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Type class In Haskell, types can be parameterized; a type class codice_5 intended to contain types that admit equality would be declared in the following way: class Eq a where The type variable codice_2 has kind formula_1 (also known as codice_7 in the latest GHC release), meaning that the kind of codice_5 is Eq :: Type -> Constraint The declaration may be read as stating a "type codice_2 belongs to type class codice_5 if there are functions named codice_11, and codice_12, of the appropriate types, defined on it." A programmer could then define a function codice_13 (which determines if an element is in a list) in the following way: elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool elem y [] = False elem y (x:xs) = (x == y) || elem y xs The function codice_13 has the type codice_15 with the context codice_16, which constrains the types which codice_2 can range over to those codice_2 which belong to the codice_5 type class. ("Note": Haskell codice_20 can be called a 'class constraint'.) A programmer can make any type codice_21 a member of a given type class codice_22 by using an "instance declaration" that defines implementations of all of codice_22's methods for the particular type codice_21. For instance, if a programmer defines a new data type codice_21, they may then make this new type an instance of codice_5 by providing an equality function over values of type codice_21 in whatever way they see fit. Once they have done this, they may use the function codice_13 on codice_29, that is, lists of elements of type codice_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3647181 | 125,021 |
WXYZ-TV is a partner in several charitable endeavors including the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, "Operation Can-Do" and Detroit's annual children's immunization fair. On October 4, 2006, WXYZ became the first television station in Michigan and the first Scripps-owned station to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. became the first television station in Detroit to transmit an over-the-air digital signal, broadcasting on UHF channel 41 on September 29, 1998. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 41. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 7. WJBK began using the channel 7 allocation for its digital signal after the transition. WXYZ-TV's third digital subchannel originally carried a video feed of the station's tower camera at Broadcast House. Most recently, it formerly carried Doppler7Weather, a local weather channel looping weather radar, temperatures and live local radar – along with an L-Bar (similar to that used by The Local AccuWeather Channel and the defunct NBC Weather Plus, though it was operated independently from either network) that showed current conditions and five-day local forecasts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1558079 | 400,947 |
Anarcho-capitalism The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of Herbert Spencer as well as in thinkers such as Paul Émile de Puydt and Auberon Herbert. In the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the Old Right. These were minarchists, anti-war, anti-imperialists and (later) anti-New Dealers. Some of the most notable members of the Old Right were Albert Jay Nock, Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, Frank Chodorov, Garet Garrett and H. L. Mencken. In the 1950s, the new "fusion conservatism", also called "Cold War conservatism", took hold of the right-wing in the United States, stressing anti-communism. This induced the libertarian Old Right to split off from the right and seek alliances with the (now left-wing) antiwar movement, and to start specifically libertarian organizations such as the Libertarian Party. Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). In the winter of 1949, influenced by several 19th century individualists anarchists, Rothbard decided to reject minimal state "laissez-faire" and embrace individualist anarchism. In 1965, he said: "Lysander Spooner and Benjamin R. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 | 515,215 |
Floating ground If your measuring device has to connect to Earth, some of its electronic components will have to deal with a 100 V potential difference across their terminals. If the whole device floats, then its electronics will only see the 0.5 V difference, allowing more delicate components to be used which can make more precise measurements. Such devices are often battery powered. Other applications includes aircraft and spacecraft. Thirdly, a floating ground can help eliminate ground loops, which reduces the noise coupled to the system. An example of such a configuration is shown in the image on the right. Systems isolated in this manner can and do drift in potential and if the transformer is capable of supplying much power, they can be dangerous. This is particularly likely if the floated system is near high voltage power lines. To reduce the danger of electric shocks, the chassis of the instruments are usually connected separately to Earth ground. Floating grounds can be dangerous if they are caused by failure to properly ground equipment that was designed to require grounding, because the chassis can be at a very different potential from that of any nearby organisms, who then get an electric shock upon touching it. Live chassis TVs, where the set's ground is derived by rectifying live mains, were common until the 1990s. Exposed live grounds are dangerous. They are live, and can electrocute end users if touched | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17388115 | 376,709 |
Polony (biology) Polony is a contraction of "polymerase colony," a small colony of DNA. Polonies are discrete clonal amplifications of a single DNA molecule, grown in a gel matrix. This approach greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Polonies can be generated using several techniques that include solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (PCR]) in polyacrylamide gels. However, other earlier patented technologies, such as that from Manteia Predictive Medicine (acquired by Solexa), which generate DNA on a solid phase surface by bridge amplification - are generally referred to as "clusters". The terminology and distinction between 'polony' and 'cluster' have become confused recently. Growth of clonal copies of DNA on bead surfaces remains to be generically named although some also seek to name this technique as a "polony" method. The concept of localizing and analyzing regions containing clonal nucleic acid populations was first described in patents by Brown, et al.. (assigned to Genomic Nanosystems), however these are in liquid phase. Clusters are distinct in that they are based on solid-phase amplification of single DNA molecules where the DNA has been covalently attached to a surface. This technology, initially coined "DNA colony generation", had been invented and developed in late 1996 at Glaxo-Welcome's Geneva Biomedical Research Institute (GBRI), by Dr Pascal Mayer and Dr Laurent Farinelli, and was publicly presented for the first time in 1998. It was finally brought to market by Solexa. Solexa Ltd/INC (Bentley et al.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2422781 | 169,007 |
Hockey Night in Canada For example, if the Toronto Maple Leafs host the Boston Bruins in "Hockey Night"'s main game, the NHL Network's telecast is blacked-out in the Boston area and the game is instead televised by the Boston-based New England Sports Network (NESN). In the 2009-10 season, only the first game of the "HNIC" doubleheader is simulcast live on NHL Network, with the second game and post-game "After Hours" program being shown in tape delay on Sunday, the sole exception being the "Hockey Day in Canada" event. Since the Rogers takeover, however, "HNIC" games on NHL Network now feature games regardless of broadcaster (either CBC or a Rogers network). "NHL Center Ice" offers some "Hockey Night in Canada" games at the same time as the CBC broadcast. Usually these games are the regional "Hockey Night" games from either Ottawa or Montreal. Center Ice usually only shows the 7 p.m. ET games because the late games are usually national. Beginning with the 2006 playoffs, the NBC networks (originally OLN and Versus) simulcast the CBC's coverage of some games, generally first and second round match-ups from Western Canada, instead of using their own crews and announcers. In the early 1990s, SportsChannel America covered the Stanley Cup playoffs in a similar fashion. Versus, and its current incarnation as NBCSN, continues to use CBC and Sportsnet feeds to augment its own playoff coverage, sometimes even picking up a Canadian broadcast of a game involving two American teams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66972 | 408,192 |
Electric locomotive Parallel tracks on the Pennsylvania Railroad had shown that coal smoke from steam locomotives would be a major operating issue and a public nuisance. Three Bo+Bo units were initially used, at the south end of the electrified section; they coupled onto the locomotive and train and pulled it through the tunnels. Railroad entrances to New York City required similar tunnels and the smoke problems were more acute there. A collision in the Park Avenue tunnel in 1902 led the New York State legislature to outlaw the use of smoke-generating locomotives south of the Harlem River after 1 July 1908. In response, electric locomotives began operation in 1904 on the New York Central Railroad. In the 1930s, the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had introduced electric locomotives because of the NYC regulation, electrified its entire territory east of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the Milwaukee Road), the last transcontinental line to be built, electrified its lines across the Rocky Mountains and to the Pacific Ocean starting in 1915. A few East Coast lines, notably the Virginian Railway and the Norfolk and Western Railway, electrified short sections of their mountain crossings. However, by this point electrification in the United States was more associated with dense urban traffic and the use of electric locomotives declined in the face of dieselization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=390883 | 377,017 |
Azimuth An azimuth (; from Arabic اَلسُّمُوت "as-sumūt", 'the directions', the plural form of the Arabic noun السَّمْت "as-samt", meaning 'the direction') is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. The vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; the angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth. When used as a celestial coordinate, the azimuth is the horizontal direction of a star or other astronomical object in the sky. The star is the point of interest, the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area 5 km in radius at sea level) around an observer on Earth's surface, and the reference vector points to true north. The azimuth is the angle between the north vector and the star's vector on the horizontal plane. is usually measured in degrees (°). The concept is used in navigation, astronomy, engineering, mapping, mining, and ballistics. In land navigation, azimuth is usually denoted alpha, "α", and defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line or "meridian". "Azimuth" has also been more generally defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from any fixed reference plane or easily established base direction line. Today, the reference plane for an azimuth is typically true north, measured as a 0° azimuth, though other angular units (grad, mil) can be used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47487 | 323,767 |
Industrial Revolution Even though slavery accounted for so little, Caribbean-based demand accounted for 12% of Britain's industrial output. Instead, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical positionan island separated from the rest of mainland Europe. Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size. Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England, the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14914 | 250,566 |
Earthbag construction Since these may rot, they should only be used with cohesive fills (containing a significant proportion of clay) that form solid masses when tamped. Earthbag is now a varied family of techniques. Each type of fill and container has different strength and reinforcement requirements. For hazardous locations, accurate terminology is needed. Contained earth (CE) is based on the original technique, but with specific soil strengths and reinforcement chosen for hazard levels. CE uses damp, cohesive, tamped bag fill, which bonds strongly with barbed wire and other reinforcement as the wall cures. CE is not "sandbags". Contained sand (CS) uses sand fill or any fill too dry or with poor cohesion that performs structurally like sandbags. CS must be built with solid-weave fabric bags and have good protection from fabric damage, relying on the strength of the bag fabric for wall strength. CS needs more vertical reinforcement for both shear and out-of-plane strength than CE, or may require a structural skin. Some builders use narrow bags of contained sand as wall infill. Contained gravel (CG) uses fill of any aggregate larger than coarse sand, usually in doubled rice bags, although strong mesh can be used. CG limits dampness transmission from footings. Modular CE is built in grain bags or similar tubes. Walls rely on attachment between barbed wire barbs and/ or added pins between courses. Solid CE is hyperadobe built in some type of knit raschel mesh tube, so that the damp earthen fill solidifies between courses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=841877 | 310,193 |
IEEE 1394 It allows peer-to-peer device communication — such as communication between a scanner and a printer — to take place without using system memory or the CPU. FireWire also supports multiple hosts per bus. It is designed to support plug and play and hot swapping. The copper cable it uses in its most common implementation can be up to long and is more flexible than most parallel SCSI cables. In its six-conductor or nine-conductor variations, it can supply up to 45 watts of power per port at up to 30 volts, allowing moderate-consumption devices to operate without a separate power supply. FireWire devices implement the ISO/IEC 13213 "configuration ROM" model for device configuration and identification, to provide plug-and-play capability. All FireWire devices are identified by an IEEE EUI-64 unique identifier in addition to well-known codes indicating the type of device and the protocols it supports. FireWire devices are organized at the bus in a tree topology. Each device has a unique self-ID. One of the nodes is elected root node and always has the highest ID. The self-IDs are assigned during the self-ID process, which happens after each bus resets. The order in which the self-IDs are assigned is equivalent to traversing the tree depth-first, post-order. FireWire is capable of safely operating critical systems due to the way multiple devices interact with the bus and how the bus allocates bandwidth to the devices. FireWire is capable of both asynchronous and isochronous transfer methods at once | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26246088 | 139,768 |
Tumbler screening technique Just as the figure shows, the waste is being separated at beginning to classify the waste material into recyclable material, hazardous waste, organic matter and inorganic matter. Then transferring the recyclable material to recycle bin for reuse, collecting and composting the non-toxic organic matter as refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and send the hazardous waste and unusable inorganic matter to landfill. In addition, it is also possible to convert some waste into useful material by chemical process. All these activities aim to minimize the amount of waste to landfill; this will contribute to reducing the environmental damage of waste and increase the resource recovery of source and energy. Generally, there are two ways to separate the waste material into different classes which includes mechanical separation and manual separation. Mechanical separation aims to prepare the waste stream for manual separation which could separate metals, plastics, glasses and some other components easily and fast by many different types of sorting method and machines. The manual separation divides into positive sorting and negative sorting, positive sorting aims to collect the recyclable material from waste stream and negative sorting aims to remove the hazardous and unusable waste out of waste stream. Positive sorting requires a higher quality but low collection rate; on the other hand, negative sorting allows a high collection rate but low quality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40779527 | 487,655 |
Reflux Typical results can increase production as high as 50% over the basic worm type condenser. The addition of a copper "boiling ball" in the path creates an area where expansion of gasses into the ball causes cooling and subsequent condensation and reflux. In a "column still", the addition of inert materials in the column (e.g., packing) creates surfaces for early condensation and leads to increased reflux. A concentrated solution of ammonium cyanide, refluxed for few days, yields adenine, a component of DNA. This provides a clue about the origin of life on earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23407597 | 19,608 |
Drawbar pull In automotive engineering, drawbar pull is the amount of horizontal force available to a vehicle at the drawbar for accelerating or pulling a load. is a function of velocity, and in general decreases as the speed of the vehicle increases (due both to increasing resistance and decreasing transmission gear ratios). is the difference between tractive effort available and tractive effort required to overcome resistance at a specified speed. data for a vehicle is usually determined by measuring the amount of available tractive force using a dynamometer, and then combining that data with coastdown data to obtain the available drawbar pull force at each speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26527537 | 448,964 |
Gen-Z The efforts followed years of delays before products were available with version 4.0 of PCI Express. On April 2, 2020, the Compute Express Link(CXL) and Consortiums have announced their execution of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), describing a mutual plan for collaboration between the two organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52001590 | 255,919 |
Technical drawing In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center is assembled first or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first. There have been many standard sizes of paper at different times and in different countries, but today most of the world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes. The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes. The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying the standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions. Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54952 | 324,246 |
C12H16N4O4 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 280.284 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61177253 | 92,484 |
Photoelasticity The experimental setup varies from experiment to experiment. The two basic kinds of setup used are plane polariscope and circular polariscope. The working principle of a two-dimensional experiment allows the measurement of retardation, which can be converted to the difference between the first and second principal stress and their orientation. To further get values of each stress component, a technique called stress-separation is required. Several theoretical and experimental methods are utilized to provide additional information to solve individual stress components. The setup consists of two linear polarizers and a light source. The light source can either emit monochromatic light or white light depending upon the experiment. First the light is passed through the first polarizer which converts the light into plane polarized light. The apparatus is set up in such a way that this plane polarized light then passes through the stressed specimen. This light then follows, at each point of the specimen, the direction of principal stress at that point. The light is then made to pass through the analyzer and we finally get the fringe pattern. The fringe pattern in a plane polariscope setup consists of both the isochromatics and the isoclinics. The isoclinics change with the orientation of the polariscope while there is no change in the isochromatics. In a circular polariscope setup two quarter-wave plates are added to the experimental setup of the plane polariscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1533196 | 97,564 |
Black and burst When doing this in an analogue way, it is essential that all signals have the same colour phase, which was achieved by synchronising all cameras with a black and burst signal. Because of cable length differences, every camera required a (often only slightly) different timing. This could be tuned at the reference source, and/or at the camera. is being replaced by tri-level sync, but as of 2020 it is still quite common. Because the signal chains are now digital, which allows buffering, the timing requirements are not as strict anymore. Its natural waveform is a negative pulse with a level of -40 IRE followed by 10 cycles of the colour sub carrier of video. For most variants of PAL video, the frequency of the sub carrier is 4.43361875 MHz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44973140 | 218,345 |
Facade engineering Building façades are considered to be one of the most expensive and potentially the highest risk element of any major project. Historically building facades have the greatest level of failure of any part of a building fabric and the pressure for change and adaptation due to environmental and energy performance needs is greater than any other element of a building. As a consequence façade engineering has become a science in its own right. In the United Kingdom, a professional body associated with the industry is the Society of Façade Engineering. Qualifications in façade engineering recognised by the Society of Façade Engineering and international professional qualifications include the MSc in façade engineering. This may be from the University of Bath; Technical University Delft or "Detmolder Schule fur Architektur und Innenarchitekter Hochschule" or other qualifications subject to review by the Membership panel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10384126 | 358,581 |
Copper–tungsten An increase in tungsten leads to an increase in ultimate tensile strength up until the alloy reaches 80% tungsten and 20% copper with an ultimate tensile strength of 663 MPa. After this mixture of copper and tungsten, the ultimate tensile strength then begins to decrease fairly rapidly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25896348 | 378,128 |
List of computer systems from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia This is a list of computer systems from SFRY. It lists all computers that were significantly or completely designed in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before the breakup of the country in 1990s. This list does not include imported foreign computers. Some of those were assembled as per original manufacturer's license. See history of computer hardware in the SFRY for more information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4644798 | 215,299 |
Vehicle tracking system Along with commercial fleet operators, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service, triggering automatic changes of buses' destination sign displays once the vehicle approaches the bus terminus (or other set location along a bus route such as a particular bus stop along the route), and triggering pre-recorded (or even synthetic speech) bus stop, route (and its destination) or service announcements for passengers. The American Public Transportation Association estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and destination, primarily for the benefit of visually impaired customers, or to internal announcements (to passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or tram) approaches a stop, or both; the latter are often also displayed on an internal LED display or LCD monitor connected to the system while the loudspeakers play them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25143921 | 423,532 |
EurObserv'ER is a consortium dedicated to the monitoring of the development of the various sectors of renewable energies in the European Union. Created in 1999 by Observ'ER, the Observatory of renewable energies in France, it is composed of five other partners: ECN (The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands), IEO (EC BREC Institute of Renewable Energetic Ltd), RENAC (Renewables Academy AG), FS (Frankfurt School of finance and management) and IJS (Institut Jozef Stefan). Each year it publishes a number of reports, one for each sector: photovoltaic, wind energy, solid biomass, hydro, solar thermal, concentrated solar power, ocean energies, geothermal energy, biofuels, biogas and solid waste. These reports are called "Barometers", e.g. "Biofuels barometer 2013". These barometers summarises the state for each of the EU member states for the particular energy sector using both technical and socioeconomic indicators. It also publishes an annual report on the state of renewable energies in Europe. provides free information to a large public and many other actors as the policy makers, industry players and journalists. It is supported by the Intelligent Energy- Europe Programme, Ademe and Caisse des Dépôts. EurObserv'ER's objective is to provide a synthetic and a very reactive picture of the energy, industry and policy trends observed in the EU 28 Member States for each RES sector. Thus, it gives a reactive measurement tool that makes up for the gap between the end of the year and the time when official statistics are released | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39901907 | 272,389 |
Traffic message channel Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) has an information page for Trafikverket RDS-TMC in Swedish. A TMC service is available in Switzerland. The broadcaster is SRG SSR idée suisse or "Swiss Broadcasting Corporation" who transmits TMC on "FM chain 1" and "FM chain 3" all over Switzerland. Daughter company "Viasuisse" operates the service. Location codes are the responsibility of the "Swiss Federal Roads Authority FEDRO" but "B+S Ingenieur (Bundesamt fuer Strassen)" distributes the location tables. Version 5.5 contains around 10,000 codes. The Taiwanese police radio station and Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MOTC) both broadcast RDS-TMC traffic data. It is currently available for TomTom, Garmin, Panasonic, PaPaGo and Mio devices. Turkey has 3 RDS TMC services. 1: HERE (previously NAVTEQ) has the broadest RDS-TMC service in Turkey, covering the largest 11 cities in the country: Istanbul, Ankara, Adana, Bursa, Mersin, Izmir, Eskisehir, Antalya, Konya, Kayseri and Gaziantep. The service was launched in July 2012. 2: TMC service in Turkey has been published by Basarsoft and TrafficNav in 2012. RDS TMC is available only in the cities where the traffic congestions are a big problem for the people. Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Antalya, Bursa are the cities where broadcasting is being done. 3: TMC service in Turkey was published by Be-Mobile and Infotech in 2012. The RDS TMC service is available in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa and Antalya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=914773 | 217,118 |
Integrating ADC with each subsequent slope moving a smaller amount in the opposite direction of the previous slope with the goal of reaching closer and closer to zero. Each slope adds or subtracts a quantity of charge proportional to the slope's resistor and the duration of the slope: formula_51 is necessarily an integer and will be less than or equal to formula_41 for the second and subsequent slopes. Using the circuit above as an example, the second slope, formula_39, can contribute the following charge, formula_54, to the integrator: That is, formula_41 possible values with the largest equal to the first slope's smallest step, or one (base 10) digit of resolution per slope. Generalizing this, we can represent the number of slopes, formula_22, in terms of the base and the required resolution, formula_59: Substituting this back into the equation representing the run-down time required for the second and subsequent slopes gives us this: Which, when evaluated, shows that the minimum run-down time can be achieved using a base of e. This base may be difficult to use both in terms of complexity in the calculation of the result and of finding an appropriate resistor network, so a base of 2 or 4 would be more common. When using run-up enhancements like the multi-slope run-up, where a portion of the converter's resolution is resolved during the run-up phase, it is possible to eliminate the run-down phase altogether by using a second type of analog-to-digital converter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22269055 | 405,520 |
Game theory To represent it, either a dotted line connects different vertices to represent them as being part of the same information set (i.e. the players do not know at which point they are), or a closed line is drawn around them. (See example in the imperfect information section.) The normal (or strategic form) game is usually represented by a matrix which shows the players, strategies, and payoffs (see the example to the right). More generally it can be represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the accompanying example there are two players; one chooses the row and the other chooses the column. Each player has two strategies, which are specified by the number of rows and the number of columns. The payoffs are provided in the interior. The first number is the payoff received by the row player (Player 1 in our example); the second is the payoff for the column player (Player 2 in our example). Suppose that Player 1 plays "Up" and that Player 2 plays "Left". Then Player 1 gets a payoff of 4, and Player 2 gets 3. When a game is presented in normal form, it is presumed that each player acts simultaneously or, at least, without knowing the actions of the other. If players have some information about the choices of other players, the game is usually presented in extensive form | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11924 | 259,379 |
Galling can occur even at relatively low loads and velocities, because it is the real energy-density in the system that induces a phase transition, which often leads to an increase in material transfer and higher friction. Generally there are two major frictional systems which affect adhesive wear or galling: solid surface contact and lubricated contact. In terms of prevention, they work in dissimilar ways and set different demands on the surface structure, alloys and crystal matrix used in the materials. "In solid surface contact" or unlubricated conditions, the initial contact is characterised by interaction between asperities and the exhibition of two different sorts of attraction: cohesive surface-energy or the molecules connect and adhere the two surfaces together, notably even if they are separated by a measurable distance. Direct contact and plastic deformation generates another type of attraction through the constitution of a plastic zone with flowing material where induced energy, pressure and temperature allow bonding between the surfaces on a much larger scale than cohesive surface-energy. In metallic compounds and sheet metal forming, the asperities are usually oxides and the plastic deformation mostly consists of brittle fracture, which presupposes a very small plastic zone. The accumulation of energy and temperature is low due to the discontinuity in the fracture mechanism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1432973 | 211,703 |
In-flight entertainment The post-WWII British Bristol Brabazon airliner was initially specified with a 37-seat cinema within its huge fuselage; this was later reduced to a 23-seat cinema sharing the rear of the aircraft with a lounge and cocktail bar. The aircraft never entered service. However, it was not until the 1960s that in-flight entertainment (other than reading, sitting in a lounge and talking, or looking out the window) was becoming mainstream and popular. In 1961, David Flexer of Inflight Motion Pictures developed the 16mm film system using a 25-inch reel for a wide variety of commercial aircraft. Capable of holding the entire film, and mounted horizontally to maximize space, this replaced the previous 30-inch-diameter film reels. In 1961, TWA committed to Flexer's technology and was first to debut a feature film in flight. Interviewed by the New Yorker in 1962, Mr Flexner said, "an awful lot of ingenuity has gone into this thing, which started from my simply thinking one day, in flight, that air travel is both the most advanced form of transportation and the most boring.” Amerlon Productions, a subsidiary of Inflight, produced at least one film, "Deadlier Than the Male", specifically for use on airplanes. Pakistan International Airlines was the first international airline to introduce this entertainment system showing a regularly scheduled film on-board in the year 1962. In 1963, Avid Airline Products developed and manufactured the first pneumatic headset used on board the airlines and provided these early headsets to TWA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4162918 | 276,294 |
Corporate tax Other jurisdictions provide corporations a means of designating, within limits, whether a distribution is a distribution of earnings taxable to the shareholder or a return of capital. The following illustrates the dual level of tax concept: C Corp earns 100 of profits before tax in each of years 1 and 2. It distributes all the earnings in year 3, when it has no profits. Jim owns all of C Corp. The tax rate in the residence jurisdiction of Jim and C Corp is 30%. Many systems provide that certain corporate events are not taxable to corporations or shareholders. Significant restrictions and special rules often apply. The rules related to such transactions are often quite complex. Most systems treat the formation of a corporation by a controlling corporate shareholder as a nontaxable event. Many systems, including the United States and Canada, extend this tax free treatment to the formation of a corporation by any group of shareholders in control of the corporation. Generally, in tax free formations the tax attributes of assets and liabilities are transferred to the new corporation along with such assets and liabilities. Example: John and Mary are United States residents who operate a business. They decide to incorporate for business reasons. They transfer the assets of the business to Newco, a newly formed Delaware corporation of which they are the sole shareholders, subject to accrued liabilities of the business in exchange solely for common shares of Newco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=912407 | 453,840 |
Alkaline earth metal In laboratory, they are obtained from hydroxides: or nitrates: The oxides exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein red and litmus, blue. They react with water to form hydroxides in an exothermic reaction. Calcium oxide reacts with carbon to form acetylide. Hydroxides They are generated from the corresponding oxides on reaction with water. They exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus, blue. Beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits amphoteric character. Salts Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as dolomite, aragonite, magnesite (carbonate rocks). Calcium and magnesium ions are found in hard water. Hard water represents a multifold issue. It is of great interest to remove these ions, thus softening the water. This procedure can be done using reagents such as calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate. A more common method is to use ion-exchange aluminosilicates or ion-exchange resins that trap Ca and Mg and liberate Na instead: Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones. Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which use strontium to build their exoskeletons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37411 | 37,975 |
Seven Islands Archeological and Historic District The encompasses a site near the confluence of the James and Slate Rivers in Buckingham and Fluvanna Counties in Virginia. The site is notable for a number of prehistoric archaeological sites, the largest of which is a Woodland period Native American site, while smaller sites from earlier periods also exist in the area. The site is also notable for the Seven Islands house, a well-preserved Greek Revival I-house. It is situated on a bluff in Buckingham County with commanding views of the James River, across from the Bremo Plantation. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42192106 | 354,831 |
Softwire (protocol) In computer networking, a softwire protocol is a type of tunneling protocol that creates a virtual "wire" that transparently encapsulates another protocol as if it was an anonymous point-to-point low-level link. Softwires are used for various purposes, one of which is to carry IPv4 traffic over IPv6 and vice versa, in order to support IPv6 transition mechanisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37116694 | 392,192 |
Van der Pauw method apply the current "I" and measure "V", and repeat for "I" and "V"), then "V" should be the same as "V" to within a suitably small degree of error. Similarly, "V" and "V" should agree. Having completed the measurements, a negative magnetic field is applied in place of the positive one, and the above procedure is repeated to obtain the voltage measurements "V", "V", "V" and "V". First of all, the difference of the voltages for positive and negative magnetic fields needs to be worked out: "V" = "V" − "V"" "V" = "V" − "V"" "V" = "V" − "V"" "V" = "V" − "V"" The overall Hall voltage is then The polarity of this Hall voltage indicates the type of material the sample is made of; if it is positive, the material is P-type, and if it is negative, the material is N-type. The formula given in the background can then be rearranged to show that the sheet density Note that the strength of the magnetic field "B" needs to be in units of Wb/cm² if n is in cm. For instance, if the strength is given in the commonly used units of teslas, it can be converted by multiplying it by 10. The resistivity of a semiconductor material can be shown to be where "n" and "p" are the concentration of electrons and holes in the material respectively, and "μ" and "μ" are the mobility of the electrons and holes respectively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348302 | 391,876 |
Chalybeate An analysis in 1967 showed it to contain (parts per million): springs are found in: Australia Several places throughout the world have taken their name from similar springs, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=775849 | 96,096 |
Modigliani–Miller theorem Therefore the price of L must be the same as the price of U minus the money borrowed B, which is the value of L's debt. This discussion also clarifies the role of some of the theorem's assumptions. We have implicitly assumed that the investor's cost of borrowing money is the same as that of the firm, which need not be true in the presence of asymmetric information, in the absence of efficient markets, or if the investor has a different risk profile than the firm. here A higher debt-to-equity ratio leads to a higher required return on equity, because of the higher risk involved for equity-holders in a company with debt. The formula is derived from the theory of weighted average cost of capital (WACC). These propositions are true under the following assumptions: These results might seem irrelevant (after all, none of the conditions are met in the real world), but the theorem is still taught and studied because it tells something very important. That is, capital structure matters precisely because one or more of these assumptions is violated. It tells where to look for determinants of optimal capital structure and how those factors might affect optimal capital structure. where Derivation of formula_11- This means that there are advantages for firms to be levered, since corporations can deduct interest payments. Therefore leverage lowers tax payments. Dividend payments are non-deductible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=285374 | 508,386 |
NlaIII "Nla"III is an endonuclease that cleaves double stranded DNA molecules into fragments: 5'- C A T G| -3' 3'-|G T A C -5' leaving 3' overhangs of four nucleotides at the ends of each fragment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4152953 | 4,493 |
Canadian Pacific Railway The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains. It began doing so in 1882 as the separate Telegraph Department. It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed. Before the CPR line, messages to the west could be sent only via the United States. Paid for by the word, the telegram was an expensive way to send messages, but they were vital to businesses. An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices. Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities. In smaller locations, the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis. To speed things, at the local end messages would first be telephoned. In 1931, it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines, news wire, ticker quotations for the stock market and eventually teleprinters. All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before mobile phones and computers came along | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5959 | 359,818 |
Alkali metal The next year, they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim, Germany. Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg, Germany, finding it in the mineral lepidolite. The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra: a bright red line for rubidium (from the Latin word "rubidus", meaning dark red or bright red), and a sky-blue line for caesium (derived from the Latin word "caesius", meaning sky-blue). Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music, where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions. His version put all the alkali metals then known (lithium to caesium), as well as copper, silver, and thallium (which show the +1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals), together into a group. His table placed hydrogen with the halogens. After 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and thallium. Two years later, Mendeleev revised his table, placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium, and also moving thallium to the boron group. In this 1871 version, copper, silver, and gold were placed twice, once as part of group IB, and once as part of a "group VIII" encompassing today's groups 8 to 11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=666 | 87,001 |
Software as a service The cloud (or SaaS) model has no physical need for indirect distribution because it is not distributed physically and is deployed almost instantaneously, thereby negating the need for traditional partners and middlemen. However, as the market has grown, SaaS and managed service players have been forced to try to redefine their role. Unlike traditional software, which is conventionally sold as a perpetual license with an up-front cost (and an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally price applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly fee or an annual fee. Consequently, the initial setup cost for SaaS is typically lower than the equivalent enterprise software. SaaS vendors typically price their applications based on some usage parameters, such as the number of users using the application. However, because in a SaaS environment customers' data reside with the SaaS vendor, opportunities also exist to charge per transaction, event, or other units of value, such as the number of processors required. The relatively low cost for user provisioning (i.e., setting up a new customer) in a multitenant environment enables some SaaS vendors to offer applications using the freemium model. In this model, a free service is made available with limited functionality or scope, and fees are charged for enhanced functionality or larger scope. Some other SaaS applications are completely free to users, with revenue being derived from alternative sources such as advertising | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262333 | 108,089 |
Aspect ratio (image) The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the pixel aspect ratio (PAR) – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity: Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields: For example, a 640 × 480 VGA image has a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3, and if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1. By contrast, a 720 × 576 D-1 PAL image has a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4, but is displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), so by this formula it would have a PAR of (4:3)/(5:4) = 16:15. However, because standard definition digital video was originally based on digitally sampling analog television, the 720 horizontal pixels actually capture a slightly wider image to avoid loss of the original analog picture. In actual images, these extra pixels are often partly or entirely black, as only the center 704 horizontal pixels carry actual 4:3 or 16:9 image. Hence, the actual pixel aspect ratio for PAL video is a little different from that given by the formula, specifically 12:11 for PAL and 10:11 for NTSC. For consistency, the same effective pixel aspect ratios are used even for standard definition digital video originated in digital form rather than converted from analog. For more details refer to the main article. In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, and "aspect ratio" refers unambiguously to DAR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30876233 | 285,822 |
North Island Main Trunk As of May 2016, regular rolling stock on the NIMT include: From opening there have been regular passenger services between Wellington and Auckland. The daily "Express" left earlier in the evening, followed by the "Limited", which had fewer stops for passengers. Between 1963 and 1968 daytime trains were called the Scenic Daylight. In 1968, an RM class 88-seater railcar was refurbished and repainted in a distinctive blue scheme that led to it being nicknamed the Blue Streak. It initially operated an unsuccessful service between Hamilton and Auckland in early 1968, and was transferred to the Auckland-Wellington run on 23 September 1968. In 1971 NZR introduced the Silver Star, a luxury sleeper train. The service was not economically viable, and was withdrawn in 1979. Much more successful was the Silver Fern, a daytime railcar service, introduced in 1972 to replace the "Blue Streak". This service was withdrawn in 1991 and replaced by The Overlander. In conjunction with the introduction of the carriage train Overlander service, the Silver Fern railcars were redeployed to start new services between Tauranga and Auckland – Kaimai Express, and Auckland and Rotorua – Geyserland Express, in 1991. In 2000 a new commuter service called the Waikato Connection was introduced between Hamilton and Auckland and ran in conjunction with the services to Tauranga and Rotorua until all three services were cancelled in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1799173 | 345,146 |
Association for Women in Mathematics The (AWM) is a professional society whose mission is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity for and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. The AWM was founded in 1971 and incorporated in the state of Massachusetts. AWM has approximately 5200 members, including over 250 institutional members, such as colleges, universities, institutes, and mathematical societies. It offers numerous programs and workshops to mentor women and girls in the mathematical sciences. Much of AWM's work is supported through federal grants. The Association was founded in 1971 as the Association of Women Mathematicians, but the name was changed almost immediately. As reported in "A Brief History of the Association for Women in Mathematics: The Presidents' Perspectives", by Lenore Blum, "As Judy Green remembers (and Chandler Davis, early AWM friend, concurs): 'The formal idea of women getting together and forming a caucus was first made publicly at a MAG [Mathematics Action Group] meeting in 1971 ... in Atlantic City. Joanne Darken, then an instructor at Temple University and now at the Community College of Philadelphia, stood up at the meeting and suggested that the women present remain and form a caucus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9858698 | 265,940 |
Osborne Reynolds The ability to make a small scale model of a ship, and extract useful predictive data with respect to a full size ship, depends directly on the experimentalist applying Reynolds' turbulence principles to friction drag computations, along with a proper application of William Froude's theories of gravity wave energy and propagation. Reynolds himself had a number of papers concerning ship design published in "Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects". His publications in fluid dynamics began in the early 1870s. His final theoretical model published in the mid-1890s is still the standard mathematical framework used today. Examples of titles from his more groundbreaking reports: Reynolds published about seventy science and engineering research reports. When towards the end of his career these were republished as a collection they filled three volumes. For a catalogue and short summaries of them see the External links. Areas covered besides fluid dynamics included thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases, condensation of steam, screw-propeller-type ship propulsion, turbine-type ship propulsion, hydraulic brakes, hydrodynamic lubrication, and laboratory apparatus for better measurement of Joule's mechanical equivalent of heat. One of the subjects that Reynolds studied in the 1880s was the properties of granular materials, including dilatant materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=321921 | 321,310 |
Drum replacement is the practice, in modern music production, of an engineer or producer recording a live drummer and replacing (or adding to) the sound of a particular drum with a pre-recorded sample. For example, a drummer might play a beat, whereupon the engineer might then replace all of the snare hits with the sound of a hand-clap. It is considered by some to be one of the most arcane practices of the modern music production industry and is an example of the considerable influence of computers in modern music, even in genres not strictly classified as "electronic music." The practice is an extension of the recording techniques of the 1970s through to the 1980s, wherein the constant search for better or "more perfect" sound led to a variety of techniques being tested, including the extensive use of drum machines. Among these techniques was drum replacement, which was pioneered by producer Roger Nichols while in the studio with Steely Dan in the late '70s, and has grown in both popularity and complexity since. One of the most common uses of this technique is the replacing of every snare hit in a performance (which may or may not sound subjectively "good") with an "ideal" snare drum hit. Should the decision be made to use drum replacement techniques, the actual implementation of the practice usually falls to an audio engineer during the mixing stage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2148734 | 203,236 |
Technical data management system It aims for easy access when reused by other researchers and hence it enhances other research processes. Data is often referred in other tests and technical specifications, where new analysis is generated, managed and archived again. As a result, data is flowing within the organisation under effective management through the use of TDMS. There are strengths and weakness when using Technical Data Management Systems (TDMS) to archive data. Some of the advantages and disadvantages are listed below. Since TDMS is integrated into the organisation's systems, whenever workers develop data files (SolidWorks, AutoCAD, Microsoft Word, etc.), they can also archive and manage data, linking what they need to their current work, at the same time they can also update the archives with useful data. This speeds up working processes and makes them more efficient. All data files are centralized, hence internal and external data leakages are less likely to happen, and the data flow is more closely monitored. As a result, data in the organisation is more secured. Since the data files are centralized and the data flow within the organisation increases, researchers and workers within the organisation are able to work on joint projects. More complex tasks can be performed for higher yields. TDMS is compatible to many formats of data, from basic data like Microsoft Words to complex data like voice data. This enhances the quality of the management of data archived | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20092666 | 220,876 |
Power purchase agreement PPAs are typically subject to regulation at the state and federal level to varying degrees depending on the nature of the PPA and the extent to which the sale of electricity is regulated where the project is sited. In the U.S., FERC determines which facilities are considered to be exempt wholesale generators (EWG) or qualifying facilities and are applicable for PPAs under the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Power purchase agreements (PPAs) may be appropriate where: The PPA is often regarded as the central document in the development of independent electricity generating assets (power plants). Because it defines the revenue terms for the project and credit quality, it is key to obtaining non-recourse project financing. One of the key benefits of the PPA is that by clearly defining the output of the generating assets (such as a solar electric system) and the credit of its associated revenue streams, a PPA can be used by the PPA provider to raise non-recourse financing from a bank or other financing counterparty. The PPA is considered contractually binding on the date that it is signed, also known as the effective date. Once the project has been built, the effective date ensures that the purchaser will buy the electricity that will be generated and that the supplier will not sell its output to anyone else except the purchaser. Before the seller can sell electricity to the buyer, the project must be fully tested and commissioned to ensure reliability and comply with established commercial practices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14639583 | 371,978 |
Learner-generated context The generation of context is characterised as "an action on tools where a user actively selects, appropriates and implements learning solutions to meet their own needs". The following key issues emerge from this concept: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14139374 | 138,239 |
Index of software engineering articles me extension — Finite state machine — Firmware — Formal methods — Forth — Fortran — Forward compatibility — Functional decomposition — Functional design — Functional programming Game development — Game programming — Game tester — GIMP Toolkit — Graphical user interface Hierarchical database — High-level language — Hoare logic — Human–computer interaction — Hyperlink — Hyper-threading "IEEE Software" — Imperative programming — Information technology engineering — Information systems — Information technology — Instruction set — Interactive programming — Interface description language — Intermediate language — Interpreter — Invariant — ISO — ISO 9000 — ISO 9001 — ISO 9660 — ISO/IEC 12207 — ISO image — Iterative development Java — Java Modeling Language — Java virtual machine Kernel — Knowledge management Level design — Level designer — LIFO — Linux — List of programming languages — Literate programming Machine code — Machine language — Mainframe — Medical informatics — Medical software — Mesh networking — Metadata (computing) — Microcode — Microprogram — Microsoft Windows — Minicomputer — MIPS architecture — Multi-paradigm programming language Neural network software — Numerical analysis Object code — Object database — Object-oriented programming — Ontology — Opcode — Open implementation — Open-source software — Operating system Packet writing — Pair programming — Parallax scrolling — Pascal — p-code machine — Perl — PHP — Post-object programming — Privacy Engineering - Procedural programming — Processor register | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2702229 | 199,619 |
Rotafix The is a method of tightening or loosening a sprocket on a track bike or fixed gear bicycle. The enables the securing of a sprocket ("cog") to a track hub without the use of a chain whip. The chain is removed from the chainring and rests around the bottom bracket shell and on the sprocket with the rear wheel in the horizontal track ends. The chain is folded over itself such that the bottom half of the chain is trapped between the sprocket and the upper half. The sprocket is then prevented from turning because the chain is wrapped around the bottom bracket. It is essential to take steps to protect the paintwork on the bottom bracket shell from damage by the chain. The sprocket is then tightened onto the hub by turning the wheel backwards until it is too tight to turn any more. This method can tighten the sprocket to very high torque because of high mechanical advantage created by the wheel. Professional mechanics also refer to this method as "frame whipping", as there is no need to utilize a chain whip. Removing the sprocket is done by reversing the chain fold so that it is on the bottom, and turning the wheel forwards so that the sprocket turns counterclockwise. This is called the Reverse Rotafix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5252540 | 427,852 |
One-electron universe The one-electron universe postulate, proposed by John Wheeler in a telephone call to Richard Feynman in the spring of 1940, is the hypothesis that all electrons and positrons are actually manifestations of a single entity moving backwards and forwards in time. According to Feynman: The idea is based on the world lines traced out across spacetime by every electron. Rather than have myriad such lines, Wheeler suggested that they could all be parts of one single line like a huge tangled knot, traced out by the one electron. Any given moment in time is represented by a slice across spacetime, and would meet the knotted line a great many times. Each such meeting point represents a real electron at that moment. At those points, half the lines will be directed forward in time and half will have looped round and be directed backwards. Wheeler suggested that these backwards sections appeared as the antiparticle to the electron, the positron. Many more electrons have been observed than positrons, and electrons are thought to comfortably outnumber them. According to Feynman he raised this issue with Wheeler, who speculated that the missing positrons might be hidden within protons. Feynman was struck by Wheeler's insight that antiparticles could be represented by reversed world lines, and credits this to Wheeler, saying in his Nobel speech: Feynman later proposed this interpretation of the positron as an electron moving backward in time in his 1949 paper "The Theory of Positrons" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4295487 | 424,020 |
Derek V. Smith was the CEO of ChoicePoint from 1997 until its acquisition by Reed Elsevier. Previously, Smith was an executive for Equifax. He holds degrees from Penn State and Georgia Tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=194724 | 493,201 |
Business failure 4%) are often made because of the lack of a clear strategy, and they can have a significant impact on a company’s financial position in the market. There are many opinions about the most important reason that businesses fail: After closing a business may be dissolved and have its assets redistributed after filing articles of dissolution. A business that operates multiple locations may continue to operate, but close some of its locations that are under-performing, or in the case of a manufacturer, cease production of some of its products that are not selling well. Some failing companies are purchased by a new owner who may be able to run the company better, and some are merged with another company that will then take over its operations. Some businesses save themselves through bankruptcy or bankruptcy protection, thereby allowing themselves to restructure. There are several consequences towards the owners/shareholders, such as limited liability, the finance and the continuity (if a shareholder does not want to continue in the business). Debt-related failures: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12963496 | 491,154 |
Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci In 2005 a UK heart surgeon, Francis Wells, from Papworth Hospital Cambridge, pioneered repair to damaged hearts, using Leonardo's depiction of the opening phase of the mitral valve to operate without changing its diameter allowing an individual to recover more quickly. Wells said "Leonardo had a depth of appreciation of the anatomy and physiology of the body – its structure and function – that perhaps has been overlooked by some." Leonardo's observational acumen, drawing skill, and the clarity of depiction of bone structures reveal him at his finest as an anatomist. However, his depiction of the internal soft tissues of the body are incorrect in many ways, showing that he maintained concepts of anatomy and functioning that were in some cases millennia old, and that his investigations were probably hampered by the lack of preservation techniques available at the time. Leonardo's detailed drawing of the internal organs of a woman reveal many traditional misconceptions. Leonardo's study of human anatomy led also to the design of an automaton which has come to be called Leonardo's robot, was probably made around the year 1495 but was rediscovered only in the 1950s. Leonardo not only studied human anatomy, but the anatomy of many other animals as well. He dissected cows, birds, monkeys and frogs, comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9282401 | 300,643 |
Critical radius is the minimum size that must be formed by atoms or molecules clustering together (in a gas, liquid or solid matrix) before a new-phase inclusion (a bubble, a droplet, or a solid particle) is stable and begins to grow. Formation of such stable "nuclei" is called nucleation. In precipitation models this is generally a prelude to models of the growth process itself. Sometimes precipitation is rate-limited by the nucleation process. This happens for example before one takes a cup of superheated water from a microwave and, when jiggling it against dust particles on the wall of the cup, enables "heterogeneous" nucleation that then rapidly converts much of that water into steam. If the change in phase forms a crystalline solid in a liquid matrix, the atoms might then form a dendrite. The crystal growth continues in three dimensions, the atoms attaching themselves in certain preferred directions, usually along the axes of a crystal, forming a characteristic tree-like structure of a dendrite. Example: the critical radius for spherical dendrite in an ideal system can be determined from its Gibbs free energy formula_1 where formula_2 is the Gibbs volume energy and formula_3 is the interfacial energy. The critical radius formula_4 is found by setting the derivative of formula_5 equal to zero formula_6 yielding formula_7, where formula_3 is the surface energy, and formula_2 is Gibbs energy per volume. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2331297 | 3,423 |
Pseudo Jahn–Teller effect If we denote the energy of the system as a function of normal displacements Q as E(Q), at the minimum point of the APES (Q=0), the curvature K of E(Q) in direction Q, is positive, i.e., K > 0. Very often the geometry of the system at this point of equilibrium on the APES does not coincide with the highest possible (or even with any high) symmetry expected from general symmetry considerations. For instance, linear molecules are bent at equilibrium, planar molecules are puckered, octahedral complexes are elongated, or compressed, or tilted, cubic crystals are tetragonally polarized (or have several structural phases), etc. The PJTE is the general driving force of all these distortions if they occur in the nondegenerate electronic states of the high-symmetry (reference) geometry. K=<ψ|(dH/dQ)|ψ> (3) K=-Σ|<ψ|(dH/dQ)|ψ>|/[E-E] (4) where ψ are the wavefunctions of the excited states, and the K expression, obtained as a second order perturbation correction, is always negative, K<0. Therefore, if K>0, the K contribution is the only source of instability. The matrix elements in Eq. (4) are off-diagonal vibronic coupling constants, These measure the mixing of the ground and excited states under the nuclear displacements Q, and therefore K is termed the vibronic contribution. Together with the K value and the energy gap 2∆=E-E between the mixing states, F are the main parameters of the PJTE (see below) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52837586 | 44,744 |
Planar transmission line Inverted strip dielectric guide has lower conductor losses because the field in the substrate has been moved away from the conductor, but it has higher radiation losses. Multilayer circuits can be constructed in printed circuits or monolithic integrated circuits, but LTCC is the most amenable technology for implementing planar transmission lines as multilayers. In a multilayer circuit at least some of the lines will be buried, completely enclosed by dielectric. The losses will not, therefore, be as low as with a more open technology, but very compact circuits can be achieved with multilayer LTCC. Different parts of a system may be best implemented in different types. Transitions between the various types are therefore required. Transitions between types using unbalanced conductive lines are straightforward: this is mostly a matter of providing continuity of the conductor through the transition and ensuring a good impedance match. The same can be said for transitions to non-planar types such as coaxial. A transition between stripline and microstrip needs to ensure that both ground planes of the stripline are adequately electrically bonded to the microstrip ground plane. One of these groundplanes can be continuous through the transition, but the other ends at the transition. There is a similar issue with the microstrip to CPW transition shown at C in the diagram. There is only one ground plane in each type but it changes from one side of the substrate to the other at the transition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39288501 | 412,614 |
Tirpate is a pesticide and nematocide. As of 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency listed the substance as discontinued in manufacturing. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. can also be used as a radiolabel in plant cultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35845685 | 178,345 |
NP-40 (also known as Tergitol-type and nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) is a commercially available detergent with CAS Registry Number 9016-45-9. is an ethoxylated nonylphenol for non-ionic surfactants and can act as emulsifier and demulsifier agent. Care should be taken to avoid confusing with Nonidet P-40 (octyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) which is currently out of production. Nonidet P-40 ("Non-Ionic Detergent") was originally manufactured and trademarked by the Shell Chemical Company, but was phased out of production in the early 2000s. Confusingly, biochemical protocols published between the 1960s and 2000s refer to Shell's Nonidet P-40 as NP-40. Shell's original Nonidet P-40 had a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 13.5, as opposed to 12.9 for the currently available IGEPAL CA-630, indicating that the currently available compound is more potent than the compound used in older publications. Indeed, according to a 2017 report, an additional dilution factor of 10 was required for the currently available ("Nonidet P-40 substitutes") to match the activity of the previously available, and now discontinued, Shell's Nonidet P-40. is often used to break open all membranes within a cell, including the nuclear membrane. To break only the cytoplasmic membrane, other detergents such as IGEPAL CA-630 can be used. has applications in paper and textile processing, in paints and coatings, and in agrochemical manufacturing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8115641 | 53,016 |
Macron (physics) In physics, macrons are microscopic (dust-sized) particles, accelerated to high speeds. The term was first used in the late 1960s, when it was believed that macrons could be accelerated cheaply in small particle accelerators as a way of achieving low-cost fusion power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29002911 | 1,281 |
Economic development Economic and social development, as a public sector term, is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region or local community are improved according to targeted goals and objectives. The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the West for centuries. "Modernization", "Westernization", and especially "industrialization" are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor aiming to improve the well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP. Consequently, as economist Amartya Sen points out, "economic growth is one aspect of the process of economic development". But what do practitioners say about this term? Economists study the broader economy or the commercial economy, they do not study the practice of economic development as carried out by practitioners such as those in the Community Economic Development field, who focus on socio-economic development as well. The precise definition of economic development has been contested: while economists in the 20th century viewed development primarily in terms of economic growth, sociologists instead emphasized broader processes of change and modernization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=148131 | 507,400 |
Digital camera Some DSLRs have a "live view" mode that allows framing using the screen with image from the sensor. These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). The larger sensor permits more light to be received by each pixel; this, combined with the relatively large lenses provides superior low-light performance. For the same field of view and the same aperture, a larger sensor gives shallower focus. They use interchangeable lenses for versatility. Usually some lenses are made for digital SLR use only, but recent trend the lenses can also be used in detachable lens video camera with or without adapter. Digital Still Camera (DSC), such as the Sony DSC cameras, is a type of camera that doesn’t use a reflex mirror. DSCs are like point-and-shoot cameras and is, the most common type of cameras, due to its comfortable price and its quality. Here are a list of DSCs: List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras Cameras with fixed semi-transparent mirrors, also known as DSLT cameras, such as the Sony SLT cameras, are single-lens without a moving reflex mirror as in a conventional DSLR. A semi-transparent mirror transmits some of the light to the image sensor and reflects some of the light along the path to a pentaprism/pentamirror which then goes to an optical view finder (OVF) as is done with a reflex mirror in DSLR cameras. The total amount of light is not changed, just some of the light travels one path and some of it travels the other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52797 | 115,894 |
Pager Past paging protocols include Two-tone and 5/6-tone. In the United States, pagers typically receive signals using the FLEX protocol in the 900 MHz band. Commercial paging transmitters typically radiate 1000 watts of effective power, resulting in a much wider coverage area per tower than a mobile phone transmitter, which typically radiates around 0.6 watts per channel. Although FLEX paging networks tend to have stronger in-building coverage than mobile phone networks, commercial paging service providers will work with large institutions to install repeater equipment in the event that service is not available in needed areas of the subscribing institution's buildings. This is especially critical in hospital settings where emergency staff must be able to reliably receive pages in order to respond to patient needs. Unlike mobile phones, most one-way pagers do not display any information about whether a signal is being received or about the strength of the received signal. Since one-way pagers do not contain transmitters, one-way paging networks have no way to track whether a message has been successfully delivered to a pager. Because of this, if a one-way pager is turned off or is not receiving a usable signal at the time a message is transmitted, the message will not be received and the sender of the message will not be notified of this fact. In the mid-1990s, some paging companies began offering a service, which allowed a customer to call their pager-number, and have numeric messages read back to them | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229045 | 246,925 |
Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) Given the observations formula_8, the problem is to determine whether the system behaviour is normal or not (formula_9 or formula_10). This is an example of abductive reasoning. A system is said to be diagnosable if whatever the behavior of the system, we will be able to determine without ambiguity a unique diagnosis. The problem of diagnosability is very important when designing a system because on one hand one may want to reduce the number of sensors to reduce the cost, and on the other hand one may want to increase the number of sensors to increase the probability of detecting a faulty behavior. Several algorithms for dealing with these problems exist. One class of algorithms answers the question whether a system is diagnosable; another class looks for sets of sensors that make the system diagnosable, and optionally comply to criteria such as cost optimization. The diagnosability of a system is generally computed from the model of the system. In applications using model-based diagnosis, such a model is already present and doesn't need to be built from scratch. DX is the annual International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis that started in 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5837233 | 251,903 |
LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation It meetings also provide an opportunity for vendors to certify new products as LXI conformant by having an independent testing authority present at the meeting. The Consortium's standard development efforts are performed by volunteers working through a number of committees and technical working groups (WG's), Work progression is managed by use of Statement of Work (SoW) documents that set out the reasons and objectives for new work items. New standards are voted on by the members of the consortium once the work is completed. In September 2005, the LXI Consortium released Version 1.0 of the LXI Standard. Just one year later, Version 1.1 followed with minor corrections and clarifications. In October 2007, the Consortium adopted Version 1.2; its major focus was discovery mechanisms. A discovery mechanism allows the test system to recognize and register a new instrument plugged into the system so the user and other instruments can work with it. Specifically, LXI 1.2 included enhancements to support mDNS discovery of LXI devices. Version 1.3 incorporates the 2008 version of IEEE 1588 for synchronizing time among instruments, All the revisions of the LXI standard provide backward compatibility and systems can be created which contain any of the versions of the standard. The latest version of the standard (and older versions) is available on the Consortium Specification page of its website. As of November 2016, the standard is at Revision 1.5. Version 1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=419820 | 100,238 |
Block and bleed manifold Two block valves and a bleed valve are as a unit, or manifold, to be installed for positive isolation. Used for critical process service, DBB valves are for high pressure systems or toxic/hazardous fluid processes. Applications that use DBB valves include instrument drain, chemical injection connection, chemical seal isolation, and gauge isolation. DBB valves do the work of three separate valves (2 isolations and 1 drain) and require less space and have less weight. This type of Double Block and Bleed Valves have a patented design which incorporates two ball valves and a bleed valve into one compact cartridge type unit with ANSI B16.5 tapped flanged connections. The major benefit of this design configuration is that the valve has the same face-to-face dimension as a single block ball valve (as specified in API 6D and ANSI B16.10), which means the valve can easily be installed into an existing pipeline without the need for any pipeline re-working. This type of Double Block and Bleed Valves (DBB Valves) feature the traditional style of flange-by-flange type valve and is available with ANSI B16.5 flanges, hub connections and welded ends to suit the pipeline system it is to be installed in. It features all the benefits of the single unit DBB valve, with the added benefit of a bespoke face-to-face dimension if required. This design also has operational advantages, there are significantly fewer potential leak paths within the double block and bleed section of the pipeline | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5679969 | 428,098 |
Superalloy The Al and Cr form oxide layers that passivate the surface and protect the superalloy from further oxidation while B and Y are used to improve the adhesion of this oxide scale to the substrate. Cr, Fe, Co, Mo and Re all preferentially partition to the γ matrix while Al, Ti, Nb, Ta, and V preferentially partition to the γ’ precipitates and solid solution strengthen the matrix and precipitates respectively. In addition to solid solution strengthening, if grain boundaries are present, certain elements are chosen for grain boundary strengthening. B and Zr tend to segregate to the grain boundaries which reduces the grain boundary energy and results in better grain boundary cohesion and ductility. Another form of grain boundary strengthening is achieved through the addition of C and a carbide former, such as Cr, Mo, W, Nb, Ta, Ti, or Hf, which drives precipitation of carbides at grain boundaries and thereby reduces grain boundary sliding. While Ni-based superalloys are excellent high temperature materials and have proven very useful, Co-based superalloys potentially possess superior hot corrosion, oxidation, and wear resistance as compared to Ni-based superalloys. For this reason, efforts have also been put into developing Co-based superalloys over the past several years. Despite that, traditional Co-based superalloys have not found widespread usage because they have a lower strength at high temperature than Ni-based superalloys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2025632 | 305,082 |
Wild Heerbrugg Another important new product engineered by Wild was an aerial camera, later called "Aviophot" for cartography. In the early 1930s, having recognized that he was not cut out to be a factory manager, Wild moved to Zurich, severed his connections with the firm in Heerbrugg, and designed instruments for Kern & Co in Aarau. His old firm became in 1937. It merged with the optical firm of Ernst Leitz GmbH of Wetzlar in 1987. It also acquired a majority interest in Kern in 1988, was renamed Wild-Leitz AG in 1989. The combined company had about 8000 employees and revenues of approx. one billion Swiss Francs (CHF). Then, it became part of the Leica holding company in 1990. Starting from 1996 the company was divided gradually again into smaller units. Thus 1996 the Leica Camera AG developed, in October 1997 the Leica Geosystems AG and on 1 April 1998 the Leica Microsystems AG. Leica Geosystems produced—in continuation of Wild Heerbrugg—the geodetic instruments and is the global market leader in this sector as part of the new parent company Hexagon AB. The brand name "Wild Heerbrugg" is still in use for stereo microscopes and precision level measuring such as the WILD Heerbrugg N3 Level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5860082 | 332,528 |
Hemodynamics This can influence the mechanics of the circulation and may complicate the measurement of blood viscosity. It is true that in a steady state flow of a viscous fluid through a rigid spherical body immersed in the fluid, where we assume the inertia is negligible in such a flow, it is believed that the downward gravitational force of the particle is balanced by the viscous drag force. From this force balance the speed of fall can be shown to be given by Stokes' law Where "a" is the particle radius, "ρ", "ρ" are the respectively particle and fluid density "μ" is the fluid viscosity, "g" is the gravitational acceleration. From the above equation we can see that the sedimentation velocity of the particle depends on the square of the radius. If the particle is released from rest in the fluid, its sedimentation velocity "U" increases until it attains the steady value called the terminal velocity (U), as shown above. Hemodilution is the dilution of the concentration of red blood cells and plasma constituents by partially substituting the blood with colloids or crystalloids. It is a strategy to avoid exposure of patients to the potential hazards of homologous blood transfusions. Hemodilution can be normovolemic, which implies the dilution of normal blood constituents by the use of expanders. During acute normovolemic hemodilution, (ANH) blood subsequently lost during surgery contains proportionally fewer red blood cells per millimetre, thus minimizing intraoperative loss of the whole blood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=275216 | 356,220 |
Cláudio Costa Neto Claudio Costa Neto (born Rio de Janeiro, December 11, 1932) is a Brazilian chemical and chemical engineer, one of the founders of the Institute of Chemistry, UFRJ. He is currently emeritus professor at the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He got his BSc degree in Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering from the University of Brazil (currently Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) in 1954, Costa Neto worked under supervision of Fritz Feigl, responsible for the development of spot tests for identification and characterization of substances. He was responsible for creating the pioneering shale oil project ("projeto xistoquímica" in Portuguese). He was also responsible for the study of organic geochemistry at UFRJ. Vila Rosário: trilogy about chemistry and society: first part: why and how to eliminate tuberculosis in a society, Claudio Costa Neto, Rio de Janeiro, Calamus Publisher, 480 pages, 2002. Organic analysis: methods and procedures for characterizing organochemicals, Claudio Costa Neto, Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ publisher, 2004, Volumes 1 and 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39466812 | 873 |
Benzenedicarboxylic acid is a group of chemical compounds which are dicarboxylic derivatives of benzene. comes in three isomers: All isomers share the molecular weight 166,13 g/mol and the chemical formula CHO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53816254 | 45,360 |
Landscape architecture Therefore, there is no state-guarantee or protection of clients, for example in terms of insuring and verifying educational qualifications, professional indemnity insurance or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of those claiming to be landscape architects. Notwithstanding this, there is a growing awareness in some important sectors (e.g. government departments, media, construction, tourism) of the profession. This is due - to some degree - to the ongoing work of the ILI in promoting the benefits of landscape architecture to Irish society, economy and environment. Landscape architects in Ireland work in private practice, public sector bodies at local government level and in some state bodies (e.g. transport, national heritage) and in academia. The demand for their professional services is often associated with public infrastructure projects (e.g. roads, motorways, renewable energy facilities, water treatment plants, etc.), Blue-Green Infrastructure (planning, design and management of parks, greenspaces, amenity trees) and with construction projects related to land use developments, principally residential, commercial and mixed-use developments in urban landscapes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=75286 | 208,352 |
Delft Management Society The (DMS) is a student organization independent of any educational institution that acts as a bridge between students and the corporate world. The society is focused on the academic, career and social development of Delft University of Technology students. The society is based in Delft, Netherlands. The society has partners at multiple universities worldwide. The society is an interfaculty initiative and provides an international platform for the exchange, foreign and Dutch Delft University of Technology students (15,321 students). DMS provides all students in Delft with the opportunity to manage their own projects or events. This is guided by a board consisting of four students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26250585 | 452,650 |
Consumer arbitration Disputes between consumers and businesses that are arbitrated are resolved by an independent neutral arbitrator rather than in court. Although parties can agree to arbitrate a particular dispute after it arises or may agree that the award is non-binding, most consumer arbitrations occur pursuant to a pre-dispute arbitration clause where the arbitrator's award is binding. In the United States, there is an ongoing debate over the use of arbitration clauses in consumer contracts. Differences between arbitration and litigation include the costs of resolving a case, the speed of resolution, and the procedure of resolving a case, including how and where the arbitration is conducted and the availability of discovery. Critics of consumer arbitration say that arbitrators and arbitration administrators can be biased (in part due to the repeat-player effect), arbitration clauses are not conspicuous, and for many classes of consumer goods and services, nearly all providers require arbitration. Proponents of consumer arbitration cite "consumer-friendly" terms that lower the dispute resolution costs of consumers and provide incentives for consumers to bring claims in arbitration. Most arbitration clauses require parties to waive their right to proceed on a class action basis in either court or arbitration, and, in the United States, the debate over consumer arbitration has also featured discussion of the merits of class actions. In 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in "AT&T Mobility v | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38595016 | 488,242 |
Beltrami flow He showed that the separation formula_44 satisfies the equation and also Taylor also considered an example, a decaying system of eddies rotating alternatively in opposite directions and arranged in a rectangular array which satisfies the above equation with formula_47, where formula_48 is the length of the square formed by an eddy. Therefore, this system of eddies decays as Here we have formula_50. Integration of formula_51 gives formula_52 and the three equations are The first equation is the Hicks equation. Marris and Aswani (1977) showed that the only possible solution is formula_30 and the remaining equations reduce to A simple set of solutions to the above equation is formula_57 represents a flow due to two opposing rotational stream on a parabolic surface, formula_58 represents rotational flow on a plane wall, formula_59 represents a flow ellipsoidal vortex (special case – Hill's spherical vortex), formula_60 represents a type of toroidal vortex etc. The homogeneous solution for formula_61 as shown by Berker where formula_63 are the Bessel function of the first kind and Bessel function of the second kind respectively. A special case of the above solution is Poiseuille flow for cylindrical geometry with transpiration velocities on the walls. Chia-Shun Yih found a solution in 1958 for Poiseuille flow into a sink when formula_64. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53977093 | 45,509 |
Allotropes of oxygen Cacace's team suggested that probably consists of two dumbbell-like molecules loosely held together by induced dipole dispersion forces. There are six known distinct phases of solid oxygen. One of them is a dark-red cluster. When oxygen is subjected to a pressure of 96 GPa, it becomes metallic, in a similar manner to hydrogen, and becomes more similar to the heavier chalcogens, such as tellurium and polonium, both of which show significant metallic character. At very low temperatures, this phase also becomes superconducting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14553266 | 46,469 |
Stagecast Creator is a visual programming language intended for use in teaching programming to children. It is based on the programming by demonstration concept, where rules are created by giving examples of what actions should take place in a given situation. It can be used to construct simulations, animations and games, which run under Java on any suitable platform. What is today known as Creator originally started as a project by Allen Cypher and David Canfield Smith in Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG) known as KidSim. It was intended to allow kids to construct their own simulations, reducing the programming task to something that anyone could handle. Programming in Creator uses graphical rewrite rules augmented with non-graphical tests and actions. In 1994, Kurt Schmucker became the project manager, and under him, the project was renamed Cocoa, and expanded to include a Netscape plug-in. It was also repositioned as "Internet Authoring for Kids", as the Internet was becoming increasingly accessible. The project was officially announced on May 13, 1996. There were three releases: When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he began dismantling a number of non-productive departments. One of these was the ATG. Larry Tesler, Cypher, and Smith, left to form Stagecast Software after retaining the rights to the Cocoa system. Apple went on to reuse the Cocoa name for the entirely unrelated Cocoa application framework, which had originated as OpenStep | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2241788 | 108,068 |
Environmental full-cost accounting This can be motivated as a hedge against future liabilities arising from those who are negatively affected by the waste a product becomes. Advanced theories of FCA, such as Natural Step, focus firmly on these. According to Ray Anderson, who instituted a form of FCA/TCA at Interface Carpet, used it to rule out decisions that increase Ecological Footprint and focus the company more clearly on a sustainable marketing strategy. The urban ecology and industrial ecology approaches inherently advocate FCA — treating the built environment as a sort of ecosystem to minimize its own wastes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188644 | 366,646 |
Arboretum Zürich For tourists, in particular for ornithologists, it is a very attractive point of attraction due to its unique portfolio of exotic birds. But also the townspeople themselves, use the wheelchair visitors hall of the aviary to expand their knowledge of the world of birds, of which approximately 111 exotics in 33 species are represented. Each year there are around 45,000 visitors, including many tourists, who get free information about some of the rarest bird species of Switzerland in eight naturally designed inn walks and three landscape-like outdoor enclosures. The lido of the Arboretum is also a very popular public bath, and also houses the swimming Seebad Enge, which is also a unique Zürichsee lake shore sauna during winter season. The swimming lido consists of a building construction that is anchored in the lake. Conceived by Robert Landolt, the two-piece bathing complex was built in 1959/60, since 1999 it is private-owned and provides an open lake side sauna and gastronomy which were installed in 2003/04. At the foot of the lake shore hill that elevates around , the Arnold Bürkli memorial honors the "tireless creating engineer" being the "driving force behind the new quays". The simple monument was inaugurated in 1899, five years after his death, at Bürkli's favorite place in the Arboretum, or by the words of the sculptor Richard Kissling, "in the midst of his creation" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44867516 | 361,124 |
Carbon fixation It is an acetogen, an anaerobic bacteria that uses CO as electron acceptor and carbon source, and H as an electron donor to form acetic acid. This metabolism is wide spread within the phylum Firmicutes, especially in the Clostridia. The pathway is also used by methanogens, which are mainly Euryarchaeota, and several anaerobic chemolithoautotrophs, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea. It is probably performed also by the Brocadiales, an order of Planctomycetes that oxidize ammonia in anaerobic condition. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, which is only found in certain archaea and accounts for 80% of global methanogenesis, is also based on the reductive acetyl CoA pathway. The Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase/Acetyl-CoA Synthase is the oxygen-sensitive enzyme that permits the reduction of CO to CO and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA in several reactions. One branch of this pathway, the methyl branch, is similar but non homologous between bacteria and archaea. In this branch happens the reduction of CO to a methyl residue bound to a cofactor. The intermediates are formate for bacteria and formyl-methanofuran for archaea, and also the carriers, tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydropterins respectively in bacteria and archaea, are different, such as the enzymes forming the cofactor-bound methyl group. Otherwise, the carbonyl branch is homologous between the two domains and consists of the reduction of another molecule of CO to a carbonyl residue bound to an enzyme, catalyzed by the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 | 142,855 |
Seagate FreeAgent FreeAgent is a line of external hard drives manufactured by Seagate. They include FreeAgent Pro, FreeAgent Desktop, and FreeAgent Go. They range in size from 60 GB to 3 TB. On May 20, 2010 Seagate released an updated range of FreeAgent drives. It includes the FreeAgent Desk, FreeAgent Go, FreeAgent GoFlex and FreeAgent Xtreme. The 3.5" drives have a maximum capacity of 2TB and the 2.5" Freeagent Go has a maximum of 1TB. The Go Special Edition is the same as the regular Go but with a different case. All the drives support USB 2.0, and the Xtreme also has 2 Firewire 400 ports and an eSATA port. Mac versions of the drives have different designs and supporting Firewire 800, 400 and USB 2.0: the FreeAgent Go for Mac, FreeAgent Desk for Mac and the FreeAgent Go Pro for Mac. While the drives may be supplied with different software and styling, any drive can be used as a storage device (without added functionality afforded by operating system-specific software) on any computer with appropriate port; for example any USB 2.0 drive can be used on Mac or PC if an appropriate file system is installed on the drive and supported by the computer. Other products released under the FreeAgent brand include the Dockstar, Theater+ HD Media player, and the Theater Media player. In 2012, the FreeAgent line was renamed Backup Plus. The FreeAgent GoFlex drives support USB 2.0, USB 3.0 (backwards compatible with USB 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15300463 | 132,376 |
Polyfluorene Oxidative polymerization produces a similarly poor site-selectivity on the monomer for chain growth resulting in poor control over the regularity of the polymers structure. However, oxidative polymerization does produce soluble polymers (from side-chain containing monomers) which are more easily characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance. The design of polymeric properties requires great control over the structure of the polymer. For instance, low band gap polymers require regularly alternating electron donating and electron accepting monomers. More recently, many popular cross-coupling chemistries have been applied to polyfluorenes and have enabled controlled polymerization; Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions such as Suzuki coupling, Heck coupling, etc., as well as nickel catalyzed Yamamoto and Grignard coupling reactions have been applied to polymerization of fluorene derivatives. Such routes have enabled excellent control over the properties of polyfluorenes; the fluorene-thiophene-benzothiadiazole copolymer shown above, with a band gap of 1.78 eV when the side chains are alkoxy, appears blue because it is absorbing in the red wavelengths. Modern coupling chemistries allow other properties of polyfluorenes to be controlled through implementation of complex molecular designs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 | 18,858 |
Space debris One such system is Space Infrastructure Servicing, a commercially developed refueling depot and service spacecraft for communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit originally scheduled for a 2015 launch. The SIS would be able to "push dead satellites into graveyard orbits." The Advanced Common Evolved Stage family of upper stages is being designed with a high leftover-propellant margin (for derelict capture and de-orbit) and in-space refueling capability for the high delta-v required to de-orbit heavy objects from geosynchronous orbit. A tug-like satellite to drag debris to a safe altitude for it to burn up in the atmosphere has been researched. When debris is identified the satellite creates a difference in potential between the debris and itself, then using its thrusters to move itself and the debris to a safer orbit. A variation of this approach is for the remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with debris, capture it temporarily to attach a smaller de-orbit satellite and drag the debris with a tether to the desired location. The "mothership" would then tow the debris-smallsat combination for atmospheric entry or move it to a graveyard orbit. One such system is the proposed Busek ORbital DEbris Remover (ORDER), which would carry over 40 SUL (satellite on umbilical line) de-orbit satellites and propellant sufficient for their removal. On 7 January 2010 Star, Inc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=266344 | 238,569 |
RapidIO Unfortunately, for next generation missions a more capable avionics architecture is desired; which is well beyond the capabilities levied by existing architectures. A viable option toward the design and development of these next generation architectures is to leverage existing commercial protocols capable of accommodating high levels of data transfer. In 2012, was selected by the Next Generation Spacecraft Interconnect Standard (NGSIS) working group to serve as the foundation for standard communication interconnects to be used in spacecraft. The NGSIS is an umbrella standards effort that includes Version 3.1 development, and a box level hardware standards effort under VITA 78 called SpaceVPX or High ReliabilityVPX. The NGSIS requirements committee developed extensive requirements criteria with 47 different elements for the NGSIS interconnect. Independent trade study results by NGSIS member companies demonstrated the superiority of over other existing commercial protocols, such as InfiniBand, Fibre Channel, and 10G Ethernet. As a result, the group decided that offered the best overall interconnect for the needs of next-generation spacecraft. The roadmap aligns with Ethernet PHY development. specifications for 50 GBd and higher links are under investigation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1452173 | 261,145 |
Systems Modeling Language UML provides no straightforward mechanism to capture this sort of essential performance and quantitative information. Concerning the rest of the automotive system, enhanced activity diagrams and state machine diagrams can be used to specify the embedded software control logic and information flows for the on-board automotive computers. Other SysML structural and behavioral diagrams can be used to model factories that build the automobiles, as well as the interfaces between the organizations that work in the factories. The SysML initiative originated in a January 2001 decision by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Model Driven Systems Design workgroup to customize the UML for systems engineering applications. Following this decision, INCOSE and the Object Management Group (OMG), which maintains the UML specification, jointly chartered the OMG Systems Engineering Domain Special Interest Group (SE DSIG) in July 2001. The SE DSIG, with support from INCOSE and the ISO AP 233 workgroup, developed the requirements for the modeling language, which were subsequently issued by the OMG parting in the "UML for Systems Engineering Request for Proposal" (UML for SE RFP; OMG document ad/03-03-41) in March 2003. In 2003 Cris Kobryn and Sanford Friedenthal organized and co-chaired the SysML Partners, an informal association of industry leaders and tool vendors, which initiated an open source specification project to develop the SysML in response to the UML for Systems Engineering RFP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4883003 | 120,544 |
United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities These now fall in line with the European Union industrial classification system, NACE, and the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classifications, ISIC, to and including the 4 digit class level. For certain classes in the UK SIC 2007 taxonomy a further breakdown to a 5 digit level is available. They have been revised mostly to cater for the greater importance of service activities over the last fifteen years, due to developments in technology, such as information technology and information and communications technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6636564 | 499,845 |
Memory management controller Multi-memory controllers or memory management controllers (MMC) are different kinds of special chips designed by various video game developers for use in Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) cartridges. These chips extend the capabilities of the original console and make it possible to create NES games with features the original console cannot offer alone. The basic NES hardware supports only 40k of ROM total, up to 32k PRG and 8k CHR, thus only a single tile and sprite table are possible. This limit was rapidly reached within the Famicom's first two years on the market and game developers began requesting a way to expand the console's capabilities. These chips are also known as "mappers". CNROM was the earliest banking hardware introduced on the Famicom, appearing in early 1986. It consists of a single 7400 series discrete logic chip. CNROM supports a single fixed PRG bank and up to eight CHR banks for 96k total ROM. Some third party variations supported additional capabilities. Many CNROM games store the game level data in the CHR ROM and blank the screen while reading it. Early NES mappers are composed of 7400 series discrete logic chips. UNROM appeared in late 1986. It supports a single fixed 16k PRG bank, the rest of the PRG being switchable. Instead of a dedicated ROM chip to hold graphics data (called CHR by Nintendo), games using UNROM store graphics data on the program ROM and copy it to a RAM on the cartridge at run time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1342872 | 101,295 |
Anarcho-communism On the other hand, contemporary insurrectionary anarchism inherits the views and tactics of anti-organizational anarcho-communism and illegalism. The Informal Anarchist Federation (not to be confused with the synthesist Italian Anarchist Federation also FAI) is an Italian insurrectionary anarchist organization. It has been described by Italian intelligence sources as a "horizontal" structure of various anarchist terrorist groups, united in their beliefs in revolutionary armed action. In 2003, the group claimed responsibility for a bomb campaign targeting several European Union institutions. Currently, alongside the previously mentioned federations, the International of Anarchist Federations includes the Argentine Libertarian Federation, the Anarchist Federation of Belarus, the Federation of Anarchists in Bulgaria, the Czech-Slovak Anarchist Federation, the Federation of German speaking Anarchists in Germany and Switzerland, and the Anarchist Federation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The abolition of money, prices, and wage labor is central to anarchist communism. With distribution of wealth being based on self-determined needs, people would be free to engage in whatever activities they found most fulfilling and would no longer have to engage in work for which they have neither the temperament nor the aptitude. Anarcho-communists argue that there is no valid way of measuring the value of any one person's economic contributions because all wealth is a common product of current and preceding generations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17865 | 516,064 |
Computer Peripherals Computer Peripherals, Inc. (CPI) was an American manufacturer of computer printers, based in Rochester, Michigan. CPI's precursor, Holley Computer Products, was formed as a joint venture between Control Data Corporation (CDC) and the Holley Carburetor Company in April 1962. Holley developed and produced a series of drum printers. In June 1964, CDC bought out Holley and partnered with NCR and ICL to form CPI in Rochester. In the early 1970s CPI also had a branch in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This division made punched card readers and 9-track magnetic tape drives for both parent companies (CDC and NCR). In 1978 CDC bought controlling interest of CPI. CPI produced several train printers under the CDC and Fastrain brands, including the CDC Model 512 (1967), the Fastrain A 1200 LPM (1969) and the Fastrain 9372-III 2000 LPM (1976). In 1977, CPI began manufacturing printers at a factory in Stevenage, Herts, UK that was originally used for the manufacture of ICL1900 computers. By 1979, the factory also made 9-track tape drives which were used in ICL and CDC computers, and were sold with industry-standard interfaces for use with other manufacturer's computers. In 1982, CDC acquired a controlling interest in Centronics in exchange for CPI and $25 million in cash. CPI was merged into Centronics and eventually the Rochester facility was closed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2489878 | 280,556 |
Master control Many television networks and radio networks or station groups have consolidated facilities and now operate multiple stations from one regional master control or centralcasting center. An example of this centralized broadcast programming system on a large scale is NBC's "hub-spoke project" that enables a single "hub" to have control of dozens of stations' automation systems and to monitor their air signals, thus reducing or eliminating some responsibilities of local employees at their owned-and-operated (O&O) stations. Outside the United States, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) manages four radio networks, two broadcast television networks, and several more cable/satellite radio and television services out of just two master control points (English language services at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto and French language at Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal). Many other public and private broadcasters have taken a similar approach (although the CBC's operation is arguably more complicated than most, with local breakaways on radio and local advertisements on television). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1214456 | 407,317 |
Alhambra The buildings of the were originally whitewashed; however, the buildings as seen today are reddish. Another possible origin of the name is the tribal designation of the Nasrid Dynasty, known as the Banu al-Ahmar "Arabic: Sons of the Red (male)", a sub-tribe of the Arab Qahtanite Banu Khazraj tribe. One of the early Nasrid ancestors was nicknamed "Yusuf Al Ahmar" (Yusuf the Red) and hence the (Nasrid) fraction of the Banu Khazraj took up the name of Banu al-Ahmar. The first reference to the Qal‘at al-Ḥamra was during the battles between the Arabs and the Muladies (people of mixed Arab and European descent) during the rule of the ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad (r. 888–912). In one particularly fierce and bloody skirmish, the Muladies soundly defeated the Arabs, who were then forced to take shelter in a primitive red castle located in the province of Elvira, presently located in Granada. According to surviving documents from the era, the red castle was quite small, and its walls were not capable of deterring an army intent on conquering. The castle was then largely ignored until the eleventh century, when its ruins were renovated and rebuilt by Samuel ibn Naghrela, vizier to the emir Badis ben Habus of the Zirid Dynasty of Al Andalus, in an attempt to preserve the small Jewish settlement also located on the natural plateau, Sabikah Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30543 | 330,789 |
Ice trade The market was proved, but shipping ice in this way was expensive and demand outstripped supply. Ice began to be ordered instead from the then Russian-controlled Alaska in 1851 at $75 a ton (901 kg). The American-Russian Commercial Company was subsequently formed in San Francisco in 1853 to work in partnership with the Russian-American Company of Alaska to supply ice to the west coast of America. The Russian company trained Aleutian teams to harvest ice in Alaska, built sawmills to produce insulating sawdust and shipped the ice south along with supplies of chilled fish. The costs of this operation remained high, and M. Tallman founded the rival Nevada Ice Company, which harvested ice on Pilot Creek and transported to Sacramento, bringing the west coast price for ice down to seven cents ($2) a pound (0.5 kg). The U.S. was expanding westwards, and, in Ohio, Hiram Joy began to exploit Crystal Lake, near Chicago, which was soon linked to the city by the Chicago, St Paul and Fond du Lac Railroad. The ice was used to allow goods to be brought to market. Cincinnati and Chicago began to use ice to help the packing of pork in the summer; John L. Schooley developing the first refrigerated packing room. Fruit began to be stored in central Illinois using refrigerators, for consumption in later seasons. By the 1860s, ice was being used to allow the brewing of the increasingly popular lager beer all year round. Improved railroad links helped the growth in business across the region and to the east | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35926235 | 241,850 |
Industrial management Graduate programs in management draw on Sloan's idea and provide engineers with a strategic management education with a focus on production management, marketing, financial management, human resources as well as commercial law – supplemented by corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and sustainability topics. The primary goal is to enable students and professionals to take a holistic approach to industry management. Most graduate studies in industrial management are full-time MBA degree programs that, in addition to a preferably engineering bachelor's degree, also require several years of professional experience. In general, students spend the first year of their degree acquiring both a working knowledge of management functions and the analytical skills needed to practice them. After the second year, students usually seek internships and pursue elective courses, which often go towards a specialization in their master's thesis. Study programs in industrial management are very popular in economies with a high value of manufacturing output, such as the United States and Germany. Especially German research universities incorporate a large number of advanced courses in engineering in their graduate program in industrial management and are, thus, more like M.Eng.- programs. On the other hand, U.S. universities and universities of applied sciences in Germany offer MBA programs in industrial management that follow more the original idea of Sloan and emphasize hands-on application of theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9017656 | 472,596 |
Bloch wave – MoM method The Bloch wave - MoM approach will be illustrated here for the case of perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) structures admitting only electric current sources, J. However, it can also be readily expanded to dielectric structures, using the well-known interior and exterior equivalent problems commonly employed in ordinary spatial domain method of moments formulations (Harrington [1961]). In dielectric problems, there are twice as many unknowns - J & M - and also twice as many equations to enforce - continuity of tangential E & H - at the dielectric interfaces (Scott [1998]). For PEC structures, the electric field E is related to the vector magnetic potential A via the well-known relation: and the vector magnetic potential is in turn related to the source currents via: where To solve equations (1.1) and (1.2) within the infinite periodic volume, we may assume a Bloch wave expansion for all currents, fields and potentials: where for simplicity, we assume an orthogonal lattice in which α only depends on "m", β only depends on "n" and γ only depends on "p". With this assumption, and, where "l", "l", "l" are the unit cell dimensions in the "x","y","z" directions respectively, λ is the effective wavelength in the crystal and θ, φ are the directions of propagation in spherical coordinates. The quantity "k" in equations (1.1) and (1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30975689 | 19,221 |
G equation Since the flame is attached to the mouth of the slot formula_28, the boundary condition is formula_29, which can be used to evaluate the constant formula_30. Thus the scalar field is At the flame tip, we have formula_32, the flame height is easily determined as and the flame angle formula_22 is given by Using the trigonometric identity formula_36, we have | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54101695 | 82,336 |
PHP Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the codice_6 language construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time. If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word codice_26, the Zend engine will check whether a codice_27 method has been defined. If not, it will call a default codice_27 which will copy the object's properties. If a codice_27 method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24131 | 116,911 |
Electrostatic precipitator The most basic precipitator contains a row of thin vertical wires, and followed by a stack of large flat metal plates oriented vertically, with the plates typically spaced about 1 cm to 18 cm apart, depending on the application. The air stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the wires, and then passes through the stack of plates. A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between wire and plate. If the applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona discharge ionizes the air around the electrodes, which then ionizes the particles in the air stream. The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted towards the grounded plates. Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed from the air stream. A two-stage design (separate charging section ahead of collecting section) has the benefit of minimizing ozone production, which would adversely affect health of personnel working in enclosed spaces. For shipboard engine rooms where gearboxes generate an oil mist, two-stage ESP's are used to clean the air, improving the operating environment and preventing buildup of flammable oil fog accumulations. Collected oil is returned to the gear lubricating system. Precipitator performance is very sensitive to two particulate properties: 1) Electrical resistivity; and 2) Particle size distribution. These properties can be measured economically and accurately in the laboratory, using standard tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1839752 | 345,266 |
Pauli exclusion principle The consequence of the Pauli principle here is that electrons of the same spin are kept apart by a repulsive exchange interaction, which is a short-range effect, acting simultaneously with the long-range electrostatic or Coulombic force. This effect is partly responsible for the everyday observation in the macroscopic world that two solid objects cannot be in the same place at the same time. Freeman Dyson and Andrew Lenard did not consider the extreme magnetic or gravitational forces that occur in some astronomical objects. In 1995 Elliott Lieb and coworkers showed that the Pauli principle still leads to stability in intense magnetic fields such as in neutron stars, although at a much higher density than in ordinary matter. It is a consequence of general relativity that, in sufficiently intense gravitational fields, matter collapses to form a black hole. Astronomy provides a spectacular demonstration of the effect of the Pauli principle, in the form of white dwarf and neutron stars. In both bodies, the atomic structure is disrupted by extreme pressure, but the stars are held in hydrostatic equilibrium by "degeneracy pressure", also known as Fermi pressure. This exotic form of matter is known as degenerate matter. The immense gravitational force of a star's mass is normally held in equilibrium by thermal pressure caused by heat produced in thermonuclear fusion in the star's core. In white dwarfs, which do not undergo nuclear fusion, an opposing force to gravity is provided by electron degeneracy pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24669 | 96,761 |
Clarks Grove Cooperative Creamery These included important cooperative associations like the Minnesota Co-Operative Dairies Association (founded in 1911) and Land O'Lakes, Incorporated (founded in 1921). The Clarks Grove creamery was also important for the local area. It was the first building and the first business in the Clarks Grove community. In the early 20th century the cooperative expanded, adding a cooperative grain elevator, a general store, and a lumber yard. For decades the creamery was a community center. It hosted talks, meetings, and school recitals. In 1956 it became a temporary school after the local schoolhouse burned down. In 1996 the closed. As dairy farmers retired there was no longer a need for the coop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51117358 | 326,499 |
Labelling or using a label is describing someone or something in a word or short phrase. For example, describing someone who has broken a law as a criminal. theory is a theory in sociology which ascribes labelling of people to control and identification of deviant behaviour. It has been argued that labelling is necessary for communication. However, the use of the term is often intended to highlight the fact that the "label" is a description applied from the outside, rather than something intrinsic to the labelled thing. This can be done for several reasons: This last usage can be seen as an accusation that such a short description is overly-reductive. Giving something a label can be seen as positive, but the term "label" is not usually used in this case. For example, giving a name to a common identity is seen as essential in identity politics. is often equivalent to pigeonholing or the use of stereotypes and can suffer from the same problems as these activities. The labelling of people can be related to a reference group. For example, the labels "black" and "white" are related to black people and white people; the labels "young" and "old" are related to young people and old people. The labelling of works of art can be related to genre. For example, a piece of music may be described as progressive rock or indie or ragga jungle drum and bass. However, there are other labels that can be applied to a work, such as derivative, low or high | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4984965 | 271,369 |
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