured the country, held conferences and stimulated interest in statistical quality control among Indian industrialists. He died at Troy Hills, New Jersey in 1967. In 1938 his work came to the attention of physicists W. Edwards Deming and Raymond T. Birge. The two had been deeply intrigued by the issue of measurement error in science and had published a landmark paper in "Reviews of Modern Physics" in 1934. On reading of Shewhart's insights, they wrote to the journal to wholly recast their approach in the terms that Shewhart advocated. The encounter began a long collaboration between Shewhart and Deming that involved work on productivity during World War II and Deming's championing of Shewhart's ideas in Japan from 1950 onwards. Deming developed some of Shewhart's methodological proposals around scientific inference and named his synthesis the Shewhart cycle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=433679 | 477,473 |
Piston-cylinder apparatus The piston-cylinder apparatus is a solid media device, used in Geosciences and Material Sciences, for generating simultaneously high pressure (up to 6 GPa) and temperature (up to 1700 °C). Modifications of the normal set-up can push these limits to even higher pressures and temperatures. A particular type of piston-cylinder, called Griggs apparatus, is also able to add a deviatoric stress on the sample. The principle of the instrument is to generate pressure by compressing a sample assembly, which includes a resistance furnace, inside a pressure vessel. Controlled high temperature is generated by applying a regulated voltage to the furnace and monitoring the temperature with a thermocouple. The pressure vessel is a cylinder that is closed at one end by a rigid plate with a small hole for the thermocouple to pass through. A piston is advanced into the cylinder at the other hand. Sir Charles Parsons was the first to attack the problem of generating high pressure simultaneously with high temperature. His pressure apparatus consisted of piston-cylinder devices that used internal electrical resistance heating. He used a solid pressure transmitting material, which also served as thermal and electrical insulation. His cylindrical chambers ranged in diameter from 1 to 15 cm. The maximum pressure at the temperature he reported was of the order of 15000 atm (corresponding to ~1.5 GPa) at 3000 °C. Loring L. Coes, Jr., of the Norton Co | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42868663 | 242,900 |
Glucose Excess glucose is broken down and converted into fatty acids, which are stored as triacylglycerides. In the kidneys, glucose in the urine is absorbed via SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the apical cell membranes and transmitted via GLUT2 in the basolateral cell membranes. About 90% of kidney glucose reabsorption is via SGLT2 and about 3% via SGLT1. In plants and some prokaryotes, glucose is a product of photosynthesis. is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like glycogen (in animals and mushrooms) or starch (in plants). The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation. The metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms. The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways. Ultimately almost all biomolecules come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants during photosynthesis. The free energy of formation of α--glucose is 917.2 kilojoules per mole. In humans, gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidney, but also in other cell types. In the liver about 150 g of glycogen are stored, in skeletal muscle about 250 g.<ref name="Löffler/Petrides 389">Peter C. Heinrich: "Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie." Springer-Verlag, 2014, , p. 389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12950 | 160,630 |
St James' Priory, Bristol After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the nave of the priory church continued in use as an Anglican parish church. It fell into disuse in the 1980s and declared a redundant church before the Church Commissioners put it up for sale. In 1996 the Little Brothers of Nazareth re-established it as a Catholic church, and set up the St James Priory Project which offers support to vulnerable people especially those with a history of substance dependency and mental illness. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £3.2 million to conserve, repair, and develop the Priory, building work started in November 2009. The St James Priory charity had to fundraise a further £1.2 million of matched funding toward the restoration work. Conservation, restoration and development lasted 21 months and the Priory Church was re-opened on 25 July 2011. Archaeologists from Bristol and Region Archaeological Services were on site during the restoration works, and uncovered a fragment of what may be the earliest scientific sundial in Britain. The sundial is a block of Bath stone carved with hour lines and medieval Arabic numerals in a style that suggests it was probably made in the 15th century. The discovery that a statue in the church had originally been topless made headlines around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3701654 | 310,672 |
Environmental impact of nuclear power Unlike coal-fired or oil-fired generation, nuclear power generation does not directly produce any sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury (pollution from fossil fuels is blamed for 24,000 early deaths each year in the U.S. alone). However, as with all energy sources, there is some pollution associated with support activities such as mining, manufacturing and transportation. A major European Union-funded research study known as ExternE, or Externalities of Energy, undertaken over the period of 1995 to 2005 found that the environmental and health costs of nuclear power, per unit of energy delivered, was €0.0019/kWh. This is lower than that of many renewable sources including the environmental impact caused by biomass use and the manufacture of photovoltaic solar panels, and was over thirty times lower than coals impact of €0.06/kWh, or 6 cents/kWh. However, the energy source of the lowest external costs associated with it was found to be wind power at €0.0009/kWh, which is an environmental and health impact just under half the price of Nuclear power. Proponents argue that the problems of nuclear waste "do not come anywhere close" to approaching the problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article from the BBC states: "The World Health Organization (WHO) says 3 million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel." In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000 people each year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14163295 | 371,817 |
Flow chemistry This eases the synthesis of larger quantities by extending reaction time. Flow systems can be scaled to the tons per hour scale. Plant redesign (batch to conti for an existing plant), Unit Operation (exchaning only one reaction step) and Modular Multi-purpose (Cutting a continuous plant into modular units) are typical realization solutions for flow processes. It is possible to run experiments in flow using more sophisticated techniques, such as solid phase chemistries. Solid phase reagents, catalysts or scavengers can be used in solution and pumped through glass columns, for example, the synthesis of alkaloid natural product oxomaritidine using solid phase chemistries. There is an increasing interest in polymerization as a continuous flow process. For example, Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer or RAFT polymerization. Continuous flow techniques have also been used for controlled generation of nanoparticles. The very rapid mixing and excellent temperature control of microreactors are able to give consistent and narrow particle size distribution of nanoparticles. As discussed above, running experiments in continuous flow systems is difficult, especially when one is developing new chemical reactions, which requires screening of multiple components, varying stoichiometry, temperature and residence time. In continuous flow, experiments are performed serially, which means one experimental condition can be tested | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6153368 | 499,446 |
Jean Louis Florent Polydore Roux (27 July 1792, Marseille -12 April 1833 , Bombay) was a French painter and naturalist. Jean-Louis-Florent-Polydore Roux was, from his childhood, interested in natural history and had a large insect collection. He was taught by Pierre André Latreille and Georges Cuvier at Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France in Paris and was in 1819 appointed curator of the Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille. He published "Catalogue d’insectes de Provence", 1820 a 2 volume work on birds "Ornithologie provençale", 1833 and "Crustacés de la Méditerranée et de son littoral",1828–30, which including 45 coloured plates, which he himself had made. He also published on molluscs "Iconographie conchyliologique", 1828.Marine painting was another of his occupations and a Roux family concern. Roux was a correspondent of Risso who in 1826 named the copepod "Pandarus rouxi" after him. In 1831 he joined Charles von Hügel, who was travelling for the Austrian government, on an excursion to Egypt and from there in 1832 to Bombay, where he later died of plague. A species of Indian lizard, "Monilesaurus rouxii", is named in his honour. It is also likely that the specific name of the longstriped blenny ("Parablennius rouxi") honours Roux. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50978057 | 8,018 |
Personal protective equipment Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE. Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard controls provides a policy framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behavior, are implemented. ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety. Early PPE such as body armor, boots and gloves focused on protecting the wearer's body from physical injury. The plague doctors of sixteenth-century Europe also wore protective uniforms consisting of a full-length gown, helmet, glass eye coverings, gloves and boots (see Plague doctor costume) to prevent contagion when dealing with plague victims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55530 | 466,294 |
Cloud computing issues Many underlying challenges and risks in cloud computing increase the threat of data compromise. To mitigate the threat, cloud computing stakeholders should invest heavily in risk assessment to ensure that the system encrypts to protect data, establishes trusted foundation to secure the platform and infrastructure, and builds higher assurance into auditing to strengthen compliance. Security concerns must be addressed to maintain trust in cloud computing technology. Data breach is a big concern in cloud computing. A compromised server could significantly harm the users as well as cloud providers. A variety of information could be stolen. These include credit card and social security numbers, addresses, and personal messages. The U.S. now requires cloud providers to notify customers of breaches. Once notified, customers now have to worry about identity theft and fraud, while providers have to deal with federal investigations, lawsuits and reputational damage. Customer lawsuits and settlements have resulted in over $1 billion in losses to cloud providers. A cloud provider may shut down without warning. For instance, the Anki robot company suddenly went bankrupt in 2019, making 1.5 million robots unresponsive to voice command. Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is currently no way to measure how "green" computers are. The primary environmental problem associated with the cloud is energy use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43204134 | 99,135 |
Propeller Thrust and velocity, at the same Froude number, give thrust power: For torque: When a propeller is added to a ship its performance is altered; there is the mechanical losses in the transmission of power; a general increase in total resistance; and the hull also impedes and renders non-uniform the flow through the propeller. The ratio between a propeller's efficiency attached to a ship (formula_44) and in open water (formula_45) is termed "relative rotative efficiency." The "overall propulsive efficiency" (an extension of "effective power" (formula_46)) is developed from the "propulsive coefficient" (formula_47), which is derived from the installed shaft power (formula_48) modified by the effective power for the hull with appendages (formula_49), the propeller's thrust power (formula_50), and the relative rotative efficiency. Producing the following: The terms contained within the brackets are commonly grouped as the "quasi-propulsive coefficient" (formula_63, formula_64). The formula_63 is produced from small-scale experiments and is modified with a load factor for full size ships. "Wake" is the interaction between the ship and the water with its own velocity relative to the ship. The wake has three parts: the velocity of the water around the hull; the boundary layer between the water dragged by the hull and the surrounding flow; and the waves created by the movement of the ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23738 | 364,140 |
János Pach (born May 3, 1954) is a mathematician and computer scientist working in the fields of combinatorics and discrete and computational geometry. Pach was born and grew up in Hungary. He comes from a noted academic family: his father, was a well known historian, and his uncle Pál Turán was one of the best known Hungarian mathematicians. Pach received his Candidate degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in 1983, where his advisor was Miklós Simonovits. Since 1977, he has been affiliated with the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was Research Professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU (since 1986), Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at City College, CUNY (1992-2011), and Neilson Professor at Smith College (2008-2009). In 2008, he joined École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne as Professor of Mathematics. He was the program chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2004 and Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2015. With Kenneth L. Clarkson and Günter Ziegler, he is co-editor-in-chief of the journal "Discrete and Computational Geometry", and he serves on the editorial boards of several other journals including "Combinatorica", "SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics", "Computational Geometry", "Graphs and Combinatorics", "Central European Journal of Mathematics", and "Moscow Journal of Combinatorics and Number Theory" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19900560 | 117,209 |
Inversion (evolutionary biology) In evolutionary developmental biology, inversion refers to the hypothesis that during the course of animal evolution, the structures along the dorsoventral (DV) axis have taken on an orientation opposite that of the ancestral form. Inversion was first noted in 1822 by the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, when he dissected a crayfish (an arthropod) and compared it with the vertebrate body plan. The idea was heavily criticised, but periodically resurfaced, and is now supported by some molecular embryologists. As early as 1822, the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire noted that the organization of dorsal and ventral structures in arthropods is opposite that of mammals. Five decades later, in light of Darwin's theory of "descent with modification", German zoologist Anton Dohrn proposed that these groups arose from a common ancestor which possessed a body plan similar to that of modern annelids with a ventral nerve cord and dorsal heart. Whereas this arrangement is retained in arthropods and other protostomes, in chordate deuterostomes, the nerve cord is located dorsally and the heart ventrally. The inversion hypothesis was met with scornful criticism each time it was proposed, and has periodically resurfaced and been rejected. However, some modern molecular embryologists suggest that recent findings support the idea of inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27351197 | 177,502 |
Malthusianism "Principle of Population" was specifically written as a rebuttal to thinkers like William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, and Malthus's own father who believed in the perfectibility of humanity. Malthus believed humanity's ability to reproduce too rapidly doomed efforts at perfection and caused various other problems. His criticism of the working class's tendency to reproduce rapidly, and his belief that this, rather than exploitation by capitalists, led to their poverty, brought widespread criticism of his theory. Malthusians perceived ideas of charity to the poor, typified by Tory paternalism, were futile, as these would only result in increased numbers of the poor; these theories played into Whig economic ideas exemplified by the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The Act was described by opponents as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food", which initiated the construction of workhouses despite riots and arson. Malthus revised his theories in later editions of "An Essay on the Principles of Population", taking a more optimistic tone, although there is some scholarly debate on the extent of his revisions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1454728 | 514,857 |
US India Business Summit UIBS (short for US India Business Summit) is an annual Business Expo between the U.S. and India that is best known for its multidisciplinary speeches and panels, but is held only every other year. It is devoted to what it calls "Friendship and Business between the United States and India". The goal of UIBS is to promote business and investment between United States and India in key areas of technology, agriculture, healthcare, infrastructure, supply chain, logistics, real estate and investment etc. Our special emphasis is to connect entrepreneurs and small-to- medium size businesses. UIBS 2010 is organized by the Georgia Tech Center for International Business Education & Research (CIBER), USA India Initiatives, Inc. (USIII) and US India Business and Research Center (USIBRC) with support of Georgia Department of Economic Development, the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, US Commercial Services, and the US Department of Commerce. UIBS 2010 is organized by Georgia Tech Center for International Business Education & Research (CIBER), USA India Initiatives, Inc. (USIII) and US India Business and Research Center (USIBRC) with support of Georgia Department of Economic Development, the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, U.S. Commercial Service of United States of America, Department of Commerce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26937282 | 480,454 |
National Take Back Initiative After October 12, President Obama signed the Safe and Secure Drug Disposal Act of 2010, and the DEA immediately began installing regulations for a more permanent solution. The DEA’s Take-Back events are also a reflection of the President's prescription drug abuse prevention strategy entitled "Epidemic: Responding to America’s Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis" developed and promoted by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Ridding medicine cabinets of unused or expired medications in American homes is one of the four main items addressed the strategy for reducing diversion prescription drug abuse. The other action items include educating the public as well as health care providers. In turn, this system establishes prescription drug monitoring programs in all the states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34435472 | 179,341 |
Pump-probe microscopy This will then affect the properties of a second coherent beam, referred to as the probe, based on the interaction of the two beams with the molecule. These properties are then measured by a detector to form an image. Because pump-probe microscopy does not rely on fluorescent targets, the modality takes advantage of multiple different types of multiphoton absorption. Two-photon absorption (TPA) is a third order process in which two photons are nearly simultaneously absorbed by the same molecule. If a second photon is absorbed by the same electron within the same quantum event, the electron enters an excited state. This is the same phenomenon used in two photon microscopy (TPM), but there are two key features that distinguish pump-probe microscopy from TPM. First, since the molecule is not necessarily fluorescent a photodetector measures the probe intensity. Therefore, the signal decreases as two photon absorption occurs, the reverse of TPM. Second, pump-probe microscopy uses spectrally separated sources for each photon, whereas conventional TPM uses one source of a single wavelength. This is referred to as degenerate two-photon excitation. Excited state absorption (ESA) occurs when the pump beam sends an electron into an excited state, then the probe beam sends the electron into a higher excited state. This differs from TPA primarily in the timescale over which it occurs. Since an electron can remain in an excited state for a period of nanoseconds, thus requiring longer pulse durations than TPA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59248548 | 79,308 |
UMTS In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz are used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used. While UMTS2100 is the most widely deployed band, some countries' operators use the 850 MHz (900 MHz in Europe) and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility, New Zealand by Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G network. Some carriers such as T-Mobile use band numbers to identify the frequencies. For example, Band I (2100 MHz), Band IV (1700/2100 MHz), and Band V (850 MHz). UMTS-FDD is an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequency-division duplexing (FDD) and a 3GPP standardized version of networks that makes use of frequency-division duplexing for duplexing over an Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) air interface. W-CDMA is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS. It uses the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most previously used time division multiple access (TDMA) and time division duplex (TDD) schemes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32237 | 113,958 |
Kardex Group ) The Remington Rand Systems division of Sperry Rand, now based in Marietta, Ohio, was acquired by Aarque Management Corporation of Jamestown, New York, and renamed to Kardex Systems to take advantage of Kardex's status as a long-famous brand in filing systems. In 2003 the company was sold to RACK Enterprises and Ronald Miller was made president. Miller established a separate company, Randex, also selling filing and storage system components, for operation in Europe. Randex continued to exist as a separate company under Miller family control after Kardex Systems was sold to Remstar. In 2008 Kardex Systems was acquired by Remstar AG of Zurich, Switzerland. Remstar had been founded in 1977 (although what is now its Kardex Mlog division had been established in 1922 as Mehne GmbH) and its American subsidiary established in 1981 in Westbrook, Maine. In 2009, Kardex and Remstar's American operation, which had been established in 1981, were merged to form Kardex Remstar, based in Westbrook. At some point Remstar AG was renamed to AG. consists of two divisions, Kardex Remstar and Kardex Mlog, Mlog having been acquired in 2010 and the Stow division having been spun off in 2013. Kardex Remstar manufactures and sells materials handling systems for industry, and file handling systems for offices. Products include basic commodities such as file folders and labels as well as more complicated products such as shelving systems and cabinets, vertical lifts, and rack systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32365316 | 430,992 |
Bussiere Garden It comprises three parts: the barbican, the northern wing and the southern wing. Shade is provided by horse chestnut trees, Sophora japonica, ginkgo, elm, and other trees. In addition, on the way from Wenquan to Bei’anhe, was a stone arch bridge that built in the spring of 1931 in the memory of Bussière. The words “Doctor Bussiere Bridge” were inscribed on the stone henge. During the highway expansion at the end of the 20th century, the stone henge was abandoned and lost. At the end of 2013, the local government reconstructed the stone henge on its original site. But the original small river was filled up as roadbed in the reconstruction. In 2001, was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit by the Haidian District Government. In 2011, it was also published as the Beijing municipal historical and cultural sites under government protection. In 2014, on the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and France, the renovation of complex was completed. Bussière (1872-1958) was a doctor of the French legation in Beijing, which also serving as the trustee and president of the branch college of Aurora University. Bussiere married a Chinese woman named Wu Sidan and embraced the Chinese culture. He often wore robes and spent time learning Chinese, eating Chinese food and studying painting and calligraphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53653712 | 336,846 |
Gephyrophobia Some thousand drivers take advantage of this free program each year. Leslie Ann Pluhar had her Yugo blown off that bridge. Later investigation showed the driver had stopped her car over the open steel grating on the bridge's span and that a gust of wind through the grating blew her vehicle off the bridge, although this is not supported by recorded wind speed measurements taken on and around the bridge at the time of the accident. The term "gephyrophobia" comes from Greek γέφυρα ("gephura") meaning "bridge" and φόβος ("phobos") meaning "fear". is the main plot in "The Bridge" episode of "The Middle". The character Brick is plagued by the phobia. In 1965's "A Charlie Brown Christmas", Lucy references gephyrophobia (albeit with a slight mispronunciation) when attempting to diagnose Charlie Brown's problems at her psychiatric help stand. The term is referenced in the 2012 book "The Silver Bridge Disaster of 1967", an account of the December 15, 1967, collapse of the Silver Bridge across the Ohio River, connecting Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio. is referenced in "The Car" episode of the second season of "This Is Us". In "" for the PC and Xbox One there is a multiplayer map called Gephyrophobia, in which the main battlefield is a large bridge connecting two Forerunner structures in a Halo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15117347 | 307,694 |
Oscillation The systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion. In the spring-mass system, oscillations occur because, at the static equilibrium displacement, the mass has kinetic energy which is converted into potential energy stored in the spring at the extremes of its path. The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a restoring force which grows stronger the further the system deviates from equilibrium. All real-world oscillator systems are thermodynamically irreversible. This means there are dissipative processes such as friction or electrical resistance which continually convert some of the energy stored in the oscillator into heat in the environment. This is called damping. Thus, oscillations tend to decay with time unless there is some net source of energy into the system. The simplest description of this decay process can be illustrated by oscillation decay of the harmonic oscillator. In addition, an oscillating system may be subject to some external force, as when an AC circuit is connected to an outside power source. In this case the oscillation is said to be "driven". Some systems can be excited by energy transfer from the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22522 | 447,736 |
Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more component channels. In popular use, it refers to a type of component analog video (CAV) information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. can be contrasted with "composite video" (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) in which all the video information is combined into a single line level signal that is used in analog television. Like composite, component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables. When used without any other qualifications the term "component video" usually refers to analog component video with sync on luma. Reproducing a video signal on a display device (for example, a cathode ray tube; CRT) is a straightforward process complicated by the multitude of signal sources. DVD, VHS, computers and video game consoles all store, process and transmit video signals using different methods, and often each will provide more than one signal option. One way of maintaining signal clarity is by separating the components of a video signal so that they do not interfere with each other. A signal separated in this way is called "component video". S-Video, RGB and signals comprise two or more separate signals, and thus are all component-video signals. For most consumer-level video applications, the common three-cable system using BNC or RCA connectors analog component video was used. Typical resolutions (in lines) are 480i (visible, 525 full for NTSC) and 576i (visible, 625 full for PAL) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288212 | 420,122 |
Comparative foot morphology The underlying bones are arranged in a semi-vertical orientation. The dog’s paw similarly contains bones arranged in a semi-vertical orientation. In the human and the elephant, the column orientation of the foot complex is replaced in humans by a plantigrade orientation, and in elephants by a semi-plantigrade alignment of the hind limb foot structure. This difference in orientation in the foot bones and joints of humans and elephants helps them to adapt to variations in the terrain. Many representative terrestrial vertebrates possess a distal cushion on the under-surface of the foot. The dog's paw contains a number of visco-elastic pads oriented along the middle and distal foot. The horse possesses a centralized digital pad known as the frog, which is located at the distal aspect of the foot and surrounded by the hoof. Humans possess a tough fibro and elastic pad of fat that is anchored to the skin and bone of the rear portion of the foot. The foot of the elephant possesses what is perhaps one of the most unusual distal cushions found in vertebrates. The forefoot ("manus") and hindfoot ("pes") contain huge pads of fat that are scaled to cope with the massive loadings imposed by the largest terrestrial vertebrate. In addition, a cartilage-like projection (prepollex in the forelimb and prehallux in the hind limb) appears to anchor the distal cushion to the bones of the elephant's foot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22633377 | 170,947 |
Cell unroofing is any of various methods to isolate and expose the cell membrane of cells. Differently from the more common membrane extraction protocols performed with multiple steps of centrifugation (which goal is to separate the membrane fraction from a cell lysate), in "cell unroofing" the aim is to tear and preserve patches of the plasma membrane in order to perform "in situ" experiments using (microscopy and biomedical spectroscopy). The first observation the bi-layer cell membrane was made in 1959 on a section of a cell using the electron microscope. But the first micrograph of the internal side of a cell dates back to 1977 by M.V. Nermut. Professor John Heuser made substantial contributions in the field, imaging the detailed internal structure of the membrane and the cytoskeleton bound to it with extensive use of the electron microscope. It was only after the development of the atomic force microscope operated in liquid that it was possible to image the cell membranes in "almost"-physiological conditions and to test its mechanical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59579913 | 158,279 |
WormBase is an online biological database about the biology and genome of the nematode model organism "Caenorhabditis elegans" and contains information about other related nematodes. is used by the "C. elegans" research community both as an information resource and as a place to publish and distribute their results. The database is regularly updated with new versions being released every two months. is one of the organizations participating in the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project. comprises the following main data sets: In addition, contains an up-to-date searchable bibliography of "C. elegans" research and is linked to the WormBook project. offers many ways of searching and retrieving data from the database: Sequence curation at refers to the maintenance and annotation of the primary genomic sequence and a consensus gene set. Even though the "C. elegans" genome sequence is the most accurate and complete eukaryotic genome sequence, it has continually needed refinement as new evidence has been created. Many of these changes were single nucleotide insertions or deletions, however several large mis-assemblies have been uncovered. For example, in 2005 a 39 kb cosmid had to be inverted. Other improvements have come from comparing genomic DNA to cDNA sequences and analysis of RNASeq high-throughput data. When differences between the genomic sequence and transcripts are identified, re-analysis of the original genomic data often leads to modifications of the genomic sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43010228 | 158,993 |
Automobile drag coefficient Front fender skirts have the same effect on reducing drag as the rear wheel skirts, but must be further offset from the body in order to compensate for the tire sticking out from the body of the vehicle as turns are made. The front bumper is the first part of the vehicle that the air must flow around. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in reducing drag. A front air dam is often used which extends from the very front of the vehicle down to the lowest part of the vehicle. This is done to direct airflow around and over the vehicle rather than allowing air to travel under it. Contoured deflectors, or tire spats, are often made as part of the front bumper in order to direct airflow around the tire without having any increase to the outward flow. A boattail can greatly reduce a vehicle's total drag. Boattails create a teardrop shape that will give the vehicle a more streamlined profile, reducing the occurrence of drag inducing flow separation. A kammback is a truncated boattail. It is created as an extension of the rear of the vehicle, moving the rear backward at a slight angle toward the bumper of the car. This can reduce drag as well but a boattail would reduce the vehicles drag more. Nonetheless, for practical and style reasons, a kammback is more commonly seen in racing, high efficiency vehicles, and trucking. The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.25 and 0.3. SUVs, with their typically boxy shapes, typically achieve a | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13036200 | 441,311 |
Mendelevium Harvey, and team leader Stanley G. Thompson in early 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. The team produced Md (half-life of 77 minutes) when they bombarded an Es target consisting of only a billion (10) einsteinium atoms with alpha particles (helium nuclei) in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron, thus increasing the target's atomic number by two. Md thus became the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time. In total, seventeen mendelevium atoms were produced. This discovery was part of a program, begun in 1952, that irradiated plutonium with neutrons to transmute it into heavier actinides. This method was necessary as the previous method used to synthesize transuranic elements, neutron capture, could not work because of a lack of known beta decaying isotopes of fermium that would produce isotopes of the next element, mendelevium, and also due to the very short half-life to spontaneous fission of Fm that thus constituted a hard limit to the success of the neutron capture process. To predict if the production of mendelevium would be possible, the team made use of a rough calculation. The number of atoms that would be produced would be approximately equal to the product of the number of atoms of target material, the target's cross section, the ion beam intensity, and the time of bombardment; this last factor was related to the half-life of the product when bombarding for a time on the order of its half-life. This gave one atom per experiment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18899 | 48,635 |
Atom transfer radical polymerization One of the most important aspects in an ATRP reaction is the choice of ligand which is used in combination with the traditionally copper halide catalyst to form the catalyst complex. The main function of the ligand is to solubilize the copper halide in whichever solvent is chosen and to adjust the redox potential of the copper. This changes the activity and dynamics of the halogen exchange reaction and subsequent activation and deactivation of the polymer chains during polymerization, therefore greatly affecting the kinetics of the reaction and the degree of control over the polymerization. Different ligands should be chosen based on the activity of the monomer and the choice of metal for the catalyst. As copper halides are primarily used as the catalyst, amine based ligands are most commonly chosen. Ligands with higher activities are being investigated as ways to potentially decrease the concentration of catalyst in the reaction since a more active catalyst complex would lead to a higher concentration of deactivator in the reaction. However, a too active catalyst can lead to a loss of control and increase the polydispersity of the resulting polymer. Toluene, 1,4-dioxane, xylene, anisole, DMF, DMSO, water, methanol, acetonitrile, or even the monomer itself (described as a bulk polymerization) are commonly used. The radical concentration in normal ATRP can be calculated via the following equation: It is important to know the "K" value to adjust the radical concentration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2918518 | 65,956 |
Medieval technology Although horses in the southern lands could easily work while on the softer soil, the rocky soil of the north proved to be damaging to the horses' hooves. Since the north was the problematic area, this is where shoeing horses first became popular. The introduction of gravel roadways was also cause for the popularity of horseshoeing. The loads a shoed horse could take on these roads were significantly higher than one that was barefoot. By the 14th century, not only did horses have shoes, but many farmers were shoeing oxen and donkeys in order to help prolong the life of their hooves. The size and weight of the horseshoe changed significantly over the course of the Middle Ages. In the 10th century, horseshoes were secured by six nails and weighed around one-quarter of a pound, but throughout the years, the shoes grew larger and by the 14th century, the shoes were being secured with eight nails and weighed nearly half a pound. Crop rotation Two-field system (8th century) Crop rotation involved farmers to plant half of the field with a crop while the other half would be fallowed for the season. This was also called the two-field system. This system included the farmers' field being divided into two separate crops. One field would grow a crop while the other was allowed to lie fallow and was used to feed livestock and regain lost nutrients. Every year, the two fields would switch in order to ensure fields did not become nutrient deficient | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1390149 | 260,732 |
History of photography It was reviewed by David Brewster in the "Edinburgh Magazine" in December 1802, appeared in chemistry textbooks as early as 1803, was translated into French and was published in German in 1811. Readers of the article may have been discouraged to find a fixer, because the highly acclaimed scientist Davy had already tried and failed. Apparently the article was not noted by Niépce or Daguerre, and by Talbot only after he had developed his own processes. French balloonist, professor and inventor Jacques Charles is believed to have captured fleeting negative photograms of silhouettes on light-sensitive paper at the start of the 19th century, prior to Wedgwood. Charles died in 1823 without having documented the process, but purportedly demonstrated it in his lectures at the Louvre. It was not publicized until François Arago mentioned it at his introduction of the details of the daguerreotype to the world in 1839. He later wrote that the first idea of fixing the images of the camera obscura or the solar microscope with chemical substances belonged to Charles. Later historians probably only built on Arago's information, and, much later, the unsupported year 1780 was attached to it. As Arago indicated the first years of the 19th century and a date prior to the 1802 publication of Wedgwood's process, this would mean that Charles' demonstrations took place in 1800 or 1801, assuming that Arago was this accurate almost 40 years later | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2435889 | 302,196 |
Teijin The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index. As of March 2014, the Group comprises 151 companies, 56 in Japan and 95 overseas. is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2369543 | 29,251 |
Daylighting Utilizing natural light is one of the design aspects in architecture; In 1929, the French architect, Le Corbusier said that "The history of architectural material... has been the endless struggle for light... in other words, the history of windows." As he emphasized in his architecture (such as Notre Dame du Haut), daylighting has been a major architectural design element (See MIT Chapel and Church of the Light for examples). Not only the aesthetic aspects, the impact of daylighting on human health and work performance is also considered as qualitative daylighting. The current studies show that lighting conditions in workplaces contribute to a variety of factors related to work satisfaction, productivity and well-being and significantly higher visual acceptance scores under daylighting than electrical lighting. Studies have also shown that light has a direct effect on human health because of the way it influences the circadian rhythms. A well daylit space needs both adequate lighting levels and light that is well distributed. In the current building industry, daylighting is considered a building performance measure in green building certification programs such as LEED. Illumination Engineering Society (IES) and the society of Light and Lighting (SLL) provide illuminance recommendation for each space type. How much daylighting contributes to the recommended lighting level determines daylighting performance of a building | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=75987 | 330,167 |
Target selection The target selection process of an axon to develop synaptic connections with specific cells can be broken down into multiple stages that are not necessarily confined to exact chronological order. The stages of targeting include: Additionally, synaptic refinement and synaptic pruning of axon projections is sometimes included as the final stage, because synaptogenesis leads to the commencement of synaptic activity. This synaptic activity then allows organisms to eliminate poorly functioning or irregular connections as a form of postsynaptic processing and functional verification. As pioneer axons forge a path utilizing extrinsic cues and guidepost cells, follower axons fasciculate into axonal bundles. As fasciculated axons are guided along this common path, specific axons or groups of axons will defasciculate for target entry as various potential targets are passed. In the process of defasciculation, there is a deactivation of the homophilic adhesion molecule known as the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) or its homologs. Should NCAM or its homologs not be downregulated, issues may arise regarding whether axons will defasciculate near their target correctly. Two additional ways to decrease fasciculation are to secrete an anti-adhesive factor, such as Beat-1a, from the growth cone and to post-translationally alter adhesion molecules prior to their insertion into the growth cone membranes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63352392 | 163,479 |
Southampton Cenotaph Seely first removed a canvas covering the whole structure and then a Union Flag which covered the effigy of the soldier, after which the Last Post was played and the crowd observed a two-minute silence. The crowd recited the Lord's Prayer then sang the national anthem, God Save the King, after which Kimber handed the memorial over to the town council. Kimber was very pleased with both the project and Lutyens, and he hoped to build a second war memorial in Southampton using the architect—Lutyens even offered to design a War Cross free of charge—though the project never came to fruition. The committee was left with a surplus of just over £100 once it wound up, which it donated towards the Hampshire, Isle of Wight and Winchester War Memorial at Winchester Cathedral. Issues arose shortly after the unveiling concerning the names inscribed on the memorial. The committee had identified 1,793 names of Southampton men, and a number of women, who had died during the war and these had been inscribed on the Cenotaph. After the unveiling of the monument multiple relatives approached the committee to request that additional names be added, only to be told that this was not possible. The Hampshire branch of the Comrades of the Great War took up the case and wrote to the "Southern Daily Echo" newspaper, appealing for families to come forward with more names of unlisted casualties. Kimber eventually agreed and 203 additional names were inscribed in November 1921. Another name was added in 1922, bringing the total to 1,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34224726 | 336,168 |
DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA) is a Microsoft API specification for the Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 platforms that allows video decoding to be hardware-accelerated. The pipeline allows certain CPU-intensive operations such as iDCT, motion compensation and deinterlacing to be offloaded to the GPU. DXVA 2.0 allows more operations, including video capturing and processing operations, to be hardware-accelerated as well. DXVA works in conjunction with the video rendering model used by the video card. DXVA 1.0, which was introduced as a standardized API with Windows 2000 and is currently available on Windows 98 or later, can use either the overlay rendering mode or VMR 7/9. DXVA 2.0, available only on Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and later OSs, integrates with Media Foundation (MF) and uses the Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR) present in MF. The DXVA is used by software video decoders to define a codec-specific pipeline for hardware-accelerated decoding and rendering of the codec. The pipeline starts at the CPU which is used for parsing the media stream and conversion to DXVA-compatible structures. DXVA specifies a set of operations that can be hardware-accelerated and device driver interfaces (DDIs) that the graphic driver can implement to accelerate the operations. If the codec needs to do any of the defined operations, it can use these interfaces to access the hardware-accelerated implementation of these operations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2364491 | 108,311 |
Chemical waste For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers should only be filled up to 75% capacity to allow for vapour expansion and to reduce potential spills which could occur from moving overfilled containers. Container material must be compatible with the stored hazardous waste. Finally, wastes must not be packaged in containers that improperly identify other nonexisting hazards. In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, incompatible materials should never be mixed together in a single container. Wastes must be stored in containers compatible with the chemicals stored as mentioned in the container compatibility section. Solvent safety cans should be used to collect and temporarily store large volumes (10–20 litres) of flammable organic waste solvents, precipitates, solids or other non-fluid wastes should not be mixed into safety cans. Label all containers with the group name from the chemical waste category and an itemized list of the contents. All chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals posing a significant hazard. All waste must be appropriately packaged. When storing chemical wastes, the containers must be in good condition and should remain closed unless waste is being added. Hazardous waste must be stored safely prior to removal from the laboratory and should not be allowed to accumulate. Container should be sturdy and leakproof, also has to be labeled. All liquid waste must be stored in leakproof containers with a screw- top or other secure lid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216159 | 35,177 |
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals About 143,000 chemical substances marketed in the European Union were pre-registered by the 1 December 2008 deadline. Although pre-registering was not mandatory, it allows potential registrants much more time before they have to fully register. Supply of substances to the European market which have not been pre-registered or registered is illegal (known in REACH as "no data, no market"). REACH also addresses the continued use of chemical "substances of very high concern" (SVHC) because of their potential negative impacts on human health or the environment. From 1 June 2011, the European Chemicals Agency must be notified of the presence of SVHCs in articles if the total quantity used is more than one tonne per year and the SVHC is present at more than 0.1% of the mass of the object. Some uses of SVHCs may be subject to prior authorisation from the European Chemicals Agency, and applicants for authorisation will have to include plans to replace the use of the SVHC with a safer alternative (or, if no safer alternative exists, the applicant must work to find one) - known as "substitution". , there are 168 SVHCs on the candidate list for authorization. REACH applies to all chemicals imported or produced in the EU. The European Chemicals Agency will manage the technical, scientific and administrative aspects of the REACH system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1301665 | 39,429 |
Corporate haven To increase respectability, and access to tax treaties, some havens like Singapore and Ireland require corporates to have a "substantive presence", equating to an "employment tax" of circa 2–3% of profits shielded via the haven (if these are real jobs, the tax is mitigated). In corporate tax haven lists, CORPNET's "Orbis connections", ranks the Netherlands, U.K., Switzerland, Ireland, and Singapore as the world's key corporate tax havens, while Zucman's "quantum of funds" ranks Ireland as the largest global corporate tax haven. In proxy tests, Ireland is the largest recipient of U.S. tax inversions (the U.K. is third, the Netherlands is fifth). Ireland's double Irish BEPS tool is credited with the largest build-up of untaxed corporate offshore cash in history. Luxembourg and Hong Kong and the Caribbean "triad" (BVI-Cayman-Bermuda), have elements of corporate tax havens, but also of traditional tax havens. Unlike traditional tax havens, modern corporate tax havens reject they have anything to do with near-zero effective tax rates, due to their need to encourage jurisdictions to enter into bilateral tax treaties which accept the haven's BEPS tools. CORPNET show each corporate tax haven is strongly connected with specific traditional tax havens (via additional BEPS tool "backdoors" like the double Irish, the dutch sandwich, and single malt) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39197 | 465,634 |
Duncan Dowson (31 August 1928 - 6 January 2020) was a British engineer and professor emeritus at the University of Leeds. Dowson was educated at Lady Lumley's School and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Leeds, from which he held the degrees of BSc, PhD and DSc. After completing his PhD in 1952, Dowson worked as a Research Engineer at Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Company. He returned to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Leeds as a Lecturer in 1954, ultimately becoming Professor of Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Tribology there. Dowson was Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Leeds from 1987 to 1992 and director of the Institute of Tribology there from 1967 to 1986. He was also Pro-Vice-Chancellor at Leeds from 1983 to 1985. He retired in 1993 with the title Emeritus Professor. Dowson was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1992. The prize is named for him. In 2016 he presented the Higginson Lecture in Durham University. Dowson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1987. He was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1989. He was elected a Fellow for the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1982. Dowson received the following honorary degrees: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34015043 | 431,326 |
Selman v. Cobb County School District " A few years before Selman became aware of the warning stickers, he learned that the Cobb County School board, upon pressure from creationist parents, had contacted the school's textbook publisher regarding concerns of teaching elementary school students about evolution and the Big Bang. The publisher responded by blanking out the pages of their textbook that had chapters concerning these subjects. The publisher left the page numbers on these blank pages, and the index and table of contents still listed evolution and the Big Bang, but the pages concerned were blank. In 2015, Selman self-published "God Sent Me", an autobiographical account of the case. He states, "I did not write the book for money... I got nothing out of it, its been ten years since the case happened. This is about spreading the word for people to have courage enough to stand up, as citizens to protect all of our rights... I'm not against religion, believe what you want to... I'm here to keep the government out of your religion... we are supposed to be a free country." In the trial held to determine whether the sticker applied to the science textbooks was unconstitutional, the court examined the facts of the case against the three-prong test set forth in "Lemon v. Kurtzman" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3519411 | 144,900 |
Human interactions with insects Commerce in silk between China and countries to its west began in ancient times, with silk known from an Egyptian mummy of 1070 BC, and later to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The silk road leading west from China was opened in the 2nd century AD, helping to drive trade in silk and other goods. The use of insects for warfare may have been attempted in the Middle Ages or earlier, but was first systematically researched by several nations during the 20th century. It was put into practice by the Japanese army's Unit 731 in attacks on China during the Second World War, killing almost 500,000 Chinese people with fleas infected with plague and flies infected with cholera. Also in the Second World War, the Germans explored the use of Colorado beetles to destroy enemy potato crops. During the Cold War, the US Army considered using yellow fever mosquitoes to attack Soviet cities. Insects have appeared in mythology around the world from ancient times. Among the insect groups featuring in myths are the bee, butterfly, cicada, fly, dragonfly, praying mantis and scarab beetle. Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In the "Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite", the goddess Aphrodite retells the legend of how Eos, the goddess of the dawn, requested Zeus to let her lover Tithonus live forever as an immortal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37360538 | 188,857 |
Device-to-device Nevertheless, rational nodes in real-world scenarios have strategic interactions and may act selfishly for various reasons (such as resource limitations, the lack of interest in data, or social preferences). For example, if a node has limited battery resources or the cost of the network bandwidth delivered by mobile network operators is high, it would not willingly relay data for others until appropriate incentives are provided. Meanwhile, malicious nodes may attack the network in different ways to disturb the normal operation of the data transmission process. An adversary, for example, may drop received messages but produce forged routing metrics or false information with the aim of attracting more messages or decreasing its detection probability. This issue becomes more challenging when colluding attackers boost their metrics to deceive the attack detection systems. Dealing with non-cooperative mobile nodes is very challenging because of the distributed network model and intermittent access of nodes to central authorities. D2D Communications is used for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46969064 | 240,096 |
Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow a course of action. It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, and how neuroscientific discoveries can constrain and guide models of economics. It combines research from neuroscience, experimental and behavioral economics, and cognitive and social psychology. As research into decision-making behavior becomes increasingly computational, it has also incorporated new approaches from theoretical biology, computer science, and mathematics. studies decision making by using a combination of tools from these fields so as to avoid the shortcomings that arise from a single-perspective approach. In mainstream economics, expected utility (EU) and the concept of rational agents are still being used. Many economic behaviors are not fully explained by these models, such as heuristics and framing. Behavioral economics emerged to account for these anomalies by integrating social, cognitive, and emotional factors in understanding economic decisions. adds another layer by using neuroscientific methods in understanding the interplay between economic behavior and neural mechanisms. Using tools from various fields, neuroeconomics works toward an integrated account of economic decision making. The field of decision making is largely concerned with the processes by which individuals make a single choice from among many options | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 | 508,989 |
Heckscher–Ohlin model It was also free of transportation costs between the countries, or any other savings that would favor procuring a local supply. If the two countries have separate currencies, this does not affect the model in any way—purchasing power parity applies. Since there are no transaction costs or currency issues the law of one price applies to both commodities, and consumers in either country pay exactly the same price for either good. In Ohlin's day this assumption was a fairly neutral simplification, but economic changes and econometric research since the 1950s have shown that the local prices of goods tend to correlate with incomes when both are converted at money prices (though this is less true with traded commodities). See: Penn effect. Neither labor nor capital has the power to affect prices or factor rates by constraining supply; a state of perfect competition exists. The results of this work has been the formulation of certain named conclusions arising from the assumptions inherent in the model. Exports of a capital-abundant country come from capital-intensive industries, and labour-abundant countries import such goods, exporting labour-intensive goods in return. Competitive pressures within the H–O model produce this prediction fairly straightforwardly. Conveniently, this is an easily testable hypothesis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1675534 | 517,389 |
Private sector development A value chain is a series of activities that enterprises undertake when they produce a good or service, adding value to the inputs at each stage. Value Chain Development thus seeks to maximise the value of any given type of product, whilst incurring the least possible cost to the producers, in the places along the production chain that give the most benefit to poor people. One way is to improve production processes. Another way is to increase the commercial linkages between the businesses that poor people own or work for, and businesses that can offer them new and more profitable opportunities as customers or suppliers. This approach seeks to build markets in services that improve the performance of individual enterprises. Some of the most important BDS markets are in training, consultancy, marketing, market information, information technology and technology transfer. For many within the development community, donors should ideally not undertake BDS directly; instead they should facilitate commercial BDS providers to be self-sustaining, through the improvement of their techniques and the sourcing of new clients. BDS markets can be sustainable where providers recover their costs via the fees they charge for services. However, business development services are also found in developed countries where the argument advanced is that the market for business development fails and therefore the government should enable this market | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2907682 | 513,845 |
BioUML This has allowed the integration of many 3rd party tools into the platform over the 7 years it has been available. was used as the main workbench for Cyclonet's integrated database on cell cycle regulation and carcinogenesis in 2007 Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and other high throughput methods create huge data sets (called "big data") in the region of 100 terabytes upwards. can disseminate, analyse, and produce visualizations and simulations, allows for parameter fitting and supports many other analysis techniques required to deal with large amounts of raw data. As research is typically shared between various institutions, the storage, delivery and sharing of 'big data' volumes has been a technical challenge. A typical genome data set might contain 500 terabytes of data which may need to be shared, often internationally using Internet2 technology. Proprietary data compression mechanisms have been created (by Valex LLC) for the NCBI Short Read Archive Project that allow for the delivery of raw research data at speeds of up to 40Gbit/s. To provide a full solution for such collaborative research, the makers of have developed a new hardware/software system in partnership with Valex LLC. This version of is called Biodatomics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33693156 | 188,555 |
Stone picker A stone picker (or rock picker) is an implement to sieve through the top layer of soil to separate and collect rocks and soil debris from good topsoil. It is usually tractor-pulled. A stone picker is similar in function to a rock windrower (rock rake); a stone picker generally digs to greater depths to remove stones and rocks. Stone pickers are used in farming and landscaping, where stones need to be removed from the soil and ground surface to prevent damage to other farm machinery (such as hay balers, combines, and mowers), improve the soil for crop production, or improve the appearance of the ground surface in preparation for a lawn or a golf course. Surface stones and large rocks often left from plowing can damage a hay bailer, the header or reciprocating knives on a combine, and blades on a rotary mower. Land with rock instead of fine soil are often less useful for crops. Thus, removing stones from the soil also ensures a more consistent yield. Additionally, using stone pickers is particularly useful for crops forming tubers (such as potatoes) in the ground. A stone picker has digging teeth, a conveyor system, a sieve or screen, and a stone bin. The digging teeth are at the leading edge of the stone picker and removes soil, which is placed on the conveyor system. If the sieve is not combined with the conveyor system, the conveyor system transports the stones and large rocks to a bin or hopper for periodic dumping | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18654380 | 424,605 |
Shareholder rights plan Poison pills became popular during the early 1980s in response to the wave of takeovers by corporate raiders such as Carl Icahn. The term "poison pill" derives its original meaning from a poison pill physically carried by various spies throughout history, a pill which was taken by the spies if they were discovered to eliminate the possibility of being interrogated by an enemy. It was reported in 2001 that since 1997, for every company with a poison pill which successfully resisted a hostile takeover, there were 20 companies with poison pills that accepted takeover offers. The trend since the early 2000s has been for shareholders to vote against poison pill authorization, since poison pills are designed to resist takeovers, whereas from the point of view of a shareholder, takeovers can be financially rewarding. Some have argued that poison pills are detrimental to shareholder interests because they perpetuate existing management. For instance, Microsoft originally made an unsolicited bid for Yahoo!, but subsequently dropped the bid after Yahoo! CEO Jerry Yang threatened to make the takeover as difficult as possible unless Microsoft raised the price to US$37 per share. One Microsoft executive commented, "They are going to burn the furniture if we go hostile. They are going to destroy the place." Yahoo has had a shareholders rights plan in place since 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56117 | 466,325 |
Microtrends Microtrends: The Small Forces Behind Tomorrow's Big Changes is a non-fiction book by Mark Penn and Kinney Zalesne. The text was initially published by Twelve on September 5, 2007. Mark Penn has been named the winner of the Consumer Insights category in the 2010 Atticus Awards for this book. The text focuses on subtle and invisible trends in demography, sociology, business, family life, technologies, human interactions, and many other areas—that are currently shaping the potential future the world and society. Overall, the authors try to categorize approximately 75 microtrends (hence the name of the book) seen in the modern world. The book examines how small groups of people can trigger big changes. Specifically, Penn shows how a mere one percent of the American public, or 3 million people, can create a "microtrend" capable of launching a major business or even a new cultural movement, changing commercial, political and social landscapes. From December 2008 to December 2009, Penn authored a regular online column for the "Wall Street Journal" called "Microtrends", focusing on demographic trends in society and business. "Microtrends" appeared regularly in the Media & Marketing section of the "Wall Street Journal". —Review by "The New York Times" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46644935 | 467,913 |
Left- and right-hand traffic Of the 195 countries currently recognised by the United Nations, 141 use RHT and 54 use LHT on roads in general. A country and its territories and dependencies are counted as one. Whichever directionality is listed first is the type that is used in general in the traffic category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=213380 | 35,038 |
Propagation constant The propagation constant for copper (or any other conductor) lines can be calculated from the primary line coefficients by means of the relationship where In telecommunications, the term attenuation constant, also called attenuation parameter or attenuation coefficient, is the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a medium per unit distance from the source. It is the real part of the propagation constant and is measured in nepers per metre. A neper is approximately 8.7 dB. Attenuation constant can be defined by the amplitude ratio The propagation constant per unit length is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of the sending end current or voltage to the receiving end current or voltage. The attenuation constant for copper lines (or ones made of any other conductor) can be calculated from the primary line coefficients as shown above. For a line meeting the distortionless condition, with a conductance "G" in the insulator, the attenuation constant is given by however, a real line is unlikely to meet this condition without the addition of loading coils and, furthermore, there are some frequency dependent effects operating on the primary "constants" which cause a frequency dependence of the loss. There are two main components to these losses, the metal loss and the dielectric loss. The loss of most transmission lines are dominated by the metal loss, which causes a frequency dependency due to finite conductivity of metals, and the skin effect inside a conductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41586 | 410,534 |
Phosphirenium ion Therefore, net 3-center conjugative effect is a combination of both σ* stabilizing contribution and σ destabilizing contribution. Electronegativity of each substituent on phosphorus plays a role as more electron-donating ones give greater degrees of antiaromatic sigma destabilization. This has been confirmed by Natural Population Analysis (NPA), where the energy changes of the reactions below were calculated with interactions between the C–C double bond and phosphorus both turned on and off by manipulating Fock matrix elements: Destabilization energies were the differences between corresponding reactions: This series is in accordance with the trend of electronegativity of the ligand atoms. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis provides possible Lewis structures of a molecule and has been carried out to assess the structure of . Similar to the aromatic cyclopropenium ion, the phosphorus analog shows a resonance between the structure with carbon-carbon double bond (1, 72.02%) and the ones with carbon-phosphorus double bond (3a and 3b, 7.88% combined). In addition, the ring-opening forms 2a and 2b combined also occupy 9.08% weight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55297477 | 82,785 |
Radio jamming The 1950 UN Resolution on Jamming concerns the application of the freedom of information principle to the specific matter of jamming. At around the same time freedom of information was applied retroactively under the Draft Convention on Freedom of Information, but was dropped from the General Assembly agenda in 1973. (or "comm jamming") is a common plot element in the Star Wars franchise. In "Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi", when the Rebel fleet approaches the Galactic Empire's force, believing themselves to be launching a surprise attack, General Lando Calrissian realizes the Empire is jamming their signals, and therefore know they are approaching. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1838227 | 375,592 |
Reliable multicast YouTube and Facebook), and backup services make several geographically dispersed copies for increased fault tolerance. To maximize bandwidth utilization and reduce completion times of bulk transfers, a variety of techniques have been proposed for selection of multicast forwarding trees. Modern systems like the Spread Toolkit, Quicksilver, and Corosync can achieve data rates of 10,000 multicasts per second or more, and can scale to large networks with huge numbers of groups or processes. Most distributed computing platforms support one or more of these models. For example, the widely supported object-oriented CORBA platforms all support transactions and some CORBA products support transactional replication in the one-copy-serializability model. The "CORBA Fault Tolerant Objects standard" is based on the virtual synchrony model. Virtual synchrony was also used in developing the New York Stock Exchange fault-tolerance architecture, the French Air Traffic Control System, the US Navy AEGIS system, IBM's Business Process replication architecture for WebSphere and Microsoft's Windows Clustering architecture for Windows Longhorn enterprise servers. Virtual synchrony was first supported by the Cornell University and was called the "Isis Toolkit". Cornell's most current version, Vsync was released in 2013 under the name Isis2 (the name was changed from Isis2 to Vsync in 2015 in the wake of a terrorist attack in Paris by an extremist organization called ISIS), with periodic updates and revisions since that time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19402211 | 370,274 |
Shaped charge Weapons using the EFP principle have already been used in combat; the "smart" submunitions in the CBU-97 cluster bomb used by the US Air Force and Navy in the 2003 Iraq war employed this principle, and the US Army is reportedly experimenting with precision-guided artillery shells under Project SADARM (Seek And Destroy ARMor). There are also various other projectile (BONUS, DM 642) and rocket submunitions (Motiv-3M, DM 642) and mines (MIFF, TMRP-6) that use EFP principle. Examples of EFP warheads are US patents 5038683 and US6606951. Some modern anti-tank rockets (RPG-27, RPG-29) and missiles (TOW 2B, ERYX, HOT, MILAN) use a tandem warhead shaped charge, consisting of two separate shaped charges, one in front of the other, typically with some distance between them. TOW-2A was the first to use tandem warheads in the mid-1980s, an aspect of the weapon which the US Army had to reveal under news media and Congressional pressure resulting from the concern that NATO antitank missiles were ineffective against Soviet tanks that were fitted with the new ERA boxes. The Army revealed that a 40 mm precursor shaped charge warhead was fitted on the tip of the TOW-2B collapsible probe. Usually, the front charge is somewhat smaller than the rear one, as it is intended primarily to disrupt ERA boxes or tiles. Examples of tandem warheads are US patents 7363862 and US 5561261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37515 | 206,727 |
Barricade (from the French "barrique" - 'barrel') is any object or structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of traffic in the desired direction. Adopted as a military term, a barricade denotes any improvised field fortification, such as on city streets during urban warfare. Barricades also include temporary traffic barricades designed with the goal of dissuading passage into a protected or hazardous area or large slabs of cement whose goal is to prevent forcible passage by a vehicle. Stripes on barricades and panel devices slope downward in the direction traffic must travel. There are also pedestrian barricades - sometimes called bike rack barricades for their resemblance to a now obsolete form of bicycle stand, or police barriers. They originated in France approximately 50 years ago and are now produced around the world. They were first produced in the U.S. 40 years ago by Friedrichs Mfg for New Orleans's Mardi Gras parades. Anti-vehicle barriers and blast barriers are sturdy barricades that can respectively counter vehicle and bomb attacks. The origins of the barricade are often erroneously traced back to the "First Day of the Barricades", a confrontation that occurred in Paris on 12 May 1588 in which the supporters of the Duke of Guise and the ultra-Catholic Holy League successfully challenged the authority of King Henri III | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1526681 | 318,699 |
Use of beta-adrenergic agonists livestock The method validation results showed that the limit of detection ranged from 0.021–3.854 μg kg−1and 0.015–1.198 ng mL−1 for solid and liquid samples, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 | 181,123 |
Bootstrapping (finance) In finance, bootstrapping is a method for constructing a (zero-coupon) fixed-income yield curve from the prices of a set of coupon-bearing products, e.g. bonds and swaps. A "bootstrapped curve", correspondingly, is one where the prices of the instruments used as an "input" to the curve, will be an exact "output", when these same instruments are valued using this curve. Here, the term structure of spot returns is recovered from the bond yields by solving for them recursively, by forward substitution: this iterative process is called the "bootstrap method". The usefulness of bootstrapping is that using only a few carefully selected zero-coupon products, it becomes possible to derive par swap rates (forward and spot) for "all" maturities given the solved curve. As stated above, the selection of the input securities is important, given that there is a general lack of data points in a yield curve (there are only a fixed number of products in the market). More importantly, because the input securities have varying coupon frequencies, the selection of the input securities is critical. It makes sense to construct a curve of zero-coupon instruments from which one can price any yield, whether forward or spot, without the need of more external information. Note that certain assumptions (e.g. the interpolation method) will always be required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10218909 | 511,189 |
Technical writer To create effective technical documentation, the writer must analyze three elements that comprise the rhetorical situation of a particular project: audience, purpose, and context. These are followed by document design, which determines what the reader sees. Technical writers strive to simplify complex concepts or processes to maximize reader comprehension. The final goal of a particular document is to help readers find what they need, understand what they find, and use what they understand appropriately. To reach this goal, technical writers must understand how their audiences use and read documentation. An audience analysis at the outset of a document project helps define what an audience for a particular document requires. When analyzing an audience the technical writer typically asks: Accurate audience analysis provides a set of guidelines that shape document content, design and presentation (online help system, interactive website, manual, etc.), and tone and knowledge level. A technical writer analyzes the purpose (or function) of a communication to understand what a document must accomplish. Determining if a communication aims to persuade readers to “think or act a certain way, enable them to perform a task, help them understand something, change their attitude,” etc., guides the technical writer on how to format their communication, and the kind of communication they choose (online help system, white paper, proposal, etc.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365485 | 246,168 |
Network synthesis filters When a transfer function is specified as a positive-real function (the set of positive real numbers is invariant under the transfer function), then a network of passive components (resistors, inductors, and capacitors) can be designed with that transfer function. Prototype filters are used to make the process of filter design less labour-intensive. The prototype is usually designed to be a low-pass filter of unity nominal impedance and unity cut-off frequency, although other schemes are possible. The full design calculations from the relevant mathematical functions and polynomials are carried out only once. The actual filter required is obtained by a process of scaling and transforming the prototype. Values of prototype elements are published in tables, one of the first being due to Sidney Darlington. Both modern computing power and the practice of directly implementing filter transfer functions in the digital domain have largely rendered this practice obsolete. A different prototype is required for each order of filter in each class. For those classes in which there is attenuation ripple, a different prototype is required for each value of ripple. The same prototype may be used to produce filters which have a different bandform from the prototype. For instance low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop filters can all be produced from the same prototype. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18213479 | 402,227 |
Biological system A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is. Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are populations of organisms. On the organ and tissue scale in mammals and other animals, examples include the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the nervous system. On the micro to the nanoscopic scale, examples of biological systems are cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways. A biological system is not to be confused with a living system, such as a living organism. These specific systems are widely studied in human anatomy and are also present in many other animals. The notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organic function: a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present in Antiquity (Galen, Aristotle), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), but Rufus of Ephesus (c. 90-120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit. The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various, e.g., compare Aristotle, Bichat, Cuvier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5780599 | 183,350 |
Circulating water plant A circulating water plant or circulating water system is an arrangement of flow of water in fossil-fuel power station, chemical plants and in oil refineries. The system is required because various industrial process plants uses heat exchanger, and also for active fire protection measures. In chemical plants, for example in caustic soda production, water is needed in bulk quantity for preparation of brine. The circulating water system in any plant consists of a circulator pump, which develops an appropriate hydraulic head, and pipelines to circulate the water in the entire plant. Circulating water systems are normally of the wet pit type, but for sea water circulation, both the wet pit type and the concrete volute type are employed. In some industries, one or two stand-by pumps are also connected parallel to CW pumps. It is recommended that these pumps must be constantly driven by constant speed squirrel cage induction motors. CW pumps are designed as per IS:9137, standards of the Hydraulic Institute, USA or equivalent. In the present era, mechanical induced draft–type cooling towers are employed in cooling of water. Performance testing of cooling towers (both IDCT and NDCT) shall be carried out as per ATC-105 at a time when the atmospheric conditions are within the permissible limits of deviation from the design conditions. As guidelines of Central Electricity Authority, two mechanical draft cooling towers Or one natural draft cooling tower must be established for each 500 MW unit in power plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45327132 | 431,984 |
Terrestrial reconnaissance Terrestrial reconnaissance, or "ground" recon, is a type of reconnaissance that is employed along the elements of ground warfare. It is the collection of intelligence that strictly involves routes, areas, zones (terrain-oriented); and the enemy (force-oriented). Ground reconnaissance is considered to be the most effective type of reconnaissance but also the slowest method in obtaining information about the terrain and enemy. Those units in contact with the enemy, especially patrols, are among the most reliable sources of information. Combat engineers are also good sources of information. These engineer units conduct engineer reconnaissance of an area and can provide detailed reporting on lines of communications; i.e., roads, rivers, railroad lines, bridges, and obstacles to maneuver. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20863982 | 221,240 |
C11H14N4O4 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 266.253 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24326870 | 30,805 |
Band V However, aerials of types "group B" and "group C/D" will cover the lower and upper halves of respectively with higher gain than a "group E". The following table shows TV channel allocations in in the UK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22863648 | 205,538 |
Shared services The conventional accounting practice used to generate these figures is disputed however by management thinker Professor John Seddon, who argues that the measurement known as 'unit cost' tells you nothing about overall costs. Overall costs include 'failure demand', which is defined as a failure to do something or do something right for the customer. The public sector has taken note of the benefits derived in the private sector and continues to strive for best practice. The United States and Australia among others have had shared services in government since the late 1990s. However, the failures of these projects are increasingly being reported by the press and exposed by opposition politicians. The UK government under a central drive to efficiency following from the Gershon Review are working to an overall plan for realizing the benefits of shared services. The Cabinet Office has established a team specifically tasked with the role of accelerating the take up and developing the strategy for all government departments to converge and consolidate. The savings potential of this transformation in the UK Public Sector was initially estimated by the Cabinet Office at £1.4bn per annum (20% of the estimated cost of HR and Finance functions). The National Audit Office (United Kingdom) in its November 2007 report pointed out that this £1.4bn figure lacked a clear baseline of costs and contained several uncertainties, such as the initial expenditure required and the time frame for the savings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1838287 | 455,839 |
Spoolbase A spoolbase is a shore-based facility used to facilitate continuous pipe laying for offshore oil and gas production. The facility allows the welding of single or double joints (40' or 80') of steel pipe of 4" to 18" diameter, into predetermined lengths for spooling onto a reel lay vessel. Shore based spoolbases serve the oil and gas sector from locations in the USA, UK, Norway, Brazil, and Angola, and portable spoolbases may be set up in any location to suit local requirements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24343159 | 210,883 |
Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process. The combustion may take place in a controlled manner such as in an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, or may result in an explosion (e.g., a dust explosion, gas or vapour explosion or in a thermobaric weapon). The air-fuel ratio determines whether a mixture is combustible at all, how much energy is being released, and how much unwanted pollutants are produced in the reaction. Typically a range of fuel to air ratios exists, outside of which ignition will not occur. These are known as the lower and upper explosive limits. In an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, the air-fuel ratio is an important measure for anti-pollution and performance-tuning reasons. If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture, often abbreviated to stoich. Ratios lower than stoichiometric are considered "rich". Rich mixtures are less efficient, but may produce more power and burn cooler. Ratios higher than stoichiometric are considered "lean." Lean mixtures are more efficient but may cause higher temperatures, which can lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides. Some engines are designed with features to allow lean-burn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1846371 | 94,972 |
Banking Frontiers Recent Roundtables include "Reputation Risk: Extending the Paradigm", "PCI DSS: Benefits & Challenges", "Winning Customer Trust Through Secure Online Banking", "Marketing Frontiers - Powered by Technology, Driven by Content" and "Multi-Channel Integration Roadmap". Conferences organized include "Bank of the Future", "Corporate Governance & Compliance", "Retail Banking", "PaymentTech" and "Core Banking". The next proposed conference is "Systemic Approach to Growth". Seminars organized include "Modern Banking", "Profitable Banking" and "HiTech Cooperative Banking Roadmap". The next proposed seminar series is on low cost technology for cooperative banks - UCBs and DCCBs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17503790 | 498,164 |
Who Am I (2014 film) Indeed, at a press conference announcing the defeat of FRI3NDS and MRX, Hanne, having an epiphany, smiles as she realizes the truth. The film premiered in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was screened at the 17th European Union Film Festival. The film won three German Movie Awards and the Bambi for best German film. Warner Bros. struck a deal in 2014 to remake the film. David Goyer is set to direct the film. The script will be written by Dan Wiedenhaupt, who wrote the Albert Hughes-directed "The Solutrean". The film will be produced by Goyer and his Phantom Four banner, along with Kevin Turen and Langley Park’s Kevin McCormick. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43704520 | 243,478 |
Crystallography These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies. With conventional imaging technique such as optical microscopy, obtaining an image of a small object requires collecting light with a magnifying lens. However, the resolution of any optical system is limited by the diffraction-limit of light, which depends on its wavelength. For example, visible light has a wavelength of about 4000 to 7000 ångström, which is three orders of magnitude longer than the length of typical atomic bonds and atoms themselves (about 1 to 2 Å). Therefore, a conventional optical microscope cannot resolve the spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystal. To do so, we would need radiation with much shorter wavelengths, such as X-ray or neutron beams. Unfortunately, focusing X-rays with conventional optical lens can be a challenge. Scientists have had some success focusing X-rays with microscopic Fresnel zone plates made from gold, and by critical-angle reflection inside long tapered capillaries. Diffracted X-ray or neutron beams cannot be focused to produce images, so the sample structure must be reconstructed from the diffraction pattern. Diffraction pattern arises from the constructive interference of photons, scattered by the periodic, repeating feature of the sample under studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7794 | 359,883 |
Smartphone As of 2019 phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras. Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for "selfies" and video chat. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for image sensors and optics, rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that's thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there's additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose (telephoto, wide angle, etc.). Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format; some high-end phones also have RAW image capability. Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with optical image stabilisation (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus RAW images. HDR, "Bokeh mode" with multi lenses and multi-shot night modes are now also familiar. Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via computational photography image processing and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167079 | 280,242 |
Vyatta is a subsidiary of American telecommunications company AT&T that provides software-based virtual router, virtual firewall and VPN products for Internet Protocol networks (IPv4 and IPv6). A free download of has been available since March 2006. The system is a specialized Debian-based Linux distribution with networking applications such as Quagga, OpenVPN, and many others. A standardized management console, similar to Juniper JUNOS or Cisco IOS, in addition to a web-based GUI and traditional Linux system commands, provides configuration of the system and applications. In recent versions of Vyatta, web-based management interface is supplied only in the subscription edition. However, all functionality is available through KVM, serial console or SSH/telnet protocols. The software runs on standard x86-64 servers. is also delivered as a virtual machine file and can provide (vrouter, vfirewall, VPN) functionality for Xen, VMware, KVM, Rackspace, SoftLayer, and Amazon EC2 virtual and cloud computing environments. As of October, 2012, has also been available through Amazon Marketplace and can be purchased as a service to provide VPN, cloud bridging and other network functions to users of Amazon's AWS services. sells a subscription edition that includes all the functionality of the open source version as well as a graphical user interface, access to Vyatta's RESTful API's, Serial Support, TACACS+, Config Sync, System Image Cloning, software updates, 24x7 phone and email technical support, and training | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6120119 | 386,349 |
Power band A typical road-going ("high-speed") diesel has a narrower band, generating peak torque at lower RPM (often 1,500–2,000 RPM) but also with a sharper fall-off below this, and reaching peak power around 3500-4500 RPM, again rapidly losing strength above this speed. Turbocharged diesel engines with turbo lag (narrowed, exaggerated power band intrinsic to most turbocharged engines) may display this characteristic even more markedly. Therefore, the manufacturer's (or purchaser's/modifier's) choice of gearing, and appropriate use of the available ratios, is even more crucial to make best use of the available power and avoid being "bogged down" in flat spots. Larger diesel engines in locomotives and some watercraft use diesel-electric drive. This eliminates the complexities of extremely low gearing, as described below. The largest ("low-speed") diesels—large generators on land and marine diesels at sea—may turn at only hundreds of RPM or even below, with idling speeds of 20-30 RPM. These engines are usually two-stroke diesel engines. Electric motors are unique in many ways, especially when it comes to the power band. The exact characteristics vary greatly with the type of electric motor. The maximum torque of a universal motor (vacuum cleaner, small machines, drills, starter motors) occurs at zero rotation rate (when stalled) and falls for higher RPM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742265 | 233,608 |
Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board Complaints of irregularities and crooked deals in pre-medical test (PMT) were surfacing since 2009 but in the year 2013, a major scam was unearthed involving several officials and politicians from the state ruling party. The kingpin of the impersonation racket Dr. Jagdish Sagar was arrested and subsequently several other influential people were arrested including ex-Education Minister Laxmikant Sharma, MPPEB's exam controller Pankaj Trivedi, MPPEB's system analysts Nitin Mahendra and Ajay Sen and state PMT's examination in-charge C. K. Mishra. The credit to expose the scam goes to Indore-based medical practitioner Dr. Anand Rai. The was initially set-up as Pre Medical Test Board by Government of Madhya Pradesh in the year 1970. Later, in the year 1981, Pre Engineering Board was constituted. Soon after, in the year 1982 both these Boards were amalgamated and named as Professional Examination Board (P.E.B.). Professional Examination Board by Govt. Order No.1325-1717-42-82 dated 17.04.1982 has been assigned the responsibility of conducting entrance tests for admission to various colleges in the state Vyapam conducts the following examinations: MP Vyapam Recruitment 2017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4237582 | 202,331 |
Features new to Windows XP "Grouping": The Peer-to-Peer API also allows creation of a secure overlay network called a "Group", consisting of all or a subset of nodes in a Graph. A Group can be shared by multiple applications, unlike a Graph. All peers in a Group must be identifiable by a unique named, registered using PNRP, and have a digital signature certificate termed as "Group Member Certificate" (GMC). All Records exchanged are digitally signed. Peers must be invited into a Group. The invitation contains the GMC that enables it to join the group. Windows XP introduces a more simplified form of sharing files with local users in a multi-user environment and over the network called "Simple File Sharing". Simple File Sharing which is enabled by default for non-domain joined computers, disables the separate "Security" tab used to set advanced ACLs/permissions and enables a common interface for both - permissions on file system folders and sharing them. With Simple File Sharing enabled, the "My Documents" folder or its subfolders can only be read and written to by its "Owner" and by local Administrators. It is not shared on the network. By checking the "Make this folder private" option in its Properties, local Administrators are also denied permissions to the "My Documents" folder. For sharing files with other user accounts on the same computer when "Simple File Sharing" is enabled, Windows XP includes the "Shared Documents" folder. Simple File Sharing disables granular local and network sharing permissions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3463130 | 124,758 |
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) A variation of this method for integrating non-biased mutations in a gene is sequence saturation mutagenesis. PCR products which contain mutation(s) are then cloned into an expression vector and the mutant proteins produced can then be characterised. In animal studies, alkylating agents such as "N"-ethyl-"N"-nitrosourea (ENU) have been used to generate mutant mice. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is also often used to generate animal and plant mutants. In a European Union law (as 2001/18 directive), this kind of mutagenesis may be used to produce GMOs but the products are exempted from regulation: no labeling, no evaluation. Random mutagenesis techniques provide an advantage in terms of control of how many mutations are added. UV mutagenesis allows for the change in single nucleotides, however it does not offer much control as to which nucleotide is being changed. Many researchers seek to introduce selected changes to DNA in a precise, site-specific manner. Prior to site directed mutation, all mutations made were random, following mutation scientists had to use selection for the desired phenotype to attain the desired mutation. Many researchers seek to introduce selected changes to DNA in a precise, site-specific manner. Early attempts uses analogs of nucleotides and other chemicals were first used to generate localized point mutations. Such chemicals include aminopurine, which induces an AT to GC transition, while nitrosoguanidine, bisulfite, and N-hydroxycytidine may induce a GC to AT transition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39510164 | 165,953 |
Stem-cell niche This spermatogonial cyst then differentiates and grows into a spermatocyte, which will eventually undergo meiosis and produce sperm. The two main molecular signalling pathways regulating stem cell behaviour in the testis GSC niche are the Jak-STAT and BMP signalling pathways. Jak-STAT signalling originates in the hub cells, where the ligand Upd is secreted to the GSCs and SSCs. This leads to activation of the "Drosophila" STAT, Stat92E, a transcription factor which effects GSC adhesion to the hub cells, and SSC self-renewal via Zfh-1. Jak-STAT signalling also influences the activation of BMP signalling, via the ligands Dpp and Gbb. These ligands are secreted into the GSCs from the SSCs and hub cells, activate BMP signalling, and suppress the expression of Bam, a differentiation factor. Outside of the niche, gonialblasts no longer receive BMP ligands, and are free to begin their differentiation program. Other important signalling pathways include the MAPK and Hedgehog, which regulate germline enclosure and somatic cell self-renewal, respectively. The murine GSC niche in males, also called spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche, is located in the basal region of seminiferous tubules in the testes. The seminiferous epithelium is composed of sertoli cells that are in contact with the basement membrane of the tubules, which separates the sertoli cells from the interstitial tissue below. This interstitial tissue comprises Leydig cells, macrophages, mesenchymal cells, capillary networks, and nerves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10213576 | 182,339 |
Paper machine In 1799, Louis-Nicolas Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine. At the time, Robert was working for Saint-Léger Didot, with whom he quarreled over the ownership of the invention. Didot believed that England was a better place to develop the machine. But during the troubled times of the French Revolution, he could not go there himself, so he sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, an Englishman living in Paris. Through a chain of acquaintances, Gamble was introduced to the brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. Gamble was granted British patent 2487 on October 20, 1801. The Fourdrinier machine used a specially woven fabric mesh conveyor belt (known as a "wire," as it was once woven from bronze) in the forming section, where a slurry of fibre (usually wood or other vegetable fibres) is drained to create a continuous paper web. The original Fourdrinier forming section used a horizontal drainage area, referred to as the "drainage table". With the help of Bryan Donkin, a skilled and ingenious mechanic, an improved version of the Robert original was installed at Frogmore Paper Mill, Apsley, Hertfordshire, in 1803, followed by another in 1804. A third machine was installed at the Fourdriniers' own mill at Two Waters. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there, and the process and machines continued to develop. Thomas Gilpin is most often credited for creating the first U | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491484 | 270,590 |
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