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CP/M 25-inch disk formats used larger sectors, the blocking and deblocking and the management of a disk buffer area was handled by model-specific code in the BIOS. Customization was required because hardware choices were not constrained by compatibility with any one popular standard. For example, some manufacturers used a separate computer terminal, while others designed a built-in integrated video display system. Serial ports for printers and modems could use different types of UART chips, and port addresses were not fixed. Some machines used memory-mapped I/O instead of the 8080 I/O address space. All of these variations in the hardware were concealed from other modules of the system by use of the BIOS, which used standard entry points for the services required to run such as character I/O or accessing a disk block. Since support for serial communication to a modem was very rudimentary in the BIOS or may have been absent altogether, it was common practice for programs that used modems to have a user-installed overlay containing all the code required to access a particular machine's serial port. File names were specified as a string of up to eight characters, followed by a period, followed by a file name extension of up to three characters ("8.3" filename format). The extension usually identified the type of the file. For example, codice_6 indicated an executable program file, and codice_7 indicated a file containing ASCII text | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45146 | 207,344 |
Disk diffusion test The concentration of the compound will be highest next to the disk, and will decrease as distance from the disk increases. If the compound is effective against bacteria at a certain concentration, no colonies will grow where the concentration in the agar is greater than or equal to the effective concentration. This is the zone of inhibition. This along with the rate of antibiotic diffusion are used to estimate the bacteria's susceptibility to that particular antibiotic. In general, larger zones correlate with smaller minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic for that bacteria. Inhibition produced by the test is compared with that produced by known concentration of a reference compound. This information can be used to choose appropriate antibiotics to combat a particular infection. Inoculation is made with a broth culture diluted to match a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard, which is roughly equivalent to 150 million cells per mL. All aspects of the Kirby–Bauer procedure are standardized to ensure consistent and accurate results. Because of this, a laboratory must adhere to these standards. The media used in Kirby–Bauer testing must be Mueller-Hinton agar at only 4 mm deep, poured into either 100 mm or 150 mm Petri dishes. The pH level of the agar must be between 7.2 and 7.4. Disks containing increasing antibiotic concentrations are placed on seeded bacterial lawn on the agar surface and plates are incubated. Zone sizes are measured from the edge of the disk to the end of the clear zone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6677141 | 93,740 |
Tableware A range of items specific to the serving of tea or coffee also have long cultural traditions. They include teapots and coffee pots as well as samovars, sugar bowls; milk or cream jugs. Place markers are used to designate assigned seats to guests. They are typically used at large formal functions such as weddings, banquets for dignitaries, politicians or diplomats as well as on special occasions such as large children's parties. Some are collectible Chinese table settings are traditional in style. Table setting practices in Japan and other parts of East Asia have been influenced by Chinese table setting customs. The emphasis in Chinese table settings is on displaying each individual food in a pleasing way, usually in separate bowls or dishes. Formal table settings are based upon the arrangements used in a family setting, although they can become extremely elaborate with many dishes. Serving bowls and dishes are brought to the table, where guests can choose their own portions. Formal Chinese restaurants often use a large turning wheel in the centre of the table to rotate food for easier service. In a family setting, a meal typically includes a "fan" dish, which constitutes the meal's base (much like bread forms the base of various sandwiches), and several accompanying mains, called "cai" dish ("choi" or "seoung" in Cantonese). More specifically, "fan" usually refers to cooked rice, but can also be other staple grain-based foods. If the meal is a light meal, it will typically include the base and one main dish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1151989 | 293,583 |
Fotheringhay Castle Little is known about the structural history of the castle while Langley was the owner in the 14th century; however, it is thought that he was responsible for building the outer bailey and partially filling the eastern part of the ditch surrounding the motte. The motte is in diameter at the base and across the flat top, some above ground level. The inner bailey is broadly rectangular and measures approximately . "Fotheringay" was the title of a song written about the imprisonment of Mary, Queen of Scots, by Sandy Denny. It appeared in 1969 on "What We Did on Our Holidays," her first album with the British folk rock band Fairport Convention. Denny's band after leaving Fairport Convention was named Fotheringay. That band released one self-titled album in 1970 before disbanding. The castle is also mentioned in "A Column of Fire", the third book in Ken Follett’s best selling historical fiction trilogy, in which Mary, Queen of Scots is a major character. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30864931 | 352,583 |
Line splice In telecommunications, a line splice is a method of connecting electrical cables (electrical splice) or optical fibers (optical splice). Splices are often housed in sleeves to protect against external influences. The splicing of copper wires happens in the following steps: The splicing of copper wires is mainly used on paper insulated wires. LSA techniques (LSA: soldering, screwing and stripping free) are used to connect copper wires, making the copper wires faster and easier to connect. LSA techniques include: Fiber-optic cables are spliced using a special arc-splicer, with installation cables connected at their ends to respective "pigtails" - short individual fibers with fiber-optic connectors at one end. The splicer precisely adjusts the light-guiding cores of the two ends of the glass fibers to be spliced. The adjustment is done fully automatically in modern devices, whereas in older models this is carried out manually by means of micrometer screws and microscope. An experienced splicer can precisely position the fiber ends within a few seconds. Subsequently, the fibers are fused together (welded) with an electric arc. Since no additional material is added, such as gas welding or soldering, this is called a "fusion splice". Depending on the quality of the splicing process, attenuation values at the splice points are achieved by 0.3 dB, with good splices also below 0.02 dB. For newer generation devices, alignment is done automatically by motors. Here one differentiates core and jacket centering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57462594 | 489,027 |
Workplace wellness Current recommendations for employers are not only to help its unhealthy population become healthy but also to keep its healthy population from becoming sick. Employers are encouraged to implement population-based programs including health risk appraisals and health screenings in conjunction with targeted interventions. However, a large and growing body of research shows that workplace wellness has far more deleterious effects on employee health than benefits, and that there are no savings whatsoever. Indeed, the most recent winner of the industry's award for the best program admitted to violating clinical guidelines and fabricating outcomes improvement. Investing in worksite wellness programs not only aims to improve organizational productivity and presenteesim, but also offers a variety of benefits associated with cost savings and resource availability. A study performed by Johnson and Johnson indicated that wellness programs saved organizations an estimated $250 million on health care costs between 2002 and 2008. interventions performed on high-risk cardiovascular disease employees indicated that at the end of a six-month trial, 57% were reduced to a low-risk status. These individuals received not only cardiac rehabilitation health education but exercise training as well. Further, studies performed by the U.S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5367458 | 454,667 |
Corporate accelerator A corporate accelerator is a specific form of seed accelerator which is sponsored by an established for-profit corporation. Similar to seed accelerators they support early-stage startup companies through mentorship and often capital and office space. In contrast to regular programs, though, corporate accelerators derive their objectives from the sponsoring organization. These objectives can include the wish to stay close to emerging trends or to establish a funnel for corporate venture capital investments. According to Corporate Accelerator DB there are 70+ such programs in existence as of December 2016. Notable companies include Microsoft, Citrix, and Telefónica who were among the first companies to offer such programs in the early 2010s. More recently, corporate accelerators have faced criticism as they might be less effective as regular seed accelerators. For example, the startup could be too focused on solving the problems of the sponsoring firm rather than finding external customers. Corporate accelerators differ from Business incubators, which usually have a continuous intake, due to their fixed-term, cohort-based organization (similar to seed accelerators) and are distinct to corporate venture capital which is a direct, targeted investment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47009549 | 468,061 |
SEMATECH (from Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology) is a not-for-profit consortium that performs research and development to advance chip manufacturing. has broad engagement with various sectors of the R&D community, including chipmakers, equipment and material suppliers, universities, research institutes, and government partners. The group is funded by member dues. was conceived in 1986, formed in 1987, and began operating in Austin, Texas in 1988 as a partnership between the United States government and 14 U.S.-based semiconductor manufacturers to solve common manufacturing problems and regain competitiveness for the U.S. semiconductor industry that had been surpassed by Japanese industry in the mid-1980s. was funded over five years by public subsidies coming from the U.S. Department of Defense via the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for a total of $500 million. Following a determination by Board of Directors to eliminate matching funds from the U.S. government after 1996, the organization's focus shifted from the U.S. semiconductor industry to the larger international semiconductor industry, abandoning the initial U.S. government-initiative. Its members represent about half of the worldwide chip market. In late 2015, transferred the Critical Materials Council (CMC), a membership group of semiconductor fabricators, to TECHCET CA LLC, an advisory service firm dedicated to providing supply-chain and market information on electronic materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3062544 | 66,531 |
Multivibrator A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It consists of two amplifying devices (transistors, vacuum tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors or capacitors. The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch during World War I. They called their circuit a "multivibrator" because its output waveform was rich in harmonics. The three types of multivibrator circuits are: Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of multivibrators found use as frequency dividers. A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference frequency would accurately lock to the reference frequency. This technique was used in early electronic organs, to keep notes of different octaves accurately in tune. Other applications included early television systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept synchronized by pulses included in the video signal. The first multivibrator circuit, the classic astable multivibrator oscillator (also called a "plate-coupled multivibrator") was first described by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch in "Publication 27" of the French "Ministère de la Guerre", and in "Annales de Physique 12, 252 (1919)" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21008 | 419,431 |
Acoustical engineering Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibiting sound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection (earmuffs or earplugs). Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineering applied to cars and trucks is known as noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Other techniques to reduce product noise include vibration isolation, application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures. can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product, for instance, manipulating the sound of door closures on automobiles. Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noise or beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is a final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful, for instance, whether sound localisation works in a surround sound system. "Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them." Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include physics, physiology, psychology, audio signal processing and linguistics. Speech recognition and speech synthesis are two important aspects of the machine processing of speech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299813 | 219,240 |
Binomial options pricing model In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting. The binomial model was first proposed by William Sharpe in the 1978 edition of "Investments" (), and formalized by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein in 1979 and by Rendleman and Bartter in that same year. For binomial trees as applied to fixed income and interest rate derivatives see Lattice model (finance) #Interest rate derivatives. The approach has been widely used since it is able to handle a variety of conditions for which other models cannot easily be applied. This is largely because the BOPM is based on the description of an underlying instrument over a period of time rather than a single point. As a consequence, it is used to value American options that are exercisable at any time in a given interval as well as Bermudan options that are exercisable at specific instances of time. Being relatively simple, the model is readily implementable in computer software (including a spreadsheet). Although computationally slower than the Black–Scholes formula, it is more accurate, particularly for longer-dated options on securities with dividend payments. For these reasons, various versions of the binomial model are widely used by practitioners in the options markets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250074 | 508,289 |
Rapoport's rule For most groups that have been shown to follow the rule, it is restricted to or at least most distinct above latitudes of about 40–50 degrees. Rohde therefore concluded that the rule describes a local phenomenon. Computer simulations using the Chowdhury Ecosystem Model did not find support for the rule. Rohde (1996) explained the fact that the rule is restricted to very high latitudes by effects of glaciations which have wiped out species with narrow ranges, a view also expressed by Brown (1995). Another explanation of is the "climatic variability" or "seasonal variability hypothesis". According to this hypothesis, seasonal variability selects for greater climatic tolerances and therefore wider latitudinal ranges (see also Fernandez and Vrba 2005). The methods used to demonstrate the rule have been subject to some controversy. Most commonly, authors plot means of latitudinal ranges in a particular 5° latitudinal band against latitude, although modal or median ranges have been used by some. In the original paper by Stevens, all species occurring in each band were counted, i.e., a species with a range of 50 degrees occurs in 10 or 11 bands. However, this may lead to an artificial inflation of latitudinal ranges of species occurring at high latitudes, because even a few tropical species with wide ranges will affect the means of ranges at high latitudes, whereas the opposite effect due to high latitude species extending into the tropics is negligible: species diversity is much smaller at high than low latitudes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1976946 | 169,447 |
Aerated lagoon Both these systems utilize fine or medium bubble diffusers to provide aeration and mixing to the process water. The diffusers can be suspended slightly above the lagoon floor or may rest on the bottom. Flexible airline or weighted air hose supplies air to the diffuser unit from the air lateral (either floating or submerged). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1616845 | 319,092 |
Xavier Leroy (born March 15, 1968) is a French computer scientist and programmer. He is best known for his role as a primary developer of the OCaml system. He is Professor of software science at Collège de France. Before his appointment at Collège de France in 2018, he was senior scientist ("directeur de recherche") at the French government research institution Inria. Leroy was admitted to the École normale supérieure in Paris in 1987, where he studied mathematics and computer science. From 1989 to 1992 he did his PhD in computer science under the supervision of Gérard Huet. He is an internationally recognized expert on functional programming languages and compilers. In recent years, he has taken an interest in formal methods, formal proofs and certified compilation. He is the leader of the CompCert project that develops an optimizing compiler for C (programming language), formally verified in Coq. Leroy was also the original author of LinuxThreads, the most widely used threading package for Linux versions prior to 2.6. Linux 2.6 introduced NPTL, with much more extensive support from the kernel, to replace LinuxThreads. In 2015 he was named a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to safe, high-performance functional programming languages and compilers, and to compiler verification." He was awarded the 2016 Milner Award by the Royal Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1623543 | 109,856 |
Adiabatic invariant There are some important situations in which the magnetic moment is "not" invariant: The longitudinal invariant of a particle trapped in a magnetic mirror, where the integral is between the two turning points, is also an adiabatic invariant. This guarantees, for example, that a particle in the magnetosphere moving around the Earth always returns to the same line of force. The adiabatic condition is violated in transit-time magnetic pumping, where the length of a magnetic mirror is oscillated at the bounce frequency, resulting in net heating. The total magnetic flux formula_52 enclosed by a drift surface is the third adiabatic invariant, associated with the periodic motion of mirror-trapped particles drifting around the axis of the system. Because this drift motion is relatively slow, formula_52 is often not conserved in practical applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1440776 | 443,247 |
Millipede memory is a form of non-volatile computer memory. It promised a data density of more than 1 terabit per square inch (1 gigabit per square millimeter), which is about the limit of the perpendicular recording hard drives. Millipede storage technology was pursued as a potential replacement for magnetic recording in hard drives and a means of reducing the physical size of the technology to that of flash media. IBM demonstrated a prototype millipede storage device at CeBIT 2005, and was trying to make the technology commercially available by the end of 2007. However, because of concurrent advances in competing storage technologies, no commercial product has been made available since then. The main memory of modern computers is constructed from one of a number of DRAM-related devices. DRAM basically consists of a series of capacitors, which store data in terms of the presence or absence of electrical charge. Each capacitor and its associated control circuitry, referred to as a "cell", holds one bit, and multiple bits can be read or written in large blocks at the same time. In contrast, hard drives store data on a disk that is covered with a magnetic material; data is represented by this material being locally magnetized. Reading and writing are accomplished by a single head, which waits for the requested memory location to pass under the head while the disk spins. As a result, a hard drive's performance is limited by the mechanical speed of the motor, and it is generally hundreds of thousands of times slower than DRAM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1592956 | 260,510 |
Elexis Sinclaire " As for the second game, Ritual's community relations manager Steve Hessel said "the resequencing process that put her DNA back together made her a bit younger, but mentally she's still her brilliant and scheming old self." Ritual's co-founder Richard Gray said Elexis and Blade "have kind of a strange obsession with one another for various reasons. It's almost like a love / hate relationship." Voice actress Hannah Logan, who portrayed the character in both games, thought she did it well as she could do "a really low" voice and "do sexy vixens pretty well and it comes pretty easily." Logan commented on Elexis and Blade: "Love and hate are different sides of the same coin; I think they are in 'love' with hating each other. Passion, pain, pleasure, winning, it's all the same in their cat and mouse game. ... I think Elexis is very much in touch with her 'feminine' side, but uses it in a masculine way, as a weapon. A bimbo is, ultimately, a victim. Elexis knows exactly what she is doing - she uses her sensuality to win, not that it always works, but it is definitely a "major" piece of ammo in her arsenal." Beauchamp herself described the character simply as an "evil bitch". was received mostly very positively, achieving high popularity herself, including having been voted the ninth best female character in the history of PC gaming by readers of GameSpot in 2000. According to "Story-Driven Character Design", the "beautiful, sexy" Elexis Sinclair was in fact the main selling point of the first game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7636540 | 162,210 |
Leiden Bio Science Park The Leiden Bio Science park (LBSP) is the largest life sciences cluster in the Netherlands and ranks in the top five of the most successful science parks in Europe. It is part of Leiden and Oegstgeest and focuses on companies and universities in the Biotechnology sector. The park comprises 110 hectares (272 acres) with over 103 companies and knowledge-based institutions. The park is located mostly in Leiden and lies between Wassenaarseweg on the north and the Plesmanlaan on the south. The park focuses mostly on the use of biotechnology for medical and biopharmaceutical applications. The LBSP was founded in 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek area west of Leiden Central Station, between the Faculty of Science of the Leiden University and the former Academic Medical Hospital, known as the LUMC. The municipality decided that this area should primarily be focused on biotechnology. In 2005 the foundation" Leiden Life meets Science" was founded by the Leiden University, the municipality, the LUMC, TNO, Naturalis, Chamber of Commerce, the province South Holland, University of Applied Sciences, and the ROC Leiden, with the purpose of growth the park in size and quality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52141066 | 186,486 |
IC power-supply pin CMOS ICs have generally borrowed the NMOS convention of V for positive and V for negative even though both positive and negative supply rails connect to source terminals (the positive supply goes to PMOS sources, the negative supply to NMOS sources). ICs using bipolar transistors have V (positive) and V (negative) power supply pins - though V is also often used for CMOS devices as well. In many single supply digital and analog circuits the negative power supply is also called "GND". In "split rail" supply systems there are multiple supply voltages. Examples of such systems include modern cell phones, with GND and voltages such as 1.2 V, 1.8 V, 2.4 V, 3.3 V and PCs, with GND and voltages such as −5 V, 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V. Power-sensitive designs often have multiple power rails at a given voltage, using them to conserve energy by switching off supplies to components which are not in active use. More advanced circuits will often have pins carrying voltage levels for more specialized functions and these are generally labeled with some abbreviation of their purpose. For example, V for the supply delivered to a USB device (nominally 5 V), V for a battery, or V for the reference voltage for an analog-to-digital converter. Systems combining both digital and analog circuits often distinguish digital and analog grounds (GND and AGND), helping isolate digital noise from sensitive analog circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1625348 | 401,096 |
DNA-encoded chemical library However the stepwise addition of at least three independent sets of chemical moieties to a tri-functional core building block for the construction and encoding of a very large DNA-encoded library (comprising up to 10 compounds) can also be envisaged.(Fig.2) Encoded Self-Assembling Chemical (ESAC) libraries rely on the principle that two sublibraries of a size of x members (e.g. 10) containing a constant complementary hybridization domain can yield a combinatorial DNA-duplex library after hybridization with a complexity of x uniformly represented library members (e.g. 10). Each sub-library member would consist of an oligonucleotide containing a variable, coding region flanked by a constant DNA sequence, carrying a suitable chemical modification at the oligonucleotide extremity. The ESAC sublibraries can be used in at least four different embodiments. Preferential binders isolated from an affinity-based selection can be PCR-amplified and decoded on complementary oligonucleotide microarrays or by concatenation of the codes, subcloning and sequencing. The individual building blocks can eventually be conjugated using suitable linkers to yield a drug-like high-affinity compound. The characteristics of the linker (e.g. length, flexibility, geometry, chemical nature and solubility) influence the binding affinity and the chemical properties of the resulting binder.(Fig.3) Bio-panning experiments on HSA of a 600-member ESAC library allowed the isolation of the 4-("p"-iodophenyl)butanoic moiety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22810768 | 171,076 |
Captain Britain Brian owned Braddock Industries, a company that aided fellow Council member Bolivar Trask in creating his Sentinels, robots that policed the Eurasian continent, and is also the most vocal advocate for the extermination of mutants, much to the weariness of Council members Yashida and Frost, who seem much less fanatical in their beliefs. Although Mariko Yashida becomes suspicious of Brian's erratic behavior, after a failed attempt on his life by a servant of Apocalypse, Braddock proposes the assembly of the entire Council fleet to attack Apocalypse's capital. However, it is revealed that Braddock had in fact become a victim of a mind control device that forced him to act as a mole for Donald Pierce and his Reavers, and died at Pierce's hands when he overcomes his influence and refuses to kill Emma Frost. In an alternate AoA timeline, from "What If?: Age of Apocalypse", is a member of the Defenders (their version of the Avengers), and uses Iron Man's armor. In this timeline, Legion kills both Professor Xavier and Magneto, therefore the X-Men never existed, so mankind's only hope lies with the Defenders. The other Defender members are Weapon X, the Thing (using a metal prosthetic arm), X-Man, Colossus, Brother Voodoo, Molecule Man, and Sauron, led by Captain America (who wields Thor's hammer, Mjolnir). During the final offensive against Apocalypse, loses his life fighting the Hulk (one of Apocalypse's Horsemen in this reality), who rips Britain's body apart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=412419 | 204,569 |
Queens Wharf is a multi-purpose venue in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia with a cafe, pub, restaurant, observation tower and ferry wharf built as part of the redevelopment of the Hunter River foreshore. Opened in May 1988 by Queen Elizabeth II, it was completed as a Bicentennial project. The project was the vision of Joy Cummings, who became Lord Mayor of Newcastle in 1974, the first woman ever to hold such a position in Australia. The observation tower was demolished in September 2018. The ferry wharf is served by Newcastle Transport's Stockton ferry services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25653410 | 337,191 |
Rogue wave A survey of 125 bulk carriers that sank between 1963 and 1996 found that seventy-six "probably" flooded, another four because of hatch-cover failure, the rest from "unidentified" causes. Nine other vessels broke completely in two. Causes of the remaining forty losses are unknown. Montgomery-Swan has outlined the generic mechanism of ship failure when encountering a rogue wave: The scenario is very simple: the weight of the ship accelerates her down the back slope of the previous wave, the bow sticks into the lower part of the front of the giant incoming wave, and thousands of tons of green water fall onto the fore part of the ship. What happens next depends on the structure of the vessel. Professor Faulkner who did the forensic independent analysis of the loss of the M.V. "Derbyshire" explains why this is such a problem for bulk carriers. He states that "It is quite possible that some of the many unexplained heavy weather losses (of bulk carriers) may have been caused by hatch cover or coaming failures because fore end plunging due to flooding of large holds can be rapid." He noted in his report that "because of their high inertias and natural pitch periods, these large ships do not rise to the waves, as appropriately experienced masters have confirmed. They tend to bury into them." Faulkner concluded that "beyond any reasonable doubt, the direct cause of the loss of the M.V. "Derbyshire" was the quite inadequate strength of her cargo hatch covers to withstand the forces of Typhoon Orchid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 | 24,470 |
Samuel von Pufendorf The theory, of course, has found no acceptance in the Roman Catholic Church, but it nonetheless made it possible for the Protestant governments to make a working compromise with Rome in respect of the Roman Catholic Church established in their states. In 1688 Pufendorf was called into the service of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. He accepted the call, but he had no sooner arrived than the elector died. His son Frederick III fulfilled the promises of his father; and Pufendorf, historiographer and privy councillor, was instructed to write a history of the Elector Frederick William ("De rebus gestis Frederici Wilhelmi Magni"). The King of Sweden continued to testify his goodwill towards Pufendorf, and in 1694 created him a baron. In the same year while still in Sweden, Pufendorf suffered a stroke, and shortly thereafter died at Berlin. He was buried in the church of St Nicholas, where an inscription to his memory is still to be seen. He was succeeded as historiographer in Berlin by Charles Ancillon. In 1672 appeared "De iure naturae et gentium". This work took largely the theories of Grotius and many ideas from Hobbes, adding to them Pufendorf's own ideas to develop the law of nations. Pufendorf argues that natural law does not extend beyond the limits of this life and merely regulates only external acts. He also challenges the Hobbesian thesis of a state of nature which is a state of war or conflict. For Pufendorf too there is a state of nature, but it is a state of peace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183563 | 507,847 |
IDempiere The community of people working with the software uses different tools to communicate around the world, such as Multi-language Project Wiki, Google forums and Mattermost channels. Wider reception comes also through speeches held in open source conferences like and on Universities. The development environment (IDE) used for iDempiere is Eclipse with maven/Tycho, Git, Equinox ( OSGi ) and Apache Felix Web Console. Idempiere uses Jira for bug/issue tracking, continuous integration and Real-time collaboration, in this way it integrate the contributions of the community in an agile way, however all source goes through peer review before making it to the core. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42160496 | 496,303 |
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid blood clot) formation; 4) promote fibrinolysis thereby dissolving blood clots; and 5) inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation thereby reducing blood vessel hypertrophy and narrowing. EETs, pharmacological inhibition of sEH, and/or inhibition of sEH expression enhance insulin actions on animal tissues in vitro and have protective effects in ameliorating insulin resistance as well as many of the neurological and kidney complications of diabetes in various animal models of diabetes; the studies suggest that the EETs have beneficial effects in Type I diabetes as well as Type II diabetes. These interventions also gave beneficial results in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and certain types inflammation-related kidney diseases including chronic kidney disease, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and polycystic kidney disease. The protective role of EETs in these animal model diseases may reflect, at least in part, their anti-inflammatory actions. EETs have been shown to have anti-hyperalgesic and pain-relieving activity in several animal models of pain including Nociception resulting from tissue injury, inflammation, and Peripheral neuropathy (also see Neuropathic pain) including pain secondary to experimentally induced Diabetes in mice. The epoxides of omega-3 fatty acids appear far stronger and more involved in the relief of pain than the EETs (see epoxydocosapentaenoic acid). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4367754 | 143,018 |
Vocoder A vocoder (, a portmanteau of "voice" and "encoder") is a category of voice codec that analyzes and synthesizes the human voice signal for audio data compression, multiplexing, voice encryption or voice transformation. The vocoder was invented in 1938 by Homer Dudley at Bell Labs as a means of synthesizing human speech. This work was developed into the channel vocoder which was used as a voice codec for telecommunications for coding speech to conserve bandwidth in transmission. By encrypting the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception. Its primary use in this fashion is for secure radio communication. The advantage of this method of encryption is that none of the original signal is sent, only envelopes of the bandpass filters. The receiving unit needs to be set up in the same filter configuration to re-synthesize a version of the original signal spectrum. The vocoder has also been used extensively as an electronic musical instrument. The decoder portion of the vocoder, called a voder, can be used independently for speech synthesis. The human voice consists of sounds generated by the opening and closing of the glottis by the vocal cords, which produces a periodic waveform with many harmonics. This basic sound is then filtered by the nose and throat (a complicated resonant piping system) to produce differences in harmonic content (formants) in a controlled way, creating the wide variety of sounds used in speech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32678 | 114,000 |
Ice drilling At the point where the cable connects to the sonde, most drills include a slip ring, to allow the drill to rotate independently of the cable. This is to prevent torque damage to the cable if the anti-torque system fails. Coring drills may also have a weight that can be used as a hammer to assist in breaking the core, and a chamber for any instrumentation or sensors needed. At the bottom of the sonde is the cutting head, and above this is the core barrel, with auger flights around it on shallow drills, and typically an outer barrel around that, usually with internal vertical ribs or some other way of providing additional impetus to the upward-bound cuttings on the flights. If there is a separate chip chamber it will be above the core barrel. The motor, with suitable gearing, is also above the core barrel. Shallow drills can retrieve cores up to 300–350 m deep, but core quality is much improved if drilling fluid is present, so some shallow drills have been designed to work in wet holes. Tests reported in 2014 showed that wet drilling, with the top of the drilling fluid no deeper than 250 m, would maintain good core quality. Drilling fluids are necessary for drilling deep holes, so the cable-suspended drills that are used for these projects use a pump to provide fluid circulation, in order to remove the cuttings from the bit. A few drills designed for use with drilling fluid also have auger flights on the inner barrel. As with shallow drills, the cuttings are stored in a chamber above the core | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55125362 | 262,576 |
History of rail transport It was the Americans who brought the technology of railway construction to Russia. In 1842, planning began for the building of Russia's first important railway; it linked Moscow and St Petersburg. Cuba, then a Spanish colony, built its first rail line in 1837. The history of rail transport in peninsular Spain begins in 1848 with the construction of a railway line between Barcelona and Mataró. In 1852, the first narrow gauge line was built. In 1863 a line reached the Portuguese border. By 1864, the Madrid-Irun line had been opened and the French border was reached. The first Canadian railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, was opened in 1836 outside of Montreal, a seasonal portage railway to connect river traffic. It was followed by the Albion Railway in Stellarton, Nova Scotia in 1840, a collier railway connecting coal mines to a seaport. In Canada, the national government strongly supported railway construction for political goals. First it wanted to knit the far-flung provinces together and second, it wanted to maximize trade inside Canada and minimize trade with the United States, to avoid becoming an economic satellite. The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada linked Toronto and Montreal in 1853, then opened a line to Portland, Maine (which was ice-free) and lines to Michigan and Chicago. By 1870 it was the longest railway in the world. The Intercolonial line, finished in 1876, linked the Maritimes to Quebec and Ontario, tying them to the new Confederation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211919 | 235,456 |
Gas turbine In effect the separation of the gas generator, by a fluid coupling (the hot energy-rich combustion gases), from the power turbine is analogous to an automotive transmission's fluid coupling. This arrangement is used to increase power-output flexibility with associated highly-reliable control mechanisms. In 1963, Jan Mowill initiated the development at Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk in Norway. Various successors have made good progress in the refinement of this mechanism. Owing to a configuration that keeps heat away from certain bearings, the durability of the machine is improved while the radial turbine is well matched in speed requirement. Also known as miniature gas turbines or micro-jets. With this in mind the pioneer of modern Micro-Jets, Kurt Schreckling, produced one of the world's first Micro-Turbines, the FD3/67. This engine can produce up to 22 newtons of thrust, and can be built by most mechanically minded people with basic engineering tools, such as a metal lathe. Evolved from piston engine turbochargers, aircraft APUs or small jet engines, microturbines are 25 to 500 kilowatt turbines the size of a refrigerator. Microturbines have around 15% efficiencies without a recuperator, 20 to 30% with one and they can reach 85% combined thermal-electrical efficiency in cogeneration. Most gas turbines are internal combustion engines but it is also possible to manufacture an external combustion gas turbine which is, effectively, a turbine version of a hot air engine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58664 | 433,048 |
Stone sealer Stone sealing is the application of a surface treatment to products constructed of natural stone to retard staining and corrosion. All bulk natural stone is riddled with interconnected capillary channels that permit penetration by liquids and gases. This is true for igneous rock types such as granite and basalt, metamorphic rocks such as marble and slate, and sedimentary rocks such as limestone, travertine, and sandstone. These porous channels act like a sponge, and capillary action draws in liquids over time, along with any dissolved salts and other solutes. Very porous stone, such as sandstone absorb liquids relatively quickly, while denser igneous stones such as granite are significantly less porous; they absorb smaller volumes, and more slowly, especially when absorbing viscous liquids. Natural stone is used in kitchens, floors, walls, bathrooms, dining rooms, around swimming pools, building foyers, public areas and facades. Since ancient times, stone has been popular for building and decorative purposes. It has been valued for its strength, durability, and insulation properties. It can be cut, cleft, or sculpted to shape as required, and the variety of natural stone types, textures, and colors provide an exceptionally versatile range of building materials. The porosity and makeup of most stone does, however, leave it prone to certain types of damage if unsealed. Staining is the most common form of damage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8978246 | 47,673 |
Nissin Building The décor is much simpler in the lower three stories than above, which features reliefs and granite columns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47203326 | 354,382 |
History of cosmetics To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for problems such as baldness and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life. Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods. Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner. After Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real look in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire. In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that harm one's body. An early teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia "Al-Tasrif". A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" ("Adwiyat al-Zinah"). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8034251 | 288,555 |
Reagent Chemicals Many standards organizations and federal agencies that set guidelines require the use of ACS-grade regent chemicals for many test procedures. This includes the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). An exception would be those working on trace analyses (measuring contaminants in the environment, for example), where small impurities in reagents would be significant. Online After eleven paper editions over 68 years, became an electronic resource in 2017. This allows content to be updated as standards change and new reagents are added. The publication is updated several times a year with new reagents and new methods of analysis. Changes are published online six months before they become the official standard, allowing manufacturers to adjust their labels or processes. While the full details of most reagents are behind a paywall, that for acetone is publicly available to showcase a typical entry. "Early 1900s" The need for high-quality analytical reagent grade chemicals was recognized by chemists in the early 1900s when variations in the purity of routinely used laboratory chemicals began to produce unacceptable variations in the analytical analysis. "1903" With these concerns in mind, the American Chemical Society took the initiative to create the Committee on the Purity of Reagents, the forerunner of the Committee on Analytical Reagents. "1917" The American Chemical Society established the ACS Committee on Analytical Reagents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58008487 | 78,869 |
Distribution board A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also incorporated. In the United Kingdom, a distribution board designed for domestic installations is known as a consumer unit. North American distribution boards are typically housed in sheet metal enclosures, with the circuit breakers positioned in two columns operable from the front. Some panelboards are provided with a door covering the breaker switch handles, but all are constructed with a "dead front"; that is to say the front of the enclosure (whether it has a door or not) prevents the operator of the circuit breakers from contacting live electrical parts within. Busbars carry the current from incoming line ("hot") conductors to the breakers, which are secured to the bus with either a "bolt-on" connection (using a threaded screw) or a "plug-in" connection using a retaining clip. "Panelboards" are more common in commercial and industrial applications and employ bolt-on breakers. Residential and light commercial panels are generally referred to as "load centers" and employ plug-in breakers. The neutral conductors are secured to a neutral bus using screw terminals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=751771 | 309,617 |
Plant virus Within the polyprotein is an enzyme (or enzymes) with proteinase function that is able to cleave the polyprotein into the various single proteins or just cleave away the protease, which can then cleave other polypeptides producing the mature proteins. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) are frequently used in plant molecular biology. Of special interest is the CaMV 35S promoter, which is a very strong promoter most frequently used in plant transformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1475873 | 261,308 |
Electromagnetic tensor In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime. The field tensor was first used after the four-dimensional tensor formulation of special relativity was introduced by Hermann Minkowski. The tensor allows related physical laws to be written very concisely. The electromagnetic tensor, conventionally labelled "F", is defined as the exterior derivative of the electromagnetic four-potential, "A", a differential 1-form: Therefore, "F" is a differential 2-form—that is, an antisymmetric rank-2 tensor field—on Minkowski space. In component form, where formula_3 is the four-gradient and formula_4 is the four-potential. SI units for Maxwell's equations and the particle physicist's sign convention for the signature of Minkowski space , will be used throughout this article. The electric and magnetic fields can be obtained from the components of the electromagnetic tensor. The relationship is simplest in Cartesian coordinates: where "c" is the speed of light, and where formula_7 is the Levi-Civita tensor. This gives the fields in a particular reference frame; if the reference frame is changed, the components of the electromagnetic tensor will transform covariantly, and the fields in the new frame will be given by the new components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1912367 | 422,423 |
BioSLAX On 4 December 2003, the biobox software packages now named APBioBox (Redhat Linux) and BioCluster Grid (Sun Solaris) were field-tested at a Bioinformatics Workshop was conducted at the Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Philippines on the occasion of the 70th Anniversary of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP). Ten pentium machines and a couple of Sun servers were successfully inducted into the APBioGrid. This Workshop and the software tested were sponsored by Sun Microsystems and partially funded by IDRC. In July 2004, Dr Derek Kiong introduced Knoppix as a stable, powerful and small-footprint Unix (Debian-based) platform to A/Prof Tan Tin Wee in a workshop organised by the Institute of Systems Science (ISS), NUS. By September 2004, through Mr Ong Guan Sin, we were able to create a Knoppix remaster template by building software in APBioBox plus useful applications into a prototype, APBioKnoppix, as a project for the practical course of LSM2104 module of the Dept of Biochemistry, NUS. It was subsequently upgraded based on Knoppix 4.02 and released as APBioKnoppix2. While APBioKnoppix was widely used, it was found that it was not easily expandable. All applications had to be in place prior to remastering and this made the distribution highly inflexible. In June 2005, Mr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24188856 | 176,597 |
Shadowing lemma In the theory of dynamical systems, the shadowing lemma is a lemma describing the behaviour of pseudo-orbits near a hyperbolic invariant set. Informally, the theory states that every pseudo-orbit (which one can think of as a numerically computed trajectory with rounding errors on every step) stays uniformly close to some true trajectory (with slightly altered initial position)—in other words, a pseudo-trajectory is "shadowed" by a true one. Given a map "f" : "X" → "X" of a metric space ("X", "d") to itself, define a ε-pseudo-orbit (or ε-orbit) as a sequence formula_1 of points such that formula_2 belongs to a ε-neighborhood of formula_3. Then, near a hyperbolic invariant set, the following statement holds: Let Λ be a hyperbolic invariant set of a diffeomorphism f. There exists a neighborhood U of Λ with the following property: for any "δ" > 0 there exists "ε" > 0, such that any (finite or infinite) ε-pseudo-orbit that stays in U also stays in a δ-neighborhood of some true orbit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27431403 | 449,176 |
Biological warfare Researchers at Ben Gurion University in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a "Lab-in-a-Pen", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the ELISA, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics. (passim) Bioweaponeers: Writers and activists: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4361 | 185,857 |
Comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance software Comparison of software for processing NMR spectra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47938584 | 123,446 |
Moving bed biofilm reactor Some other advantages compared to activated sludge systems are: Large diameter submersible mixers are commonly used as a method for mixing in these systems. Experiments with moving bed biofilm reactors have also shown that these systems achieve partial removal of organic micropollutants from the wastewater | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49974099 | 52,390 |
Tanner Amphitheater Originally, wisteria and various kinds of grape and other vines were planted at the base of the columns. These covered the trellis thickly. Although most of the vines have been removed, the wisteria remains. Between the inner and middle trellis columns are planted low boxwood hedges. Planting beds of flowers and flowering shrubs ring the amphitheater. has a seating capacity of 1,500 when tightly packed wooden folding chairs are used. As of 1995, was in good but slightly deteriorated condition. Settling of the dais caused the north edge to bow out, and the century-old brickwork was deteriorating in several places. Pieces had fallen from some of the cast iron capitals, and not been replaced. Some parts of have required replacement over the years. Three columns in the colonnade were severely damaged when a tree fell against them, and had to be replaced with new brick columns. Their cast iron capitals were too damaged to reuse, and were replaced with cast concrete capitals. The wood in the trellis has also been replaced through the years, as needed. The Historic American Buildings Survey has a positive aesthetic assessment of Tanner Amphitheater. Its pergola design fits well with and enhances the setting in which it is situated, the organization says, while the Neoclassical style of the columns and Rostrum bring to mind the values of strength, simplicity, and democracy. fit well with and reinforced the bucolic, pastoral nature of Arlington National Cemetery in the 1800s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43907026 | 360,401 |
Sorting network Noting that sorting networks can perform certain comparisons in parallel (represented in the graphical notation by comparators that lie on the same vertical line), and assuming all comparisons to take unit time, it can be seen that the depth of the network is equal to the number of time steps required to execute it. We can easily construct a network of any size recursively using the principles of insertion and selection. Assuming we have a sorting network of size "n", we can construct a network of size by "inserting" an additional number into the already sorted subnet (using the principle behind insertion sort). We can also accomplish the same thing by first "selecting" the lowest value from the inputs and then sort the remaining values recursively (using the principle behind bubble sort). The structure of these two sorting networks are very similar. A construction of the two different variants, which collapses together comparators that can be performed simultaneously shows that, in fact, they are identical. The insertion network (or equivalently, bubble network) has a depth of , where is the number of values. This is better than the time needed by random-access machines, but it turns out that there are much more efficient sorting networks with a depth of just , as described below. While it is easy to prove the validity of some sorting networks (like the insertion/bubble sorter), it is not always so easy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=562061 | 195,503 |
List of motorcycle suspension manufacturers Manufacturers of motorcycle suspension systems, parts, and accessories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63442711 | 495,132 |
BowMac sign These considerations led to designation as a landmark worthy of heritage conservation in May 1997. The arguments against are that it is ugly and clashes with the multicoloured logo of Toys "R" Us; that it looks ridiculous; that it stands out in the conservative landscape of West Broadway. Another issue is that the Toys "R" Us sign is exempt from but way beyond the bylaws. The itself is 215% too tall and 1823% larger than the allowed area; the Toys "R" Us billboard covers roughly three quarters of this space. A third criticism is that the addition of the Toys "R" Us sign to the original compromises its heritage value. Suggestions that the sign was an earthquake hazard and that it was going to make too much noise and light pollution were addressed; the site was deemed to be acceptably earthquake-resistant, and the power was restricted between 10pm and 4am. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17480228 | 313,654 |
Gerald Jay Sussman Sussman was also the lead designer of the Supercomputer Toolkit, another multiprocessor computer optimized for evolving systems of ordinary differential equations. The Supercomputer Toolkit was used by Sussman and Wisdom to confirm and extend the discoveries made with the Digital Orrery to include the entire planetary system. Sussman has pioneered the use of computational descriptions to communicate methodological ideas in teaching subjects in Electrical Circuits and in Signals and Systems. Over the past decade Sussman and Wisdom have developed a subject that uses computational techniques to communicate a deeper understanding of advanced classical mechanics. In "Computer Science: Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field", he writes "... computational algorithms are used to express the methods used in the analysis of dynamical phenomena. Expressing the methods in a computer language forces them to be unambiguous and computationally effective. Students are expected to read the programs and to extend them and to write new ones. The task of formulating a method as a computer-executable program and debugging that program is a powerful exercise in the learning process. Also, once formalized procedurally, a mathematical idea becomes a tool that can be used directly to compute results." Sussman and Wisdom, with Meinhard Mayer, have produced a textbook, "Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics", to capture these new ideas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=96431 | 137,193 |
Schwerbelastungskörper If it were to sink less than , the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization. The cylinder itself was to be subsequently buried under an artificial hill upon which the triumphal arch was to be erected, enabling a panoramic view down a new wide north-south axis to a huge assembly hall to be constructed near, and dwarfing the Brandenburg Gate. Work on the new capital was soon discontinued because of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944. An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948, revealing that the cylinder had sunk some after two and a half years. The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground. Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war to create new building sites, but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives. Measurements of the subsidence were resumed and continued until 1977 under the auspices of the Technical University of Berlin as part of a project to compile data about the city's geologic foundation. Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historic monument. It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5510750 | 332,035 |
Trophic coherence However, in systems which present correlations between trophic level and other features of nodes, processes which tended to favour the creation of edges between nodes with particular characteristics could induce coherence or incoherence. In the case of food webs, predators tend to specialise on consuming prey with certain biological properties (such as size, speed or behaviour) which correlate with their diet, and hence with trophic level. This has been suggested as the reason for food-web coherence. However, food-web models based on a "niche axis" do not reproduce realistic trophic coherence, which may mean either that this explanation is insufficient, or that several niche dimensions need to be considered. The relation between trophic level and node function can be seen in networks other than food webs. The figure shows a word adjacency network derived from the book Green Eggs and Ham, by Dr Seuss. The height of nodes represents their trophic levels (according here to the edge direction which is the opposite of that suggested by the arrows, which indicate the order in which words are concatenated in sentences). The syntactic function of words is also shown with node colour. There is a clear relationship between syntactic function and trophic level: the mean trophic level of common nouns (blue) is formula_29, whereas that of verbs (red) is formula_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54550458 | 187,453 |
The Avengers (2012 film) About his visual approach, McGarvey remarked, "Joss and I were keen on having a very visceral and naturalistic quality to the image. We wanted this to feel immersive and did not want a 'comic book look' that might distance an audience with the engagement of the film. We moved the camera a lot on Steadicam, cranes and on dollies to create kinetic images; and we chose angles that were dramatic, like low angles for heroic imagery." In December 2011, Disney announced that the film would be converted to 3D. Said Whedon, "I'm not a big fan of extreme long lens, talky movies – I like to see the space I'm in and relate to it, so 3D kinda fits my aesthetic anyway. And the technology has advanced so far in the past couple years." Whedon also said that "there definitely are movies that shouldn't be in 3D" but ""The Avengers" isn't obnoxiously 3D. There's no, 'Oh look, we're going to spend 20 minutes going through this tunnel because it's in 3D!' And no one is pointing at the screen the entire time. But it's an action movie. Things tend to hurtle toward the screen anyway". In January 2012, it was reported that the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D and open in IMAX theaters on May 4, 2012, the same day it opens in regular theaters. The film's IMAX release follows Marvel's IMAX releases of "Iron Man 2" and "Thor". In a May 2012 interview, Whedon said that it was his decision to include Thanos in a post-credits scene, although the character is not identified in the film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22114132 | 266,374 |
European BEST Engineering Competition Members of BEST visited CEC in 2002 as guests and the idea of organising such competitions was discussed in that same year during BEST General Assembly. This is when the story of BEST Competitions begins, with the first BEST European Engineering Competition (BEEC) being organised in Eindhoven in 2003, the first National Round taking place in Portugal in 2006 and the very first EBEC Final being organised in Ghent in 2009 with finalists selected among 2300 participants from 51 universities in 18 countries, marking the completion of EBEC Pyramid. EBEC develops through three levels of competitions that form the EBEC Pyramid. With 84 Local Rounds, 15 National/Regional Rounds and 1 Final Round, EBEC is one of the largest engineering competitions organized by students for students in Europe, with nearly 7,000 students participating every year. Local Rounds (LRs) are held within one University with an established Local BEST Group (LBG). The winning team of each category proceeds to the next level. National/Regional Rounds (NRRs) are held within one country or a multinational region and are organised by one LBG of that country/region. The teams that won the local rounds compete in the same category, claiming a position in the EBEC Final. Currently, there is a total of 15 National/Regional Rounds with more than 700 students participating. The Final Round of the European BEST Engineering Competition, EBEC Final, is one of the most prominent BEST events, organised by one LBG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22322080 | 266,587 |
Perchlorate Further findings of perchlorate and chlorate in the Martian meteorite EETA79001 and by the Mars "Curiosity" rover in 2012-2013 support the notion that perchlorates are globally distributed throughout the Martian surface. With concentrations approaching 0.5% and exceeding toxic levels on Martian soil, Martian perchlorates would present a serious challenge to human settlement, as well as microorganisms. On September 28, 2015, NASA announced that analyses of spectral data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars instrument (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter from four different locations where recurring slope lineae (RSL) are present found evidence for hydrated salts. The hydrated salts most consistent with the spectral absorption features are magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that RSL form as a result of contemporary water activity on Mars. is of concern because of uncertainties about toxicity and health effects at low levels in drinking water, impact on ecosystems, and indirect exposure pathways for humans due to accumulation in vegetables. is water-soluble, exceedingly mobile in aqueous systems, and can persist for many decades under typical groundwater and surface water conditions. Detected perchlorate originates from disinfectants, bleaching agents, herbicides, and mostly from rocket propellants. is a byproduct of the production of a rocket fuel and fireworks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=611177 | 37,166 |
Molten salt oxidation is a non-flame, thermal process that destroys all organic materials while simultaneously retaining inorganic and hazardous components in the melt. It is used as either hazardous waste treatment(with air) or energy harvesting similar to coal and wood gasification(with steam). The molten salt of choice has been sodium carbonate (m.p 851°C), but other salts can be used. Sulfur, halogens, phosphorus and similar volatile pollutants are oxidized and retained in the melt. Most organic carbon content leaves as relatively pure CO//H/HO gas (depending on the feed conditions, whether steam or air is used), and the effluent only requires a cold trap and a mild aqueous wash (except mercury-containing wastes). It has been used for safe biological and chemical weapons destruction, and processing waste such as scrap tires where direct incineration/effluent treatment is difficult. The major downside of the process compared to direct incineration is the eventual saturation of the melt by contaminants, and needing reprocessing/replacement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603285 | 284,139 |
SYBYL line notation SLN uses largely the same bonding notation as SMILES, with codice_9, codice_20, codice_21, and codice_22 for single, double, triple, and aromatic bonds. codice_23 is used for zero-order bonds, similarly to reaction SMILES, although a codice_10 is preferred for distinct molecules. Most single bonds are implicit, so codice_25(<chem>\scriptstyle CH3CH3</chem>) can be used instead of codice_26(<chem>\scriptstyle CH3-CH3</chem>) for ethane. Explicit single bonds are useful for three-center bonds. The codice_27 attribute is defined for double bonds, to convey stereochemistry information in E/Z or cis/trans notation. N/I is available, and stands for the "main" chain being trans or cis to each other. SLN writes rings in a more explicit pattern than SMILES, with benzene specified as codice_28. An atom is tagged as an anchor on the ring with a single numeric attribute, and codice_29 can then be used to specify this (in our case, "number one") atom for bonding back to. SLN branches are identical to SMILES branches, with parentheses specifying them. Propionic acid is codice_30(<chem>\scriptstyle CH3CH2C(=O)OH</chem>). SLN supports reactions with codice_31 connecting the reactants and the products. Atom mapping is possible with the use of codice_32 attributes. The reaction center (rc) attribute can be added to bonds, and the chiral conversion (cc) attribute to atoms. Multiple lines can be merged into a syntatical line by writing a codice_33 (backslash) at the end of each line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7035609 | 55,791 |
Fleur-de-lis The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in "", and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in "Warhammer 40,000". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=96957 | 365,196 |
Jack Minker The Allen Newell Award is a recognition by the Association for Computing Machinery to individuals that have contributed to the breadth of knowledge within computer science and the bridging between computer science and other disciplines. He also received the 2011 Heinz R. Pagels Human Rights Award from the New York Academy of Sciences for his work on behalf of scientific freedom and human rights for scientists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11928098 | 102,152 |
Institution of Fire Engineers You may be a Student member of the IFE for up to five years, at which point you will be required to upgrade your membership or transfer to Affiliate status. An ongoing programme of study is suggested to run for at least 6 months, the IFE Examinations are also accepted as attaining these requirements. Evidence of study will be required at the time of application. Technician (TIFireE )– Passed IFE Level 3 Certificate, or have relevant academic qualifications plus the necessary experience. Applicants will also have met the relevant Initial Professional Development (IPD) criteria in: Knowledge and understanding of engineering technology. Contribution to the design, development, manufacture, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance of products, equipment, processes, systems and services. The acceptance and exercise of personal responsibility, use of effective communication and interpersonal skills and to have made a personal commitment to adhere to the code of professional conduct. Graduate (GIFireE) – Hold the IFE Level 3 Diploma, or have relevant academic qualifications, or UK Station Officer Examinations plus three years of acceptable training and experience Associate (AIFireE) – Hold the IFE Level 4 Certificate or an equivalent qualification in a relevant subject and have the support of two corporate IFE members. Member (MIFireE) – Hold the IFE Level 4 Certificate or an equivalent qualification in a relevant subject | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6752098 | 55,319 |
Server Message Block NQ is a family of portable SMB client and server implementations developed by Visuality Systems, an Israel-based company established in 1998 by Sam Widerman, formerly the CEO of Siemens Data Communications. The NQ family comprises an embedded SMB stack (written in C), a Pure Java SMB Client and a storage SMB Server implementation. All of them support the latest SMB 3.1.1 dialect. NQ is portable to non-Windows platforms such as Linux, iOS, Android, as well as to VxWorks, Integrity, and other real-time operating systems. MoSMB is a proprietary SMB implementation for Linux and other Unix-like systems, developed by Ryussi Technologies. It supports only SMB 2.x and SMB 3.x. Tuxera SMB is a proprietary SMB server implementation developed by Tuxera that can be run either in kernel or user space. It supports SMB 3.1.1 and previous versions. Likewise developed a CIFS/SMB implementation (versions 1.0, 2.0, 2.1 and NFS 3.0) back in 2009 that provided a multiprotocol, identity-aware platform for network access to files used in OEM storage products built on Linux/Unix based devices. The platform could be used for traditional NAS, Cloud Gateway, and Cloud Caching devices for providing secure access to files across a network. Likewise was purchased by EMC Isilon in 2012. CIFSD is an open source In-kernel CIFS/SMB server implementation for Linux kernel. It has the following advantages over user-space implementations: It provides better performance, and it's easier to implement some features like SMB Direct. It supports SMB 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=349873 | 111,368 |
Ivan A. Getting He also served as head of the Naval Fire Control Section of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, member of the Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee on Searchlight and Fire Control, and head of the Radar Panel of the Research and Development Board of the Department of Defense. In 1950, during the Korean War, Getting became Assistant for Development Planning, Deputy Chief of Staff, United States Air Force; and in 1951, Vice President for Engineering and Research at the Raytheon Corporation (1951-1960). While at Raytheon, Getting also served on the Undersea Warfare Committee of the National Research Council. In 1960 Getting became the founding President of The Aerospace Corporation (1960-1977). The Corporation was established at the request of the Secretary of the Air Force as a non-profit organization to apply "the full resources of modern science and technology to the problem of achieving those continued advances in ballistic missiles and space systems, which are basic to national security." Getting was also a founding member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Group (later renamed the Scientific Advisory Board) and chair of its Electronics Panel. Getting retired from The Aerospace Corporation in 1977. In 1978 he served as President of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He also served on the Board of Directors of the Northrop Corporation and the Board of Trustees of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Getting died on October 11, 2003, in Coronado, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1216466 | 294,085 |
Evolutionary psychology Stepchildren were seldom or never so valuable to one's expected fitness as one's own offspring would be, and those parental psyches that were easily parasitized by just any appealing youngster must always have incurred a selective disadvantage"(Daly & Wilson, 1996, pp. 64–65). However, they note that not all stepparents will "want" to abuse their partner's children, or that genetic parenthood is any insurance against abuse. They see step parental care as primarily "mating effort" towards the genetic parent. Inclusive fitness is the sum of an organism's classical fitness (how many of its own offspring it produces and supports) and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others. The first component is called classical fitness by Hamilton (1964). From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton proved mathematically that, because close relatives of an organism share some identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by promoting the reproduction and survival of these related or otherwise similar individuals. Hamilton concluded that this leads natural selection to favor organisms that would behave in ways that maximize their inclusive fitness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9703 | 189,961 |
Industrial Relations (journal) Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society is a quarterly peer-reviewed economics journal covering industrial relations and labor economics. It was established in 1961 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the UC-Berkeley Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Chris Riddell (University of Waterloo). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.59, ranking it 8th out of 26 journals in the category "Industrial Relations & Labor". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54281913 | 474,652 |
Heliograph In 1961, the US Air Force was working on a space heliograph to signal between satellites In May 2012, "Solar Beacon" robotic mirrors designed at UC Berkeley were mounted on the towers of the Golden Gate bridge, and a web site set up where the public could schedule times for the mirrors to signal with sun-flashes, entering the time and their latitude, longitude and altitude. The solar beacons were later moved to Sather Tower at UC Berkeley. By June 2012, the public could specify a "custom show" of up to 32 "on" or "off" periods of 4 seconds each, permitting the transmission of a few characters of Morse Code. The designer described the Solar Beacon as a "heliostat", not a "heliograph". The first digitally controlled heliograph was designed and built in 2015. It was a semi-finalist in the Broadcom MASTERS competition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=712727 | 212,401 |
Macromolecular crowding Notably, the size of the effect is non-linear, so macromolecules are much more strongly affected than are small molecules such as amino acids or simple sugars. is therefore an effect exerted by large molecules on the properties of other large molecules. is an important effect in biochemistry and cell biology. For example, the increase in the strength of interactions between proteins and DNA produced by crowding may be of key importance in processes such as transcription and DNA replication. Crowding has also been suggested to be involved in processes as diverse as the aggregation of hemoglobin in sickle-cell disease, and the responses of cells to changes in their volume. The importance of crowding in protein folding is of particular interest in biophysics. Here, the crowding effect can accelerate the folding process, since a compact folded protein will occupy less volume than an unfolded protein chain. However, crowding can reduce the yield of correctly folded protein by increasing protein aggregation. Crowding may also increase the effectiveness of chaperone proteins such as GroEL in the cell, which could counteract this reduction in folding efficiency. It has also been shown that macromolecular crowding affects protein-folding dynamics as well as overall protein shape where distinct conformational changes are accompanied by secondary structure alterations implying that crowding-induced shape changes may be important for protein function and malfunction in vivo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19248693 | 146,985 |
Intelligent street lighting When a passer-by is detected by a camera or sensor, it will communicate this to neighboring street lights, which will brighten so that people are always surrounded by a safe circle of light. The SmartLighting technology of the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences does this as well, and has been installed in Bernburg-Strenzfeld in Germany. Street lights illuminate at a longer distance ahead of the pedestrian than behind the pedestrian in the SmartLighting concept. Some companies also offer software with which the street lights can be monitored and managed wirelessly. Clients, or other companies, can access the software from a computer, or even a tablet. From this software, they can gather data, pre-set levels of brightness and dimming time; receive warning signals when a light defects. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration has issued guidelines to provide a process by which a governmental agency or a lighting designer can select the required lighting level for a road or street and implement adaptive lighting for a lighting installation or lighting retrofit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41839974 | 400,272 |
Hawkes Pharmacy The building is the only known non-residential design of architect Fred Watson, who moved to York Beach from New York City in 1899. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47109443 | 354,327 |
Distributed control system Many of the older systems that were installed in the 1970s and 1980s are still in use today, and there is a considerable installed base of systems in the market that are approaching the end of their useful life. Developed industrial economies in North America, Europe, and Japan already had many thousands of DCSs installed, and with few if any new plants being built, the market for new hardware was shifting rapidly to smaller, albeit faster growing regions such as China, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. Because of the shrinking hardware business, suppliers began to make the challenging transition from a hardware-based business model to one based on software and value-added services. It is a transition that is still being made today. The applications portfolio offered by suppliers expanded considerably in the '90s to include areas such as production management, model-based control, real-time optimization, plant asset management (PAM), Real-time performance management (RPM) tools, alarm management, and many others. To obtain the true value from these applications, however, often requires a considerable service content, which the suppliers also provide. The latest developments in DCS include the following new technologies: Increasingly, and ironically, DCS are becoming centralised at plant level, with the ability to log into the remote equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=274816 | 245,130 |
Slowly changing dimension The following SQL retrieves the correct Supplier_Name and Supplier_State for each fact record based on the Order_Date: Some cautions: Different SCD Types can be applied to different columns of a table. For example, we can apply Type 1 to the Supplier_Name column and Type 2 to the Supplier_State column of the same table. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5209807 | 454,536 |
Outline of machine learning Subfields of machine learning Cross-disciplinary fields involving machine learning Applications of machine learning Machine learning hardware Machine learning tools (list) Machine learning framework Proprietary machine learning frameworks Open source machine learning frameworks Machine learning library Machine learning algorithm Machine learning method (list) Dimensionality reduction Ensemble learning Meta learning Reinforcement learning Supervised learning Bayesian statistics Decision tree algorithm Linear classifier Unsupervised learning Artificial neural network Association rule learning Hierarchical clustering Cluster analysis Anomaly detection Semi-supervised learning Deep learning History of machine learning Machine learning projects Machine learning organizations Books about machine learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53587467 | 256,585 |
Triode All triodes have a hot cathode electrode heated by a filament, which releases electrons, and a flat metal plate electrode to which the electrons are attracted, with a grid consisting of a screen of wires between them to control the current. These are sealed inside a glass container from which the air has been removed to a high vacuum, about 10 atm. Since the filament eventually burns out, the tube has a limited lifetime and is made as a replaceable unit; the electrodes are attached to terminal pins which plug into a socket. The operating lifetime of a triode is about 2000 hours for small tubes and 10,000 hours for power tubes. Low power triodes have a concentric construction "(see drawing right)", with the grid and anode as circular or oval cylinders surrounding the cathode. The cathode is a narrow metal tube down the center. Inside the cathode is a filament called the "heater" consisting of a narrow strip of high resistance tungsten wire, which heats the cathode red-hot (800 - 1000 °C). This type is called an "indirectly heated cathode". The cathode is coated with a mixture of alkaline earth oxides such as calcium and thorium oxide which reduces its work function so it produces more electrons. The grid is constructed of a helix or screen of thin wires surrounding the cathode. The anode is a cylinder or rectangular box of sheet metal surrounding the grid. It is blackened to radiate heat and is often equipped with heat-radiating fins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31036 | 381,699 |
Children's Act for Responsible Employment During the presentation, details of Roybal-Allard's bill were outlined: a child must be a minimum of 14 years of age to work in the fields, children under the age of 16 are restricted from working in the fields if it affects their health or school performance, and children under the age of 18 are restricted from hazardous work. The Harvest (documentary) film was viewed at a United States Department of Labor panel discussion in September, 2009. The film revisits Edward R. Murrow’s Harvest of Shame, filmed 40 years ago, and reveals that little has changed over the past four decades in the lives of migrant farm workers in the United States. The purpose of the documentary is to bring awareness of the harsh working conditions which tens of thousands of children face in the fields of the United States each year and to enact the (CARE Act, HR 3564) which will bring parity of labor conditions to field workers that are afforded to minors in other occupations. On the one-year anniversary of the Representative Lucille Roybal-Allard's introduction of the CARE Act legislation in September 2009, Eva Longoria and film director U. Roberto Romano visited Capitol Hill to continue to bring awareness of the bill and the plight of minor children working in the fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31915521 | 486,728 |
Sodium metavanadate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaVO. It is a yellow, water-soluble solid. Its natural forms include mineral metamunirite (anhydrous) and a dihydrate, munirite. Both are very rare, metamunirite is now known only from vanadium- and uranium-bearing sandstone formations of central-western USA and munirite from Pakistan and South Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4694080 | 91,540 |
SAPHIRE In addition to these objects, has a unique feature known as “table events” that allows the user to group up to eight basic events together on the fault tree graphic, thereby compacting the size of the fault tree on the printed page or computer screen. All of these objects though represent traditional static-type Boolean logic models. Models explicitly capturing dynamic or time-dependent situations are not available in current versions of SAPHIRE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149362 | 498,537 |
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering degree. Public sector undertakings (PSUs) in India, for long, have had troubles conducting their recruitment processes with more than 100,000 students taking the exams for less than 1000 jobs (a selection rate of less than 1%). After sensing the exponential rise in the number of engineering graduates in India who wish to get a PSU job, the PSUs have decided that a GATE score shall be the primary criteria for initial shortlisting. This change was the primary cause for the rapid increase in applicants for GATE 2012. Indian Oil Corporation was the first PSU which successfully tested out this system and was followed two years later by National Thermal Power Corporation, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Bharat Electronics & PowerGrid Corporation of India. Usually these companies release their recruitment notifications right after GATE notification, indicating that candidates have to take GATE to be considered for a job in their organizations. Many companies have signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with the GATE organizing committee, for using GATE score as a screening tool for recruiting engineers at entry-level positions. The syllabus for the GATE exam and its preparation remains the same, irrespective of whether one is applying for a job at a PSU or seeking admission for post graduation in engineering. Each year's GATE is organised by any one of 8 institutes: IISc and 7 IITs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3530241 | 197,690 |
Pinning force is a force acting on a pinned object from a pinning center. In solid state physics, this most often refers to the vortex pinning, the pinning of the magnetic vortices (magnetic flux quanta, Abrikosov vortices) by different kinds of the defects in a type II superconductor. Important quantities are the "individual" maximal pinning force, which defines the depinning of a single vortex, and an "average" pinning force, which defines the depinning of the correlated vortex structures and can be associated with the critical current density (the maximal density of non-dissipative current). The interaction of the correlated vortex lattice with system of pinning centers forms the magnetic phase diagram of the vortex matter in superconductors. This phase diagram is especially rich for high temperature superconductors (HTSC) where the thermo-activation processes are essential. The pinning mechanism is based on the fact that the amount of grain boundary area is reduced when a particle is located on a grain boundary. It is also assumed that particles are spherical and the particle-matrix interface is incoherent. When a moving grain boundary meets a particle at an angle β, the particle exerts a pinning force F on the grain boundary that is equal to F = 2πσcosβsinβ; with r the particle radius and σ the energy per unit of grain boundary area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7048539 | 55,808 |
Plant virus Viruses are extremely small and can only be observed under an electron microscope. The structure of a virus is given by its coat of proteins, which surround the viral genome. Assembly of viral particles takes place spontaneously. Over 50% of known plant viruses are rod-shaped (flexuous or rigid). The length of the particle is normally dependent on the genome but it is usually between 300–500 nm with a diameter of 15–20 nm. Protein subunits can be placed around the circumference of a circle to form a disc. In the presence of the viral genome, the discs are stacked, then a tube is created with room for the nucleic acid genome in the middle. The second most common structure amongst plant viruses are isometric particles. They are 25–50 nm in diameter. In cases when there is only a single coat protein, the basic structure consists of 60 T subunits, where T is an integer. Some viruses may have 2 coat proteins that associate to form an icosahedral shaped particle. There are three genera of "Geminiviridae" that consist of particles that are like two isometric particles stuck together. A very small number of plant viruses have, in addition to their coat proteins, a lipid envelope. This is derived from the plant cell membrane as the virus particle buds off from the cell. Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one. Such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally, as by an animal feeding on the plant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1475873 | 2,605 |
Single-ended signaling The high voltage levels give the signals some immunity from noise, since few naturally occurring signals can create a voltage of such magnitude. They also have the advantage of requiring only one wire per signal. However, they also have a serious disadvantage: they cannot run at high speeds. The effects of capacitance and inductance, which filter out high-frequency signals, limit the speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2293660 | 372,562 |
C2H3ClO2 The molecular formula CHClO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23455097 | 19,708 |
Friedrich Bassler Additionally he worked on regional models and water management of water-rich and water-poor countries such as Peru, Argentina, Ecuador, India, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. For the OECD and the European Communities he produced studies on the reserves and future needs of water. In 1977, he retired as professor emeritus, but still kept working as a consultant. This project envisaged bringing water from the Mediterranean Sea near El Alamein into the Qattara Depression to generate hydroelectricity. The power plant was to have more output than the Aswan High Dam. Bassler led from 1964 onward the international "Board of Advisers" which was responsible for planning and financing activities of the project. He also advised the Egyptian government on the matter from 1975 onward. He was appointed to make a first preliminary feasibility study by the German Federal Ministry of Economics in Bonn. Bassler was the driving force behind the Qattara Project for nearly a decade. Halfway through the seventies a team of eight mostly German scientists and technicians was working on the planning of the first hydro-solar depression power station in the world. The first "Bassler-study" of 1973 laid the basis for the Egyptian government to commission a study of its own. It decided in 1975 that Bassler and a group of companies known as ""Joint Venture Qattara"" should conduct a feasibility study of the project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33891075 | 335,913 |
Network (video game) Network is a real-time, two player business simulation game developed by David Mullich for the Apple II in 1980. Two players play competitively against the computer, each taking the role of the programming chief for a major television network. Each side bids on new television shows to add to the season's line-up, schedules them, monitors the weekly ratings, and then drops shows with poor ratings or reschedules them to recover from mistakes at the end of the thirteen-week season. The side with the highest ratings is the winner. Bruce Webster reviewed "Network" in "The Space Gamer" No. 31. Webster commented that "Unfortunately, I just could not get interested in the game. It moves slowly and requires (for intelligent play) that the players keep track of a lot of information that is not always easily accessible. One friend I played against quit out of boredom at one point, and I found myself yawning. There is a lack of tension, which means that personal interest must be the overriding factor in playing the game - and I'm just not that interested in network planning. If you are, then this is the game for you; otherwise, I'm afraid you'll just be disappointed." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6991880 | 491,489 |
Relations between heat capacities In thermodynamics, the heat capacity at constant volume, formula_1, and the heat capacity at constant pressure, formula_2, are extensive properties that have the magnitude of energy divided by temperature. The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23): Here formula_5 is the thermal expansion coefficient: formula_7 is the isothermal compressibility (the inverse of the bulk modulus): and formula_9 is the isentropic compressibility: A corresponding expression for the difference in specific heat capacities (intensive properties) at constant volume and constant pressure is: where ρ is the density of the substance under the applicable conditions. The corresponding expression for the ratio of specific heat capacities remains the same since the thermodynamic system size-dependent quantities, whether on a per mass or per mole basis, cancel out in the ratio because specific heat capacities are intensive properties. Thus: The difference relation allows one to obtain the heat capacity for solids at constant volume which is not readily measured in terms of quantities that are more easily measured. The ratio relation allows one to express the isentropic compressibility in terms of the heat capacity ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17482912 | 43,477 |
Neurolaw However, these approaches, which can alter human cognitive abilities as well as infringe on an individual's right to the privacy of his or her own thoughts, are still innovatory and early in development. Present day treaties, such as the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights and the Chemical Weapons Conventions, address only the use of certain chemical agents and are not regulating the fast-paced evolution of recent advancements in cognitive science research. Due to this ambiguity and the potential of technology misuse, it has become increasingly pressing to address the regulations and ethics needed for neuroscience research. Another area of interest to the military is the use of human enhancement drugs. DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), a Pentagon branch of the United States Department of Defense, is responsible for significant amount of military research and development of technology. With the announcement of the BRAIN Initiative in 2013, DARPA began to support this initiative through a number of programs involving under-researched neuroscience topics like neuromodulation, proprioception, and neurotechnology. A current operation of DARPA is named the Preventing Sleep Deprivation Program, which conducts research on the molecular processes and changes in the brain involved with sleep deprivation, with the ultimate purpose to maximize warfighters’ cognitive abilities, even with sleep deprivation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10152418 | 182,299 |
Aristotle's biology In 1632, Galileo represented Aristotelianism in his "Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo" (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) by the strawman Simplicio ("Simpleton"). That same year, William Harvey proved Aristotle wrong by demonstrating that blood circulates. Aristotle still represented the enemy of true science into the 20th century. Leroi noted that in 1985, Peter Medawar stated in "pure seventeenth century" tones that Aristotle had assembled "a strange and generally speaking rather tiresome farrago of hearsay, imperfect observation, wishful thinking and credulity amounting to downright gullibility". Zoologists working in the 19th century, including Georges Cuvier, Johannes Peter Müller, and Louis Agassiz admired and investigated some of his observations. D'Arcy Thompson translated "History of Animals" in 1910, making a classically-educated zoologist's informed attempt to identify the animals that Aristotle names, and to interpret and diagram his anatomical descriptions. Darwin quoted a passage from Aristotle's "Physics" II 8 in "The Origin of Species", which entertains the possibility of a selection process following the random combination of body parts. However, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility, and he was in any case discussing ontogeny, the Empedoclean coming into being of an individual from component parts, not phylogeny and natural selection. Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48691513 | 157,594 |
MRC (file format) MRC is a file format that has become industry standard in cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and electron tomography (ET), where the result of the technique is a three-dimensional grid of voxels each with a value corresponding to electron density or electric potential. It was developed by the MRC (Medical Research Council, UK) Laboratory of Molecular Biology. In 2014, the format was standardised. The format specification is available on the CCP-EM website. The MRC format is supported by many of the software packages listed in . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6641341 | 152,512 |
Magnetic ink character recognition Israel is the only country that can use both fonts simultaneously, though the practice makes the system significantly less efficient. This situation is the product of the Israelis adopting CMC7, while the Palestinians opted for E13B. E-13B has a 14 character set, comprising the 10 decimal digits, and the following symbols: In the check printing and banking industries the E13B MICR line is also commonly referred to as the TOAD line. This reference comes from the 4 characters: Transit, Onus, Amount, and Dash. The E-13B repertoire can be represented in Unicode (see below). Prior to Unicode, it could be encoded according to ISO 2033:1983. CMC-7 has a 15 character set, comprising the 10 numeric digits and 5 control characters, "internal", "terminator", "amount", "routing", and an unused character. CMC-7 has a barcode format, with every character having two distinct large gaps in different places, as well as distinct patterns in between, to minimize any chance for character confusion while reading. MICR characters are printed on documents in one of the two MICR fonts, using magnetizable (commonly known as magnetic) ink or toner, usually containing iron oxide. In scanning, the document is passed through a MICR reader, which performs two functions, the magnetization of the ink and the detection of the characters. The characters are read by a MICR reader head, a device similar to the playback head of a tape recorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=381100 | 453,419 |
Biochemical Predestination The theory propounded was summarized by Stephen Berry, a chemist; "describing the following causal chain: the properties of the chemical elements dictate the types of monomers that can be formed in prebiotic syntheses, which then dictate the properties of the occurring polymers, which finally dictate the properties of the first eobionts and all succeeding cells." Kenyon's work was about virus production. Intelligent design proponent Stephen C. Meyer says that the book provided a new approach which came to be known as "Self-organization". Kenyon began to doubt his theory in the mid-1970s after a student posed the question to him as to how the first proteins could have been assembled without specific genetic instructions. On a fellowship at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley during the 1969-1970 academic year, he reviewed literature on the relationship of science and religion. He began to rethink his Christian faith, and explored the topic further in a 1974 sabbatical at the University of Oxford. In 1976, a student gave him a book by the young Earth creationist A. E. Wilder-Smith, and "Eventually, several other books and articles by neo-creationists came to my attention. I read some of Henry Morris’ books, in particular, "The Genesis Flood". I’m not a geologist, and I don’t agree with everything in that book, but what stood out was that here was a scientific statement giving a very different view of earth history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39530033 | 18,009 |
Particle image velocimetry More recently, the PIV real time measurement and processing capabilities are implemented for the future use in active flow control with the flow based feedback . PIV has been applied to a wide range of flow problems, varying from the flow over an aircraft wing in a wind tunnel to vortex formation in prosthetic heart valves. 3-Dimensional techniques have been sought to analyze turbulent flow and jets. Rudimentary PIV algorithms based on cross-correlation can be implemented in a matter of hours, while more sophisticated algorithms may require a significant investment of time. Several open source implementations are available. Application of PIV in the US education system has been limited due to high price and safety concerns of industrial research grade PIV systems. PIV can also be used to measure the velocity field of the free surface and basal boundary in a granular flows such as those in shaken containers, tumblers and avalanches. This analysis is particularly well-suited for nontransparent media such as sand, gravel, quartz, or other granular materials that are common in geophysics. This PIV approach is called “granular PIV.” The set-up for granular PIV differs from the usual PIV setup in that the optical surface structure which is produced by illumination of the surface of the granular flow is already sufficient to detect the motion. This means one does not need to add tracer particles in the bulk material. PIV research at the Laboratory for Experimental Fluid Dynamics (J. Katz lab) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1058299 | 38,652 |
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition Initially, the human islet-derived progenitor cells (hIPCs) were proposed to be better precursors since β-cell progeny in these hIPCs inherit epigenetic marks that define an active insulin promoter region. However, later, another set of experiments suggested that labelled β-cells de-differentiate to a mesenchymal-like phenotype "in vitro", but fail to proliferate; thus initiating a debate in 2007. Since these studies in human islets lacked lineage-tracing analysis, these findings from irreversibly tagged beta cells in mice were extrapolated to human islets. Thus, using a dual lentiviral and genetic lineage tracing system to label β-cells, it was convincingly demonstrated that adult human islet β-cells undergo EMT and proliferate "in vitro". Also, these findings were confirmed in human fetal pancreatic insulin-producing cells, and the mesenchymal cells derived from pancreatic islets can undergo the reverse of EMT – MET – to generate islet-like cell aggregates. Thus, the concept of generating progenitors from insulin-producing cells by EMT or generation of Cancer Stem Cells during EMT in cancer may have potential for replacement therapy in diabetes, and call for drugs targeting inhibition of EMT in cancer. Not all cells undergo a complete EMT, i.e. losing their cell-cell adhesion and gaining solitary migration characteristics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2930542 | 147,846 |
Aldous Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher. He wrote nearly fifty books—both novels and non-fiction works—as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems. Born into the prominent Huxley family, he graduated from Balliol College, Oxford with an undergraduate degree in English literature. Early in his career, he published short stories and poetry and edited the literary magazine "Oxford Poetry", before going on to publish travel writing, satire, and screenplays. He spent the latter part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death. By the end of his life, Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the foremost intellectuals of his time. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times and was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature in 1962. Huxley was a humanist and pacifist. He grew interested in philosophical mysticism and universalism, addressing these subjects with works such as "The Perennial Philosophy" (1945)—which illustrates commonalities between Western and Eastern mysticism—and "The Doors of Perception" (1954)—which interprets his own psychedelic experience with mescaline. In his most famous novel "Brave New World" (1932) and his final novel "Island" (1962), he presented his vision of dystopia and utopia, respectively. Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, England, in 1894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=628 | 295,886 |
ISASMELT A series of process improvements, particularly in the waste gas handling system, resulted in increasing the throughput of the plant from the initial design of 5 t/h to 10 t/h. The pilot plant had treated more than 125,000 t of lead concentrate by April 1989. The two furnaces were also used to develop a process to recover lead from the Mount Isa lead smelter’s drossing operations. Based on the results of the pilot plant work, the MIM Holdings Board of Directors approved the construction of an A$65 million demonstration plant, capable of producing 60,000 t/y of lead bullion. This plant operated from early 1991 until 1995. It was initially designed to treat 20 t/h of lead concentrate using lance air enriched to 27%. However, the oxygen originally designated for its use was diverted to the more profitable copper smelting operations, and the feed rate to the lead demonstration plant was severely restricted. When there was sufficient oxygen available in 1993 to increase the enrichment level to 33–35%, treatment rates of up to 36 t/h of concentrate were achieved, with residual lead in the final reduction furnace slag being in the range of 2–5%. The two-stage approach to lead smelting was partly driven by the relatively low lead content of Mount Isa lead concentrates (typically in the range of 47–52% lead during the lead development period) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39223191 | 329,596 |
Helium dimer Even when the two helium atoms are placed closely to each other in a small cage, there is no chemical bond between them. The presence of two He atoms in a C fullerene cage is only predicted to have a small effect on the reactivity of the fullerene. The effect is to have electrons withdrawn from the endohedral helium atoms, giving them a slight positive partial charge to produce He, which have a stronger bond than uncharged helium atoms. However, by the Löwdin definition there is a bond present. The two helium atoms inside the C cage are separated by 1.979 Å and the distance from a helium atom to the carbon cage is 2.507 Å. The charge transfer gives 0.011 electron charge units to each helium atom. There should be at least 10 vibrational levels for the He-He pair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45348419 | 80,116 |
BirdLife Sverige (known as the Swedish Ornithological Society, Sveriges ornitologiska förening, or SOF before 2014) is a Swedish ornithological society founded in 1945 and a BirdLife partner. It currently has 11,000 members, 24 regional branches, and a staff of 24. The main three goals of the organization are: develop an electronic, internet-based bird reporting system called "Artportalen", used by thousands of Swedish bird watchers to report sightings. The organization also publishes three magazines: "Vår Fågelvärld", "Ornis Svecica" and "Fågelvännen". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30664089 | 156,065 |
Line splice At core centering (usually single-mode fibers), the fiber cores are aligned. A possible core offset with respect to the jacket is corrected. In the jacket centering (usually in multimode fibers), the fibers are adjusted to each other by means of electronic image processing in front of the splice. When working with good equipment, the damping value is according to experience at max. 0.1 dB. Measurements are made by means of special measuring devices including optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR). A good splice should have an attenuation of less than 0.3 dB over the entire distance. Finished fiber optic splices are housed in splice boxes. One differentiates: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57462594 | 489,028 |
Spatial memory Yet, psychologists have yet to explain whether layout affects landmarks or if landmarks determine the boundaries of a layout. Thus, this concept suffers from a chicken and the egg paradox. In fact, McNamara has found that subjects use "clusters of landmarks as intrinsic frames of reference," which only confuses the issue further. People perceive objects in their environment relative to other objects in that same environment. In other words, landmarks and layout are complementary systems for spatial recall. However, it is unknown how these two systems interact when both types of information are available. Thus, we have to make certain assumptions about the interaction between these two systems. For example, cognitive maps are not "absolute" but rather, as anyone can attest, are "used to provide a default...(which) modulated according to...task demands." Psychologists also think that cognitive maps are instance based, which accounts for "discriminative matching to past experience." These assumptions could soon be validated. Advances in virtual reality technology have pried open the door to this enigmatic field. Now experimenters find themselves creating scenarios that were impossible to imagine fifteen years ago. Virtual reality affords experimenters the luxury of extreme control over their test environment. Any variable can be manipulated, including things that would not be possible in reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=858937 | 150,547 |
Work–family conflict Individuals may choose to treat these segments separately, moving back and forth between work and family roles (displaying boundary theory) or can decide to integrate the segments with hopes of finding balance. Conflict between work and family is bi-directional. There is a distinction between what is termed work-to-family conflict and what is termed family-to-work conflict. Work-to-family conflict occurs when experiences and commitments at work interfere with family life, such as extensive, irregular, or inflexible work hours, work overload and other forms of job stress, interpersonal conflict at work, extensive travel, career transitions, or an unsupportive supervisor or organization. For example, an unexpected meeting late in the day may prevent a parent from picking up his or her child from school. Family-to-work conflict occurs when experiences and commitments in the family interfere with work life, such as the presence of young children, primary responsibility for children, elder care responsibilities, interpersonal conflict within the family unit, or unsupportive family members. For example, a parent may need to take time off from work in order to take care of a sick child, or to witness a tournament or performance of a child. Family-to-work conflict is perceived to result in lower work productivity of employees. Within work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict, three subtypes of conflict have been identified: time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8252674 | 464,047 |
Gaffney's Lake Wilderness Lodge The north wing contains 10 guest rooms with small balconies and private bathrooms. On the lake side, the lodge is wrapped by a concrete deck, supported on two rows of concrete columns and concrete beams. The lodge contains a 33-foot Thunderbird sculpture, carved from a -foot diameter cedar log by Dudley C. Carter. A free-standing staircase spirals around the sculpture which serves as the centerpiece of the mezzanine. The Gaffneys added a 2,400-foot airstrip to encourage visitors to take air taxis to the resort. In 1952, the air taxi fee from Bellevue Airfield was $10 for one person. King County, Washington purchased the lake property in 1966 and leased it out as a convention center. In 2003, the property was transferred to the City of Maple Valley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60190181 | 306,894 |
Guest Hospital The is a hospital located in Dudley, West Midlands, England, part of the Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust Situated in Tipton Road, Dudley the buildings were originally constructed as almshouses in 1849 by the Earl of Dudley to accommodate workers who had become blind in the limestone pits. In 1871 they were taken over by local chainmaker Joseph Guest. Joseph Guest was an English chainmaker who developed his industry in the Black Country of Central England during the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. Guest converted them for hospital use. In 1908, Tipton pawnbroker Hugh Lewis left his entire estate of £80,000 to the hospital. Most of the hospital was rebuilt between 1929 and 1939, on the far side not visible from Tipton Road, though part of these new buildings were visible from Birmingham New Road which opened in 1927 and allowed for a second vehicular access point (which was closed in the 1990s). A new pre-fabricated timber/plaster board annex was added in the 1960s, and survived until the hospital's closure. The hospital's accident and emergency department closed in the spring of 1984 and was relocated to the new Russells Hall Hospital. Around this time, fears were rife in the local area that was on the verge of closure, but the opening of a new hydrotherapy pool and physiotherapy department in 1986 appeared to silence these fears | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8774251 | 367,593 |
Computational anatomy The 0-dimensional manifolds are landmarks or fiducial points; 1-dimensional manifolds are curves such as sulcul and gyral curves in the brain; 2-dimensional manifolds correspond to boundaries of substructures in anatomy such as the subcortical structures of the midbrain or the gyral surface of the neocortex; subvolumes correspond to subregions of the human body, the heart, the thalamus, the kidney. The landmarks formula_21 are a collections of points with no other structure, delineating important fiducials within human shape and form (see associated landmarked image). The sub-manifold shapes such as surfaces formula_22 are collections of points modeled as parametrized by a local chart or immersion formula_23, formula_24 (see Figure showing shapes as mesh surfaces). The images such as MR images or DTI images formula_25, and are dense functions formula_26 are scalars, vectors, and matrices (see Figure showing scalar image). Groups and group actions are familiar to the Engineering community with the universal popularization and standardization of linear algebra as a basic model for analyzing signals and systems in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and applied mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48520204 | 328,512 |
The Thompson Twins Adventure By the end of 1984, the "C&VG" contest associated with the game had ended and the magazine gave readers the opportunity to directly obtain additional copies of the game if they included the return postage (a 13p second class stamp). The first 25 responders received prize T-shirts. The development of the Commodore 64 version of the game was hampered by significant technical difficulties that resulted in delays in its release and extensions to the "C&VG" contest deadline for Commodore users. The original plan was to include both the Commodore 64 and Spectrum versions as separate tracks on a single flexi disc release. During production of the disc for its October 1984 release, it was decided that both versions of the game would receive their own flexi disc pressing, with the Commodore 64 version mastered by Magnetic Recording Company. Due to space limitations on the magazine's cover, the more technically challenging Commodore 64 version was ultimately not included with the magazine's October 1984 issue. Readers were instructed to write away for a free copy of the Commodore version and the contest deadline was pushed to 16 November 1984 to accommodate Commodore gamers. Reporting "considerable problems" in the production of the Commodore 64 version of the game, "C&VG" ended its contest for the Spectrum version of the game and awarded prizes in November 1984 as scheduled, but again extended the deadline to December 1984 for Commodore users who had not yet had a chance to play the game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47570540 | 396,692 |
Network tomography is the study of a network's internal characteristics using information derived from end point data. The word tomography is used to link the field, in concept, to other processes that infer the internal characteristics of an object from external observation, as is done in magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography (even though the term tomography strictly refers to imaging by slicing). The field is a recent development in electrical engineering and computer science, founded in 1996. advocates that it is possible to map the path data takes through the Internet by examining information from "edge nodes," the computers in which the data are originated and from which they are requested. The field is useful for engineers attempting to develop more efficient computer networks. Data derived from network tomography studies can be used to increase quality of service by limiting link packet loss and increasing routing optimization. There have been many published papers and tools in the area of network tomography, which aim to monitor the health of various links in a network in real-time. These can be classified into loss and delay tomography. A summary can be found in and. Loss tomography aims to find "lossy" links in a network by sending active "probes" from various vantage points in the network or the Internet. Published work in this area (not exhaustive) includes, and. The area of delay tomography has also attracted attention in the recent past | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7674809 | 385,484 |
Financial repression , government efforts to "ensure the health of an entire financial system. "played an important role in reducing debt-to-GDP ratios after World War II" by keeping real interest rates for government debt below 1% for two-thirds of the time between 1945 and 1980, the United States was able to "inflate away" the large debt (122% of GDP) left over from the Great Depression and World War II. In the UK, government debt declined from 216% of GDP in 1945 to 138% ten years later in 1955. China's economic growth has been attributed to financial repression thanks to "low returns on savings and the cheap loans that it makes possible". This has allowed China to rely on savings-financed investments for economic growth. However, because low returns also dampens consumer spending, household expenditures account for "a smaller share of GDP in China than in any other major economy". However, as of December 2014, the People’s Bank of China "started to undo decades of financial repression" and the government now allows Chinese savers to collect up to a 3.3% return on one-year deposits. At China's 1.6% inflation rate, this is a "high real-interest rate compared to other major economies”. In a 2011 NBER working paper, Carmen Reinhart and Maria Belen Sbrancia speculate on a possible return by governments to this form of debt reduction in order to deal with high debt levels following the financial crisis of 2007–2008. "To get access to capital, Austria has restricted capital flows to foreign subsidiaries in central and eastern Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15468281 | 512,158 |
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