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New energy vehicles in China New energy vehicles were placed in a special category where the odds of winning a license plate are much higher than conventional autos. Cumulative domestically built new energy vehicle sales in China totaled 1,728,447 units between January 2011 and December 2017. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country because imports are not subject to government subsidies. , the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of 1,385,088 all-electric vehicles (80.1%) and 343,359 plug-in hybrid vehicles (19.9%) sold since 2011. Most of the stock of new energy vehicles was sold during the last three years. Deliveries between 2015 and 2017 account for 93.4% of all domestically built new energy vehicle sales since 2011, of which, 45.0% were sold in 2017, 29.3% in 2016, and 19.2% in 2015. According to the Minister of Science and Technology, by mid-2013 more than 80% of the country's plug-in stock was on duty in public fleet vehicles, used mainly in public transport, for both bus and taxi services, and also in solid waste recollection services (sanitation trucks). , a total of 83,198 plug-in electric passenger cars and 36,500 pure electric buses had been registered in the country since 2008. A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37528199 | 392,382 |
Lightweight programming language Tcl itself maybe not so lightweight, but there exists some, if not many, lightweight implementations of languages which have Tcl-like syntax. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10001714 | 110,529 |
V0-morph A is an organism thats surface area remains constant as the organism grows. The reason why the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Biofilms on a flat solid substrate are examples of V0-morphs; they grow in thickness, but not in surface area that is involved in nutrient exchange. Other examples are dinophyta and diatoms that have a cell wall that does not change during the cell cycle. During cell-growth, when the amounts of protein and carbohydrates increase, the vacuole shrinks. The outer membrane that is involved in nutrient uptake remains constant. At cell division, the daughter cells rapidly take up water, complete a new cell wall and the cycle repeats. Rods (bacteria that have the shape of a rod and grow in length, but not in diameter) are a static mixture between a V0- and a V1-morph, where the caps act as V0-morphs and the cylinder between the caps as V1-morph.The mixture is called static because the weight coefficients of the contributions of the V0- and V1-morph terms in the shape correction function are constant during growth. Crusts, such as lichens that grow on a solid substrate, are a dynamic mixture between a V0- and a V1-morph, where the inner part acts as V0-morph, and the outer annulus as V1-morph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5569849 | 183,092 |
History of molecular theory Thus, Lewis structures show each atom in the structure of the molecule using its chemical symbol. Lines are drawn between atoms that are bonded to one another; occasionally, pairs of dots are used instead of lines. Excess electrons that form lone pairs are represented as pair of dots, and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside: To summarize his views on his new bonding model, Lewis states: The following year, in 1917, an unknown American undergraduate chemical engineer named Linus Pauling was learning the Dalton hook-and-eye bonding method at the Oregon Agricultural College, which was the vogue description of bonds between atoms at the time. Each atom had a certain number of hooks that allowed it to attach to other atoms, and a certain number of eyes that allowed other atoms to attach to it. A chemical bond resulted when a hook and eye connected. Pauling, however, wasn't satisfied with this archaic method and looked to the newly emerging field of quantum physics for a new method. In 1927, the physicists Fritz London and Walter Heitler applied the new quantum mechanics to the deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i.e., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule. Their valence bond treatment of this problem, in their joint paper, was a landmark in that it brought chemistry under quantum mechanics. Their work was an influence on Pauling, who had just received his doctorate and visited Heitler and London in Zürich on a Guggenheim Fellowship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7071490 | 55,885 |
First quantization A fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics concerns the concept of indistinguishability of identical particles. Only two species of particles are thus possible in quantum physics, the so-called bosons and fermions which obey the rules: formula_9 (bosons), formula_10 (fermions). Where we have interchanged two coordinates formula_11 of the state function. The usual wave function is obtained using the Slater determinant and the identical particles theory. Using this basis, it is possible to solve any many-particle problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4490255 | 424,125 |
Electoral system The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat Grand and General Council. In Uruguay, the President and members of the General Assembly are elected by on a single ballot, known as the double simultaneous vote. Voters cast a single vote, voting for the presidential, Senatorial and Chamber of Deputies candidates of that party. This system was also previously used in Bolivia and the Dominican Republic. Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in Italy. Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring a single party candidate. In Argentina they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan primary elections. Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college. In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago, the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like India, the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29066482 | 502,488 |
Multistorey car park Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be expanded upwards, or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multi-story parking. The development of the building concept of modular car parks came about by using the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) Modular car park structures are versatile and can be built in phases or in different sizes and shape. The solution makes it possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centres, because it allows: These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated to avoid making the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably. They could be used as permanent structures or are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs. A number of parking decks have been demounted after a few years – to make room for the development of a permanent structure – and relocated to respond to local parking demand. The earliest use of an automated parking system (APS) was in Paris in 1905 at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu. The APS consisted of a groundbreaking multi-story concrete structure with an internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels where attendants parked the cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1496209 | 261,348 |
Dubai Frame The () is an architectural landmark in Zabeel Park, Dubai. It has been described by "The Guardian" newspaper as "the biggest picture frame on the planet,” however is also controversial as the "biggest stolen building of all time.” The project was conceived by Fernando Donis, and selected as the winner of a design competition by the Government of Dubai. It is alleged that the designer had his intellectual property stolen and was denied credit for the design. It holds the record for the largest frame in the world. The design was selected as the winner of the 2009 ThyssenKrupp Elevator International Award from 926 proposals. Participants from all over the world were invited to submit an emblem that would promote “the new face for Dubai". It is near the Star Gate of Zabeel Park and stands at and 95.53 m wide. The ThyssenKrupp Elevator Architecture Award is an international architecture competition first held in 1988 and sponsored by one of the world's leading elevator companies. An international panel of judges selected the winning idea from among 926 design proposals to create a Tall Emblem Structure for Dubai. The original jury consisted of 11 international architects — a former and current chairman of the International Union of Architects (UIA) and the regional chairman of ThyssenKrupp Elevator. Dubai Municipality’s director general and H.H. Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum were listed as ‘honorary’ jurors. Donis' design was ultimately selected, for which he won an AED 367329.70 ($100,000) prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48637067 | 328,641 |
John Korvola Homestead John Korvola was one of four Finnish homesteaders who came to Roseberry in Valley County, Idaho after the Spanish–American War. The town flourished until it failed to get the railroad, which passed 1.5 miles to the west, instead. The homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was one of 13 buildings in the Long Valley area that were considered together for NRHP listing in 1982; all were built by Finns using traditional Finnish log construction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40041661 | 334,965 |
Rose Palace Other float decorating facilities are the Rosemont Pavilion (Pasadena) and Rose Float Plaza North and South, in Irwindale, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17414522 | 313,633 |
Moscow–Washington hotline [[Category:Communication circuits]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]] [[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]] [[Category:Cold War history of the United States]] [[Category:Cold War history of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1963 in politics]] [[Category:Russia–United States relations]] [[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1963]] [[Category:Communications in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Cold War terminology]] [[Category:Military communications of the United States]] [[Category:Military communications of Russia]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Russia]] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3628041 | 410,627 |
South African War Memorial, Richmond Cemetery The memorial contains inscription in both English and Dutch: on the outer face (facing away from the war graves) is the English inscription "UNION IS STRENGTH / OUR GLORIOUS DEAD", on the base below which is an inscribed cross; on the opposite side, facing the graves, is the same dedication in Dutch, "EENDRAGHT MAAKT MACHT, ONZEN GEVALLENEN HELDEN". On the north side of the cenotaph is engraved the Roman numeral MMXIV (1914) and on the south MMXIX (1919). According to Lutyens researcher Tim Skelton, the starkness of the South African Memorial in comparison to other Lutyens memorials and its differences to his other works is symbolic of the breakdown of the relationship between Lutyens and Herbert Baker. The two architects had collaborated on several projects in South Africa and India, but ultimately fell out over an alteration to the design of New Delhi. The memorial was unveiled on 30 June 1921 and formally accepted by South African General Jan Smuts, who had previously laid the foundation stone, on behalf of the South African government in a ceremony officiated by the Bishop of St Albans. After the unveiling, it became a focal point for pilgrims from South Africa throughout the 1920s and 1930s, but thereafter fell into a state of neglect, in part due to strained relationships with South Africa during the apartheid era | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49104159 | 332,777 |
Overclocking Many motherboards are sold, and advertised, with extensive facilities for overclocking implemented in hardware and controlled by BIOS settings. CPU multiplier locking is the process of permanently setting a CPU's clock multiplier. AMD CPUs are unlocked in early editions of a model and locked in later editions, but nearly all Intel CPUs are locked and recent models are very resistant to unlocking to prevent overclocking by users. AMD ships unlocked CPUs with their Opteron, FX, Ryzen and Black Series line-up, while Intel uses the monikers of "Extreme Edition" and "K-Series." Intel usually has one or two Extreme Edition CPUs on the market as well as X series and K series CPUs analogous to AMD's Black Edition. AMD has the majority of their desktop range in a Black Edition. Users usually unlock CPUs to allow overclocking, but sometimes to allow for underclocking in order to maintain the front side bus speed (on older CPUs) compatibility with certain motherboards. Unlocking generally invalidates the manufacturer's warranty, and mistakes can cripple or destroy a CPU. Locking a chip's clock multiplier does not necessarily prevent users from overclocking, as the speed of the front-side bus or PCI multiplier (on newer CPUs) may still be changed to provide a performance increase. AMD Athlon and Athlon XP CPUs are generally unlocked by connecting bridges (jumper-like points) on the top of the CPU with conductive paint or pencil lead. Other CPU models may require different procedures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175973 | 134,250 |
Downlink CNR (Carrier to noise ratio in satellite reception) is an important figure in system TVRO design. Below are certain parameters used in CNR computation. Figure of merit is given as Where t is the temperature and g is the gain of the receiver antenna. For lossless case and where n is the noise factor, t is the noise temperature of the antenna and t is the temperature of the environment (taken as 290K). F in db is simply Path loss is defined as Where formula_6 is the wavelength of the carrier and the d is the distance in meters between the satellite and the receiver . For Geosynchronous satellites this distance is at the projection on the earth (at the mean sea level). In actual cases the distance is slightly more than this figure depending on the geographic location. (But for geosynchronous satellites the variation is less than 1%). The Path loss in dB is The same relation can be given in terms of frequency. Where c is the velocity of light. With metric units Using km for d and GHz for f Using miles for d and GHz for f P is the Equivalent isotropically radiated power (also known as EIRP) in dBW. It depends on the output of the transponders of the satellite and the antenna gain of the transmitting antenna. This figure is given by the service provider. where p is the output power of the transponder and g is the antenna gain. B is the baseband of the channel given in dB Where b is the base band given in metric units (Hz). When b is given in MHz, than K is the Boltzmann constant given in dB units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30652929 | 206,107 |
Single-cell analysis Bias in this system is reduced by only copying off the original DNA strand instead of making copies of copies. The main draw backs to using MALBA, is it has reduced accuracy compared to DOP-PCR and MDA due to the enzyme used to copy the DNA. Once amplified using any of the above techniques, the DNA can be sequenced using Sanger or next-generation sequencing (NGS). There are two major applications to studying the genome at the single cell level. One application is to track the changes that occur in bacterial populations, where phenotypic differences are often seen. These differences are missed by bulk sequencing of a population, but can be observed in single cell sequencing. The second major application is to study the genetic evolution of cancer. Since cancer cells are constantly mutating it is of great interest to see how cancers evolve at the genetic level. These patterns of somatic mutations and copy number aberration can be observed using single cell sequencing. Single-cell transcriptomics uses sequencing techniques similar to single cell genomics or direct detection using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The first step in quantifying the transcriptome is to convert RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase so that the contents of the cell can be sequenced using NGS methods as was done in genomics. Once converted, there is not enough cDNA to be sequenced so the same DNA amplification techniques discussed in single cell genomics are applied to the cDNA to make sequencing possible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38991948 | 33,066 |
Ethics of artificial intelligence This is discussed by a philosophy called Singularitarianism. The Machine Intelligence Research Institute has suggested a need to build "Friendly AI", meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane. In 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence to discuss the potential impact of robots and computers and the impact of the hypothetical possibility that they could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard. They noted that some machines have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence." They noted that self-awareness as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls. However, there is one technology in particular that could truly bring the possibility of robots with moral competence to reality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13659583 | 137,957 |
Monastery of San Martiño Pinario The monastery of San Martiño Pinario ("San Martín Pinario" in Castilian) is a Benedictine monastery in the city of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. It is the second largest monastery in Spain after San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Little remains of the original medieval buildings, as the monastery has been largely rebuilt since the sixteenth century. The monastery was closed in the nineteenth century in the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal. The buildings currently house a seminary. It originated in a chapel dedicated to Santa Maria called the Corticela which was demolished in the late ninth century, except the chapel, which today is part of the Cathedral of Santiago, when King Afonso III the Great and the bishop Sisnando began the new cathedral construction. Thus, around the year 899, this monastery was built where Benedictine monks moved from the old chapel. This monastery was later replaced by another monastery whose church was consecrated in 1102 by Bishop Diego Gelmírez, but not much remains of that era. Throughout the Middle Ages the monastery grew so that by the end of the fifteenth century the monastery became the richest and most powerful of Galicia. This brought about the almost complete reconstruction starting in the sixteenth century. From that century it was the most powerful monastery in Galicia, administering control over most Galician monasteries. The current church began to be erected soon after the appointment of Juan de Sanclemente Torquemada as Archbishop of Santiago in 1587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28761124 | 353,003 |
L-reduction Substitute that condition to obtain Simplifying, and substituting the first condition, we have But the term in parentheses on the right-hand side actually equals formula_7. Thus, the approximation ratio of A is formula_8. This meets the conditions for AP-reduction. Let the approximation ratio of B be formula_9. Begin with the approximation ratio of A, formula_4. We can remove absolute values around the third condition of the definition since we know A and B are maximization problems. Substitute that condition to obtain Simplifying, and substituting the first condition, we have But the term in parentheses on the right-hand side actually equals formula_13. Thus, the approximation ratio of A is formula_14. If formula_15, then formula_16, which meets the requirements for PTAS reduction but not AP-reduction. L-reductions also imply P-reduction. One may deduce that L-reductions imply PTAS reductions from this fact and the fact that P-reductions imply PTAS reductions. L-reductions preserve membership in APX for the minimizing case only, as a result of implying AP-reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4073116 | 121,326 |
Lake Chichoj is located near the city of San Cristóbal Verapaz, in the department of Alta Verapaz, in Guatemala. It is long, wide, with an area of , an average water volume of , and a maximum depth of . is located in the municipality of San Cristóbal Verapaz, department of Alta Verapaz, in Guatemala. The catchment of lake has been designated as a Protected Area, in an attempt to protect the lake from environmental degradation. Water routing through the catchment is made complex by karstic groundwater flow. It is estimated that the catchment of the lake drains . The lake in turn drains superficially to the Cahabón River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean via Lake Izabal. According to a few oral traditions from San Cristóbal Verapaz, the lake would have formed catastrophically by ground collapse during an earthquake in the early 16th Century, soon after the arrival of the Dominican friars (around 1525 CE), engulfing a church and its surrounding Maya settlement. The cataclysm has been explained as a divine punishment imparted to the inhabitants of San Cristóbal Caccoh, following the expulsion of a Dominican friar and the refusal of the inhabitants to submit to the Christian faith. This tradition is echoed in a book published in 1648 CE by the Irish Dominican friar Thomas Gage: "The English-American, or a New Survey of the West Indies". Gage's book suffers many exaggerations, casting doubt on the validity of his testimony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56011748 | 83,085 |
Resident Evil In October of the same year, the next numbered entry in the main series, "6", was released to mixed reviews, but enthusiastic pre-order sales. In 2013, producer Masachika Kawata said the "Resident Evil" franchise would return to focus on elements of horror and suspense over action, adding, "Survival horror as a genre is never going to be on the same level, financially, as shooters and much more popular, mainstream games. At the same time, I think we need to have the confidence to put money behind these projects, and it doesn't mean we can't focus on what we need to do as a survival horror game to meet fan's needs." "", an episodic game set between "5" and "6", was released in March 2015. A team-based multiplayer game set in the series' universe, "Umbrella Corps", was released in June 2016. "" was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in January 2017. Set in a dilapidated mansion in Louisiana, the game uses a first-person perspective and returns to the series' survival horror roots. Unlike "5" and "6", the gameplay emphasizes horror and exploration over action. A remake of "2" was released for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on January 25, 2019. It uses the RE Engine, which was also used for "7". The remake outsold the original game within a year, selling over five million copies. Following in the success of the "2" remake, Capcom revealed a remake of "3: Nemesis" in December 2019, known as "3" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52820 | 191,388 |
Keiichi Aichi Aichi was born in Tokyo in 1880 and studied theoretical physics at University of Tokyo. He graduated in 1903 and in 1905 moved to Kyoto where he became an assistant professor at Kyoto University. Between 1908 and 1911 he studied in Germany and in 1912 defended his PhD at Tohoku Imperial University with recommendations from the chancellor. Soon after, he assumed the post of professor at the university's then newly established College of Science. In 1922, he served as an interpreter during the visit of Albert Einstein in Japan. Aichi died from food poisoning in 1923. His son was the politician Kiichi Aichi, who served consecutively as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24221301 | 10,847 |
Royal National College for the Blind Some students have additional disabilities such as autistic spectrum disorder and other medical needs. They can attend the college on a daily or residential basis, and accommodation is provided for those who board. There were 152 residential and 44 day students in 2008. Courses vary in length from a few weeks to two years. There are no formal academic requirements for entry into RNC, but potential students are invited to attend an assessment at the college before being offered a place to determine the level of support they will need during their studies. The assessment typically includes an evaluation of a person's level of vision, their mobility and independence skills, any residential support they may require, basic literacy and numeracy skills tests, and an interview with the leader of the course they wish to take. Study programmes at RNC are designed to prepare visually impaired students for progression into further education, university or employment. The development of independent living and personal skills is also encouraged. The college is divided into several different areas of study | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5556351 | 284,975 |
Har Hotzvim The expansion took place in three stage (known as stage b, c and d) and by the mid 2000s most of the available plots have been developed. In 2005, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries opened a new, state-of-the-art pharmaceutical manufacturing plant in Har Hotzvim, at a cost of US$80 million. It initially produced about 4 billion tablets a year, rising to 8 billion a year when the second phase of building was completed. In 2008 Intel closed its aging Fab 8 chip plant and started converting the facility to a die preparation plant. The plant was inaugurated in November 2009; the company planned to operate it on Saturdays in accordance with its business needs, requiring continuous operation of the production line. This angered the Haredi Jewish community living in nearby religious neighborhoods, who strictly observe the Sabbath laws. For several weeks they gathered every Saturday outside the building; some threw rocks at the building and the police. Eventually representatives of the Haredi community reached an agreement with Intel to keep the plant open on Saturdays, but allow only non-Jews to work. In July 2011 Haredi United Torah Judaism party in the Jerusalem city council proposed to clear the area for new residential development for their community, an offer that was firmly rejected by Jerusalem's mayor Nir Barkat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15120655 | 290,637 |
Avogadro constant The Avogadro constant, usually denoted by "N" or "L" is the factor that, multiplied by the amount of substance in a sample, measured in moles, gives the number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms or ions) in that sample. Its unit is the reciprocal of mole, and it is defined as It is named after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. The numeric value of the Avogadro constant, a dimensionless number, is called the Avogadro number, sometimes denoted "N" or "N", which is thus the number of particles that are contained in one mole, the international (SI) unit of amount of substance, exactly . The value of the was chosen so that the mass of one mole of a chemical compound, in grams, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes) to the average mass of one molecule of the compound, in daltons (universal atomic mass units); one dalton being of the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is approximately the mass of one nucleon (proton or neutron). For example, the average mass of one molecule of water is about 18.0153 daltons, and one mole of water ("N" molecules) is about 18.0153 grams. Thus, the "N" is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of a substance to the average mass of one molecule, and the Avogadro number is also the approximate number of nucleons in one gram of ordinary matter. The also relates the molar volume of a substance to the average volume nominally occupied by one of its particles, when both are expressed in the same units of volume | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41545 | 22,893 |
Computer terminal Block-oriented terminals typically incorporate a buffer which stores one screen or more of data, and also stores data attributes, indicating not only appearance (color, brightness, blinking, etc.) but also marks the data as being enterable by the terminal operator vs. "protected" against entry, as allowing the entry of only numeric information vs. allowing any characters, etc. In a typical application the host sends the terminal a preformatted panel containing both static data and fields into which data may be entered. The terminal operator keys data, such as updates in a database entry, into the appropriate fields. When entry is complete (or ENTER or PF key pressed on 3270's), a block of data, usually just the data entered by the operator (modified data), is sent to the host in one transmission. The 3270 terminal buffer (at the device) could be updated on a single character basis, if necessary, because of the existence of a "set buffer address order" (SBA), that usually preceded any data to be written/overwritten within the buffer. A complete buffer could also be read or replaced using the codice_2 command or codice_3 Command (unformatted or formatted in the case of the 3270). Block-oriented terminals cause less system load on the host and less network traffic than character-oriented terminals. They also appear more responsive to the user, especially over slow connections, since editing within a field is done locally rather than depending on echoing from the host system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=249402 | 130,566 |
Magnetoresistive random-access memory Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) performance is limited by the rate at which the charge stored in the cells can be drained (for reading) or stored (for writing). MRAM operation is based on measuring voltages rather than charges or currents, so there is less "settling time" needed. IBM researchers have demonstrated MRAM devices with access times on the order of 2 ns, somewhat better than even the most advanced DRAMs built on much newer processes. A team at the German Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt have demonstrated MRAM devices with 1 ns settling times, better than the currently accepted theoretical limits for DRAM, although the demonstration was a single cell. The differences compared to flash are far more significant, with write speeds as much as thousands of times faster. However, these speed comparisons are not for like-for-like current. High-density memory requires small transistors with reduced current, especially when built for low standby leakage. Under such conditions, write times shorter than 30 ns may not be reached so easily. In particular, to meet solder reflow stability of 260 °C over 90 seconds, 250 ns pulses have been required. This is related to the elevated thermal stability requirement driving up the write bit error rate. In order to avoid breakdown from higher current, longer pulses are needed. For the perpendicular STT MRAM, the switching time is largely determined by the thermal stability Δ as well as the write current | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315008 | 236,407 |
Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a computational analysis method of earthquake engineering for performing a comprehensive assessment of the behavior of structures under seismic loads. It has been developed to build upon the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in order to estimate the seismic risk faced by a given structure. It can be considered to be the dynamic equivalent of the static pushover analysis. IDA involves performing multiple nonlinear dynamic analyses of a structural model under a suite of ground motion records, each scaled to several levels of seismic intensity. The scaling levels are appropriately selected to force the structure through the entire range of behavior, from elastic to inelastic and finally to global dynamic instability, where the structure essentially experiences collapse. Appropriate postprocessing can present the results in terms of IDA curves, one for each ground motion record, of the seismic intensity, typically represented by a scalar Intensity Measure (IM), versus the structural response, as measured by an engineering demand parameter (EDP). Possible choices for the IM are scalar (or rarely vector) quantities that relate to the severity of the recorded ground motion and scale linearly or nonlinearly with its amplitude. The IM is properly chosen well so that appropriate hazard maps (hazard curves) can be produced for them by probabilistic seismic hazard analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31594536 | 445,562 |
Reductive dechlorination Reduction rates of CFC mirror theoretical rates calculated based on the Marcus theory of electron transfer rate. The electrochemical reduction of chlorinated chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can be carried out by electrolysis in appropriate solvents, such as mixtures of water and alcohol. Some of the key components of an electrolytic cell are types of electrodes, electrolyte mediums, and use of mediators. The cathode transfers electrons to the molecule, which decomposes to produce the corresponding hydrocarbon (hydrogen atoms substitute the original chlorine atoms) and free chloride ions. For instance, the reductive dechlorination of CFCs is complete and produces several HFCs plus chloride. Hydrodechlorination (HDC) is a type of reductive dechlorination that is useful due to its high reaction rate. It uses H as the reducing agent over a range of potential electrode reactors and catalysts. Amongst the types of catalysts studied such as precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh), transition metals (Ni and Mo), and metal oxides, a preference for precious metals overrides the others.As an example, palladium (Pd) often adopts a lattice formation which can easily embed hydrogen gas making it more accessible to be readily oxidized. However a common issue for HDC is catalyst deactivation and regeneration. As catalysts are depleted, chlorine poisoning on surfaces can sometimes be observed, and on rare occasions, metal sintering and leaching occurs as a result | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=971594 | 85,074 |
Canon EF-S 18–135mm lens New features are the new Nano USM and the possibility to connect the Power Zoom Adapter PZ-E1, which allows a soft zoom for video. The lens is also available as bundle with the Canon EOS 80D, which was announced same date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24194437 | 283,903 |
Hearing loss 5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure. The World Health Organization estimates that half of those between 12 and 35 are at risk from using personal audio devices that are too loud. due to noise has been described as primarily a condition of modern society. In preindustrial times, humans had far less exposure to loud sounds. Studies of primitive peoples indicate that much of what has been attributed to age-related hearing loss may be long term cumulative damage from all sources, especially noise. People living in preindustrial societies have considerably less hearing loss than similar populations living in modern society. Among primitive people who have migrated into modern society, hearing loss is proportional to the number of years spent in modern society. Military service in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, has likely also caused hearing loss in large numbers of men from those generations, though proving that hearing loss was a direct result of military service is problematic without entry and exit audiograms. in adolescents may be caused by loud noise from toys, music by headphones, and concerts or events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49604 | 466,088 |
Wafer tumbler lock Early WB key-types were branded 'MRA', 'NAX', and 'MRN', the latter being used universally until 1945. British competitors copied WB patterns, even duplicating the exact cut of their keys, necessitating changes to 'FA', 'FP', and 'FS', each having some variation in fluting, or key-section. All these barrels used single-sided keys until a 'double-entry' pattern was developed for Ford in 1962, and this quickly became the standard with motor manufacturers until the advent of higher-security barrels in 1968. The first of these was 'NH', with ten tumblers arranged five per side, which was required to meet new motor industry standards for security. Subsequently WB's more advanced 'WR' series also had ten tumblers but with an asymmetrical key. Development ceased with the effective demise of WB in 1982. In a cylindrical wafer tumbler lock, a series of flat "wafers" holds a cylindrical "plug" in place. The wafers are fitted into vertical slots in the plug, and are spring-loaded, causing them to protrude into diametrically opposed wide grooves in the outer casing of the lock. As long as any of the wafers protrude into one of the wide grooves, rotation of the plug is blocked, as would be the case if there was no key, or if an improperly bitted key were inserted | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6865242 | 440,393 |
MIMO Referring to information theory, the ergodic channel capacity of systems where both the transmitter and the receiver have perfect instantaneous channel state information is where formula_10 denotes Hermitian transpose and formula_11 is the ratio between transmit power and noise power (i.e., transmit SNR). The optimal signal covariance formula_12 is achieved through singular value decomposition of the channel matrix formula_13 and an optimal diagonal power allocation matrix formula_14. The optimal power allocation is achieved through waterfilling, that is where formula_16 are the diagonal elements of formula_17, formula_18 is zero if its argument is negative, and formula_19 is selected such that formula_20. If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance formula_21 can only be optimized in terms of the average mutual information as The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the ergodic channel capacity with statistical information. If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal covariance formula_21 to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which means formula_24 and accordingly Depending on the statistical properties of the channel, the ergodic capacity is no greater than formula_26 times larger than that of a SISO system. signal testing focuses first on the transmitter/receiver system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13544419 | 203,820 |
Software engineer However, the title ' (Graduate Engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the ', which is one of the most prestigious academic degrees in France. The use of the title " (computer scientist) is protected by law in Iceland. Software engineering is taught in Computer Science departments in Icelandic universities. Icelandic law state that a permission must be obtained from the Minister of Industry when the degree was awarded abroad, prior to use of the title. The title is awarded to those who have obtained a BSc degree in Computer Science from a recognized higher educational institution. In New Zealand, the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ), which licenses and regulates the country's chartered engineers (CPEng), recognizes software engineering as a legitimate branch of professional engineering and accepts application of software engineers to obtain chartered status provided they have a tertiary degree of approved subjects. Software Engineering is included whereas Computer Science is normally not. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies "computer software engineers" as a subcategory of "computer specialists", along with occupations such as computer scientist, Programmer, Database administrator and Network administrator. The BLS classifies all other engineering disciplines, including computer hardware engineers, as "engineers" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=90471 | 137,108 |
Rumford Falls Power Company Building The is a historic commercial building at 59 Congress Street in the central business district of Rumford, Maine. This two-story Beaux Arts building was designed by New York City architect Henry J. Hardenbergh and built in 1906 for the Rumford Falls Power Company, the enterprise responsible for Rumford's main period of growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Rumford Falls Power Company was founded in 1882 by the Canadian-American entrepreneur Hugh J. Chisholm, who recognized the power potential of the Rumford Falls on the Androscoggin River. The company dammed the river, ran a railroad line to the area, and built what was essentially a company town organized around the production of paper products. The company retained architect Henry J. Hardenbergh to design its offices in downtown Rumford. He is probably best known for the first instance (no longer standing) of the Waldorf Astoria New York and Boston's historic Copley Plaza Hotel. The building Hardenbergh designed is a two-story brick-and-concrete structure, standing at the southwest corner of Congress and Exchange Street. Its two street-facing facades are essentially identical, divided into three sections separated by projecting piers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44751073 | 361,014 |
Monsanto developed a Roundup Ready genetically modified wheat (MON 71800) but ended development in 2004 due to concerns from wheat exporters about the rejection of genetically modified (GM) wheat by foreign markets. Two patents were critical to Monsanto's GM soybean business; one expired in 2011 and the other in 2014. The second expiration meant that glyphosate resistant soybeans became "generic". The first harvest of generic glyphosate-tolerant soybeans came in 2015. broadly licensed the patent to other seed companies that include glyphosate resistance trait in their seed products. About 150 companies have licensed the technology, including competitors Syngenta and DuPont Pioneer. invented and sells genetically modified seeds that make a crystalline insecticidal protein from "Bacillus thuringiensis", known as Bt. In 1995 Monsanto's potato plants producing Bt toxin were approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, following approval by the FDA, making it the first pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the United States. subsequently developed Bt maize (MON 802, MON 809, MON 863, MON 810), Bt soybean and Bt cotton. produces seed that has multiple genetic modifications, also known as "stacked traits"—for instance, cotton that make one or more Bt proteins and is resistant to glyphosate. One of these, created in collaboration with Dow Chemical Company, is called SmartStax. In 2011 launched the Genuity brand for its stacked-trait products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93825 | 470,282 |
Erik Bongcam-Rudloff is a Chilean-born Swedish biologist and computer scientist. He received his doctorate in medical sciences from Uppsala University in 1994. He is Professor of Bioinformatics and the head of SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. His main research deals with development of bioinformatics solutions for the Life Sciences community. He was the chairman of EMBnet, (2003–2010) a science-based group of collaborating bioinformatics nodes throughout Europe, and a number of nodes outside Europe. He is also the director of SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre which created eBiotools, eBioX and eBioKit. is also executive board member of: Coordinator of: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3300289 | 144,543 |
Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem , formula_13, we can write Again doing an Integration by parts gives The first integral is zero because velocities are equal and the second integral is zero because the flow in incompressible, i.e., formula_16. Therefore we have the identity which says, The total rate of viscous dissipation energy over the whole volume of the field formula_18 is given by and after a rearrangement using above identity, we get If formula_21 is the total rate of viscous dissipation energy over the whole volume of the field formula_22, then we have The second integral is non-negative and zero only if formula_24, thus proving the theorem. The Poiseuille flow theorem is a consequence of the Helmholtz theorem states that "The steady laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid down a straight pipe of arbitrary cross-section is characterized by the property that its energy dissipation is least among all laminar (or spatially periodic) flows down the pipe which have the same total flux." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56133906 | 349,452 |
Johann Georg Megerle von Mühlfeld (July 22, 1780 in Vienna – September 15, 1831, also in Vienna) was an Austrian naturalist. From 1802 on he worked as the curator's assistant at the entomological collection of the Natural-Animal Cabinet in Vienna. He later became an official in the administration. He published the "Mineralogical Pocket Book" ("Mineralogisches Taschenbuch, enthaltend eine Oryctographie von Unterösterreich zum Gebrauche reisender Mineralogen") in 1807, but abandoned mineralogy thereafter. In 1813, he published "Österreichs Färbepflanzen" (Austria's Dying Plants). He was the younger son of Johann Baptist Megerle von Mühlfeld, who was known as "von Mühlfeld" since 1803. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8798309 | 161,628 |
Joseph Forshaw Joseph Michael Forshaw is an Australian ornithologist, and expert on parrots. He was the former head of wildlife conservation for the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6948556 | 152,819 |
Jigsaw (Saw character) " Bousman mentioned that "Saw III" was intended to contain a scene in which Jigsaw showed remorse for his actions after seeing the results of his legacy: "For the first time, we actually see him break down and cry. Imagine your entire life's work. You're on your deathbed. You know there's nothing else you can do and here's how you'll be remembered: as a killer, as a murderer. Not as someone who helped people. Not as someone who changed lives. Someone who took away lives. The one thing he didn't want to be and, as he's on his deathbed, he's realizing this." As a result of his cancer and suicide attempt, John decided to dedicate the rest of his life to teaching people to appreciate their own lives. The producers of "Saw III" and director Darren Lynn Bousman see Jigsaw, not as a serial killer, but a "scientist" who is determined to initiate the survival instinct in his "subjects", believing that humanity no longer uses its instinct of survival. While the character's discovery that he has cancer is acknowledged to be the "final straw" that drove him to his actions, Bell has stated in an interview that "His terminal cancer is one of the elements of his life but he's as angry over the fact the world is going to hell in handbasket because it's no longer the survival of the fittest; it's the survival of the mediocre. That drives him as much as anything else. He doesn't just talk about his frustrations, he does something about them, and he puts himself on the line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3809914 | 310,912 |
Behavior tree models are executed in a virtual machine called the behavior run-time environment (BRE). The BRE links together components using middleware, allowing components to be independent programs written in one of several languages that can be executed in a distributed environment. The BRE also contains an expression parser that automatically performs simple operations to minimize the amount of code required to be manually implemented in the component. The implementation of components is supported by views that are automatically extractable from the DBT. These views provide the component behavior trees (CBTs) of individual components together with the interfaces of individual components. This information, together with the information in the integrated composition tree (ICT) captured about each individual component, provides the information that is needed to implement each individual component. Several BRE’s can be linked together to form complex systems using a system-of-systems construct and the behavior engineering component integration environment (BECIE). BECIE is also used to monitor and control the behavior tree models being executed within a BRE, similar to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems used in industrial process control. Executable behavior trees have been developed for case studies including automated train protection, mobile robots with dynamic object following, an ambulatory infusion pump and traffic light management systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21292928 | 221,428 |
Tell-tale (automotive) As a cost-saving measure, individual readouts for each tire are often substituted with a single tell-tale indicator for all tires. Dashboard indicator lights or tell-tales are provided for turn signals, high beam, transmission mode in automatic transmission vehicles, and similar devices. These indicate running status and are not an indication of a fault. As automobiles became increasingly complex, more dashboard indicator lights have been added for the status of safety and convenience systems. Lights can indicate many conditions including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3541212 | 371,146 |
Router table (woodworking) Finally, manufacturers began selling complete packages, such as the Inverted Pin Router, which put them in the business of effectively selling wood shapers, the very tool that shop improvised router tables were created as inexpensive substitutes for. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24436541 | 423,301 |
Radiolocation In urban, mountainous, or indoor environments, obstruction by intervening obstacles and reflection from nearby surfaces are very common, and contribute to multipath distortion: that is, reflected and delayed replicates of the transmitted signal are combined at the receiver. Signals from different paths can add constructively or destructively: such variations in amplitude are known as fading. The dependence of signal strength on position of transmitter and receiver becomes complex and often non-monotonic, making single-receiver estimates of position inaccurate and unreliable. Multilateration using many receivers is often combined with calibration measurements ("fingerprinting") to improve accuracy. TOA and AOA measurements are also subject to multipath errors, particularly when the direct path from the transmitter to receiver is blocked by an obstacle. Time of arrival measurements are also most accurate when the signal has distinct time-dependent features on the scale of interest—for example, when it is composed of short pulses of known duration—but Fourier transform theory shows that in order to change amplitude or phase on a short time scale, a signal must use a broad bandwidth. For example, to create a pulse of about 1 ns duration, roughly sufficient to identify location to within 0.3 m (1 foot), a bandwidth of roughly 1 GHz is required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1932188 | 304,677 |
Cryogenic fuel The feasibility of cryogenic fuels is associated with what is known as a high mass flow rate. With regulation, the high-density energy of cryogenic fuels is utilized to produce thrust in rockets and controllable consumption of fuel. The following sections provide further detail. These types of fuels typically use the regulation of gas production and flow to power pistons in an engine. The large increases in pressure are controlled and directed toward the engine's pistons. The pistons move due to the mechanical power transformed from the monitored production of gaseous fuel. A notable example can be seen in Peter Dearman's liquid air vehicle. Some common inert fuels include: These fuels utilize the beneficial liquid cryogenic properties along with the flammable nature of the substance as a source of power. These types of fuel are well known primarily for their use in rockets. Some common combustible fuels include: Combustible cryogenic fuels offer much more utility than most inert fuels can. Liquefied natural gas, as with any fuel, will only combust when properly mixed with right amounts of air. As for LNG, the bulk majority of efficiency depends on the methane number, which is the gas equivalent of the octane number. This is determined based on the methane content of the liquefied fuel and any other dissolved gas, and varies as a result of experimental efficiencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=807570 | 96,259 |
Two-hybrid screening To study interactions, important in neurology, in a more native environment a two-hybrid system has been developed in "A californica" neurons. A GAL4 AD and BD are used in this system. An insect two-hybrid (I2H) system was developed in a silkworm cell line from the larva or caterpillar of the domesticated silk moth, "Bombyx mori" (BmN4 cells). This system uses the GAL4 BD and the activation domain of mouse NF-κB P65. Both are under the control of the OpIE2 promoter. By changing specific amino acids by mutating the corresponding DNA base-pairs in the plasmids used, the importance of those amino acid residues in maintaining the interaction can be determined. After using bacterial cell-based method to select DNA-binding proteins, it is necessary to check the specificity of these domains as there is a limit to the extent to which the bacterial cell genome can act as a sink for domains with an affinity for other sequences (or indeed, a general affinity for DNA). Protein–protein signalling interactions pose suitable therapeutic targets due to their specificity and pervasiveness. The random drug discovery approach uses compound banks that comprise random chemical structures, and requires a high-throughput method to test these structures in their intended target. The cell chosen for the investigation can be specifically engineered to mirror the molecular aspect that the investigator intends to study and then used to identify new human or animal therapeutics or anti-pest agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2015367 | 169,532 |
Loebner Prize The 2016 was held at Bletchley Park on 17 September 2016. After 2 hours of judging the final results were announced. The ranks were as follows: Official list of winners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238725 | 247,315 |
Green building in Bangladesh Since 2008, Sustainable Built Environment Initiative – Bangladesh (later Bangladesh Green Building Council) founder, Sanwar Azam had worked to unify the stake holders towards a greener country, saying that with growing population in a diminishing land and rapid urbanisation to major cities, 'Going green' had become a marketing ploy for various organisations as there were no quantifiable way to judge a structures sustainability. He offered a centralised board to offer Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certifications to interested projects and firms. In addition, he proposed a similar voluntary building rating tool that is much cheaper to attain and one that is much suited to the socio-economic conditions of the country and relevant to its building environment and construction culture. Azam also stressed the need for educational programs in sustainable designs and various universities in Bangladesh planned to promote Green Building principles in their curriculum, such as in the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, State University of Bangladesh-SUB, North South University, BRAC University and Asia Pacific University. Dr. Saleh Uddin was the Events and Education Committee of Bangladesh Green Building Council. Citing that in cramped environment, such buildings and structures would be far more comfortable and satisfying but most importantly directly address some national issues, like conserving water and energy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35825658 | 326,032 |
Business software (or a business application) is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, to measure productivity and to perform other business functions accurately. By and large, business software is likely to be developed to meet the needs of a specific business, and therefore is not easily transferable to a different business environment, unless its nature and operation is identical. Due to the unique requirements of each business, off-the-shelf software is unlikely to completely address a company's needs. However, where an on-the-shelf solution is necessary, due to time or monetary considerations, some level of customization is likely to be required. Exceptions do exist, depending on the business in question, and thorough research is always required before committing to bespoke or off-the-shelf solutions. Some business applications are interactive, i.e., they have a graphical user interface or user interface and users can query/modify/input data and view results instantaneously. They can also run reports instantaneously. Some business applications run in batch mode: they are set up to run based on a predetermined event/time and a business user does not need to initiate them or monitor them. Some business applications are built in-house and some are bought from vendors (off the shelf software products). These business applications are installed on either desktops or big servers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1037763 | 461,416 |
Emanuel Anthony Posselt (1858 – June 28, 1921) was an authority on Jacquard looms and weaving. His book on the Jacquard machine is considered to be a classic. Posselt, the son of Emanuel Anthony and Elizabeth (Demuth) Posselt, was born in Reichenberg, Austrian Empire (current Liberec, Czech Republic) on 21 August 1858. Emanuel graduated in 1876 from the Imperial Government Weaving School, also in Reichenberg. During the next two years, he visited most of the important textile manufacturing cities in Europe, and during this time he managed his father's textile mills. In August 1878, he went to the United States, where he worked until 1884 for various textile mills in New England and Pennsylvania. In 1884, Posselt became the inaugural director of the textile division of Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art. In 1891, he resigned that position to accept the editorship of the Textile Record of North America, at the time a leading trade journal. Posselt then established a private textile academy and a textile trade book business. He published his own work on the Jacquard machine, the technology of textile design, textile calculations, and cotton, wool and silk industries; as well as works by other authors, such as Gardner on wool dyeing. The series "Hand Books of the Textile Industry" and "Posselt's Textile Library", as well as "Posselt's Textile Journal" that ran between 1907 and 1923, are his own. The last was the immediate forerunner of Textile World | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52297623 | 255,997 |
Marketing research He subsequently applied his methods to the measurement of television audiences. Around the same time, Daniel Starch developed measures for testing advertising copy effectiveness in print media (newspapers and magazines), and these subsequently became known as Starch scores (and are still used today). During, the 1930s and 1940s, many of the data collection methods, probability sampling methods, survey methods, questionnaire design and key metrics were developed. By the 1930s, Ernest Dichter was pioneering the focus group method of qualitative research. For this, he is often described as the 'father of market research.' Dichter applied his methods on campaigns for major brands including Chrysler, Exxon/Esso where he used methods from psychology and cultural anthropology to gain consumer insights. These methods eventually lead to the development of "motivational research." Marketing historians refer to this period as the "Foundation Age" of market research. By the 1930s, the first courses on marketing research were taught in universities and colleges. The text-book, "Market Research and Analysis" by Lyndon O. Brown (1937) became one of the popular textbooks during this period. As the number of trained research professionals proliferated throughout the second half of the 20th-century, the techniques and methods used in marketing research became increasingly sophisticated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196086 | 493,265 |
HVDC Tjæreborg The is a 4.3 kilometre long bipolar high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission line for demonstrating and testing DC interconnection of a wind park to the Danish power grid. The line was constructed to connect an existing onshore wind park consisting of 4 windmills in Tjæreborg Enge to the grid through an additional DC line. Thus the mills can be connected to the grid by both the new HVDC, the old AC or a combination of both lines. The was commissioned in 2000 and is designed for a voltage of 9 kV and a maximum power rating of 7.2 megawatt. The technology of HVDC allows a better regulation of power peaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1711121 | 375,424 |
Nasolabial fold The nasolabial folds, commonly known as "smile lines" or "laugh lines", are facial features. They are the two skin folds that run from each side of the nose to the corners of the mouth. They are defined by facial structures that support the buccal fat pad. They separate the cheeks from the upper lip. The term derives from Latin "nasus" for "nose" and "labium" for "lip". With ageing the fold may grow in length and depth. Dermal fillings may be used to replace lost fats and collagen in this facial area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11994909 | 194,074 |
C27H30O6 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24116251 | 30,319 |
Phoning home This software employs an agent which calls into an Absolute-managed server on regular intervals with information companies or the police can use to locate a missing computer. Other than phoning the home (website) of the applications' authors, applications can allow their documents to do the same thing, thus allowing the documents' authors to trigger (essentially anonymous) tracking by setting up a connection that is intended to be logged. Such behavior, for example, caused v7.0.5 of Adobe Reader to add an interactive notification whenever a PDF file tries phoning (to its author's) home. HTML e-mail messages can easily implement a form of "phoning home". Images and other files required by the e-mail body may generate extra requests to a remote web server before they can be viewed. The IP address of the user's own computer is sent to the webserver (an unavoidable process if a reply is required), and further details embedded in request URLs can further identify the user by e-mail address, marketing campaign, etc. Such extra page resources have been referred to as "web bugs" and they can also be used to track off-line viewing and other uses of ordinary web pages. So as to prevent the activation of these requests, many e-mail clients do not load images or other web resources when HTML e-mails are first viewed, giving users the option to load the images only if the e-mail is from a trusted source. There are many malware applications that "phone home" can use to gather and store information about a person's machine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3104727 | 108,828 |
Theistic evolution Just as different types of evolutionary explanations have evolved, so there are different types of theistic evolution. Creationists Henry M. Morris and John D. Morris have listed different terms which were used to describe different positions from the 1890s to the 1920s: ""Orthogenesis"" (goal-directed evolution), ""nomogenesis"" (evolution according to fixed law), ""emergent evolution"", ""creative evolution"", and others. Others argue that one should read the creation story in the book of Genesis only metaphorically. Others see "evolutionary creation" (EC, also referred to by some observers as "evolutionary creationism") as the belief that God, as Creator, uses evolution to bring about his plan. The Jesuit paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) was an influential proponent of God-directed evolution or "orthogenesis", in which man will eventually evolve to the "omega point" of union with the Creator. Eugenie Scott states in "Evolution Vs. Creationism" that it is a type of evolution rather than creationism, despite its name, and that it is "hardly distinguishable from Theistic Evolution". According to evolutionary creationist Denis Lamoureux, although referring to the same view, the word arrangement in the term "theistic evolution" places "the process of evolution as the primary term, and makes the Creator secondary as merely a qualifying adjective." Scott also uses the term "theistic evolutionism" interchangeably with "theistic evolution" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328815 | 168,222 |
Western blot The light produced from the excitation of a fluorescent dye is static, making fluorescent detection a more precise and accurate measure of the difference in the signal produced by labeled antibodies bound to proteins on a western blot. Proteins can be accurately quantified because the signal generated by the different amounts of proteins on the membranes is measured in a static state, as compared to chemiluminescence, in which light is measured in a dynamic state. A third alternative is to use a radioactive label rather than an enzyme coupled to the secondary antibody, such as labeling an antibody-binding protein like "Staphylococcus" Protein A or Streptavidin with a radioactive isotope of iodine. Since other methods are safer, quicker, and cheaper, this method is now rarely used; however, an advantage of this approach is the sensitivity of auto-radiography-based imaging, which enables highly accurate protein quantification when combined with optical software (e.g. Optiquant). Historically, the probing process was performed in two steps because of the relative ease of producing primary and secondary antibodies in separate processes. This gives researchers and corporations huge advantages in terms of flexibility, reduction of cost, and adds an amplification step to the detection process. Given the advent of high-throughput protein analysis and lower limits of detection, however, there has been interest in developing one-step probing systems that would allow the process to occur faster and with fewer consumables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174030 | 36,604 |
ANTIC There are two kinds of Jumps: The DLIST registers are also updated by the Operating System's Vertical Blank Interrupt (VBI) routine using the values in shadow registers SDLSTL/SDLSTH ($0230-$0231/560-561). When the OS VBI routine is enabled direct updates to the DLIST registers by the CPU or the Jump instructions will be overwritten by the OS during the next Vertical Blank. This implies that an JVB (Jump and wait for Vertical Blank) instruction that specifies an invalid address (or a valid address that differs from the shadow SDLST value) has no real effect on the display. The JVB's argument usually points to the beginning of the same Display List, but it can also point to another Display List, so that a chain of Display Lists is executed after consecutive vertical blanks. Of course, to give control over the start of the next Display List the OS Vertical Blank interrupt must be disabled to prevent it overwriting hardware registers with the shadow register values. The following is the list of graphics mode instructions. For more detailed descriptions of each Mode see the Playfield Graphics Modes section. The memory requirement for a Mode Line is determined by two factors: The Horizontal Fine Scroll Modifier will change the memory requirement for the current Mode Line from the DMACTL-specified width to the next largest value. Bits 7:4 are modifiers for Playfield Mode instructions in bits 3:0. Playfield Mode Instruction values range from $02 to $0F | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=870044 | 417,201 |
Broadcast relay station Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local newscasts or separate news segments in part of a newscast. There is no strict rule for the call sign of a television re-broadcaster. Some transmitters have call signs different from the parent station (CFGC in Sudbury is a re-broadcaster of CIII), and others use the call sign of the originating station followed by a number (such as the former CBLFT-17 in Sarnia, Ontario). The latter type officially includes the television station's "-TV" suffix between the call sign and the number, although it is often omitted from media directories. The numbers are usually applied sequentially, beginning with "1", and denote the chronological order in which the station's rebroadcast transmitters began operation. Some broadcasters may use a system in which the number is the transmitter's broadcast channel, such as CJOH-TV-47 in Pembroke, Ontario. A broadcaster cannot mix the numbering systems under a single call sign; the transmitters are numbered sequentially or by their analogue channel. If sequential numbering reaches 99 (such as TVOntario's former broadcast transmitters), the next transmitter is assigned a new call sign and numbered "1". Translators which share a frequency (such as CBLT's former repeaters CBLET, CBLHT, CBLAT-2 and CH4113 on channel 12) are given distinct call signs. Digital re-broadcasters may be numbered by the TV channel number of the analogue signal they replaced | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12828393 | 403,594 |
Edinburgh Photographic Society The is a photographic society based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was established in 1861. The society awards medals annually to photographers of excellence. It began in a small back room at 81 South Bridge in rivalry to the more formal Photographic Society of Scotland. In the first year the regular meetings were held at the Queen Street Hall (6 Queen Street) before moving to the National Bible Society Halls at 5 St Andrew Square. Not until 1892 did they acquire their own premises; 38 North Castle Street. Honorary members included Fox Talbot, Sir David Brewster, Lyon Playfair, Piazzi Smyth and George Shadbolt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36481180 | 242,175 |
Residual-current device Any fault to earth (for example caused by a person touching a live component in the attached appliance) causes some of the current to take a different return path, which means that there is an imbalance (difference) in the current in the two conductors (single-phase case), or, more generally, a nonzero sum of currents from among various conductors (for example, three phase conductors and one neutral conductor). This difference causes a current in the sense coil (6), which is picked up by the sense circuitry (7). The sense circuitry then removes power from the solenoid (5), and the contacts (4) are forced apart by a spring, cutting off the electricity supply to the appliance. The test button (8) allows the correct operation of the device to be verified by passing a small current through the orange test wire (9). This simulates a fault by creating an imbalance in the sense coil. If the RCD does not trip when this button is pressed, then the device must be replaced. Residual-current and overcurrent protection may be combined in one device for installation into the service panel; this device is known as a GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) breaker in the US and Canada, and as an RCBO (residual-current circuit breaker with overload protection) in Europe. In the US, GFCI breakers are more expensive than GFCI outlets. As well as requiring both live and neutral inputs and outputs (or, full 3-phase), many GFCI/RCBO devices require a functional earth (FE) connection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=530715 | 346,878 |
Channel 37 is an intentionally unused ultra-high frequency (UHF) television broadcasting television channel in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The frequency range allocated to this channel is important for radio astronomy, so broadcasting is not licensed. in System M and N countries occupies a band of UHF frequencies from 608 to 614 MHz. This band is particularly important to radio astronomy because it allows observation in a region of the spectrum in between the dedicated frequency allocations near 410 MHz and 1.4 GHz. The area reserved or unused differs from nation to nation and region to region (as for example the EU and British Isles have slightly different reserved frequency areas). One radio astronomy application in this band is for very-long-baseline interferometry. When UHF channels were being allocated in the United States in 1952, channel 37 was assigned to 18 communities across the country. One of them, Valdosta, Georgia, featured the only construction permit ever issued for channel 37: WGOV-TV, owned by Eurith Dickenson "Dee" Rivers Jr., son of the former governor of Georgia (hence the call letters). Rivers received the CP on February 26, 1953, but WGOV-TV never made it to the air; on October 28, 1955 they requested an allocation on channel 8, but the petition was denied. In 1963, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a 10-year moratorium on any allocation of stations to Channel 37 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4354277 | 202,437 |
Boolean satisfiability problem These "extras" to the basic systematic search have been empirically shown to be essential for handling the large SAT instances that arise in electronic design automation (EDA). Well known implementations include Chaff and GRASP. Look-ahead solvers have especially strengthened reductions (going beyond unit-clause propagation) and the heuristics, and they are generally stronger than conflict-driven solvers on hard instances (while conflict-driven solvers can be much better on large instances which actually have an easy instance inside). Modern SAT solvers are also having significant impact on the fields of software verification, constraint solving in artificial intelligence, and operations research, among others. Powerful solvers are readily available as free and open source software. In particular, the conflict-driven MiniSAT, which was relatively successful at the 2005 SAT competition, only has about 600 lines of code. A modern Parallel SAT solver is ManySAT. It can achieve super linear speed-ups on important classes of problems. An example for look-ahead solvers is march_dl, which won a prize at the 2007 SAT competition. Certain types of large random satisfiable instances of SAT can be solved by survey propagation (SP). Particularly in hardware design and verification applications, satisfiability and other logical properties of a given propositional formula are sometimes decided based on a representation of the formula as a binary decision diagram (BDD) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4715 | 134,834 |
Vegetarian nutrition Although a lower "percentage" of non-heme iron is absorbed by the body, greater total "amounts" of non-heme iron are concentrated in many non-meat sources of iron, and therefore breakfast cereals, eggs, nuts, seeds, and legumes (including soy foods, peas, beans, chickpeas, and lentils) are significant sources of iron, and a well-planned vegetarian diet should not lead to iron deficiency, but fruitarianism and raw foods diets should not be pursued for infants or children. Meat, including fish and poultry, and not dairy or eggs, is the only source of heme iron; intake of heme iron may be associated with colon cancer. Non-heme iron is more sensitive to both "inhibitors" and "enhancers" of iron absorption: Vitamin C is an iron absorption enhancer; the main inhibitors for most people are phytates (e.g. legumes and cereal grains), but other inhibitors include tannins (from tea and wine), calcium, and polyphenols. Iron is an integral part in the chemical structure of many proteins and enzymes, which maintain good health. In humans, iron is an essential component of proteins involved in the transport of oxygen of red blood cells. Iron also helps regulate cell growth and cellular differentiation. A 2013 review found that zinc intake and serum zinc concentrations were significantly lower in populations that follow vegetarian diets compared with non-vegetarians. Phytates in many whole grains, and dietary fiber in many plant foods may interfere with zinc absorption, and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1074205 | 148,550 |
Buyer's credit Buyer credit is a short term credit available to an importer (buyer) from overseas lenders such as banks and other financial institution for goods they are importing. The overseas banks usually lend the importer (buyer) based on the letter of comfort (a bank guarantee) issued by the importer's bank. For this service the importer's bank or buyer's credit consultant charges a fee called an arrangement fee. helps local importers gain access to cheaper foreign funds that may be closer to LIBOR rates as against local sources of funding which are more costly. The duration of buyer's credit may vary from country to country, as per the local regulations. For example, in India, buyer's credit can be availed for one year in case the import is for tradeable goods and for three years if the import is for capital goods. has several advantages for the importer. The exporter gets paid on due date; whereas importer gets extended date for making an import payment as per the cash flows. The importer can deal with exporter on sight basis, negotiate a better discount and use the buyers credit route to avail financing. The funding currency can be depending on the choice of the customer and availability of LIBOR rates in the exchange market. The importer can use this financing for any form of payment mode, such as: open account, collections, or LCs. Interest cost is charged by overseas bank as a financing cost. is associated with currency risk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15733772 | 492,660 |
Next Generation Mobile Networks The (NGMN) Alliance is a mobile telecommunications association of mobile operators, vendors, manufacturers and research institutes. It was founded by major mobile operators in 2006 as an open forum to evaluate candidate technologies to develop a common view of solutions for the next evolution of wireless networks. Its objective is to ensure the successful commercial launch of future mobile broadband networks through a roadmap for technology and friendly user trials. Its office is in Frankfurt, Germany. The NGMN Alliance complements and supports standards organizations by providing a coherent view of what mobile operators require. The alliance's project results have been acknowledged by groups such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), TeleManagement Forum (TM Forum) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The Initial phase of the NGMN Alliance involved working groups on technology, spectrum, intellectual property rights (IPR), ecosystem, and trials, to enable the launch of commercial next generation mobile services in 2010. In a white paper first released in March 2006, NGMN summarized a vision for mobile broadband communications and included recommendations as well as requirements. It provided operators´ relative priorities of key system characteristics, system recommendations and detailed requirements for the standards for the next generation of mobile broadband networks, devices and services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31950932 | 273,202 |
Film frame In filmmaking, video production, animation, and related fields, a frame is one of the many still images which compose the complete "moving picture". The term is derived from the fact that, from the beginning of modern filmmaking toward the end of the 20th century, and in many places still up to the present, the single images have been recorded on a strip of photographic film that quickly increased in length, historically; each image on such a strip looks rather like a framed picture when examined individually. The term may also be used more generally as a noun or verb to refer to the edges of the image as seen in a camera viewfinder or projected on a screen. Thus, the camera operator can be said to keep a car in frame by panning with it as it speeds past. When the moving picture is displayed, each frame is flashed on a screen for a short time (nowadays, usually 1/24, 1/25 or 1/30 of a second) and then immediately replaced by the next one. Persistence of vision blends the frames together, producing the illusion of a moving image. The frame is also sometimes used as a unit of time, so that a momentary event might be said to last six frames, the actual duration of which depends on the frame rate of the system, which varies according to the video or film standard in use. In North America and Japan, 30 frames per second (fps) is the broadcast standard, with 24 frames/s now common in production for high-definition video shot to look like film. In much of the rest of the world, 25 frames/s is standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2356136 | 428,914 |
Distributed-element model The location of this point is dependent on the accuracy required in a specific application, but essentially, it needs to be used in circuits where the wavelengths of the signals have become comparable to the physical dimensions of the components. An often quoted engineering rule of thumb (not to be taken too literally because there are many exceptions) is that parts larger than one tenth of a wavelength will usually need to be analysed as distributed elements. Transmission lines are a common example of the use of the distributed model. Its use is dictated because the length of the line will usually be many wavelengths of the circuit's operating frequency. Even for the low frequencies used on power transmission lines, one tenth of a wavelength is still only about 500 kilometres at 60 Hz. Transmission lines are usually represented in terms of the primary line constants as shown in figure 1. From this model the behaviour of the circuit is described by the secondary line constants which can be calculated from the primary ones. The primary line constants are normally taken to be constant with position along the line leading to a particularly simple analysis and model. However, this is not always the case, variations in physical dimensions along the line will cause variations in the primary constants, that is, they have now to be described as functions of distance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=301950 | 420,250 |
Intersex By birth, the typical fetus has been completely "sexed" male or female, meaning that the genetic sex (XY-male or XX-female) corresponds with the phenotypical sex; that is to say, genetic sex corresponds with internal and external gonads, and external appearance of the genitals. There are a variety of symptoms that can occur. Ambiguous genitalia being the most common sign, there can be [[micropenis]], [[clitoromegaly]], partial [[labial fusion]], electrolyte abnormalities, delayed or absent puberty, unexpected changes at puberty, hypospadias, labial or inguinal (groin) masses (which may turn out to be testes) in girls and [[undescended testes]] (which may turn out to be ovaries) in boys. Ambiguous genitalia may appear as a large [[clitoris]] or as a small penis. [[File:Quigley scale for androgen insensitivity syndrome.jpg|thumb|The [[Quigley scale]] is a method for describing genital development in AIS.]] Because there is variation in all of the processes of the [[Sex organ#Development|development of the sex organs]], a child can be born with a [[sexual anatomy]] that is typically female or feminine in appearance with a larger-than-average [[clitoris]] ([[clitoral hypertrophy]]) or typically male or masculine in appearance with a smaller-than-average [[penis]] that is open along the underside | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26652964 | 170,714 |
Industrial symbiosis Industrial ecology is a relatively new field that is based on a natural paradigm, claiming that an industrial ecosystem may behave in a similar way to the natural ecosystem wherein everything gets recycled, albeit the simplicity and applicability of this paradigm has been questioned. Eco-industrial development is one of the ways in which industrial ecology contributes to the integration of economic growth and environmental protection. Some of the examples of eco-industrial development are: engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products. The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity". Notably, this definition and the stated key aspects of industrial symbiosis, i.e., the role of collaboration and geographic proximity, in its variety of forms, has been explored and empirically tested in the UK through the research and published activities of the National Industrial Symbiosis Programme. systems collectively optimize material and energy use at efficiencies beyond those achievable by any individual process alone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12562201 | 348,240 |
Enzyme replacement therapy Lysosomal storage diseases are fatal group of diseases and a main application of ERT. Lysosomes are cellular organelles that are responsible for the metabolism of many different macromolecules and proteins. They use enzymes to break down macromolecules, which are recycled or disposed. As of 2012, there are 50 lysosomal storage diseases, and more are still being discovered. These disorders arise because of genetic mutations that prevent the production of certain enzymes used in the lysosomes. The missing enzyme often leads to a build-up of the substrate within the body. This can result in a variety of symptoms, many of which are severe and can affect the skeleton, brain, skin, heart, and the central nervous system. Increasing the concentration of the missing enzyme within the body has been shown to improve the body's normal cellular metabolic processes and reduce substrate concentration in the body. ERT has also been successful in treating severe combined immunodeficiency caused by an adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID). This is a fatal childhood disease that requires early medical intervention. When the enzyme adenosine deaminase is deficient in the body, the result is a toxic build-up of metabolites that impair lymphocyte development and function. Many ADA deficient children with SCID have been treated with the polyethylene glycol-conjugated adenosine deaminase (PEG-ADA) enzyme. This is a form of ERT that has resulted in healthier, longer lives for patients with ADA-SCID | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3295601 | 4,064 |
Informed consumer In addition to the compliance to the legal obligations, the business firms also have their planned, tactical and important business- related reasons behind informing the consumer. The business organisation ensure consumer's expectation management by equipping them with certain knowledge about the commodity. Many times, business face disincentive by providing information to the consumers, as it might harm the marketability and attractiveness of their product. This indicate the power gained on being an Informed consumer. The economic analysis indicates that information asymmetry to consumer is a major ground for market failure, causing the consumer to make irrational decisions. Thus, unbiased information can solve the market problems by equipping the customers with appropriate information and thereby ensuring healthy market practices. Consumers derive their information from multiple sources. The following are the sources from where a consumer gathers the desired knowledge about the product: Consumer derives information from a variety sources, each source illustrating its own interest, skills and resources . However, it is essential for the consumers to recognise their personal interests and make a judicious decision. The influx of electronic media and abundance of available information has triggered a complete transformation of the market orientation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20422186 | 481,923 |
Electroporation has proven efficient for use on tissues in vivo, for in utero applications as well as in ovo transfection. Adherent cells can also be transfected using electroporation, providing researchers with an alternative to trypsinizing their cells prior to transfection. One downside to electroporation, however, is that after the process the gene expression of over 7,000 genes can be affected. This can cause problems in studies where gene expression has to be controlled to ensure accurate and precise results. Although bulk electroporation has many benefits over physical delivery methods such as microinjections and gene guns, it still has limitations including low cell viability. Miniaturization of electroporation has been studied leading to microelectroporation and nanotransfection of tissue utilizing electroporation based techniques via nanochannels to minimally invasively deliver cargo to the cells. Cell fusion is of interest not only as an essential process in cell biology, but also as a useful method in biotechnology and medicine. Artificially induced fusion can be used to investigate and treat different diseases, like diabetes, regenerate axons of the central nerve system, and produce cells with desired properties, such as in cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39619 | 295,464 |
Greywater However, the result of the research shows that the health risk due to reuse of grey water either for garden irrigation or toilet flushing was not significantly higher than the risk associated with using clear water for the same activities. Most grey water should be assumed to have some blackwater-type components, including pathogens. Grey water should be applied below the surface where possible (e.g., via drip line on top of the soil, under mulch; or in mulch-filled trenches) and not sprayed, as there is a danger of inhaling the water as an aerosol. In any grey water system, it is important to avoid toxic materials such as bleaches, bath salts, artificial dyes, chlorine-based cleansers, strong acids/alkali, solvents, and products containing boron, which is toxic to plants at high levels. Most cleaning agents contain sodium salts, which can cause excessive soil alkalinity, inhibit seed germination, and destroy the structure of soils by dispersing clay. Soils watered with grey water systems can be amended with gypsum (calcium sulfate) to reduce pH. Cleaning products containing ammonia are safe to use, as plants can use it to obtain nitrogen. A 2010 study of grey water irrigation found no major health effects on plants, and suggests sodium buildup is largely dependent on the degree to which grey water migrates vertically through the soil. Some grey water may be applied directly from the sink to the garden or container field, receiving further treatment from soil life and plant roots | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216193 | 35,249 |
MPEG-2 MOD and TOD are recording formats for use in consumer digital file-based camcorders. XDCAM is a professional file-based video recording format. Application-specific restrictions on video in the DVB standard: Allowed resolutions for SDTV: For HDTV: The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.39 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling format, and mandatory colorimetry information. ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates: ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50 Hz (PAL) signal. The ATSC specification and allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24 Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the sequence and introducing several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20060 | 251,212 |
Slack bus In electrical power systems a slack bus (or swing bus), defined as a Vδ bus, is used to balance the active power |P| and reactive power |Q| in a system while performing load flow studies. The slack bus is used to provide for system losses by emitting or absorbing active and/or reactive power to and from the system. For power systems engineers, a load flow study explains the power system conditions at various intervals during operation. It aims to minimize the difference between the calculated and actual quantities. Here, the slack bus can contribute to the minimization by having an unconstrained real and reactive power input. formula_1 formula_2 formula_3 The use of a slack bus has an inherent disadvantage when dealing with uncertain input variables: the slack bus must absorb all uncertainties arising from the system and thus must have the widest possible nodal power distributions. Even moderate amounts of uncertainty in a large system may allow the resulting distributions to contain values beyond the slack bus's margins. A load flow approach able to directly incorporate uncertainties into the solution processes can be very useful. The results from such analyses give solutions over the range of the uncertainties, i.e., solutions that are sets of values or regions instead of single values | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34147023 | 378,775 |
SuperSaf In September 2019, was one of the influencers that took part in the Alzheimer's Research UK #ShareTheOrange campaign to raise awareness about dementia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58607068 | 255,467 |
Donna Haraway Biography, history, propaganda, science, science fiction, and cinema are intertwined in the most confusing way. Perhaps the idea is to induce a slightly dissociated state, so that readers can be lulled into belief. If one did not already possess some background, this book would give no lucid history of anthropology or primatology. However, a review in the "Journal of the History of Biology" disagrees: "Primate Visions" is one of the most important books to come along in the last twenty years. Historians of science have begun to write more externalist histories, acknowledging the possibilities of a science profoundly integrated with ongoing social agenda. Haraway's history of primatology in the twentieth century sets new standards for this approach, standards that will not be surpassed for some time to come. The book is important to students of science, feminists, historians, and anyone else interested in how the complex systems of race, gender, and science intertwine to produce supposedly objective versions of the "truth." This analysis of primatology is at once a complex, interdisciplinary, and deeply scholarly history and an imaginative, provocative analysis of the working of science in late twentieth-century Euro-America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233258 | 247,113 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry plasma) by spiking a normal sample with known concentrations of analyte. This is not always possible for biological samples, since the analyte of interest is often endogenously present in a clinically significant, albeit normal, quantity. For matrix matched calibration standards to be effective in compensating for ion suppression, the sample matrix must be free of the analyte of interest. Additionally, it is important that there is little variation in test sample composition since both the test sample and the prepared calibration sample must be affected in the same way by ion suppression. Again, in complex biological samples from different individuals, or even the same individual at a different time, there may be large fluctuations in the concentrations of ion suppressing species. The standard addition approach involves spiking the same sample extract with several known concentrations of analyte. This technique is more robust and effective than using matrix matched standards but is labor-intensive since each sample must be prepared several times to achieve a reliable calibration. In this approach, the sample is spiked with a species (internal standard) which is used to normalise the response of analyte, compensating for variables at any stage of the sample preparation and analysis, including ion suppression. It is important that the internal standard displays very similar (ideally identical) properties, with respect to detector response (i.e. ionisation), as the analyte of interest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 | 18,259 |
Wind turbine In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The largest machines were on towers with four-bladed diameter rotors. By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping. By the 1930s, wind generators for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers. A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931. This was a 100 kW generator on a tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In the autumn of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont. The Smith–Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100 hours before suffering a critical failure. The unit was not repaired, because of a shortage of materials during the war. The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the UK was built by John Brown & Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20541773 | 425,236 |
Carrier generation and recombination The conduction band, above the Fermi level, is normally nearly completely empty. Because the valence band is so nearly full, its electrons are not mobile, and cannot flow as electric current. However, if an electron in the valence band acquires enough energy to reach the conduction band (as a result of interaction with other electrons, holes, photons, or the vibrating crystal lattice itself), it can flow freely among the nearly empty conduction band energy states. Furthermore, it will also leave behind a hole that can flow as current exactly like a physical charged particle. Carrier generation describes processes by which electrons gain energy and move from the valence band to the conduction band, producing two mobile carriers; while recombination describes processes by which a conduction band electron loses energy and re-occupies the energy state of an electron hole in the valence band. These processes must conserve both quantized energy and crystal momentum, and the vibrating lattice plays a large role in conserving momentum as, in collisions, photons can transfer very little momentum in relation to their energy. Recombination and generation are always happening in semiconductors, both optically and thermally. As predicted by thermodynamics, a material at thermal equilibrium will have generation and recombination rates that are balanced so that the net charge carrier density remains constant. The resulting probability of occupation of energy states in each energy band is given by Fermi–Dirac statistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2080260 | 67,011 |
Asynchronous circuit These vary from the bundled delay model – which uses "conventional" data processing elements with completion indicated by a locally generated delay model – to delay-insensitive design – where arbitrary delays through circuit elements can be accommodated. The latter style tends to yield circuits which are larger than bundled data implementations, but which are insensitive to layout and parametric variations and are thus "correct by design". Asynchronous logic is the logic required for the design of asynchronous digital systems. These function without a clock signal and so individual logic elements cannot be relied upon to have a discrete true/false state at any given time. Boolean (two valued) logic is inadequate for this and so extensions are required. Karl Fant developed a theoretical treatment of this in his work "Logically determined design" in 2005 which used four-valued logic with "null" and "intermediate" being the additional values. This architecture is important because it is quasi-delay-insensitive. Scott Smith and Jia Di developed an ultra-low-power variation of Fant's Null Convention Logic that incorporates multi-threshold CMOS. This variation is termed Multi-threshold Null Convention Logic (MTNCL), or alternatively Sleep Convention Logic (SCL). Vadim Vasyukevich developed a different approach based upon a new logical operation which he called "venjunction". This takes into account not only the current value of an element, but also its history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1627162 | 401,101 |
Restoration ecology It assumes that species have similar niche requirements, so that community formation is a product of random fluctuations from a common species pool. Essentially, if all species are fairly ecologically equivalent, then random variation in colonization, and migration and extinction rates between species, drive differences in species composition between sites with comparable environmental conditions. Genetic diversity has shown to be as important as species diversity for restoring ecosystem processes. Hence ecological restorations are increasingly factoring genetic processes into management practices. Population genetic processes that are important to consider in restored populations include founder effects, inbreeding depression, outbreeding depression, genetic drift, and gene flow. Such processes can predict whether or not a species successfully establishes at a restoration site. Spatial heterogeneity of resources can influence plant community composition, diversity, and assembly trajectory. Baer et al. (2005) manipulated soil resource heterogeneity in a tallgrass prairie restoration project. They found increasing resource heterogeneity, which on its own was insufficient to insure species diversity in situations where one species may dominate across the range of resource levels. Their findings were consistent with the theory regarding the role of ecological filters on community assembly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1790574 | 345,111 |
Comprehensive campaign Worst of all, the comprehensive campaign diverts attention away from employees' goals and needs and toward the economic weaknesses of the employer, and It also subordinates the timing of the organizing drive to court calendars. Second, such critics argue that comprehensive campaigns waste valuable union resources by engaging in costly litigation. Lawsuits in state or federal court are far more expensive than the hearings and adjudications held under the auspices of the NLRB, and take longer to resolve. In an era in which the employer's primary advantage over the union is financial, critics say, shifting the focus of the organizing drive to the courts exposes the union to high legal costs. In the Food Lion comprehensive campaign, for example, the UFCW paid over $1 million in legal fees litigating its two class-action suits. Third, some critics allege that the legal strategies of comprehensive campaigns leave workers, unions and elected labor leaders open to legal retaliation. Increasingly, they point out, workers and unions are being sued for libel, slander, tortious business interference and a variety of other state and federal claims which carry heavy fines. Even labor scholars who have spoken publicly about employer misbehavior have been sued. A more conservative organizing approach would be less litigious and less costly. A fourth, related, legal argument against comprehensive campaigns is that their elements may be used against unions as well | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8372206 | 464,167 |
Barlow's formula (called "Kesselformel" in German) relates the internal pressure that a pipe can withstand to its dimensions and the strength of its material. where This formula (DIN 2413) figures prominently in the design of autoclaves and other pressure vessels. The formula is named after Peter Barlow, an English mathematician. The design of a complex pressure containment system involves much more than the application of Barlow's formula. For pressure vessels, design codes such as the ASME code stipulate the requirements for design and testing. The formula is also common in the pipeline industry to verify that pipe used for gathering, transmission, and distribution lines can safely withstand operating pressures. The design factor is multiplied by the resulting pressure which gives the maximum operating pressure (MAOP) for the pipeline. This design factor is dependent on class locations which are defined in DOT Part 192. There are four class locations corresponding to four design factors: http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49cfr192_main_02.tpl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21442530 | 33,501 |
Industrial and production engineering (IPE) is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. It is concerned with the understanding and application of engineering procedures in manufacturing processes and production methods. Industrial engineering dates back all the way to the industrial revolution, initiated in 1700s by Sir Adam Smith, Henry Ford, Eli Whitney, Frank Gilbreth and Lilian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, F.W. Taylor, etc. After the 1970s, industrial and production engineering developed worldwide and started to widely use automation and robotics. includes three areas: Mechanical engineering (where the production engineering comes from), industrial engineering, and management science. The objective is to improve efficiency, drive up effectiveness of manufacturing, quality control, and to reduce cost while making their products more attractive and marketable. Industrial engineering is concerned with the development, improvement, and implementation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, as well as analysis and synthesis. The principles of IPE include mathematical, physical and social sciences and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from the systems or processes currently in place or being developed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43282531 | 224,954 |
Friedrich-von-Raumer-Bibliothek IV on Stallschreiberstraße 54a (since 1877), which had been shut down due to the war. The Library No. I took on installations and inventory of the Library No. IV. In 1926 the Library No. I moved within the school compound into larger rooms equipped with all new library technology of the time, such as a card catalogue on a turning table, movable shelves, book charts etc. An extra children reading room, named 4. Kinderlesehalle, was part of the extended premise. As to the users of her library in 1926 the director of the Library No. I noted that tradespeople and craftspeople formed the bulk of them. In the same year the tasks of the "Stadtbibliothek Berlin" as the central unit for the public libraries on the territory of pre-1920 Berlin ended, however, it continued as Berlin's largest public library. Its affiliate libraries were reorganised into six units delineated along the boundaries of the six new boroughs covering Berlin's pre-1920 municipal territory. Thus the Library No. I, along with No. V (specialised on children), IX, XIV, XXII and XXIV, became part the umbrella unit "Stadtbücherei Kreuzberg" (Kreuzberg city library), directed by (; 1900–1991), who had started working with the network of public libraries under the "Stadtbibliothek Berlin" in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41218254 | 327,471 |
Intermediate frequency A first intermediate frequency may even be higher than the input signal, so that all undesired responses can be easily filtered out by a fixed-tuned RF stage. In a digital receiver, the analog to digital converter (ADC) operates at low sampling rates, so input RF must be mixed down to IF to be processed. tends to be lower frequency range compared to the transmitted RF frequency. However, the choices for the IF are most dependent on the available components such as mixer, filters, amplifiers and others that can operate at lower frequency. There are other factors involved in deciding the IF frequency, because lower IF is susceptible to noise and higher IF can cause clock jitters. Modern satellite television receivers use several intermediate frequencies. The 500 television channels of a typical system are transmitted from the satellite to subscribers in the Ku microwave band, in two subbands of 10.7 - 11.7 and 11.7 - 12.75 GHz. The downlink signal is received by a satellite dish. In the box at the focus of the dish, called a low-noise block downconverter (LNB), each block of frequencies is converted to the IF range of 950 - 2150 MHz by two fixed frequency local oscillators at 9.75 and 10.6 GHz. One of the two blocks is selected by a control signal from the set top box inside, which switches on one of the local oscillators. This IF is carried into the building to the television receiver on a coaxial cable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=83139 | 208,596 |
Seven stages of action Norman pondered on the reasons that made something like threading of a projector difficult to do. To examine this, he wanted to know what happened when something implied nothing. In order to do that, he examined the structure of an action. So to get something done, a notion of what is wanted – the goal that is to be achieved, needs to be started. Then, something is done to the world i.e. take action to move oneself or manipulate someone or something. Finally, the checking is required if the goal was made. This led to formulation of Stages of Execution and Evaluation. "Execution" formally means to perform or do something. Norman explains that a person sitting on an armchair while reading a book at dusk, might need more light when it becomes dimmer and dimmer. To do that, he needs to switch on the button of a lamp i.e. get more light (the goal). To do this, one must need to specify on how to move one's body, how to stretch to reach the light switch and how to extend one's finger to push the button. The goal has to be translated into an intention, which in turn has to be made into an action sequence. Thus, formulation of stages of execution: "Evaluation" formally means to examine and calculate. Norman explains that after turning on the light, we evaluate if it is actually turned on. A careful judgement is then passed on how the light has affected our world i.e. the room in which the person is sitting on the armchair while reading a book | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15682002 | 291,102 |
Epitranscriptomic sequencing Adapter ligation at both ends of RNA fragment results in reads tending to pileup at the 5’ terminus of the transcript. Schwartz et al. (2015) leveraged this knowledge to detect mTSS sites by picking out sites with a high ratio of the size of pileups in the IP samples compared to input sample. As confirmation, >80% of the highly enriched pileup sites contained adenosine. The resolution of these methods is 100-200nt, which was the range of the fragment size. These two methods had several drawbacks: (1) required substantial input material, (2) low resolution which made pinpointing the actual site with the m6A mark difficult, and (3) cannot directly assess false positives. Especially in MeRIP-Seq, the bioinformatics tools that are currently available are only able to call 1 site per ~100-200nt wide peak, so a substantial portion of clustered m6As (~64nt between each individual site within a cluster) are missed. Each cluster can contain up to 15 m6A residues. In 2013, a modified version of m6A-seq based on the previous two methods m6A-seq and MeRIP-seq came out which aimed to increase resolution, and demonstrated this in the yeast transcriptome. They achieved this by decreasing fragment size and employing a ligation-based strand-specific library preparation protocol capturing both ends of the fragmented RNA, ensuring that the methylated position is within the sequenced fragment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53236762 | 44,975 |
Dentrix was the first dental practice management software for Microsoft Windows when it was launched in 1989 by Dental Systems, a firm founded by Larry M. Gibson in 1985 and is based in American Fork, Utah. The dental practice management system was designed to automate as many of the functions within the dental office as possible . In 1997, Henry Schein, Inc. purchased Dental Systems, which became Henry Schein Practice Solutions or HSPS and has continued to develop and release new versions and products. The firm at one point provided their own digital imaging software, Image. In 2007, the Image product was sold to DEXIS, LLC. products include practice management software for dental offices, imaging software, patient education software, computer-based training software, voice recognition software, and other products designed to enhance the dental office experience. In 2012, the firm launched the Developer Program (DDP), a program allowing third party vendors to access the database through APIs. The program has steadily grown since then to include more than 250 vendors from all over the applications spectrum. When G5 was released to the market, the client and server was vulnerable to packet sniffing. If someone finds the password to their site, then they would know the password to all sites. This was fixed in G5 PP1 HotFix 1. Now the password is randomly generated. G6 uses Data Camouflage. From US-CERT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12393503 | 490,684 |
Frequency selective surface In the same way, the magnitude of the transmission coefficient of the bandpass filter is: Below resonance, the admittance of the inductor, 1/jωL is greater than the admittance of the capacitor jωC, therefore the mesh-type bandpass FSS is inductive below resonance. Fig. 2.4.3-1 shows the comparison in reflection between a single-layer crossed dipole FSS and its fitted equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit is a series connection of a capacitor and inductor placed in parallel across the transmission line, as in Fig. 2.4.1-2. This resonator produces a short circuit condition at resonance. The fit is very good below the resonance though not nearly as good above. The real FSS has a reflection null at 18.7 GHz (the frequency at which the wavelength equals the unit cell dimension of .630"), which is not accounted for in the equivalent circuit model. The null is known as a Wood's anomaly and is caused by the inverse square root singularity in the spectral domain Green's function (3.1) going to infinity. Physically, this represents a uniform plane wave propagating in the plane of the FSS. In the spatial domain, the coherent summation of all of the spatial domain Green's function's becomes infinite, so that any finite current produces an infinite field on the surface of the FSS. As a result, all currents must be zero under this condition. This example illustrates the usefulness and shortcomings of the simple equivalent circuit model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43540545 | 90,638 |
Aflatoxin B1 These effects seem to be largely mediated by mutations at guanine in codon 249 of the "p53" gene, a tumor suppressing gene, and at several guanine residues in the 12th and 13th codons of the "ras" gene, a gene whose product controls cellular proliferation signals. Aflatoxin B must first be metabolized into its reactive electriphilic form, aflatoxin B-8,9-exo-epoxide by cytochrome p450. This active form then intercalates between DNA base residues and forms adducts with guanine residues, most commonly aflatoxin B-N7-Gua. These adducts may then rearrange or become removed from the backbone all-together, forming an apurinic site. These adducts and alterations represent lesions which, upon DNA replication cause the insertion of a mis-matched base in the opposing strand. Up to 44% of hepatocellular carcinomas in regions with high aflatoxin exposure bear a GC → TA transversion at codon 249 of "p53," a characteristic mutation seen with this toxin. Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals exposed to aflatoxin, increases with co-infection of hepatitis B virus. One study estimated that while individuals with urinary aflatoxin bio-markers were at a threefold greater risk than the normal population for hepatocellular carcinoma; those infected with hepatitis B virus were at a fourfold risk; and those with the bio-markers and infected with hepatitis B virus were at a 60 times greater risk for hepatocellular carcinoma than the normal population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23579933 | 19,873 |
William Maw He was honoured by several professional institutions for his contributions and was made president of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society in 1863, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1901 and of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1922. When he presented his inaugural address to the members of the latter institution he demonstrated full knowledge of recent developments in the industry, including X-ray technology; new metal alloys and renovations in turbines and gearing systems; despite being 83 years old at this time. Maw was a keen astronomer keeping two observatories at his house which he used to record measurements of double stars over a period of twenty years, the results of which were published in the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) journal. He was made a fellow of the RAS on 14 December 1888. He co-founded the British Astronomical Association, an amateur astronomy association, and served as its treasurer from 1890 to 1913 and its president from 1898 to 1900. In 1892 he was elected as a member of the council of the RAS, serving as treasurer from 1900 to 1905 and as president from 1905 to 1907. Maw was created an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Glasgow in 1909 for his contributions to mechanical engineering. He served upon the board of the National Physical Laboratory and on several committees for the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War. He died at home on 19 March 1924 and was survived by his wife, three sons and six daughters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15517776 | 307,948 |
Derailment There have been several other derailments in the UK due to trains entering speed-restricted sections of track at excessive speed; the causes have generally been inattention by the driver due to alcohol, fatigue or other causes. Prominent cases were the Nuneaton rail crash in 1975 (temporary speed restriction in force due to trackwork, warning sign illumination failed), the Morpeth accident in 1984 (express passenger sleeping car train took restricted sharp curve at full speed; alcohol a factor; no fatalities due to the improved crashworthiness of the vehicles) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1093599 | 303,522 |
Productionisation Prior to putting the system into production, the developers need to ensure the system is robust enough for the target environment with regard to aspects such as error handling, stability, usability, scalability and performance. This process of making the prototype ‘production or enterprise grade’ is often referred to as ‘Productionisation’. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3073484 | 482,943 |
Sessility (botany) In botany, sessility (meaning "sitting", used in the sense of "resting on the surface") is a characteristic of plant parts that have no stalk. Flowers or leaves are borne directly from the stem or peduncle, and thus lack a petiole or pedicel. The leaves of most monocotyledons lack petioles. The term sessility is also used in mycology to describe a fungal fruit body that is attached to or seated directly on the surface of the substrate, lacking a supporting stipe or pedicel. Other examples of sessile flowers include Achyranthus, Saffron, etc. Plant parts can also be described as subsessile, which is not completely sessile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20096958 | 147,596 |
Panama Papers While many of the transactions were legal, since the data is incomplete, questions remain in many other cases; still others seem to clearly indicate ethical if not legal impropriety. Some disclosures – tax avoidance in very poor countries by very wealthy entities and individuals for example – lead to questions on moral grounds. According to "The Namibian" for instance, a shell company registered to Beny Steinmetz, Octea, owes more than $700,000 US in property taxes to the city of Koidu in Sierra Leone, and is $150 million in the red, even though its exports were more than twice that in an average month in the 2012–2015 period. Steinmetz himself has personal worth of $6 billion. Other offshore shell company transactions described in the documents do seem to have broken exchange laws, violated trade sanctions or stemmed from political corruption, according to ICIJ reporters. For example: Named in the leak were 12 current or former world leaders; 128 other public officials and politicians; and hundreds of celebrities, businessmen, and other wealthy individuals of over 200 countries. Individuals and entities may open offshore accounts for any number of reasons, some of which are legal but ethically questionable. A Canadian lawyer based in Dubai noted, for example, that businesses might wish to avoid falling under Islamic inheritance jurisprudence if an owner dies. Businesses in some countries may wish to hold some of their funds in dollars also, said a Brazilian lawyer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50034356 | 473,911 |
Menstrual synchrony The rest of this section discusses these studies in chronological order, briefly presenting their findings and main conclusions grouped by decade followed by general methodological issues in menstrual synchrony research. McClintock's study consisted of 135 female college students who were 17 to 22 years old at the time of the study. They were all residents of a single dormitory, which had four main corridors. The women were asked when their last and second to last menstrual period had started three times during the academic year (which ranged from September to April). They also were asked who (other women in the dormitory) they associated with most and how often each week they associated with males. From these data, McClintock placed women into pairs of close friends and roommates and she also placed them into groups of friends ranging in size from 5 to 10 women. She reported statistically significant synchrony for both her pairwise sorting of women and her group sorting of women. That is, whether women were placed into pairs of close friends and roommates or whether they were placed into larger groups of friends, she reported that they synchronized their menstrual cycles. She also reported that the more often women associated with males, the shorter their menstrual cycles were. She speculated that this may be a pheromone effect paralleling the Whitten effect in mice but that it could not explain menstrual synchrony among women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1586039 | 369,585 |
Burton Smith He was the primary architect of the Denelcor Heterogeneous Element Processor (HEP). From 1985 to 1988, Smith was a fellow of the Institute for Defense Analyses Supercomputing Research Center. Smith co-founded Tera Computer Company and from 1988 until 2005 he served as its chief scientist and a member of the board of directors. He was also the company's chairman from 1988 until 1999. In 2000, Tera acquired the Cray Research business unit from Silicon Graphics, and renamed itself Cray Inc.. In December, 2005, Smith was hired by Microsoft as a Technical Fellow, working with various groups within the company to define and expand efforts in the areas of parallel and high-performance computing. Smith received the 1991 Eckert-Mauchly Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2003, he received the Seymour Cray Computer Science and Engineering Award from the IEEE Computer Society and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He received the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award and was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. In 2018 he received the George Cotter Award for vision and leadership in the field of data analytics from the Association for High Speed Computing. Smith died April 2, 2018, at Regional Hospital in Highline Medical Center in Burien, Washington. He is survived by two daughters, Julia and Katherine (Ray), his granddaughter Erin, and his brother David | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14442210 | 132,039 |
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