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0b17806bce9daf4f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Pike County, Ohio', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eager Inn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1974 ( # 74001597 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Morgantown off State Route 772 39°08′32″N 83°11′45″W / 39.142222°N 83.195833°W / 39.142222 ; -83.195833 ( Eager Inn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_772', 'summary': 'State Route 772 ( SR 772 ) is a north-south state highway in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . Its southern terminus is at SR 73 in Rarden . Leaving Rarden , the route increases in elevation to Mount Joy , the highest point in Scioto County . After weaving between Scioto and Pike County for about four miles ( 6.4 km ) , the route joins the Appalachian Highway , SR 32 and subsequently SR 124 . Following these concurrences , SR 772 continues its journey north through scenic terrain and small communities until it reaches its northern terminus at the US 50 and SR 104 concurrence in Chillicothe .'}]}, {'value': 'Benton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benton_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Benton Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 1,520 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friendly Grove', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 26 , 1970 ( # 70000513 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 220 , east of Piketon 39°03′46″N 82°58′16″W / 39.062778°N 82.971111°W / 39.062778 ; -82.971111 ( Friendly Grove )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_220', 'summary': 'State Route 220 ( SR 220 ) is an east-west state highway in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . Its western terminus is at SR 772 about 8.25 miles ( 13.28 km ) west of Waverly , and its eastern terminus is at the SR 32/SR 124 concurrency 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Piketon . The entire route is in Pike County .'}]}, {'value': 'Seal Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Seal Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 2,983 people in the township , 1,076 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jones-Cutler House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 26 , 1976 ( # 76001509 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge St. in Jasper 39°02′54″N 83°03′13″W / 39.048472°N 83.053611°W / 39.048472 ; -83.053611 ( Jones-Cutler House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Newton Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 2,006 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piketon Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 28 , 1974 ( # 74001598 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded by West and 3rd Sts. , U.S. Route 23 , and the Scioto River 39°04′09″N 83°00′40″W / 39.069167°N 83.011111°W / 39.069167 ; -83.011111 ( Piketon Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_23', 'summary': "U.S. Route 23 or U.S. Highway 23 ( US 23 ) is a north-south U.S. Highway between Jacksonville , Florida , and Mackinaw City , Michigan . It is an original 1926 route which originally reached only as far south as Portsmouth , Ohio , and has since been extended . It was formerly part of the major highway known as the Dixie Highway . The highway 's southern terminus is in Jacksonville , Florida at US 1/US 17 . The northern terminus is at I-75 in Mackinaw City , Michigan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scioto_River', 'summary': 'The Scioto River ( /saɪˈoʊtə/ sy-OH-tə or /saɪˈoʊtoʊ/ sy-OH-toh ) is a river in central and southern Ohio more than 231 miles ( 372 km ) in length . It rises in Auglaize County in west central Ohio , flows through Columbus , Ohio , where it collects its largest tributary , the Olentangy River , and meets the Ohio River at Portsmouth . Early settlers and Native Americans used the river for shipping but it is now too small for modern commercial shipping . The primary economic importance for the river now is for recreation and drinking water . It is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Piketon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piketon,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Piketon is a village in Pike County , Ohio , United States , along the Scioto River . The village is best known for the uranium enrichment plant located there ( one of only three such plants in the United States ) . The population was 2,181 at the 2010 census . Originally called Jefferson , it was the county seat of Pike County 1815-1845 , when James Emmitt , a wealthy local entrepreneur , influenced removal of the county seat to Waverly , due to its closer proximity to the then new Ohio & Erie Canal . Piketon is the location of the Pike County Fairgrounds and is served by the Scioto Valley School District . Perhaps the best-known historic resident of Piketon was Robert Lucas , the governor of Ohio and territorial governor of Iowa . Around 1824 , Lucas built a large brick house two miles east of Piketon , named Friendly Grove , which became a center of local political activity . Piketon is served by the Western and Piketon branches of the Garnet A. Wilson Public Library .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piketon Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piketon_Mounds', 'summary': 'The Piketon Mounds ( also called Graded Way ) are a group of earthworks located in Piketon , Ohio in the United States . The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The specific age of the site is unknown . Some mounds were created by the Adena culture , while other mounds were built by the Hopewell culture .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 1974 ( # 74001599 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mound Cemetery , south of Piketon 39°03′04″N 83°01′10″W / 39.051111°N 83.019444°W / 39.051111 ; -83.019444 ( Piketon Mounds )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seal Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Seal Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 2,983 people in the township , 1,076 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scioto Township Works I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1974 ( # 74001600 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 mile west of the Scioto River , north of Wakefield 38°59′47″N 83°01′37″W / 38.996389°N 83.026944°W / 38.996389 ; -83.026944 ( Scioto Township Works I )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scioto_River', 'summary': 'The Scioto River ( /saɪˈoʊtə/ sy-OH-tə or /saɪˈoʊtoʊ/ sy-OH-toh ) is a river in central and southern Ohio more than 231 miles ( 372 km ) in length . It rises in Auglaize County in west central Ohio , flows through Columbus , Ohio , where it collects its largest tributary , the Olentangy River , and meets the Ohio River at Portsmouth . Early settlers and Native Americans used the river for shipping but it is now too small for modern commercial shipping . The primary economic importance for the river now is for recreation and drinking water . It is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Scioto Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scioto_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Scioto Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 1,232 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanmeter Stone House and Outbuildings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanmeter_Stone_House_and_Outbuildings', 'summary': "The Vanmeter Stone House and Outbuildings are a historic farmstead located near Piketon in rural Pike County , Ohio , United States . Established in the early 19th century , the farm has been operated for nearly two centuries by the same family , including a prominent politician . Its inhabitants have pioneered forestry in the region and preserved the original buildings to such an extent that they have been named a historic site . Isaac Vanmeter bought the present property in 1801 from Piketon 's founder , a Mr. Guthrie . Vanmeter soon returned to his home in Virginia , giving the land to his son John after the younger Vanmeter completed his undergraduate studies in the East . He later headed westward and settled at the present farmstead , :1155 at which the house had been built in 1823 . Besides raising livestock and growing a range of crops , Vanmeter was active in politics , serving a term in the United States House of Representatives . Although he moved out of the house in 1856 , his family remained in the house ; by the 1970s , its residents were the sixth generation of Vanmeters living at the property . Rather than employing the entire property as pasture or crop fields , the family maintained some lands for unusual purposes . :1155 As late as the 1890s , the farm extended well to the northeast ; the twin Piketon Mounds were part of the property . Meanwhile , the family cut only some trees instead of cutting all down ; this unusual decision soon enabled them to begin operating one of Ohio 's earliest tree farms . :1155 Vanmeter 's house is a simple sandstone and brick I-house featuring details of wood and stone ."}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 1975 ( # 75001519 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of Piketon at the junction of U.S. Route 23 and State Route 124 39°02′39″N 83°01′47″W / 39.044167°N 83.029722°W / 39.044167 ; -83.029722 ( Vanmeter Stone House and Outbuildings )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_23', 'summary': "U.S. Route 23 or U.S. Highway 23 ( US 23 ) is a north-south U.S. Highway between Jacksonville , Florida , and Mackinaw City , Michigan . It is an original 1926 route which originally reached only as far south as Portsmouth , Ohio , and has since been extended . It was formerly part of the major highway known as the Dixie Highway . The highway 's southern terminus is in Jacksonville , Florida at US 1/US 17 . The northern terminus is at I-75 in Mackinaw City , Michigan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_124', 'summary': 'State Route 124 ( SR 124 ) is an east-west state highway in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . Its western terminus is at State Route 134 nearly 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southeast of Martinsville , and its eastern terminus is near the unincorporated village of Torch at the concurrency of U.S. Route 50 , State Route 7 , and State Route 32 in extreme southeastern Athens County . The road passes through numerous villages along its route , many of them economically depressed . State Route 124 has the longest concurrency of state routes in Ohio , running concurrent with State Route 32 for 35½ miles . The road was recently rerouted in 2003 following the extension of U.S. Route 33 to the Ravenswood Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Scioto Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Township,_Pike_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Seal Township is one of the fourteen townships of Pike County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 2,983 people in the township , 1,076 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waverly Canal Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 20 , 1978 ( # 78002182 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walnut , North , Emmitt ( U.S. Route 23 ) , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th Sts . between Lock and East 39°07′38″N 82°59′01″W / 39.127222°N 82.983611°W / 39.127222 ; -82.983611 ( Waverly Canal Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_23', 'summary': "U.S. Route 23 or U.S. Highway 23 ( US 23 ) is a north-south U.S. Highway between Jacksonville , Florida , and Mackinaw City , Michigan . It is an original 1926 route which originally reached only as far south as Portsmouth , Ohio , and has since been extended . It was formerly part of the major highway known as the Dixie Highway . The highway 's southern terminus is in Jacksonville , Florida at US 1/US 17 . The northern terminus is at I-75 in Mackinaw City , Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Waverly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waverly,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Waverly ( sometimes known as Waverly City ) is a village in , and the county seat of , Pike County , Ohio , United States , located 14 miles south of Chillicothe . The population was 4,408 at the 2010 census . The town was formed in 1829 , as the construction of the Ohio and Erie Canal along the west bank of the Scioto River brought new growth to the area . In 1861 the county seat was moved here from Piketon . Waverly is served by the Garnet A. Wilson Public Library .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pike_County,_Ohio_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pike County, Ohio. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pike County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 8 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | How many people in the year 2000 lived in the township that is home to the Jones-Cutler House ? | 2,006 |
0b18d27e9d3f81b1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients educated at the United States Military Academy', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'William Atkinson Jones , III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones,_III', 'summary': "William Atkinson Jones III ( May 31 , 1922 - November 15 , 1969 ) was a United States Air Force officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , United States Air Force ; recipient of the MOH for actions while helping rescue a downed pilot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel', 'summary': 'Colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ kernel ; abbreviated Col. , Col or COL ) is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Monaco or the Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . Historically , in the seventeenth , eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army . Modern usage varies greatly , and in some cases , the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military service . The rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel . The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier , brigade general or brigadier general . Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain . In the Commonwealth air force rank system , the equivalent rank is group captain .'}]}, {'value': 'Andre Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Lucas', 'summary': 'Andre Cavaro Lucas ( October 2 , 1930 - July 23 , 1970 ) was killed in action while serving as the commanding officer , 2nd Battalion , 506th Infantry , 101st Airborne Division , United States Army , at Fire Support Base Ripcord in Thua Thien Province , South Vietnam . He was born in Washington D.C. , and originally enlisted in the 26th Infantry Regiment in 1948 . [ citation needed ] He graduated from the United States Military Academy , class of 1954 , and received the Medal of Honor posthumously for extraordinary heroism during the last 23 days of his life .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel ; recipient of the MOH for repulsing a much larger force over a 23-day period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel', 'summary': "Lieutenant colonel ( pronounced Lef-ten-ent Kernel ( UK & Commonwealth ) or Loo-ten-ent Kernel ( US ) ) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies , most marine forces and some air forces of the world , above a major and below a colonel . The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply colonel in conversation and in unofficial correspondence . Sometimes , the term 'half-colonel ' is used in casual conversation in the British Army . A lieutenant colonel is typically in charge of a battalion or regiment in the army ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Donlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Donlon', 'summary': 'Roger Hugh Charles Donlon ( born January 30 , 1934 ) is a former United States Army officer . He is the first person to receive the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War , as well as the first member of the United States Army Special Forces to be so honored .'}]}, {'value': '1959 ex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dropped out of the academy for personal reasons ; captain , later colonel ; recipient of the MOH for repulsing a much larger force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Humbert Roque Versace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humbert_Roque_Versace', 'summary': "Captain Humbert Roque Rocky Versace ( July 2 , 1937 - September 26 , 1965 ) was a United States Army officer of Puerto Rican-Italian descent who was posthumously awarded the United States ' highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war ( POW ) during the Vietnam War . He was the first member of the U.S. Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity ."}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; recipient of the MOH for his resistance to Viet Cong indoctrination efforts while a prisoner of war ( POW ) ; his struggle was chronicled in length by fellow POW Nick Rowe in the book Five Years to Freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prisoner_of_war', 'summary': 'A prisoner of war ( POW ) is a non-combatant - whether a military member , an irregular military fighter , or a civilian - who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . The earliest recorded usage of the phrase prisoner of war dates back to 1610 . Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons , such as isolating them from enemy combatants still in the field ( releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities ) , demonstrating military victory , punishing them , prosecuting them for war crimes , exploiting them for their labour , recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants , collecting military and political intelligence from them , or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_N._Rowe', 'summary': "James Nicholas Nick Rowe ( February 8 , 1938 - April 21 , 1989 ) was a United States Army officer and one of only 34 American prisoners of war to escape captivity during the Vietnam War . Colonel Rowe was credited with developing the rigorous US Army Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) training program taught to high-risk military personnel ( such as Special Forces and aircrews ) and the U.S. Army doctrine which institutionalizes these techniques and principles to be followed by captured personnel . In 1989 , Rowe was killed by a unit of the New People 's Army in the Philippines called the Alex Boncayao Brigade ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank S. Reasoner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_S._Reasoner', 'summary': 'Frank Stanley Reasoner ( 16 September 1937 - 12 July 1965 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer who was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic actions above and beyond the call of duty in 1965 during the Vietnam War .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First lieutenant , United States Marine Corps ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading reconnaissance patrol against a larger force and trying to save a wounded man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert F. Foley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_F._Foley', 'summary': 'Robert Franklin Foley ( born May 30 , 1941 ) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served in the Vietnam War . Born in Newton , Massachusetts , he received the Medal of Honor for leading his unit , Company A , 2d Battalion , 27th Infantry , 25th Infantry Division , in an assault on a strong enemy position on November 5 , 1966 . He was awarded the Medal of Honor along with Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr. , who earned his own medal in the same battle .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain , later lieutenant general ; recipient of the MOH for actions on 11 November 1966 for rallying his unit in the face of superior enemy numbers and personally destroying three enemy strongpoints ; West Point Commandant of Cadets ( 1996-1998 ) ; later president of Marion Military Institute ; currently the director of the Army Emergency Relief Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_general', 'summary': 'Lieutenant general , lieutenant-general and similar ( abbrev Lt Gen , LTG and similar ) is a three-star military rank ( NATO code OF-8 ) used in many countries . The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages , where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second in command on the battlefield , who was normally subordinate to a captain general . In modern armies , lieutenant general normally ranks immediately below general and above major general ; it is equivalent to the navy rank of vice admiral , and in air forces with a separate rank structure , it is equivalent to air marshal . A lieutenant general commands an army corps , made up of typically three army divisions , and consisting of around 60,000-70,000 soldiers ( U.S. ) . The seeming incongruity that a lieutenant general outranks a major general ( whereas a major outranks a lieutenant ) is due to the derivation of the former rank from sergeant major general , which was also subordinate to lieutenant general . In some countries ( e.g . France and Italy ) , the ranks of corps general or lieutenant colonel general are used instead of lieutenant general , in an attempt to solve this apparent anomaly - these ranks are often translated into English as lieutenant general . [ citation needed ] However , some countries of Latin America such as Brazil and Chile use divisional general as the equivalent of lieutenant general . In addition , because no brigadier general rank is used in Japan , lieutenant general is the rank of divisional commander . Therefore , it corresponds to divisional general of these countries . In a number of smaller states which employ NATO and western style military organizational structures , because of the limited number of soldiers in their armies , the rank of lieutenant general is the highest army rank in use . In Latvia , Lithuania and Singapore , the chief of defence is a lieutenant general , and in the Irish Defence Forces and Israel Defense Forces , the Chief of Staff holds this rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion_Military_Institute', 'summary': "Marion Military Institute , the Military College of Alabama , ( MMI , sometimes Marion Institute , Marion Military , or simply Marion ) is a public military junior college in Marion , Alabama . Founded in 1842 , it is the official state military college of Alabama and the nation 's oldest military junior college . Marion Military Institute is one of only four Military Junior Colleges in the United States . These programs include the Army 's two-year Early Commissioning Program ( ECP ) , an Army Reserve Officers Training Corps program through which qualified cadets can earn a commission as a Second Lieutenant after only two years of college . MMI 's ECP is one of the country 's leading U.S. Army commissioning programs . The Service Academy Program ( SAP ) is a freshman year of academic and physical preparation for students who wish to attend one of the Service Academies in the United States . It is designated , endorsed , and selected by all five Service Academies . MMI also offers Marine Corps Platoon Leaders Course ( PLC ) and the first two years of Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps . Over the years , MMI has produced more than 200 generals and admirals in the United States Armed Forces . MMI is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Associate of Arts and Associate of Science degrees . It has association memberships in the Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States and the Alabama College Conference . The accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Commission on International and Trans-Regional Accreditation entitles all the services and privileges of regional , national and international professional recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'James A. Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Gardner', 'summary': "James Alton Gardner ( February 7 , 1943 - February 7 , 1966 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': '1965 ex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Did not graduate ; first lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading his platoon in the relief of a company that was engaged with a larger enemy force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul William Bucha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_William_Bucha', 'summary': "Paul William Bucha ( born August 1 , 1943 ) is an American Vietnam War veteran and recipient of the Medal of Honor . He was a foreign policy adviser to Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Captain ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading his unit against a larger enemy for in Binh Duong Province , Vietnam ; foreign policy adviser to Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Binh_Duong_Province', 'summary': 'Bình Dương ( listen ) is a province of Vietnam . It is located in the Southeast region of the country and the Southern Key Economic Zone 2 , bordering Bình Phước Province to the north , Ho Chi Minh City ( HCMC ) to the south and southwest , Tây Ninh Province to the west , and Đồng Nai Province to the east . The province was created from Sông Bé Province on 1 January 1997 . Bình Dương is considered to be the gateway to HCMC , the economic cultural centre of the country . Endowed with convenient geography conditions , Bình Dương has an extremely important road network . Major highways of the country cross Bình Dương such as National Road ( NR ) no . 13 , NR no . 14 , the HCMC Route and the Trans-Asian Highway . Bình Dương is only 10 - 15 km from Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport and important ports . All of the advantages create favourable conditions to achieve social and economic development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vietnam', 'summary': 'Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Việt Nam pronounced [ vîət nāːm ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ) , is the easternmost country on the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula . With an estimated 95.5 million inhabitants as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the 15th most populous country in the world . Vietnam shares its land borders with China to the north , and Laos and Cambodia to the west . It shares its maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand , and the Philippines , Indonesia and Malaysia through the South China Sea . [ n 5 ] Its capital city is Hanoi , while its most populous city is Ho Chi Minh City , also known by its former name of Saigon . Archaeological excavations indicate that Vietnam was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic age . The ancient Vietnamese nation was annexed by China in the 2nd century BC , which subsequently made Vietnam a division of China for over a millennium . The first independent monarchy emerged in the 10th century AD . This paved the way for successive imperial dynasties as the nation expanded geographically southward until the Indochinese Peninsula saw French colonisation in the mid-19th century . Modern Vietnam was born upon the Proclamation of Independence from France in 1945 . Following Vietnamese victory against the French in the First Indochina War , which ended in 1954 , the nation was divided into two rival states : communist North and anti-communist South . Conflicts intensified in the Vietnam War , which saw extensive US intervention in support of South Vietnam and ended with North Vietnamese victory in 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foreign_policy', 'summary': "A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent decades , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , states also must interact with non-state actors . These interactions evaluated and monitored in seeking the benefits of bilateral and multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , governments design their foreign policies through high-level decision-making processes . National interests may be accomplished as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries , the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of a country can have a profound and lasting impact on other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilism policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'summary': 'Barack Hussein Obama II ( /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ( listen ) ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the first African-American president of the United States . He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004 . Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 , he enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black person to head the Harvard Law Review . After graduating , he became a civil rights attorney and an academic , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Turning to elective politics , he represented the 13th district from 1997 until 2004 in the Illinois Senate , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate-primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , he was nominated for president a year after his presidential campaign began , and after close primary campaigns against Hillary Clinton . Obama was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign', 'summary': 'The 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama , then junior United States Senator from Illinois , was announced on February 10 , 2007 , in Springfield , Illinois . After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 2008 , on August 23 , leading up to the convention , the campaign announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be the vice presidential nominee . At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27 , Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 2008 . He was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket . On November 4 , 2008 , Obama defeated the Republican nominee , Senator John McCain of Arizona , making him the President-elect and the first African American elected President . He was the third sitting U.S . Senator , after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy , to be elected president . Upon the vote of the Electoral College on December 15 , 2008 , and the subsequent certification thereof by a Joint Session of the United States Congress on January 8 , 2009 , Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and Joe Biden Vice President of the United States , with 365 of 538 electors .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy_9', 'intro': 'The earliest Medal of Honor recipient educated at the United States Military Academy was John Cleveland Robinson, a non-graduating member of the class of 1839. The first alumnus of the United States Military Academy (USMA) to perform actions to be recognized with the Medal of Honor was Charles Henry Tompkins, a non-graduating member of the class of 1851, while the last alumnus to perform actions so recognized was Andre Lucas, a graduating member of the class of 1954. There are ten wars involving the United States for which the Medal of Honor has been bestowed upon a USMA alumnus. More than half of the alumni who received the distinction were thereby recognized for actions in either the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars; twenty-five alumni were awarded the medal in connection with the Civil War and twenty-one in connection with the Indian Wars. Four alumni were recognized for their contributions to the Spanish-American War, nine for the Philippine-American War, two for the Boxer Rebellion, and one for the Banana Wars. While only one alumnus received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War I, ten alumni were so recognized for actions in World War II. The final two conflicts for which the Medal of Honor was given to USMA alumni are the Korean War, for which two alumni were recognized, and the Vietnam War, for which eight alumni were recognized. Of the eighty-three USMA alumni who have received the Medal of Honor, eight were non-graduates: John Cleveland Robinson, Charles Henry Tompkins, John Alexander Logan, Jr., Louis J. Van Schaick, Eli Thompson Fryer, Michael J. Daly, Roger Donlon, and James A. Gardner. Two graduates, John Gregory Bourke (class of 1869) and Calvin Pearl Titus (class of 1905), received the Medal of Honor before being appointed to the academy. Other notable Academy alumni who received the Medal of Honor include William Harding Carter, Douglas MacArthur, and Humbert Roque Versace.'} | null | null | What is the class year of the person who died on July 23 , 1970 ? | 1954 |
0b191079f78700e9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Euroregion', 'title': 'Black Sea Euroregion', 'header': ['City', 'Population', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Varna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varna', 'summary': 'Varna ( Bulgarian : Варна , pronounced [ ˈvarnɐ ] ) is the third largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna , the city has been a major economic , social and cultural centre for almost three millennia . Varna , historically known as Odessos ( Ancient Greek : Ὀδησσός ) , grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea . Varna is an important centre for business , transportation , education , tourism , entertainment and healthcare . The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine . In 2008 , Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe . In 2014 , Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] The oldest gold treasure in the world , belonging to the Varna culture , was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200-4600 BC .'}]}, {'value': '343,486', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Constanţa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanţa', 'summary': 'Constanța ( UK : /kɒnˈstæntsə/ , US : /kənˈstɑːn ( t ) sə/ , Romanian : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ; Greek : Κωνστάντζα , romanized : Kōnstántza , or Κωνστάντια Kōnstántia ; Bulgarian : Кюстенджа , romanized : Kjustendža , or Констанца Konstanca ; Turkish : Köstence ) , historically known as Tomis ( Ancient Greek : Τόμις ) , is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania . It was founded around 600 BC . The city is located in the Northern Dobruja region of Romania , on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region of Dobruja . As of the 2011 census , Constanța has a population of 283,872 , making it the fifth most populous city in Romania . The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of the city , and with a total population of 425,916 inhabitants , it is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania . The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 ( 15.16 sq mi ) and a length of about 30 km ( 19 mi ) . [ citation needed ] It is the largest port on the Black Sea , and one of the largest ports in Europe .'}]}, {'value': '310,471', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Burgas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burgas', 'summary': 'Burgas ( Bulgarian : Бургас , pronounced [ burˈɡas ] ) , sometimes transliterated as Bourgas , is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia , Plovdiv , and Varna , with a population of 202,694 inhabitants , while 277,922 live in its urban area . It is the capital of Burgas Province and an important industrial , transport , cultural and tourist centre . The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea , at the large Burgas Bay . The LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas is the largest oil refinery in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise . The Port of Burgas is the largest port in Bulgaria , and Burgas Airport is the second most important in the country . Burgas is the centre of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry .'}]}, {'value': '200.264', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulcea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulcea', 'summary': 'Tulcea ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtult͡ʃe̯a ] ; Bulgarian , Russian and Ukrainian : Тулча , Tulcha ; Greek : Αιγισσός , Aegyssus ; Turkish : Hora-Tepé or Tolçu [ citation needed ] ) is a city in Dobruja , Romania . It is the administrative center of Tulcea County , and had a population of 73,707 as of 2011 [ update ] . One village , Tudor Vladimirescu , is administered by the city .'}]}, {'value': '92,379', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Dobrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dobrich', 'summary': 'Dobrich ( Bulgarian : Добрич ) is the eighth most populated city in Bulgaria , the administrative centre of Dobrich Province and the capital of the region of Southern Dobrudzha . It is located in the northeastern part of the country , 30 km west of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast , not far from resorts such as Albena , Balchik , and Golden Sands . In January 2012 , Dobrich was inhabited by 90,375 people within the city limits . The city is named after the Bulgarian medieval lord of the surrounding region - Dobrotitsa . Agriculture is the most developed branch of the economy . Dobrich Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Dobrich . A point of interest is the Dobrich TV Tower .'}]}, {'value': '89,472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Medgidia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medgidia', 'summary': 'Medgidia ( Romanian pronunciation : [ med͡ʒiˈdi.a ] or [ med.d͡ʒiˈdi.a ] ; historical Turkish names : Karasu or Carasu , Mecidiye or Megidie ) is a city in Constanța County , Dobruja , south-eastern Romania .'}]}, {'value': '44,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Mangalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangalia', 'summary': 'Mangalia ( Romanian pronunciation : [ maŋˈɡali.a ] , Turkish : Mankalya , ancient Callatis ( Greek : Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς ; other historical names : Pangalia , Panglicara , Tomisovara ) is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County , Romania . The municipality of Mangalia also administers several summer time seaside resorts : Cap Aurora , Jupiter , Neptun , Olimp , Saturn , Venus .'}]}, {'value': '41,153', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Năvodari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Năvodari', 'summary': 'Năvodari ( Romanian pronunciation : [ nəvoˈdarʲ ] , historical names : Carachioi ; Caracoium , Turkish : Kara Koyum ) is a town in Constanța County , region of Northern Dobruja , Romania , with a population of 32,400 . The town formally includes a territorially distinct community , Social Group Peninsula , and administers the neighbouring village of Mamaia-Sat .'}]}, {'value': '34,669', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Cernavodă', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cernavodă', 'summary': "Cernavodă ( Romanian pronunciation : [ t͡ʃernaˈvodə ] , historical names : Thracian : Axiopa , Greek : Ἀξιούπολις , Bulgarian : Черна вода , Cherna voda , Turkish : Boğazköy ) is a town in Constanța County , Northern Dobruja , Romania with a population of 20,514 . The town 's name is derived from the Bulgarian černa voda ( черна вода in Cyrillic ) , meaning black water . This name is regarded by some scholars as a calque of the earlier Thracian name Axíopa , from IE *n.ksei dark and upā water ( cf . Avestan axšaēna dark and Lithuanian ùpė river , creek ) ."}]}, {'value': '19,890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Aitos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitos', 'summary': 'Aytos ( Bulgarian : Айтос ) , sometimes written Aitos and Ajtos , is a town located in eastern Bulgaria some 30 kilometers from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and belonging to the administrative boundaries of Burgas Province . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Aytos Municipality . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 21,067 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '19,537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Karnobat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnobat', 'summary': 'Karnobat ( Bulgarian : Карнобат ) is a town in the Burgas Province , Southeastern Bulgaria . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Karnobat Municipality . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 18,480 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '18,394', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Pomorie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomorie', 'summary': 'Pomorie ( Bulgarian : Поморие ) is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria , located on a narrow rocky peninsula in Burgas Bay on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . It is situated in Burgas Province , 20 km away from the city of Burgas and 18 km from the Sunny Beach resort . The ultrasaline lagoon Lake Pomorie , the northernmost of the Burgas Lakes , lies in the immediate proximity . The town is the administrative centre of the eponymous Pomorie Municipality . Pomorie is an ancient city and today an important tourist destination . As of December 2009 , it has a population of 13,569 inhabitants . It lies at 42°33′N 27°39′E / 42.550°N 27.650°E / 42.550 ; 27.650 .'}]}, {'value': '14,170', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Ovidiu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ovidiu', 'summary': 'Ovidiu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ oˈvidju ] , historical name : Canara , Turkish : Kanara ) is a town situated a few kilometres north of Constanța in Constanța County , south-eastern Romania . Ovidiu is quite small , with a population of around 12,000 , and many wealthy inhabitants of Constanța retire there . [ citation needed ] In 1930 , the town was renamed Ovidiu after the Roman poet Ovid ( Latin : Ovidius ) . He was supposedly buried on a nearby small island ( also called Ovidiu ) in the Siutghiol Lake .'}]}, {'value': '13,458', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Nesebar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nesebar', 'summary': "Nesebar ( often transcribed as Nessebar and sometimes as Nesebur , Bulgarian : Несебър , pronounced [ nɛˈsɛbɐr ] ) is an ancient city and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast , located in Burgas Province . It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Nesebar Municipality . Often referred to as the Pearl of the Black Sea , Nesebar is a rich city-museum defined by more than three millennia of ever-changing history . The small city exists in two parts separated by a narrow man-made isthmus with the ancient part of the settlement on the peninsula ( previously an island ) , and the more modern section ( i.e . hotels , later development ) on the mainland side . The older part bears evidence of occupation by a variety of different civilisations over the course of its existence . It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea , in what has become a popular area with several large resorts - the largest , Sunny Beach , is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar . Nesebar has on several occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire , and as such it is a town with a rich history . Due to the city 's abundance of historic buildings , UNESCO came to include Nesebar in its list of World Heritage Sites in 1983 . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 11,626 inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '13,347', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Provadiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Provadiya', 'summary': 'Provadia ( Bulgarian : Провадия ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria , part of Varna Province , located in a deep karst gorge ( Provadia syncline ) along the Provadia River not far from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . It is the administrative centre of Provadia Municipality . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 12,901 inhabitants . Provadia served as a customs point since ancient times . It is well known for salty mineral waters , its mild climate and a total of 70 km of caves in the surrounding mountain walls . It can be reached by train from Sofia or Varna and there are also hourly buses from and to Varna , and a sophisticated road system .'}]}, {'value': '13,090', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Kavarna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kavarna', 'summary': 'Kavarna ( Bulgarian : Каварна , Romanian : Cavarna ) is a Black Sea coastal town and seaside resort in the Dobruja region of northeastern Bulgaria . It lies 64 kilometres ( 40 miles ) northeast of Varna , 49 km ( 30 mi ) from Dobrich on the international road E87 and 43 km ( 27 mi ) south of the border with Romania . It is the principal town of Kavarna Municipality , part of Dobrich Province . As of December 2009 , the town has a population of 11,397 inhabitants . A little yacht port , a fishing base , a spacious beach and a resort complex exist in the town . The landmark Cape Kaliakra is located a few kilometers to the east , as is the tiny beachfront resort of Rusalka . Three 18-hole golf courses with villa communities and marinas are being developed nearby , two of the courses are designed by Gary Player and one by Ian Woosnam . During the 2000s , the town became famous with the annual Kaliakra Rock Fest featuring famous rock bands from around the world .'}]}, {'value': '11,368', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Balchik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balchik', 'summary': 'Balchik ( Bulgarian : Балчик , is a Black Sea coastal town and a seaside resort in the Southern Dobruja area of northeastern Bulgaria . It is located in Dobrich Province , 35 km southeast of Dobrich and 42 km northeast of Varna . The town sprawls scenically along hilly terraces descending from the Dobruja plateau to the sea . It is often called The white city because of the white color of the hills .'}]}, {'value': '11,321', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Hârşova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hârşova', 'summary': 'Hârșova ( also spelled Hîrșova ; Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈhɨrʃova ] ; Bulgarian : Хърсово , Harsovo ) is a town located on the right bank of the Danube , in Constanța County , Romania . The village of Vadu Oii is administered by the town . The village is linked with Giurgeni commune over the Danube via the Giurgeni-Vadu Oii Bridge .'}]}, {'value': '11,198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Murfatlar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murfatlar', 'summary': 'Murfatlar ( Romanian pronunciation : [ murfatˈlar ] ) is a town in Constanța County , Romania .'}]}, {'value': '10,857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Măcin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Măcin', 'summary': 'Măcin ( Romanian pronunciation : [ məˈt͡ʃin ] ; Turkish : Maçin ) is a town in Tulcea County , in the Dobrudja region of Romania .'}]}, {'value': '10,625', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Largest cities', 'section_text': 'This is a list of cities over 10.000 inhabitants in the region :', 'uid': 'Black_Sea_Euroregion_0', 'intro': 'Black Sea Euroregion (Bulgarian: Черноморски еврорегион, translit. Chernomorski evroregion, Romanian: Euroregiunea Mării Negre) is a seaside Euroregion, located in Bulgaria and Romania.'} | null | null | What is the population of the town with the historical name Kara Koyum ? | 34,669 |
0b1c78b942c47244 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_metres', 'title': '800 metres', 'header': ['Year', 'Time', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:44.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Swenson ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Swenson', 'summary': 'Kenneth Lloyd Ken Swenson ( born April 18 , 1948 in Clay Center , Kansas ) is a retired middle-distance runner from the United States . Swenson was the world leader at 800 meters in 1970 and competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich .'}]}, {'value': 'Stuttgart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuttgart', 'summary': "Stuttgart ( /ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/ SHTUUT-gart , also US : /ˈstʌt- , ˈstʊt-/ STU ( U ) T- ; German : [ ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ( listen ) ; Swabian : Schduagert [ ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . Stuttgart is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known locally as the Stuttgart Cauldron . It lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest . Its urban area has a population of 634,830 , making it the sixth largest city in Germany . 2.8 million people live in the city 's administrative region and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany . The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP ; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living , [ a ] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities [ b ] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status world city in their 2014 survey. , Stuttgart was one of the host cities of the official tournaments for the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Since the 7th millennium BC , the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley . The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt , making it the most important regional centre for several centuries . Stuttgart 's roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf , Duke of Swabia , as a stud farm for his warhorses . Initially overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt , the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320 . The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg , and they made it the capital of their county , duchy , and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918 . Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years ' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:44.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dicky Broberg ( RSA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stellenbosch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stellenbosch', 'summary': 'Stellenbosch ( /ˈstɛlənbɒʃ/ ; Afrikaans : [ ˈstɛlənbɔs ] ) is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa , situated about 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of Cape Town , along the banks of the Eerste River at the foot of the Stellenbosch Mountain . It is the second oldest European settlement in the province , after Cape Town . The town became known as the City of Oaks or Eikestad in Afrikaans and Dutch due to the large number of oak trees that were planted by its founder , Simon van der Stel , to grace the streets and homesteads . Stellenbosch has its own municipality ( incorporating the neighbouring towns of Pniel and Franschhoek ) , adjoining the metropolitan area of the City of Cape Town . The town is home to Stellenbosch University . Technopark is a modern science park situated on the southern side of the town near the Stellenbosch Golf Course .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:44.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Wottle ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Wottle', 'summary': 'David James Wottle ( born August 7 , 1950 ) is an American retired middle-distance track athlete . He was the gold medalist in the 800 meter run at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . He was known for wearing a golf cap while running .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcello Fiasconaro ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcello_Fiasconaro', 'summary': 'Marcello Luigi Fiasconaro ( born 19 July 1949 ) is an Italian-South African athlete , who set a world record in the 800 m in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Wohlhuter ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Wohlhuter', 'summary': "Rick Wohlhuter ( born December 23 , 1948 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . Wohlhuter won the national indoor championship in the 600 yards in 1970 . He graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1971 , and later qualified for the 1972 and 1976 Olympics . In 1976 he finished sixth in the 1500 meters and won a bronze medal in the 800 meters , behind Alberto Juantorena who broke the world record . Wohlhuter was the U.S. national champion for the 800 meters in 1973 and 1974 and was ranked # 1 in the world both years by Track & Field News . Also in 1974 , Wohlhuter won the first of three indoor 1000 yard U.S. national titles , set a world record in the 880 yards at 1:44.10 ( 1:43.5 at 800 meters ) , and a world record in the 1000 meter event at 2:13.9 , which remains the longest standing American outdoor record . He won the James E. Sullivan Award as the nation 's top amateur athlete for his achievements in 1974 . Wohlhuter retired in 1977 . He contemplated a comeback in 1980 , but reconsidered after learning about American boycott of the Moscow Olympics . He began working in the insurance business instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Boit ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Boit', 'summary': 'Michael Kipsubut Boit ( born 6 January 1949 ) is a Kenyan former middle-distance athlete whose career spanned fifteen years . He is a professor at Kenyatta University in the Department of Exercise and Sports Science . He is an uncle to Philip Boit , who became the first Kenyan athlete to compete in the Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Juantorena ( CUB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Juantorena', 'summary': "Alberto Juantorena ( born 3 December 1950 ) is a Cuban former runner . He is the only athlete to win both the 400 and 800 m Olympic titles , which he achieved in 1976 . He was ranked as world 's best runner in the 400 m in 1974 and 1976-1978 , and in the 800 m in 1976-77 , and was chosen as the Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in 1976 and 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Juantorena ( CUB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Juantorena', 'summary': "Alberto Juantorena ( born 3 December 1950 ) is a Cuban former runner . He is the only athlete to win both the 400 and 800 m Olympic titles , which he achieved in 1976 . He was ranked as world 's best runner in the 400 m in 1974 and 1976-1978 , and in the 800 m in 1976-77 , and was chosen as the Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in 1976 and 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sofia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia', 'summary': "Sofia ( /ˈsoʊfiə , ˈsɒf- , soʊˈfiːə/ SOH-fee-ə , SOF- ; Bulgarian : София , romanized : Sofiya , IPA : [ ˈsɔfijɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria . The city is at the foot of Vitosha mountain in the western part of the country . Being in the centre of the Balkans , it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea , and closest to the Aegean Sea . Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union . The city is surrounded by mountains , such as Mount Vitosha by the southern side , Lyulin by the western side , and the Balkan Mountains by the north , which makes it the second highest European capital after Madrid . The city is built on the Iskar river , and has many mineral springs , such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths . Sofia has a humid continental climate . Sofia has been described as the 'triangle of religious tolerance ' . This is due to the fact that three colossal temples of the three world major religions - Christianity , Islam and Judaism , reside inside the borders of the city , which are the Sveta Nedelya Church , Banya Bashi Mosque and Sofia Synagogue . Being Bulgaria 's primate city , Sofia is a hometown of many of the major local universities , cultural institutions and commercial companies . Sofia is one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world , especially in information technologies . Sofia was Europe 's most affordable capital to visit in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olaf Beyer ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olaf_Beyer', 'summary': 'Olaf Beyer ( born 4 August 1957 in Grimma ) is a retired East German 800 metres runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1979 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:42.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sebastian Coe ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastian_Coe', 'summary': "Sebastian Newbold Coe , Baron Coe , CH , KBE , Hon FRIBA ( born 29 September 1956 ) , often referred to as Seb Coe or Lord Coe , is a British politician and former track and field athlete . As a middle-distance runner , Coe won four Olympic medals , including the 1500 metres gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984 . He set nine outdoor and three indoor world records in middle-distance track events - including , in 1979 , setting three world records in the space of 41 days - and the world record he set in the 800 metres in 1981 remained unbroken until 1997 . Coe 's rivalries with fellow Britons Steve Ovett and Steve Cram dominated middle-distance racing for much of the 1980s . Following Coe 's retirement from athletics , he was a member of parliament for the Conservative Party from 1992 to 1997 for Falmouth in Cornwall , and became a Life Peer on 16 May 2000 . He headed the successful London bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and became chairman of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games . In 2007 , he was elected a vice-president of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) , and re-elected for another four-year term in 2011 . In August 2015 , he was elected president of the IAAF . In 2012 , Coe was appointed Pro-Chancellor at Loughborough University where he had been an undergraduate , and is also a member of the University 's governing body . He was of one of 24 athletes inducted as inaugural members of the IAAF Hall of Fame . In November 2012 , he was appointed chairman of the British Olympic Association . Coe was presented with the Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in December 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics . The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics . A boycott of this competition meant many of world 's leading athletes did not face each other , with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition . A further global event , the 1980 World Championships in Athletics , was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines , as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval ."}]}, {'value': '1:44.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Paige ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Paige', 'summary': 'Donald J. Paige ( born October 13 , 1956 ) is an American retired middle distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon', 'summary': "Eugene ( /juːˈdʒiːn/ yoo-JEEN ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon , in the Pacific Northwest . It is at the southern end of the verdant Willamette Valley , near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette Rivers , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the Oregon Coast . As of the 2010 census , Eugene had a population of 156,185 ; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state 's third most populous city after Portland and Salem , though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem 's . The Eugene-Springfield , Oregon metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is the 146th largest metropolitan statistical area in the US and the third-largest in the state , behind the Portland Metropolitan Area and the Salem Metropolitan Area . The city 's population for 2018 was estimated to be 171,245 by the US Census . Eugene is home to the University of Oregon , Northwest Christian University , and Lane Community College . The city is also noted for its natural environment , recreational opportunities ( especially bicycling , running/jogging , rafting , and kayaking ) , and focus on the arts . Eugene 's official slogan is A Great City for the Arts and Outdoors . It is also referred to as the Emerald City and as Track Town , USA . The Nike corporation had its beginnings in Eugene . In 2021 , the city will host the 18th Track and Field World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1981 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:41.73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sebastian Coe ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastian_Coe', 'summary': "Sebastian Newbold Coe , Baron Coe , CH , KBE , Hon FRIBA ( born 29 September 1956 ) , often referred to as Seb Coe or Lord Coe , is a British politician and former track and field athlete . As a middle-distance runner , Coe won four Olympic medals , including the 1500 metres gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984 . He set nine outdoor and three indoor world records in middle-distance track events - including , in 1979 , setting three world records in the space of 41 days - and the world record he set in the 800 metres in 1981 remained unbroken until 1997 . Coe 's rivalries with fellow Britons Steve Ovett and Steve Cram dominated middle-distance racing for much of the 1980s . Following Coe 's retirement from athletics , he was a member of parliament for the Conservative Party from 1992 to 1997 for Falmouth in Cornwall , and became a Life Peer on 16 May 2000 . He headed the successful London bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and became chairman of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games . In 2007 , he was elected a vice-president of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) , and re-elected for another four-year term in 2011 . In August 2015 , he was elected president of the IAAF . In 2012 , Coe was appointed Pro-Chancellor at Loughborough University where he had been an undergraduate , and is also a member of the University 's governing body . He was of one of 24 athletes inducted as inaugural members of the IAAF Hall of Fame . In November 2012 , he was appointed chairman of the British Olympic Association . Coe was presented with the Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in December 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence', 'summary': "Florence ( /ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss ; Italian : Firenze [ fiˈrɛntse ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:44.45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Cram ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Cram', 'summary': "Stephen Cram CBE ( born 14 October 1960 ) is a British retired track and field athlete . Along with fellow Britons Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett , he was one of the world 's dominant middle distance runners during the 1980s . Nicknamed The Jarrow Arrow , after his hometown , Cram set world records in the 1500 m , 2000 m and the mile during a 19-day period in the summer of 1985 . He was the first man to run 1500 m under 3 minutes and 30 seconds . He won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1983 World Championships and the 1500 m silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games . In 2000 , Cram co-founded international childrens charity COCO ( Comrades of Children Overseas ) with British Army Major Jim Panton after running the Bosnia Comrades ultramarathon in 1998 . Cram remains chairman of COCO , an organisation which currently provides sustainable sources of quality education to children living in poor , remote parts of East Africa . In 2008 Cram was appointed Chancellor of the University of Sunderland , replacing Lord Puttnam , and in 2009 was elected as President of Jarrow & Hebburn Athletics Club . Cram now works as a television presenter and athletics commentator , motivational speaker and athletics coach ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1983 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:43.61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Cram ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Cram', 'summary': "Stephen Cram CBE ( born 14 October 1960 ) is a British retired track and field athlete . Along with fellow Britons Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett , he was one of the world 's dominant middle distance runners during the 1980s . Nicknamed The Jarrow Arrow , after his hometown , Cram set world records in the 1500 m , 2000 m and the mile during a 19-day period in the summer of 1985 . He was the first man to run 1500 m under 3 minutes and 30 seconds . He won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1983 World Championships and the 1500 m silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games . In 2000 , Cram co-founded international childrens charity COCO ( Comrades of Children Overseas ) with British Army Major Jim Panton after running the Bosnia Comrades ultramarathon in 1998 . Cram remains chairman of COCO , an organisation which currently provides sustainable sources of quality education to children living in poor , remote parts of East Africa . In 2008 Cram was appointed Chancellor of the University of Sunderland , replacing Lord Puttnam , and in 2009 was elected as President of Jarrow & Hebburn Athletics Club . Cram now works as a television presenter and athletics commentator , motivational speaker and athletics coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1984 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:41.77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Cologne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne', 'summary': "Cologne ( English : /kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN ; German : Köln [ kœln ] ( listen ) ; Kölsch : Kölle [ ˈkœlə ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany . With slightly over a million inhabitants ( 1.08 million ) within its city boundaries , Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , which is Germany 's largest and one of Europe 's major metropolitan areas , and of the Rhineland . Centered on the left bank of the Rhine , Cologne is about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia 's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Bonn . It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas . The city 's Cologne Cathedral ( Kölner Dom ) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the University of Cologne ( Universität zu Köln ) , one of Europe 's oldest and largest universities , the Technical University of Cologne ( Technische Hochschule Köln ) , Germany 's largest university of applied sciences , and the German Sport University Cologne ( Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln ) , Germany 's only sport university . Cologne Bonn Airport ( Flughafen Köln/Bonn ) is Germany 's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city . The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport . Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the first word of which is the origin of its name . An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum , after the Ubii . Cologne , the French version of the city 's name , has become standard in English as well . Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462 ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:42.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz ( BRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Koblenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koblenz', 'summary': 'Koblenz ( German : [ ˈkoːblɛnts ] ( listen ) ; French : Coblence ) , spelled Coblenz before 1926 , is a German city situated on both banks of the Rhine where it is joined by the Moselle . Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus around 8 B.C . Its name originates from the Latin ( ad ) cōnfluentēs , meaning ( at the ) confluence of the two rivers . The actual confluence is today known as the German Corner , a symbol of the unification of Germany that features an equestrian statue of Emperor William I . The city celebrated its 2000th anniversary in 1992 . After Mainz and Ludwigshafen am Rhein , it is the third-largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate , with a population of around 112,000 ( 2015 ) . Koblenz lies in the Rhineland .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1986 in the sport of athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:43.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Cram ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Cram', 'summary': "Stephen Cram CBE ( born 14 October 1960 ) is a British retired track and field athlete . Along with fellow Britons Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett , he was one of the world 's dominant middle distance runners during the 1980s . Nicknamed The Jarrow Arrow , after his hometown , Cram set world records in the 1500 m , 2000 m and the mile during a 19-day period in the summer of 1985 . He was the first man to run 1500 m under 3 minutes and 30 seconds . He won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1983 World Championships and the 1500 m silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games . In 2000 , Cram co-founded international childrens charity COCO ( Comrades of Children Overseas ) with British Army Major Jim Panton after running the Bosnia Comrades ultramarathon in 1998 . Cram remains chairman of COCO , an organisation which currently provides sustainable sources of quality education to children living in poor , remote parts of East Africa . In 2008 Cram was appointed Chancellor of the University of Sunderland , replacing Lord Puttnam , and in 2009 was elected as President of Jarrow & Hebburn Athletics Club . Cram now works as a television presenter and athletics commentator , motivational speaker and athletics coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Rieti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rieti', 'summary': 'Rieti ( Italian : [ ˈrjɛːti ] ; Latin : Reate , Sabino : Riete ) is a city and comune in Lazio , central Italy , with a population of 47,700 . It is the capital of province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti , as well as the modern capital of the Sabina region . The town centre stands on a small hilltop , commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley , at the bottom of the Sabine hills and of monti Reatini , including mount Terminillo . The plain was once a large lake , drained by the ancient Romans , and is now the fertile basin of the Velino River . Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the larger original .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1987 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:43.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Billy Konchellah ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Konchellah', 'summary': 'Billy Komintai Konchellah ( born 20 October 1961 in Kilgoris , Kenya ) is a former 800 m runner who won two World Championship gold medals in Rome 1987 and Tokyo 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1988 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:42.65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Gray ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Gray', 'summary': 'John Lee Gray Jr. ( born June 19 , 1960 ) is a retired American world class 800 meter runner from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s and the holder of the 600m world best . A four-time-Olympian ( 1984-1996 ) in 1985 he set the US record of 1:42.60 at a meet in Koblenz . That time puts Gray as the eighteenth fastest performer of all time . He came seventh in the 1984 Summer Olympics , fifth in 1988 , and won the bronze medal at the Barcelona Olympics of 1992 . In 1993 Gray was one of the favourites to win a gold medal at the World Championships in Stuttgart as he had won the A-race at the prestigious meeting in Zurich . However , he failed to qualify for the final in Stuttgart . He also set the world 600 meter record in 1986 at 1:12.81 . In 1992 and 1993 Gray came close to breaking the world indoor record over 800 m several times . He held the US indoor record at 1:45.00 ( Sindelfingen 1992 ) till February 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1989 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1:43.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Ereng ( KEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Ereng', 'summary': 'Paul Ereng ( born 22 August 1966 ) is a former Kenyan athlete , and the surprise winner of the 800 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics . Born in Kitale , Trans-Nzoia , Kenya , Paul Ereng attended Starehe Boys Centre and School in Nairobi , Kenya . He was a promising 400 m runner until the end of 1987 . After enrolling at the University of Virginia , Ereng took up the 800 m in early 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '800_metres_0', 'intro': "The 800 metres, or 800 meters (US spelling), is a common track running event. It is the shortest common middle-distance running event. The 800 metres is run over two laps of the track (400-metre track) and has been an Olympic event since the first games in 1896. During indoor track season the event is usually run on a 200-metre track, therefore requiring four laps. The event was derived from the imperial measurement of a half a mile (880 yards), a traditional English racing distance. Imperial racing distances were common in the United States. American high schools (in the name of the NFHS) were the last to convert to metric distances in 1980, following the NCAA's conversion in 1976. Countries associated to the English system converted to metric distances after the 1966 Commonwealth Games. 800 m is 4.67 m less than half a mile. The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed. Both the aerobic and anaerobic systems are being taxed to a high extent, thus the 800-metre athlete is required to combine training between both systems. Runners in this event are often fast enough to compete in the 400 metres or the 4 × 400 metres relay but only Alberto Juantorena and Jarmila Kratochvílová have won major international titles at 400 m and 800 m. If they are so inclined, 400 m runners are usually encouraged to run the 200 metres while 800 m runners are encouraged to run the 1500 metres or long distance events."} | null | null | In which year did the only athlete to win both the 400 and 800 m Olympic titles most recently win the 400m title ? | 1977 |
0b1d733138d72558 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2012 in Australian television', 'header': ['TV Studio', 'Primary Network', 'Digital Channels', 'Pay TV'], 'data': [{'value': '20th Century Fox Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Animation', 'summary': 'Twentieth Century Fox Animation ( formerly Fox Family Films and stylized as 20th Century Fox Animation ) is an animation subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , a division of The Walt Disney Company . Originally formed in 1994 as a subsidiary of 20th Century Fox , the studio is located in Century City , Los Angeles , and is tasked with producing feature-length films .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '7mate Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8 The Comedy Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}]}, {'value': '20th Century Fox Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Television', 'summary': "Twentieth Century Fox Television ( or TCF TV or TCFTV , stylized as 20th Century Fox Television ) is a television-production studio owned by Walt Disney Television , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 20th Television is the syndication and distribution arm of 20th Century Fox Television . 20th Century Fox Television was part of Disney 's 2019 acquisition of the majority 21st Century Fox assets . Disney 's acquisition of 21st Century Fox was completed on March 20 , 2019. Notable shows produced by 20th Century Fox Television include : Batman , M*A*S*H , Glee , How I Met Your Mother , Bones , Empire , Family Guy , 24 , Modern Family , This Is Us , American Dad ! , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Futurama , King of the Hill , New Girl , American Horror Story and most notably The X-Files and The Simpsons ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network ( old programs only ) Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '7mate Eleven One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8 111 Hits Fox Classics Arena The Comedy Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/111_Hits', 'summary': 'Fox Funny ( formerly 111 funny , said as triple one ) is an Australian pay television channel focused on airing popular American sitcoms from the 2000s to present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Classics', 'summary': 'FOX Classics is an Australian cable and satellite channel that specializes in showing television series and ad-free classic movies , themed movie nights and miniseries from the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and some content from the 1980s and 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}]}, {'value': '4Kids Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4Kids_Entertainment', 'summary': "4Licensing Corporation ( formerly known as Leisure Concepts , Inc. and 4Kids Entertainment ) was an American licensing company . The company was previously also a film and television production company that English-dubbed Japanese anime through its subsidiary 4Kids Productions between 1992 and 2012 ; it specialized in the acquisition , production and licensing of children 's entertainment around the United States . The first anime that 4Kids Productions dubbed was the first eight seasons of Pokémon that aired on Kids ' WB ! in the United States . The company is most well known for its range of television licenses , which has included the multibillion-dollar Pokémon and Yu-Gi-Oh ! Japanese anime franchises . They also ran two program blocks : Toonzai ( originally The CW4Kids ) on The CW , and 4Kids TV on Fox , both aimed at children . The 4KidsTV block ended on December 27 , 2008 ; Toonzai/The CW4Kids block ended on August 18 , 2012 , which was replaced by Saban 's Vortexx , which in itself was succeeded by One Magnificent Morning in 2014 . 4Licensing Corporation has its world headquarters on Third Avenue in New York City , its former subsidiary , 4Kids Productions , had its headquarters in a separate building in Manhattan . The New York Stock Exchange delisted 4Kids ( NYSE : KDE ) on June 1 , 2010 . On April 6 , 2011 , it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection following a lawsuit concerning the Yu-Gi-Oh ! franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'GO ! Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'ABC Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Studios', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '7Two 7mate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7Two', 'summary': '7TWO is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 1 November 2009 . The channel broadcasts a variety of programs , targeting a 25-and-over audience , with most programs originating from Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom , and the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Arena The Comedy Channel Fox Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Classics', 'summary': 'FOX Classics is an Australian cable and satellite channel that specializes in showing television series and ad-free classic movies , themed movie nights and miniseries from the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and some content from the 1980s and 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios', 'summary': "Cartoon Network Studios is an American animation studio owned by Warner Bros. Entertainment . Located in Burbank , California , the studio primarily produces and develops animated programs and shorts for Cartoon Network . In the 2010 's , their programs began to expand into their sister companies Adult Swim and HBO Max . The company has only produced one theatrically released film , The Powerpuff Girls Movie , which was distributed by its parent company , Warner Bros. Pictures . The actual animation service for their productions is done overseas , mostly in South Korea at Digital eMation , Saerom Animation , Rough Draft Korea , and Sunmin Image Pictures , with pre-production and post-production being United States-based ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'CBeebies originals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC1', 'summary': "ABC ( formerly known as The ABC National Television Service or ABC-TV from 1956 until 2008 , and as ABC1 from 2008 until 2014 ) is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABC 's television division , and is available nationally . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC4 Kids ( ABC programs ) Extra ( BBC Programs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_4_Kids', 'summary': "ABC Kids ( stylised as ABC KIDS ) is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's part-time channel , broadcasting shows between the hours of 5am and 7:30pm in each local Australian market for children 6 and under . ABC Kids shares the same bandwidth as ABC Comedy which broadcasts outside ABC Kids ' scheduled hours and supplements the flagship ABC channel with extra adult-oriented programming ."}]}, {'value': 'CBeebies ( all programs ) Disney Junior ( abc for kids programs only )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBeebies', 'summary': "The CBeebies channel launched on 11 February 2002 , with the first show to air being Teletubbies . The domestic CBeebies channel broadcasts from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 pm each day- a result of the channel sharing bandwidth with the channel BBC Four on the Freeview platform . The station was joined in March 2007 by an audio CBeebies Radio , which broadcast for three hours each day on the radio station BBC Radio 7 , however since the station was rebranded as BBC Radio 4 Extra in April 2011 , this obligation has ceased . CBeebies Radio , however , has continued as a feature on the channel 's website since 2013 , and as a station on BBC Sounds broadcasting from 6am to 10pm . A magazine called CBeebies Weekly ( now called CBeebies Magazine ) was first published in 2006 . Since 27 March 2013 , CBeebies has been carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service , sharing a channel with BFBS Extra . The UK channel is also available in the Republic of Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_Junior', 'summary': 'Disney Junior is an American pay television network that is owned by the Walt Disney Television unit of The Walt Disney Company through Disney Channels Worldwide . Its programming consists of original first-run television series , theatrically-released and home media-exclusive movies and select other third-party programming . From February 2011 until January 2017 , Disney Junior also lent its name to a morning and early afternoon program block seen on sister network Disney Channel , branded as Disney Junior on Disney Channel , airing weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. ( 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. during the summer months and designated school break periods ) and weekends from 6:00 to 9:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time . As of January 2016 , the channel is available to 74.0 million households in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'CBS Studios International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS_Studios_International', 'summary': 'CBS Studios International ( formerly CBS Paramount International Television ) is a multinational television production-distribution arm of CBS Television Studios and owned by ViacomCBS . It was formed in 2004 by Viacom as CBS Paramount International Television , a result of a merger between two television companies , CBS Broadcast International and Paramount International Television . Since September 26 , 2006 , the company has been part of the CBS Television Distribution Group . In May 2009 , CBS Paramount International Television was renamed CBS Studios International . The company distributes the CBS Studios library as well as the Rysher Entertainment library ( owned domestically by Vine Alternative Investments ) , the King World Productions library ( including Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune , distributed in behalf of Sony Pictures Television ) , and certain HBO shows internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': 'TV1 SF 111 Hits Fox Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV1_(Australia)', 'summary': 'TV1 was an Australian subscription channel . The station closed on 31 December 2013 , along with its sister channel SF . It was replaced on 1 January 2014 by TVH ! ts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SF_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': 'SF ( formerly Sci Fi Channel ) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction , fantasy and related programs . It was available on Foxtel , Austar and Optus Television subscription platforms . In 2012 the channel rebranded from Sci Fi to SF . The channel used a world-exclusive version of the Syfy branding , SF being a joint venture between NBCUniversal ( the owners of the Syfy brand ) , Sony Pictures Television and CBS Studios International . On 31 December 2013 , SF ceased broadcasting and closed , being replaced by an Australian version of Syfy in 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/111_Hits', 'summary': 'Fox Funny ( formerly 111 funny , said as triple one ) is an Australian pay television channel focused on airing popular American sitcoms from the 2000s to present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Classics', 'summary': 'FOX Classics is an Australian cable and satellite channel that specializes in showing television series and ad-free classic movies , themed movie nights and miniseries from the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and some content from the 1980s and 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'CBS Television Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS_Television_Studios', 'summary': 'CBS Television Studios , Inc. is an American television production company which is a subsidiary of CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS . It was formed on January 17 , 2006 by CBS Corporation as CBS Paramount Television , merging Paramount Television and CBS Productions . It is the television production arm of the CBS network ( CBS Productions previously assumed such functions ) , and , alongside Warner Bros. Television , it is also the television production arm of The CW ( in which CBS has a 50% ownership stake ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network ( Old Programs Only ) Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'GO ! GEM Eleven One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GEM_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Gem is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , launched by the Nine Network in September 2010 . It is a General Entertainment and Movies channel , the phrase from which the original name GEM is derived .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': 'TV1 Arena SF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TV1_(Australia)', 'summary': 'TV1 was an Australian subscription channel . The station closed on 31 December 2013 , along with its sister channel SF . It was replaced on 1 January 2014 by TVH ! ts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SF_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': 'SF ( formerly Sci Fi Channel ) was an Australian subscription channel that aired science fiction , fantasy and related programs . It was available on Foxtel , Austar and Optus Television subscription platforms . In 2012 the channel rebranded from Sci Fi to SF . The channel used a world-exclusive version of the Syfy branding , SF being a joint venture between NBCUniversal ( the owners of the Syfy brand ) , Sony Pictures Television and CBS Studios International . On 31 December 2013 , SF ceased broadcasting and closed , being replaced by an Australian version of Syfy in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy Central Cartoons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_Central', 'summary': "Comedy Central is an American pay television channel owned by ViacomCBS through its ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks division 's Entertainment & Youth Group unit , based in Manhattan . The channel is geared for mature audiences and carries comedy programming in the form of both original , licensed , and syndicated series , stand-up comedy specials , and feature films . Since the early 2000s , Comedy Central has expanded globally with localized channels in Europe , India , Southeast Asia , Latin America , New Zealand , Middle East , and Africa . The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks . Comedy Central is available to approximately 86,723,000 households in the United States as of September 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'SBS One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBS_One', 'summary': "SBS is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 24 October 1980 , it is the responsibility of SBS 's television division , and is available nationally . In 2018 , SBS had a 7.9% audience share ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Comedy Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney-ABC Domestic Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney-ABC_Domestic_Television', 'summary': 'Buena Vista Television LLC ( operating under the names Disney-ABC Domestic Television and Disney-ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution and also operating as ABC Syndication ; formerly known as Buena Vista Television , Inc. and Disney Domestic Television ) is the in-home sales and content distribution firm of Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International , a division of The Walt Disney Company . Content distribution responsibilities include domestic television syndication , domestic pay TV , Internet and cable video-on-demand ( VOD ) , and pay-per-view outlets .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '7Two 7mate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7Two', 'summary': '7TWO is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 1 November 2009 . The channel broadcasts a variety of programs , targeting a 25-and-over audience , with most programs originating from Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom , and the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8 Arena 111 Hits Fox Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/111_Hits', 'summary': 'Fox Funny ( formerly 111 funny , said as triple one ) is an Australian pay television channel focused on airing popular American sitcoms from the 2000s to present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Classics', 'summary': 'FOX Classics is an Australian cable and satellite channel that specializes in showing television series and ad-free classic movies , themed movie nights and miniseries from the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and some content from the 1980s and 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney Television Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation', 'summary': 'Disney Television Animation ( DTVA ) is an American animation studio that creates , develops and produces animated television series , films , specials and other projects . It is a division of the Disney Channels Worldwide , ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . Established in 1984 during the reorganization and subsequent re-incorporation of The Walt Disney Company following the arrival of then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner , the entity was formerly known as the Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group before being shortened to Walt Disney Television Animation in 1987 , and was shortened again in 2011 to Disney Television Animation .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '7Two 7mate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7Two', 'summary': '7TWO is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 1 November 2009 . The channel broadcasts a variety of programs , targeting a 25-and-over audience , with most programs originating from Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom , and the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "Disney Channel ( originally called The Disney Channel from 1996 to 1997 ) is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is the flagship television property owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia . Launched in 1996 , the network is targeted towards children and their families , with original series and movies . The network 's programming is composed of original animated and live action television series sourced from Disney Channel in the United States , including their original made-for-cable movies , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . The network closed in New Zealand on 30 November 2019 on Sky , and will be discontinued in Australia on 29 February 2020 on Foxtel , and 30 April 2020 on Fetch TV ."}]}, {'value': 'DisneyToon Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DisneyToon_Studios', 'summary': 'Disneytoon Studios ( DTS ) , originally Disney MovieToons and was also Disney Video Premieres , was an American animation studio which created direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films . The studio was a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios , with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios , itself a division of The Walt Disney Company . The studio produced 47 feature films , beginning with DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp in 1990 . Its final feature film was Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '7Two 7mate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7Two', 'summary': '7TWO is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 1 November 2009 . The channel broadcasts a variety of programs , targeting a 25-and-over audience , with most programs originating from Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom , and the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Disney Channel Disney Junior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "Disney Channel ( originally called The Disney Channel from 1996 to 1997 ) is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is the flagship television property owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia . Launched in 1996 , the network is targeted towards children and their families , with original series and movies . The network 's programming is composed of original animated and live action television series sourced from Disney Channel in the United States , including their original made-for-cable movies , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . The network closed in New Zealand on 30 November 2019 on Sky , and will be discontinued in Australia on 29 February 2020 on Foxtel , and 30 April 2020 on Fetch TV ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_Junior_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "Disney Junior is a pay television channel that is broadcast in Australia . It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company in Australia and is the sister network of the flagship property Disney Channel . The channel was originally launched 2005 as Playhouse Disney , with programming targeted towards children aged 2 to 7 , as well as their families , with original series and movies . The channel was relaunched as Disney Junior on 29 May 2011 . The channel 's programming is composed of original animated series television series sourced from Disney Junior in the United States , as well as screenings of Disney 's theatrical releases and other acquired programming . After indications that Disney Channel and Disney Junior would close in early 2020 due to the launch of Disney+ and expiring contracts , Foxtel advised that negotiations with Disney were continuing to keep broadcasting the networks . However , Sky confirmed that both channels would close in New Zealand from 30 November 2019 . Foxtel confirmed that the channels would be leaving their service at the end of February 2020 , and on Fetch TV on 30 April ."}]}, {'value': 'DreamWorks Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation', 'summary': "DreamWorks Animation LLC ( also simply known as DreamWorks ) is an American animation studio that is a subsidiary of Universal Pictures , a division of NBCUniversal , which is owned by Comcast . It is based in Glendale , California , and produces animated feature films , television programs , and online virtual games . The studio has currently released a total of 37 feature films , notably including ones from the Shrek , Madagascar , Kung Fu Panda , How to Train Your Dragon , The Croods , Trolls , and The Boss Baby franchises . Originally formed under the banner of DreamWorks Pictures in 1994 by some of Amblin Entertainment 's former animation branch Amblimation alumni , it was spun off into a separate public company in 2004 . DreamWorks Animation currently maintains its Glendale campus , as well as satellite studios in India and China . On August 22 , 2016 , NBCUniversal acquired DreamWorks Animation for $ 3.8 billion , making it a division of the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group as an acquisition for the animation studio . As of May 2019 [ update ] , its feature films have grossed $ 15.019 billion worldwide , with a $ 417.2 million average gross per film . Fifteen of their films produced by the studio are among the 50 highest-grossing animated films , with Shrek 2 being the eleventh all-time highest . Although the studio also made traditionally animated films in the past , as well as two stop-motion co-productions with Aardman Animations , all of their films now use computer animation . The studio has earned three Academy Awards , as well as 41 Emmy Awards and numerous Annie Awards , and multiple Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations . In recent years , the animation studio has acquired and created new divisions in an effort to diversify beyond the high-risk movie business . Since 2013 , DreamWorks Animation produced various TV shows based on various film franchises as DreamWorks Animation Television ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8 The Comedy Channel Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'DreamWorks Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DreamWorks_Television', 'summary': 'DreamWorks Television ( or DWTV [ citation needed ] ) was a television distribution and production company that was a division of DreamWorks . It folded into Amblin Television in 2013 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8 The Comedy Channel SoHo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SoHo_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "SoHo was an Australian pay television channel . Originally launched a FX in 1995 and oriented towards classic programming , it was rebranded as W. and shifted its focus to women 's programming on 1 November 2003 . Later , on 20 August 2012 , it was again rebranded as SoHo and shifted its focus to drama television series . The channel closed down on 4 October 2016 , and was replaced by Binge ."}]}, {'value': 'HBO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'SBS One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBS_One', 'summary': "SBS is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 24 October 1980 , it is the responsibility of SBS 's television division , and is available nationally . In 2018 , SBS had a 7.9% audience share ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Showcase The Comedy Channel Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "Fox Showcase ( formerly known as Showcase ) is an Australian premium drama cable and satellite television channel . It was initially part of the Showtime Australia channels and was managed by PMP chief executive officer Peter Rose . In 2007 Rose said Showcase provides a real home at last for quality drama in Australia , and this list of outstanding event television is just the start . Showcase launched with the Australian TV premieres of Dexter and Australian-made series Satisfaction . FOX Showcase is now owned and operated by Foxtel Networks ; and is their flagship entertainment channel . FOX Showcase can be found on channel 114 on Foxtel and Optus TV . Foxtel took over managing and producing Showcase and the other Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012 , with it purchasing assets of the PMP . On 9 December 2012 , it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime ( with the exception of Showcase ) would be replaced with a new lineup of Foxtel-branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies Showcase would continue to be the home of premium dramas from HBO and other international networks , original programming , documentaries , and independent films . On 3 November 2014 Showcase moved from Foxtel 's Premium Movies and Drama package to the newly founded Drama package . In addition , the channel moved from channel 404 to channel 115 and showcase + 2 moved from channel 414 to channel 158 . Following the closure of SoHo and the launch of the channel Binge on 5 October 2016 , showcase moved to channel 114 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel', 'summary': 'The Comedy Channel ( promoted on air as comedy ) is an Australian subscription television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionsgate Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionsgate_Television', 'summary': 'Lionsgate Television is the television division of Lions Gate Entertainment , an American entertainment company .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'GEM Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GEM_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Gem is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , launched by the Nine Network in September 2010 . It is a General Entertainment and Movies channel , the phrase from which the original name GEM is derived .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Showcase 111 Hits Fox Classics Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "Fox Showcase ( formerly known as Showcase ) is an Australian premium drama cable and satellite television channel . It was initially part of the Showtime Australia channels and was managed by PMP chief executive officer Peter Rose . In 2007 Rose said Showcase provides a real home at last for quality drama in Australia , and this list of outstanding event television is just the start . Showcase launched with the Australian TV premieres of Dexter and Australian-made series Satisfaction . FOX Showcase is now owned and operated by Foxtel Networks ; and is their flagship entertainment channel . FOX Showcase can be found on channel 114 on Foxtel and Optus TV . Foxtel took over managing and producing Showcase and the other Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012 , with it purchasing assets of the PMP . On 9 December 2012 , it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime ( with the exception of Showcase ) would be replaced with a new lineup of Foxtel-branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies Showcase would continue to be the home of premium dramas from HBO and other international networks , original programming , documentaries , and independent films . On 3 November 2014 Showcase moved from Foxtel 's Premium Movies and Drama package to the newly founded Drama package . In addition , the channel moved from channel 404 to channel 115 and showcase + 2 moved from channel 414 to channel 158 . Following the closure of SoHo and the launch of the channel Binge on 5 October 2016 , showcase moved to channel 114 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/111_Hits', 'summary': 'Fox Funny ( formerly 111 funny , said as triple one ) is an Australian pay television channel focused on airing popular American sitcoms from the 2000s to present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Classics', 'summary': 'FOX Classics is an Australian cable and satellite channel that specializes in showing television series and ad-free classic movies , themed movie nights and miniseries from the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and some content from the 1980s and 1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)', 'summary': "Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel , Austar , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'MTV Animation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Animation', 'summary': 'MTV Animation is the animation department of the television network MTV .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'MTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Australia', 'summary': 'MTV is a 24-hour general entertainment channel specialising in music and youth culture programming which serves Australia and New Zealand . It is operated by parent company ViacomCBS International Media Networks headquartered in London with a local office in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon Animation Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio', 'summary': "Nickelodeon Animation Studio is an American animation studio owned and operated by ViacomCBS through Nickelodeon . It has created many original television programs for Nickelodeon and its sister channels , including SpongeBob SquarePants , Invader Zim , Danny Phantom , and Avatar : The Last Airbender . Since the 2010s , the studio has also co-developed its own series based on preexisting IP purchased by ViacomCBS , such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Winx Club . In 2019 , Nickelodeon Animation Studio signed a multiple-year output deal for Netflix . The studio 's foundation followed the creation of three animated programs for Nickelodeon in 1991 : Doug , Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show . In 1992 , Nickelodeon founded Games Animation to produce new animated shows , including their first fully in-house series , Rocko 's Modern Life . Games Animation produced much of the network 's mid-1990s output in partnership with other animation companies like Frederator Studios and Klasky Csupo . In 1998 , the studio moved from Studio City , California to Burbank with the construction of a new facility . It was renamed Nickelodeon Animation Studio and later Nickelodeon Studios Burbank . In 1999 , a second facility in New York City was opened , named Nickelodeon Animation Studio New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network ( Nick Jr programs ) Network Ten ( Nick programs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon Nick Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Australia)', 'summary': "Nick Jr. is a 24-hour children 's channel in Australia designed for pre-schoolers . Nick Jr. was a morning programming block on Nickelodeon until 2004 , when Foxtel launched it as a full 24-hour kids channel . The channel is run by Foxtel Networks , under license from ViacomCBS , and is also available on Optus Television and FetchTV ."}]}, {'value': 'Ragdoll Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ragdoll_Productions', 'summary': "Ragdoll Productions is a British television production company located in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire , that produces children 's programmes . It was founded in 1984 by Anne Wood , who had previously made similar programmes for Yorkshire Television and TV-am . Among its most famous productions are Teletubbies , Rosie and Jim , Brum , Boohbah , Tots TV , In the Night Garden. , Pob 's Programme , The Adventures of Abney & Teal and Twirlywoos . Ragdoll Productions is owned by Ragdoll Ltd , which in 2006 formed a joint venture with BBC Worldwide , Ragdoll Worldwide , to sell and license the company 's programmes outside the United Kingdom , Canada , & the United States . On 16 September 2013 , Ragdoll Worldwide was sold to Canadian production company DHX Media ( later WildBrain ) for £17.4 million ( or USD $ 24 million ) WildBrain now owns the rights to all of Ragdoll 's programming . Despite Ragdoll Worldwide being sold , Ragdoll Productions themselves remain as an independent company and still continue to make shows to this day ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC4 Kids ABC3 7Two GO ! GEM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_4_Kids', 'summary': "ABC Kids ( stylised as ABC KIDS ) is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's part-time channel , broadcasting shows between the hours of 5am and 7:30pm in each local Australian market for children 6 and under . ABC Kids shares the same bandwidth as ABC Comedy which broadcasts outside ABC Kids ' scheduled hours and supplements the flagship ABC channel with extra adult-oriented programming ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ABC3', 'summary': "ABC Me ( stylised as ABC ME ) is an Australian children 's free-to-air television channel owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . It was officially launched by then-Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on 4 December 2009 as ABC3 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/7Two', 'summary': '7TWO is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 1 November 2009 . The channel broadcasts a variety of programs , targeting a 25-and-over audience , with most programs originating from Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom , and the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GEM_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Gem is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , launched by the Nine Network in September 2010 . It is a General Entertainment and Movies channel , the phrase from which the original name GEM is derived .'}]}, {'value': 'CBeebies Disney Junior Nick Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBeebies', 'summary': "The CBeebies channel launched on 11 February 2002 , with the first show to air being Teletubbies . The domestic CBeebies channel broadcasts from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 pm each day- a result of the channel sharing bandwidth with the channel BBC Four on the Freeview platform . The station was joined in March 2007 by an audio CBeebies Radio , which broadcast for three hours each day on the radio station BBC Radio 7 , however since the station was rebranded as BBC Radio 4 Extra in April 2011 , this obligation has ceased . CBeebies Radio , however , has continued as a feature on the channel 's website since 2013 , and as a station on BBC Sounds broadcasting from 6am to 10pm . A magazine called CBeebies Weekly ( now called CBeebies Magazine ) was first published in 2006 . Since 27 March 2013 , CBeebies has been carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service , sharing a channel with BFBS Extra . The UK channel is also available in the Republic of Ireland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_Junior', 'summary': 'Disney Junior is an American pay television network that is owned by the Walt Disney Television unit of The Walt Disney Company through Disney Channels Worldwide . Its programming consists of original first-run television series , theatrically-released and home media-exclusive movies and select other third-party programming . From February 2011 until January 2017 , Disney Junior also lent its name to a morning and early afternoon program block seen on sister network Disney Channel , branded as Disney Junior on Disney Channel , airing weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. ( 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. during the summer months and designated school break periods ) and weekends from 6:00 to 9:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time . As of January 2016 , the channel is available to 74.0 million households in the U.S .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Jr', 'summary': "Nick Jr. ( formerly Noggin ) is an American pay television channel that is run by the Nickelodeon Group , a unit of the ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks division of ViacomCBS , the channel 's ultimate owner headquartered in New York City . The channel , which is aimed at children under 6 , features a mix of originally-produced programming , and series previously and concurrently aired on the Nick Jr. block and its previous iterations . Some of Nick Jr. 's programming includes series such as Corn & Peg , PAW Patrol , Bubble Guppies , Blaze and the Monster Machines , Shimmer and Shine , and Dora and Friends : Into the City ! . Due to the Nickelodeon block , Nick Jr. is sometimes disclaimed on air as the Nick Jr. channel to avoid confusion , especially at times of day when both Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. are carrying preschool programming . The channel was originally known under the Noggin brand from February 2 , 1999 until September 28 , 2009 . Its sister channel The N was relaunched as TeenNick at the same time and date as Noggin 's relaunch as Nick Jr. As with TeenNick , Nick Jr. 's name was taken from a former program block on parent channel Nickelodeon , which aired weekday mornings from 1988 to 2009 under the Nick Jr. name , and still survives today on Nickelodeon as a block with the same name as of 2014 ( which currently airs weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. ET/PT . Those hours may vary during the summer months , other school break periods and on major national holidays ) , having traditional commercial breaks for certain programs . As of January 2016 , Nick Jr. is available to approximately 73.0 million pay television households in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Saban Brands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saban_Capital_Group', 'summary': 'Saban Capital Group , Inc. is an American investment firm based in Los Angeles , California focused on media , entertainment , and communications investments . Formed in 2010 by Haim Saban , Saban Capital Group owns Saban Films , part of Univision Communications , and part of Celestial Tiger Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Film and television productions -- Television productions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_in_Australian_television_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of Australian television events and premieres which occurred, or are scheduled to occur, in 2012, the 57th year of continuous operation of television in Australia.'} | null | null | In which year was this animation subsidiary formed whose primary network is one of five national free-to-air networks and third rated ? | 1994 |
0b1dbbf87d8a4fb2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds_(miniseries)', 'title': 'The Thorn Birds (miniseries)', 'header': ['Year', 'Association', 'Category', 'Nominee ( s )', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Achievement in Makeup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Acevedo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert MacKichan , Jerry Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Film Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Carroll Timothy O'Meara", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie ( called the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie prior to 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Chamberlain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 7th Primetime Emmy Awards on March 7 , 1955 , to Judith Anderson for her performance as Lady Macbeth on the Hallmark Hall of Fame episode Macbeth . It has undergone several name changes , with the category split into two categories at the 25th Primetime Emmy Awards : Outstanding Lead Actress in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy ; and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series . By the 31st Primetime Emmy Awards , the categories were merged into one , and has since undergone several name changes , leading to its current title . Since its inception , the award has been given to 54 actresses . Michelle Williams is the current recipient of the award , for her portrayal of Gwen Verdon on Fosse/Verdon . Helen Mirren has won the most awards in this category , with four , and has received the most nominations for the award on ten occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Stanwyck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Miniseries or Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Miniseries_or_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series represents excellence in the category of limited series that are two or more episodes with a total running time of at least 150 minutes . The program must tell a complete , non-recurring story , and not have an ongoing storyline or main characters in subsequent seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Kiley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Plummer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 , to Juliet Mills for her role as Samantha Cody in QB VII . The award ceremony garnered criticism during the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards when Ellen Burstyn received a nomination for her work in Mrs. Harris ( 2005 ) , despite having 14 seconds of screen time and 38 words of dialogue . This resulted in a rule change , requiring nominees submitting for the category to have more than 5% screen-time on their respective projects . Since its inception , the award has been given to 38 actresses . Regina King , Jane Alexander , Judy Davis , Colleen Dewhurst , and Mare Winningham have each won two awards . Kathy Bates is the most nominated actress in the category , with seven nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Piper Laurie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 , to Juliet Mills for her role as Samantha Cody in QB VII . The award ceremony garnered criticism during the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards when Ellen Burstyn received a nomination for her work in Mrs. Harris ( 2005 ) , despite having 14 seconds of screen time and 38 words of dialogue . This resulted in a rule change , requiring nominees submitting for the category to have more than 5% screen-time on their respective projects . Since its inception , the award has been given to 38 actresses . Regina King , Jane Alexander , Judy Davis , Colleen Dewhurst , and Mare Winningham have each won two awards . Kathy Bates is the most nominated actress in the category , with seven nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Simmons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_–_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film or Best Actor - Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 39th Golden Globe Awards on January 30 , 1982 , to Mickey Rooney for his role on Bill . Performances by an actor in a miniseries or television film were originally awarded in the Best Actor - Television Series Drama category before the creation of this category . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actors . Russell Crowe is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Roger Ailes on The Loudest Voice . Robert Duvall , James Garner , and Al Pacino have won the most awards in this category with two each . James Woods has been nominated for the award on seven occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Chamberlain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film or Best Actress - Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 39th Golden Globe Awards on January 30 , 1982 to Jane Seymour for her performance in East of Eden ( 1981 ) . Performances by actresses in a miniseries or television film were originally awarded in the Best Actress - Television Series Drama category before the creation of this category . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Joyce Tilly Mitchell in Escape at Dannemora ( 2018 ) . Ann-Margret , Judy Davis , and Helen Mirren have won the most awards in the category , winning two times . Jessica Lange has been nominated for the award on eight occasions , the most for the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Ward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film is one of the annual Golden Globe Awards given to the best miniseries or made-for-television film .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 , to James Brolin for his role on Marcus Welby , M.D . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actor - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actors . Stellan Skarsgard is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Boris Shcherbina on Chernobyl . Ed Asner has won the most awards in this category , winning three times . Sean Hayes and Jeremy Piven have each been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 , to James Brolin for his role on Marcus Welby , M.D . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actor - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actors . Stellan Skarsgard is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Boris Shcherbina on Chernobyl . Ed Asner has won the most awards in this category , winning three times . Sean Hayes and Jeremy Piven have each been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Kiley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Piper Laurie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Simmons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Stanwyck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "People 's Choice Awards", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards", 'summary': "The People 's Choice Awards , officially the E ! People 's Choice Awards since E ! took it over in April 2017 , is an American awards show , recognizing people in entertainment , voted online by the general public and fans . The show has been held annually since 1975 , with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until the switch to online voting in 2005 . The awards were created by Bob Stivers , who produced the first show in 1975 . The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974 , Barbra Streisand as the year 's Favorite Film Actress , and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor . Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977 , when the third People 's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star , Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture , and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories . So far , Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person , with a total of 20 awards . In 1982 , Stiver sold the People 's Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Productions ; under P & G , the ceremony was broadcast by CBS , and Procter & Gamble 's brands held exclusive national advertising time across the entire telecast . In April 2017 , the E ! network announced that they had acquired the People 's Choice Awards . In December 2017 , E !"}]}, {'value': 'Best TV Miniseries', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards", 'summary': "The People 's Choice Awards , officially the E ! People 's Choice Awards since E ! took it over in April 2017 , is an American awards show , recognizing people in entertainment , voted online by the general public and fans . The show has been held annually since 1975 , with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until the switch to online voting in 2005 . The awards were created by Bob Stivers , who produced the first show in 1975 . The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974 , Barbra Streisand as the year 's Favorite Film Actress , and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor . Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977 , when the third People 's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star , Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture , and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories . So far , Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person , with a total of 20 awards . In 1982 , Stiver sold the People 's Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Productions ; under P & G , the ceremony was broadcast by CBS , and Procter & Gamble 's brands held exclusive national advertising time across the entire telecast . In April 2017 , the E ! network announced that they had acquired the People 's Choice Awards . In December 2017 , E !"}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards and nominations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'The_Thorn_Birds_(TV_miniseries)_0', 'intro': "The Thorn Birds is an American television miniseries broadcast on ABC from March 27 to 30, 1983. It starred Richard Chamberlain, Rachel Ward, Barbara Stanwyck, Christopher Plummer, Piper Laurie, Jean Simmons, Richard Kiley, Bryan Brown, Mare Winningham and Philip Anglim. It was directed by Daryl Duke and based on a novel of the same name by Colleen McCullough. The series was enormously successful and became the United States' second highest-rated miniseries of all time behind Roots; both series were produced by television veteran David L. Wolper."} | null | null | When does this award ceremony , where Helen Mirren has won the most awards , usually take place each year ? | January |
0b1ed892327be5c2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'title': 'IKF World Korfball Championship', 'header': ['Team', 'Titles', 'Runners-up', 'Third place', 'Fourth place', 'Total finishes in top four'], 'data': [{'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Netherlands national korfball team represents the Netherlands in international korfball . It is controlled by the Royal Dutch Korfball Association ( KNKV ) , the governing body of korfball in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': '10 ( 1978 * , 1984 , 1987 * , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 * , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1st Korfball World Championships was held in The Netherlands on November 6-11 , in the cities of Assen , Nuenen , and Amsterdam'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1984 Korfball World Championship was the second edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 24-27 , in the cities of Antwerp , Louvain la Neuve , Hasselt and Ghent . The Netherlands defeated Belgium at the final by 11-9 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1987_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1987 Korfball World Championship was the 3rd edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in the Netherlands on April 20-25 , in the cities of Amsterdam , Bennekom , Dordrecht , Papendrecht , Rotterdam and Wormer . In a close final , Netherlands defeated Belgium by 9-7 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 5th Korfball World Championship was held in New Delhi ( India ) in November 1995 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 6th Korfball World Championship was held in Adelaide ( Australia ) on July 1999 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 7th Korfball World Championship was held in the Netherlands on 2003 , with the participation of 16 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 8th Korfball World Championship was held in Brno ( Czech Republic ) on November 1-10 , 2007 with 16 national teams in competition . The best 8 teams qualified for the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung , Chinese Taipei . These days was also played the final match of the European Bowl with the champions of the Eastern and Western divisions , Slovakia and Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 9th Korfball World Championship was held in Shaoxing , China , on October 27 - November 5 , 2011 with 16 national teams in competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 10th IKF World Korfball Championship were held in the Belgian cities of Ghent , Tielen and Antwerp in 2015 . Ghent and Tielen hosted the first and second round matches , whilst the placing matches and finals were all held in the Lotto Arena in Antwerp . This tournament also acts as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2017 . Seven teams will qualify for the World Games , including first all non-European teams finishing in the top 11 . As such , at least one and maximum six non-European teams will qualify . Then , the remaining slots will be filled by the top European teams in this competition , with the exception of Poland which have already qualified as host country of the World Games 2017 . The International Korfball Federation chose to award the hosting rights for the tournament to Belgium on 4 November 2011 . The other hosting candidate was New Zealand , who planned to host the tournament in Wellington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 11th IKF World Korfball Championship was held in August 2019 in Durban , South Africa and won by the Netherlands . The International Korfball Federation awarded the hosting rights for the tournament to South Africa on 7 November 2015 , ahead of the bid by New Zealand . In October 2016 , the number of teams participating was increased from 16 to 20 . The four extra places were awarded to the Americas ( 1 ) , Africa ( 1 ) and Asia & Oceania ( 2 ) . The Americas are now allotted 2 spots , Africa 2 spots , Europe 10 spots , and Asia and Oceania 6 spots ( with a minimum of 1 for Oceania ) . Due to withdrawals , in the end there will only be 1 team participating from the Americas and Africa ( each ) , leading to 11 for Europe and 7 for Asia & Oceania . This tournament also acted as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2021 , with eight teams qualifying for the World Games . The IKF aimed to have teams from up to four continents present at the World Games , therefore the top eight finishing nations qualified , with the exception that when a team finished in the top eleven as the highest finishing team from a top four continent not already having a qualifier , then this team would have qualified instead of the last placed team from an already qualified continent . This de facto meant that the top five finishers were always certain of qualification , while the outcome for the teams in places six through eight depended on the continent of origin of teams up to place eleven . Additionally , Catalonia was ineligible for qualification as the World Games are contested by national instead of regional teams .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 1991 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1991 Korfball World Championship was the 4th edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 2-6 , in the cities of Antwerp , Berchem , Brussels , Ghent and Turnhout . In a very close final , Belgium defeated Netherlands by 11-10 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Belgium national korfball team , nicknamed the Belgian Diamonds , is managed by the Koninklijke Belgische Korfbalbond ( KBKB ) , representing Belgium in korfball international competitions . The Koninklijke Belgische Korfbalbond was one of the founders of the International Korfball Federation , with the Dutch Federation , on 11 June 1933 .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 1991 * )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1991 Korfball World Championship was the 4th edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 2-6 , in the cities of Antwerp , Berchem , Brussels , Ghent and Turnhout . In a very close final , Belgium defeated Netherlands by 11-10 .'}]}, {'value': '10 ( 1978 , 1984 * , 1987 , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 * , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1st Korfball World Championships was held in The Netherlands on November 6-11 , in the cities of Assen , Nuenen , and Amsterdam'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1984 Korfball World Championship was the second edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 24-27 , in the cities of Antwerp , Louvain la Neuve , Hasselt and Ghent . The Netherlands defeated Belgium at the final by 11-9 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1987_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1987 Korfball World Championship was the 3rd edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in the Netherlands on April 20-25 , in the cities of Amsterdam , Bennekom , Dordrecht , Papendrecht , Rotterdam and Wormer . In a close final , Netherlands defeated Belgium by 9-7 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1995_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 5th Korfball World Championship was held in New Delhi ( India ) in November 1995 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 6th Korfball World Championship was held in Adelaide ( Australia ) on July 1999 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 7th Korfball World Championship was held in the Netherlands on 2003 , with the participation of 16 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 8th Korfball World Championship was held in Brno ( Czech Republic ) on November 1-10 , 2007 with 16 national teams in competition . The best 8 teams qualified for the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung , Chinese Taipei . These days was also played the final match of the European Bowl with the champions of the Eastern and Western divisions , Slovakia and Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 9th Korfball World Championship was held in Shaoxing , China , on October 27 - November 5 , 2011 with 16 national teams in competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 10th IKF World Korfball Championship were held in the Belgian cities of Ghent , Tielen and Antwerp in 2015 . Ghent and Tielen hosted the first and second round matches , whilst the placing matches and finals were all held in the Lotto Arena in Antwerp . This tournament also acts as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2017 . Seven teams will qualify for the World Games , including first all non-European teams finishing in the top 11 . As such , at least one and maximum six non-European teams will qualify . Then , the remaining slots will be filled by the top European teams in this competition , with the exception of Poland which have already qualified as host country of the World Games 2017 . The International Korfball Federation chose to award the hosting rights for the tournament to Belgium on 4 November 2011 . The other hosting candidate was New Zealand , who planned to host the tournament in Wellington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 11th IKF World Korfball Championship was held in August 2019 in Durban , South Africa and won by the Netherlands . The International Korfball Federation awarded the hosting rights for the tournament to South Africa on 7 November 2015 , ahead of the bid by New Zealand . In October 2016 , the number of teams participating was increased from 16 to 20 . The four extra places were awarded to the Americas ( 1 ) , Africa ( 1 ) and Asia & Oceania ( 2 ) . The Americas are now allotted 2 spots , Africa 2 spots , Europe 10 spots , and Asia and Oceania 6 spots ( with a minimum of 1 for Oceania ) . Due to withdrawals , in the end there will only be 1 team participating from the Americas and Africa ( each ) , leading to 11 for Europe and 7 for Asia & Oceania . This tournament also acted as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2021 , with eight teams qualifying for the World Games . The IKF aimed to have teams from up to four continents present at the World Games , therefore the top eight finishing nations qualified , with the exception that when a team finished in the top eleven as the highest finishing team from a top four continent not already having a qualifier , then this team would have qualified instead of the last placed team from an already qualified continent . This de facto meant that the top five finishers were always certain of qualification , while the outcome for the teams in places six through eight depended on the continent of origin of teams up to place eleven . Additionally , Catalonia was ineligible for qualification as the World Games are contested by national instead of regional teams .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Taipei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Chinese Taipei national korfball team is managed by the Chinese Taipei Korfball Association ( CTKA ) , representing Taiwan in korfball international competitions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 1991 , 2011 , 2015 , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1991 Korfball World Championship was the 4th edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 2-6 , in the cities of Antwerp , Berchem , Brussels , Ghent and Turnhout . In a very close final , Belgium defeated Netherlands by 11-10 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 9th Korfball World Championship was held in Shaoxing , China , on October 27 - November 5 , 2011 with 16 national teams in competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 10th IKF World Korfball Championship were held in the Belgian cities of Ghent , Tielen and Antwerp in 2015 . Ghent and Tielen hosted the first and second round matches , whilst the placing matches and finals were all held in the Lotto Arena in Antwerp . This tournament also acts as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2017 . Seven teams will qualify for the World Games , including first all non-European teams finishing in the top 11 . As such , at least one and maximum six non-European teams will qualify . Then , the remaining slots will be filled by the top European teams in this competition , with the exception of Poland which have already qualified as host country of the World Games 2017 . The International Korfball Federation chose to award the hosting rights for the tournament to Belgium on 4 November 2011 . The other hosting candidate was New Zealand , who planned to host the tournament in Wellington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 11th IKF World Korfball Championship was held in August 2019 in Durban , South Africa and won by the Netherlands . The International Korfball Federation awarded the hosting rights for the tournament to South Africa on 7 November 2015 , ahead of the bid by New Zealand . In October 2016 , the number of teams participating was increased from 16 to 20 . The four extra places were awarded to the Americas ( 1 ) , Africa ( 1 ) and Asia & Oceania ( 2 ) . The Americas are now allotted 2 spots , Africa 2 spots , Europe 10 spots , and Asia and Oceania 6 spots ( with a minimum of 1 for Oceania ) . Due to withdrawals , in the end there will only be 1 team participating from the Americas and Africa ( each ) , leading to 11 for Europe and 7 for Asia & Oceania . This tournament also acted as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2021 , with eight teams qualifying for the World Games . The IKF aimed to have teams from up to four continents present at the World Games , therefore the top eight finishing nations qualified , with the exception that when a team finished in the top eleven as the highest finishing team from a top four continent not already having a qualifier , then this team would have qualified instead of the last placed team from an already qualified continent . This de facto meant that the top five finishers were always certain of qualification , while the outcome for the teams in places six through eight depended on the continent of origin of teams up to place eleven . Additionally , Catalonia was ineligible for qualification as the World Games are contested by national instead of regional teams .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 1987 , 2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1987 Korfball World Championship was the 3rd edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in the Netherlands on April 20-25 , in the cities of Amsterdam , Bennekom , Dordrecht , Papendrecht , Rotterdam and Wormer . In a close final , Netherlands defeated Belgium by 9-7 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 7th Korfball World Championship was held in the Netherlands on 2003 , with the participation of 16 national teams .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England #', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The England national korfball team is managed by the English Korfball Association ( EKA ) , representing England in korfball international competitions . In 2007 the Great Britain national korfball team was split into 3 national teams : England , Wales and Scotland , that compete in all international competitions except the World Games , where they compete as a unified Great Britain national korfball team .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 1987 , 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1987 Korfball World Championship was the 3rd edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in the Netherlands on April 20-25 , in the cities of Amsterdam , Bennekom , Dordrecht , Papendrecht , Rotterdam and Wormer . In a close final , Netherlands defeated Belgium by 9-7 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 6th Korfball World Championship was held in Adelaide ( Australia ) on July 1999 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}]}, {'value': '3 ( 1978 , 1984 , 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1st Korfball World Championships was held in The Netherlands on November 6-11 , in the cities of Assen , Nuenen , and Amsterdam'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1984 Korfball World Championship was the second edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 24-27 , in the cities of Antwerp , Louvain la Neuve , Hasselt and Ghent . The Netherlands defeated Belgium at the final by 11-9 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 10th IKF World Korfball Championship were held in the Belgian cities of Ghent , Tielen and Antwerp in 2015 . Ghent and Tielen hosted the first and second round matches , whilst the placing matches and finals were all held in the Lotto Arena in Antwerp . This tournament also acts as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2017 . Seven teams will qualify for the World Games , including first all non-European teams finishing in the top 11 . As such , at least one and maximum six non-European teams will qualify . Then , the remaining slots will be filled by the top European teams in this competition , with the exception of Poland which have already qualified as host country of the World Games 2017 . The International Korfball Federation chose to award the hosting rights for the tournament to Belgium on 4 November 2011 . The other hosting candidate was New Zealand , who planned to host the tournament in Wellington .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Germany national korfball team is managed by the Deutscher Turner Bund e.V ( DTB ) , representing Germany in korfball international competitions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 1978 , 1984 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1st Korfball World Championships was held in The Netherlands on November 6-11 , in the cities of Assen , Nuenen , and Amsterdam'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1984 Korfball World Championship was the second edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 24-27 , in the cities of Antwerp , Louvain la Neuve , Hasselt and Ghent . The Netherlands defeated Belgium at the final by 11-9 .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 1991 , 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 1991 Korfball World Championship was the 4th edition of the major international korfball competition . It was held in Belgium on April 2-6 , in the cities of Antwerp , Berchem , Brussels , Ghent and Turnhout . In a very close final , Belgium defeated Netherlands by 11-10 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 6th Korfball World Championship was held in Adelaide ( Australia ) on July 1999 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Czech Republic national korfball team is managed by the Czech Korfball Association ( CKA ) , representing the Czech Republic in korfball international competitions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 2003 , 2007 * )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 7th Korfball World Championship was held in the Netherlands on 2003 , with the participation of 16 national teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 8th Korfball World Championship was held in Brno ( Czech Republic ) on November 1-10 , 2007 with 16 national teams in competition . The best 8 teams qualified for the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung , Chinese Taipei . These days was also played the final match of the European Bowl with the champions of the Eastern and Western divisions , Slovakia and Wales .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Portugal national korfball team is managed by the Federaçao Portuguesa de Corfebol ( FPC ) , representing Portugal in korfball international competitions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 5th Korfball World Championship was held in New Delhi ( India ) in November 1995 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 8th Korfball World Championship was held in Brno ( Czech Republic ) on November 1-10 , 2007 with 16 national teams in competition . The best 8 teams qualified for the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung , Chinese Taipei . These days was also played the final match of the European Bowl with the champions of the Eastern and Western divisions , Slovakia and Wales .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national korfball team is managed by Korfball Australia ( KA ) , representing Australia in international korfball competitions , including the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championships , the World Korfball Championships and The World Games .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_Korfball_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 5th Korfball World Championship was held in New Delhi ( India ) in November 1995 , with the participation of 12 national teams .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catalonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catalonia_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The Catalonia national korfball team is managed by the Federació Catalana de Korfball ( FCK ) , representing Catalonia in korfball international competitions . Catalonia won the European Bowl in 2005 . Their best performance in the World Championships was in 2011 , with the 4th place .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 9th Korfball World Championship was held in Shaoxing , China , on October 27 - November 5 , 2011 with 16 national teams in competition .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China_national_korfball_team', 'summary': 'The China national korfball team is managed by the Korfball Promotion Committee of China ( KCCP ) , representing China in korfball international competitions .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship', 'summary': 'The 11th IKF World Korfball Championship was held in August 2019 in Durban , South Africa and won by the Netherlands . The International Korfball Federation awarded the hosting rights for the tournament to South Africa on 7 November 2015 , ahead of the bid by New Zealand . In October 2016 , the number of teams participating was increased from 16 to 20 . The four extra places were awarded to the Americas ( 1 ) , Africa ( 1 ) and Asia & Oceania ( 2 ) . The Americas are now allotted 2 spots , Africa 2 spots , Europe 10 spots , and Asia and Oceania 6 spots ( with a minimum of 1 for Oceania ) . Due to withdrawals , in the end there will only be 1 team participating from the Americas and Africa ( each ) , leading to 11 for Europe and 7 for Asia & Oceania . This tournament also acted as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2021 , with eight teams qualifying for the World Games . The IKF aimed to have teams from up to four continents present at the World Games , therefore the top eight finishing nations qualified , with the exception that when a team finished in the top eleven as the highest finishing team from a top four continent not already having a qualifier , then this team would have qualified instead of the last placed team from an already qualified continent . This de facto meant that the top five finishers were always certain of qualification , while the outcome for the teams in places six through eight depended on the continent of origin of teams up to place eleven . Additionally , Catalonia was ineligible for qualification as the World Games are contested by national instead of regional teams .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Teams reaching the top four', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'IKF_Korfball_World_Championship_0', 'intro': "The IKF World Korfball Championship is an international korfball competition contested by the national teams of the members of International Korfball Federation (IKF), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded roughly every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1978. The current champions are the Netherlands, who won the 2019 IKF World Korfball Championship. The current format of the tournament involves 20 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about a week. The 11 World Championships have been won by two different national teams. The Netherlands have won all but one time, losing only to Belgium in the 1991 Korfball World Championship."} | null | null | How many finishes in top four has the korfball team that won the European Bowl in 2005 ? | 1 |
0b1eff8b1d5338a1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League', 'title': 'Singapore Premier League', 'header': ['Season', 'Name', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirko Grabovac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Grabovac', 'summary': 'Mirko Grabovac ( born 19 September 1971 ) is a Croatian former professional football player and coach . He had changed his nationality to Singaporean in 2001 in order to play for the Singapore national football team before renouncing it in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Singapore Armed Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warriors_FC', 'summary': 'Warriors Football Club is a Singaporean professional football club that plays in the top-tier Singapore Premier League . Before they officially changed their name on 20 January 2013 , they were previously known as the Singapore Armed Forces Football Club ( SAFFC ) since their establishment on 16 February 1996 . Despite their name back then , membership of the Armed Forces was not a prerequisite for players representing the team , and several international players have played for them . Using a rhino as club mascot was their second suggestion after the S.League rejected their initial proposal of having a warrior as being out of line with the policy of clubs having animal mascots . Warriors F.C . is currently the most successful club in the history of the S.League , having won the title a record nine times : in 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 and finishing second in 4 seasons : 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 in the 22 years since the inception of the S.League . The Warriors was based in Jurong Stadium till 2000 before moving to their home ground Choa Chu Kang Stadium in 2001 . In light of the preparation of the 2015 SEA Games , the Warriors had to vacate Choa Chu Kang Stadium and will instead play their home matches at the Woodlands Stadium for the 2015 season instead . Warriors will move to their Jurong East Stadium in 2019 season and shared with Albirex Niigata Singapore FC . The Warriors have signed a five-year agreement with Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund ( BVB ) , as reported in a Fox Sports Asia article .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indra Sahdan Daud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indra_Sahdan_Daud', 'summary': 'Indra Sahdan bin Daud ( born 5 March 1979 ) is a former Singapore international footballer previously played as a forward .He previously played for S.League clubs Geylang United , Home United , Sengkang Punggol and Singapore Armed Forces . He is known for his knack for scoring goals in big matches as well as being a pacy player in his earlier years .'}]}, {'value': 'Home United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_United', 'summary': 'Lion City Sailors Football Club , formerly Home United Football Club , is a professional football club that plays in the Singapore Premier League .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandar Đurić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandar_Đurić', 'summary': "Aleksandar Đurić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Александар Ђурић ; born 12 August 1970 ) is a former professional footballer . He is currently a Principal for Sport Singapore and ActiveSG Football Academy and has played in the Singapore Cosmopolitan Football League , a top amateur football league in Singapore for SCC First prior to his retirement from professional football . He was noted for being a prolific striker with strong physical presence . His professional approach to his fitness and a disciplined lifestyle contributed to extending a career spanning over three decades . Đurić was junior kayaking champion of Yugoslavia when he was 15 and was ranked 8th in the world at 17 . He represented Bosnia and Herzegovina in the C-1 500m canoeing event the 1992 Summer Olympics . After the Olympics , he returned to Hungary to resume his football career . In 1999 , he signed for Tanjong Pagar United in the S.League where he was converted to a striker for the first time in his career . He won trophies with subsequent clubs Home United , Geylang United , Singapore Armed Forces and Tampines Rovers . He won eight league titles and three Singapore Cups in 16 seasons , amassing three Player of the Year and four top scorer awards on the way to becoming the league 's all-time top scorer . At international level , he debuted for Singapore at the age of 37 years in 2007 . He became the first foreign-born player to start a match as captain in May 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geylang United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geylang_United', 'summary': 'Geylang International Football Club is a professional football club based in Bedok , Singapore , which plays in the Singapore Premier League . The club was founded in 1973 with the purpose of building a successful football team that would be remembered for generations to come . They played their first season in 1974 , winning the FAS Division Three League which earns a spot in National Football League Division One the following year . They enjoyed their greatest successes in 1980s and 90s , winning six consecutive FAS Premier League titles . Geylang International has won the league championship twice , since the inception of a professional league in 1996 . They have won the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final and Singapore Cup once . Their greatest season was 1996 , when they became the first team to win the league championship and FA Cup . They also reached the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final , 2001 and 2003 Singapore Cup final , and the 2012 Singapore League Cup final as runners-up . Geylang International has a tradition rivalry with closest neighbour Tampines Rovers . Matches between these two are referred to as the Eastern derby .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egmar Goncalves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egmar_Goncalves', 'summary': 'Egmar Gonçalves ( born 15 August 1970 in Vila Velha , Brazil ) is a Singaporean former professional soccer player . He had changed his nationality to Singaporean in 2002 , under the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme , in order to play for the Singapore national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Home United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_United', 'summary': 'Lion City Sailors Football Club , formerly Home United Football Club , is a professional football club that plays in the Singapore Premier League .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noh Alam Shah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noh_Alam_Shah', 'summary': "Mohd Noh Alam Shah ( born 3 September 1980 ) is a retired professional football player from Singapore . Once regarded as one of the best forwards in South East Asia , Alam Shah was a member of the Singapore national football team when it won the AFF Championship in 2005 and 2007 . At the 2007 competition , he was the top individual scorer and was named the 'Most Valuable Player ' of the tournament . He is overall top goalscorer in AFF Championship history , with 17 goals . At club level , he was a member of the Tampines Rovers team which won Singapore 's S.League in 2004 and 2005 . Alam Shah is also well known for his volatile temper , which got him into trouble on a number of occasions . An incident of violent conduct when he knocked another player unconscious while playing for Tampines Rovers in the 2007 Singapore Cup final led to Alam Shah being given a 12-month ban from playing club-level football . The ban was later reduced to 7 months on appeal . On 11 September 2009 he scored a hat-trick against Sengkang Punggol FC in his last match for Tampines Rovers before joining Arema Malang . On 20 August 2015 , Alam Shah was spotted driving GrabCar , a private on-demand chauffeur service on the GrabTaxi app platform . He remains a local hero . Alam Shah currently works as operations executive at the car rental department of Komoco Motors ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampines Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampines_Rovers', 'summary': 'Tampines Rovers Football Club , commonly known as Tampines Rovers or simply Rovers , is a professional football club based in Tampines , Singapore , that competes in the Singapore Premier League . Nicknamed The Stags , the club was founded in 1945 and settled on its current name six years later . Their home ground is currently at Our Tampines Hub , where they had been since 2017 , after six years playing away due to the construction of their new stadium . Tampines Rovers has won major trophies in Singapore , including the Singapore Cup and the Singapore Premier League . They have won the national league championship eight times , the Singapore Cup thrice , the Singapore Premier League five times and the ASEAN Club Championship once . The Stags are known for boosting a considerably high attendance at home and away games . Tampines Rovers is one of the wealthiest football clubs in Singapore . They were previously sponsored by Hyundai and Komoco Motors until 2016 season , ending a 15-year association . It is also one of the more widely supported football clubs in Singapore , with the Stags being known for boosting a considerably high attendance at both home and away games . Its main rival is Geylang International , with whom they contest the Eastern Derby .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peres De Oliveira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peres_De_Oliveira', 'summary': 'Peres De Oliveira ( born 7 November 1974 ) , also known as Peres , is a Brazilian professional football player who last played for Home United FC in S.League . He retired at the end of the 2010 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Home United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_United', 'summary': 'Lion City Sailors Football Club , formerly Home United Football Club , is a professional football club that plays in the Singapore Premier League .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agu Casmir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agu_Casmir', 'summary': 'Agu Casmir ( born 23 March 1984 in Lagos , Nigeria ) is a retired professional football player from Singapore . Agu was offered Singapore citizenship via the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gombak United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gombak_United', 'summary': "Not to be confused with Gombe United FC . Gombak United Football Club was a professional football club which played in Singapore 's S.League ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Tae-Won', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Tae-Won', 'summary': 'Park Tae-Won ( 朴 太煥 , Park Tae-won , Hangul : 박태원 ) born April 12 , 1977 in South Korea is a South Korean professional footballer who last played for the Singaporean club Singapore Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodlands Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC', 'summary': "Woodlands Wellington Football Club is a former professional football club which last played in the S.League , the top division of football in Singapore . They are based in Woodlands at the 4,300 seater Woodlands Stadium , where they have played since their establishment . Woodlands Wellington FC are known for being the only non-Premier League team to be inducted into the S.League in its inaugural year in 1996 . Woodlands Wellington FC 's honours include winning the inaugural Singapore League Cup in 2007 , defeating Sengkang Punggol FC 4-0 in the final . They also finished runners-up in the Singapore FA Cup in 1997 , and also in the Singapore Cup in 2005 and 2008 and won the President 's Centennial Cup in 1998 , a cup competition organized by the Philippine Football Federation to celebrate the centennial of Philippine Independence by defeating Hong Kong Rangers FC 2-1 in the final in Bacolod . Their best finish in the S-League came in the 1996 Tiger Beer Series where they were runners-up . They have also achieved 3rd place in 1997 and 2005 . Woodlands Wellington FC planned to merge with Hougang United but the merge never happened . Woodlands Wellington FC plays in Island Wide League and they plan to re-join S-League in the future ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohd Noor Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Noor_Ali', 'summary': 'Mohd Noor Ali is a Singaporean former footballer and current head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodlands Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodlands_Wellington_FC', 'summary': "Woodlands Wellington Football Club is a former professional football club which last played in the S.League , the top division of football in Singapore . They are based in Woodlands at the 4,300 seater Woodlands Stadium , where they have played since their establishment . Woodlands Wellington FC are known for being the only non-Premier League team to be inducted into the S.League in its inaugural year in 1996 . Woodlands Wellington FC 's honours include winning the inaugural Singapore League Cup in 2007 , defeating Sengkang Punggol FC 4-0 in the final . They also finished runners-up in the Singapore FA Cup in 1997 , and also in the Singapore Cup in 2005 and 2008 and won the President 's Centennial Cup in 1998 , a cup competition organized by the Philippine Football Federation to celebrate the centennial of Philippine Independence by defeating Hong Kong Rangers FC 2-1 in the final in Bacolod . Their best finish in the S-League came in the 1996 Tiger Beer Series where they were runners-up . They have also achieved 3rd place in 1997 and 2005 . Woodlands Wellington FC planned to merge with Hougang United but the merge never happened . Woodlands Wellington FC plays in Island Wide League and they plan to re-join S-League in the future ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qiu Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qiu_Li', 'summary': 'Qiu Li ( Chinese : 邱礼 , born June 6 , 1981 in Shenyang , Liaoning , China ) is a naturalised Chinese-Singaporean former professional association football player .'}]}, {'value': 'Balestier Khalsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balestier_Khalsa', 'summary': "Balestier Khalsa Football Club is a professional football club which plays in Singapore Premier League . The club 's logo depicts a Tiger , the nickname of the club , on top of a pair of Kirpan . The logo is made up of key elements from the two clubs it was merged from . The Tiger is the mascot of the Balestier half of the merged entity while the kirpan is a religious dagger worn by members of the Sikh faith , who were a major backer of half of the merged entity through the Clementi club ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Special awards -- 100 S.League goals', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'S.League_2', 'intro': "The Singapore Premier League (SPL) is the Singaporean professional league for men's association football clubs. It was previously known as the S.League. At the highest level of domestic football competition in Singapore, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by nine clubs, it consists of three rounds in which each team plays every other team once. Clubs from Brunei, China, France, Japan and Korea have been invited to take part in the league to raise its level of competitiveness and profile. The Singapore Premier League is run by the Football Association of Singapore. Seasons run from late March to October, with teams playing 24 matches each, totalling 108 matches in the season. It is currently sponsored by AIA Group, and thus officially known as the AIA Singapore Premier League for sponsorship reasons. Since the inception of the league in 1996, 7 clubs have been crowned champions. Warriors FC have been the most successful club with 9 titles, followed by Tampines Rovers (5), Albirex Niigata Singapore FC (3), Geylang International (2), Home United (2), DPMM FC (2) and Étoile FC (1)."} | null | null | between Egmar Goncalves and Noh Alam Shah what is the date of the earlier birthday ? | 15 August 1970 |
0b20513258acade8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_V.League_1', 'title': '2013 V.League 1', 'header': ['Team', 'Manager', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Becamex Bình Dương', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lê Thụy Hải', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philani', 'summary': 'Philani Bhekizizwe Lancelot Kubheka or Philani is a South African football striker who plies his trade with Malaysia premier League Negeri Sembilan FA . He is renowned for his trickery and explosive pace . Philani was strongly linked with a move to A-League club Adelaide United but the deal did not go ahead because the club decided to sign Brazilian Cristiano instead .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': 'Becamex IDC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SHB Đà Nẵng', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lê Huỳnh Đức', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lê_Huỳnh_Đức', 'summary': "Lê Huỳnh Đức ( born April 20 , 1972 in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam ) is a Vietnamese football manager and former footballer currently coaching SHB Đà Nẵng of the V-League . Đức is a former member of the Vietnam national football team , with whom he earned 60 caps ( a national record ) , as well as being its top scorer . He became the first Vietnamese footballer to be signed to a club outside of Vietnam when he signed on for a year 's stint with Chongqing Lifan . In 2009 , he became both the youngest coach to win the V-League 's Best Coach of the Month award , and the first coach to win the award in three consecutive months . His coaching style is best known for its toughness and discipline , which is credited with helping SHB Đà Nẵng emerge as champions in the 2009 V-League season ."}]}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Minh Phương', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyễn_Minh_Phương', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Minh Phương ( born 5 July 1980 ) is a retired Vietnamese professional footballer who last played for SHB Đà Nẵng in the V-League . He was also the captain of the Vietnam national football team until the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup . In 2007 , he captained the Vietnamese team to the 2007 AFC Asian Cup , ending their run in the tournament in the quarter-finals . An engine in central midfield for both club and country , Minh Phuong is known for his technical passing , kick-off taking and shows versatility by playing often as a fullback , midfielder or even as a forward . In 2010 , Phuong became the most-capped Vietnamese footballer in the history of the national team with 73 caps , large beating Le Huynh Duc , who has 66 caps . After the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup , he retired from international football after spending 8 years in the national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': 'Saigon-Hanoi Commercial Joint Stock Bank ( SHB )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Đồng Nai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trần Bình Sự', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phùng Quang Trung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Đồng Tâm Long An', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ngô Quang Sang ( interim )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Việt Thắng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyễn_Việt_Thắng', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Việt Thắng ( born September 13 , 1981 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is now playing for XM The Vissai Ninh Bình as a striker . He is a member of the Vietnam national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Lotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia', 'summary': 'Lotto Sport Italia is an Italian sportswear manufacturer , which produces sporting and casual clothing and footwear , based in Trevignano , near Treviso .'}]}, {'value': 'Dongtam Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicem Hải Phòng', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoàng Anh Tuấn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoàng_Anh_Tuấn', 'summary': "Hoàng Anh Tuấn ( born 12 February 1985 in Bắc Ninh Province ) is a Vietnamese weightlifter . At the 2005 Junior World Championships , he won the silver medal in the men 's -56 kg class , with a total of 276 kg . He participated in the men 's -56 kg class at the 2005 World Weightlifting Championships and won the bronze medal , with a total of 279 kg . Tuấn participated in the mens -56 kg class at the 2006 World Weightlifting Championships and won the bronze medal , finishing behind Li Zheng and Sergio Álvarez Boulet . He snatched 124 kg and jerked an additional 152 kg for a total of 276 kg , 4 kg behind winner Li . He also won a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games , at 56 kg , lifting 128 kg in the snatch and 157 kg in the clean and jerk , for a total of 285 kg . At the 2008 Asian Weightlifting Championships , he won the gold medal in the men 's -56 kg class , with a total of 279 kg . He won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics after lifting a total of 290 kg . In some weightlifting statistics , he appears misspelled as Anh Tuan Hoang . Hoàng Anh Tuấn was named 2008 Vietnam Sportsman of the Year . From 18 September 2010 , he was handed a two year ban for testing positive with oxilofrine , a substance banned by World Anti-Doping Agency in competitive sports . After retiring from competitive weightlifting , he became a coach , training his fellow athletes to participate in international competitions such as Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Minh Châu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyễn_Minh_Châu_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Minh Châu ( born January 9 , 1985 ) is a retired Vietnamese footballer who played as a midfielder for Hải Phòng and was a member of Vietnam national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': 'Vietnam Cement Industry Corporation ( Vicem )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hà Nội T & T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phan Thanh Hùng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Hùng', 'summary': 'Phan Thanh Hùng ( born 1960 ) is a Vietnamese retired footballer who played as a striker . He is now the manager for Than Quảng Ninh . Hùng was also the head coach of Vietnam in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cristiano Roland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristiano_Roland', 'summary': 'Cristiano Rocha Canedo Roland ( born 4 October 1976 ) , known simply as Cristiano , is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a left-back . He started at Grêmio and moved to Vasco da Gama in 1996 , where he won the Brasileirão in 1997 . In 1998 , he signed with Beira-Mar winning a Portuguese Cup in 1999 and transferring to Benfica in 2002 , where he won another Portuguese Cup in 2004 . In 2007 , he moved to the V-League , playing for Hanoi T & T on two different spells , winning three major titles .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_(company)', 'summary': "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'T & T Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoàng Anh Gia Lai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Choi Yun-Kyum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choi_Yun-Kyum', 'summary': 'Choi Yun-Kyum is a South Korean football manager most recently at K League 2 side Busan IPark . He played in the K-League for Yukong Elephants from 1985 to 1992 . After he retired , he moved into coaching , firstly as an assistant coach before moving in a head coach position . His second son , Choi Min-ho , is currently a member of the boyband SHINee .'}]}, {'value': 'Phùng Văn Nhiên', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phùng_Văn_Nhiên', 'summary': 'Phùng Văn Nhiên ( born November 23 , 1982 in Vietnam ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is a defender for Hải Phòng .'}]}, {'value': 'FBT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBT_(company)', 'summary': 'Football Thai Factory Sporting Goods Co , Ltd. or also known as FBT is a Thai sports equipment company . FBT exports to over 40 countries worldwide . In 2009 it had over 2,800 employees and had an annual turnover of more than US $ 50 million .'}]}, {'value': 'HAGL Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kienlongbank Kiên Giang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lại Hồng Vân', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phạm Đặng Duy An', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrior Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrior_Sports', 'summary': "Warrior Sports is an American sports equipment manufacturer based in Warren , Michigan . The company currently focuses on ice hockey and lacrosse , producing sticks , helmets , gloves , goalie masks , and protective gear for both sports . Warrior entered the soccer market in 2012 , producing kits and training equipment for several clubs around the world , although the soccer sponsorship and products were later discontinued with its parent company New Balance 's entry into the category ."}]}, {'value': 'Kienlongbank', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vissai Ninh Bình', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Văn Sỹ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mai Tiến Thành', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mai_Tiến_Thành', 'summary': 'Mai Tiến Thành ( born 16 March 1986 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a winger for Vietnamese club FLC Thanh Hóa and the Vietnamese national team . Thanh was chosen to play for Vietnam at 2007 Asian Cup and 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Laos . In 2002 , he was chosen to train with Leeds United for 2 months .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Vissai Cement Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xuân Thành Sài Gòn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trần Tiến Đại', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trương Đình Luật', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trương_Đình_Luật', 'summary': 'Trương Đình Luật ( born 12 November 1983 ) is a Vietnamese professional footballer who plays for Tây Ninh .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_SE', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Xuan Thanh Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sông Lam Nghệ An', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Hữu Thắng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyễn_Hữu_Thắng_(footballer,_born_1972)', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Hữu Thắng ( born December 1971 in Ha Tinh , Vietnam ) is a chairman of Hồ Chí Minh City F.C . and former manager of Sông Lam Nghệ An and former manager of Vietnam . He was a member and captain of the Vietnam in his playing days . He went to Sông Lam Nghệ An as manager in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyễn_Trọng_Hoàng', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng ( born 14 April 1989 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is currently playing midfielder for Viettel of the V-League ( Vietnam ) and Vietnam national football team . He is widely considered by the Vietnamese press as one of the most promising talents of his generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'BAC A BANK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thanh Hóa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mai Đức Chung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lê Bật Hiếu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lê_Bật_Hiếu', 'summary': 'Lê Bật Hiếu ( born 22 August 1984 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a Centre-back for V-League club Thanh Hóa F.C . He was called up to Vietnam national football team in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International', 'summary': 'Mitre Sports International Ltd. , known as Mitre , is an English sportswear and equipment manufacturer , being the oldest of its kind in the world . Existing for over 200 years , the company was established in Huddersfield , England , in 1817 and is now owned by the British family owned company The Pentland Group . Mitre currently uses the Delta football in competitive professional matches . This includes the Football League Cup , The Football League , Scottish Premiership , Welsh Premier Division and the Football League Trophy . Mitre also supplies many other competitions including the Isthmian League , Evo-Stik Southern League , Spartan South Midlands League and many more . These leagues play with a variety of footballs including the Delta Hyperseam , Max Hyperseam and ProMax Hyperseam . Internationally the sports brand Mitre have their football used across a variety of competitions around including the AFF Championship and the S.League .'}]}, {'value': 'Viettel', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_V.League_1_1', 'intro': "The 2013 V.League 1 (known as the Eximbank V.League 1 for sponsorship reasons) season was the 30th season of Vietnam's professional football league and began on 3 March 2013 and finished on 31 August 2013."} | null | null | In which year was this weightlifter named Vietnam Sportsman of the Year who managed this team with the captain born on January 9 , 1985 ? | 2008 |
0b213c266b36bc9f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations', 'title': 'List of United Nations organizations', 'header': ['No', 'Acronyms', 'Agency', 'Headquarters', 'Head', 'Established'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FAO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Food and Agriculture Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization', 'summary': 'The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) [ Note 1 ] is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security . Its Latin motto , fiat panis , translates to let there be bread . Founded in October 1945 , the FAO is the oldest existing agency of the U.N . The FAO is headquartered in Rome , Italy and maintains regional and field offices around the world , operating in over 130 countries . It helps governments and development agencies coordinate their activities to improve and develop agriculture , forestry , fisheries , and land and water resources . It also conducts research , provides technical assistance to projects , operates educational and training programs , and collects data on agricultural output , production , and development . Composed of 197 member states , the FAO is governed by a biennial conference representing each member country and the European Union , which elects a 49-member executive council . The Director-General , currently Qu Dongyu of China , serves as the chief administrative officer . There are various committees governing matters such as finance , programs , agriculture , and fisheries .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Qu Dongyu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qu_Dongyu', 'summary': "Qu Dongyu ( Chinese : 屈冬玉 ; born October 1963 ) took up office as the ninth Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations on 1 August 2019 . He is the first Chinese national to head the Organization . Qu won the nomination on the first round of voting at the 41st FAO Conference on 23 June 2019 , obtaining 108 of the 191 votes cast by the 194 member countries . He is married , with one daughter . Qu was born in Yongzhou , Hunan , China in October 1963 . He trained to become a biologist , gaining a bachelor 's degree from Hunan Agricultural University , a Master 's in plant breeding and genetics from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , and a Doctorate in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences from the University of Wageningen , Netherlands . From 2001 to 2011 he was Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences . Between 2011 and 2015 he served as Vice-Chair of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China and in 2015 he became Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , where he was involved in promoting international collaboration with organizations such as FAO and Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International . Qu 's election to head the FAO was tainted by allegations of bribery to secure the votes of other FAO delegates ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IAEA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Atomic Energy Agency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency', 'summary': "The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy , and to inhibit its use for any military purpose , including nuclear weapons . The IAEA was established as an autonomous organisation on 29 July 1957 . Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty , the IAEA Statute , the IAEA reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council . The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna , Austria . The IAEA has two Regional Safeguards Offices which are located in Toronto , Canada , and in Tokyo , Japan . The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City , United States , and in Geneva , Switzerland . In addition , the IAEA has laboratories and research centers located in Seibersdorf , Austria , in Monaco and in Trieste , Italy . The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide . The programs of the IAEA encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear energy , science and technology , provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials , and promote nuclear safety ( including radiation protection ) and nuclear security standards and their implementation . The IAEA and its former Director General , Mohamed ElBaradei , were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 . The Director General is Rafael Grossi , an Argentinian diplomat previously served as an IAEA 's chief of cabinet , whose appointment was approved at the special session of the IAEAs General Conference on 2 December 2019 , as the successor of Yukiya Amano , who died in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': 'Yukiya Amano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukiya_Amano', 'summary': 'Yukiya Amano ( Japanese : 天野 之弥 , Hepburn : Amano Yukiya , 9 May 1947 - 18 July 2019 ) was a Japanese diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) ( July 2009 - 2019 ) . Amano previously served as an international civil servant for the United Nations and its subdivisions . On 22 July 2019 , IAEA announced that Amano had died .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICAO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Civil Aviation Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization', 'summary': "The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ; French : Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale ; Chinese : 国际民航组织 ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations . It changes the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth . Its headquarters is located in the Quartier International of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation , its infrastructure , flight inspection , prevention of unlawful interference , and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation . ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation that are followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation . The Air Navigation Commission ( ANC ) is the technical body within ICAO . The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners , nominated by the ICAO 's contracting states and appointed by the ICAO Council . Commissioners serve as independent experts , who although nominated by their states , do not serve as state or political representatives . International Standards And Recommended Practices are developed under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels . Once approved by the Commission , standards are sent to the Council , the political body of ICAO , for consultation and coordination with the Member States before final adoption . ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations , particularly because it alone is vested with international authority ( among signatory states ) : other organizations include the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) , a trade association representing airlines ; the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization ( CANSO ) , an organization for Air navigation service providers ( ANSPs ) ; and the Airports Council International , a trade association of airport authorities ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal , Quebec , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Fang Liu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fang_Liu', 'summary': "Fang Liu ( born 1962 ) ( Chinese : 柳芳 , Hanyu pinyin : Liǔ Fāng ) is a Chinese attorney who is the twelfth and current Secretary General of the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . She is the first woman to hold this position . Prior to joining ICAO , Liu served the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China ( CAAC ) , where over the course of twenty years she eventually became responsible for China 's international air transport policy and regulations , bilateral and multilateral relations with international and regional organizations including ICAO , the World Trade Organization , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the European Union , and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . During her career with the CAAC , Liu was elected chair of the Aviation Group of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) and was nominated by China to sit on the Air Transport Regulation Panel in ICAO . She also served as an expert on mediation and dispute resolution . She was chief negotiator for the Chinese government for bilateral and multilateral air transport agreements with foreign countries ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Fund for Agricultural Development', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development', 'summary': 'The International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ; French : Fonds international de développement agricole ( FIDA ) ) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations that works to address poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert F. Houngbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Houngbo', 'summary': 'Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo ( born 4 February 1961 ) is a Togolese politician who was Prime Minister of Togo from September 2008 to July 2012 . Previously he worked at the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . After leaving office as Prime Minister , Houngbo became Deputy Director-General for Field Operations and Partnership at the International Labour Office in 2013 . He has been President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development since 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ILO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Labour Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Labour_Organization', 'summary': "The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social justice and promote decent work by setting international labour standards . It was the first specialised agency of the UN . The ILO has 187 member states : 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook Islands are members of the ILO . The tripartite structure is unique to the ILO where representatives from the government , employers and employees openly debate and create labour standards . The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization . It is the focal point for International Labour Organization 's overall activities , which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General . The ILO employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in Geneva , and in around 40 field offices around the world . Among these officials , 900 work in technical cooperation programmes and projects . In 1969 , the ILO received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving fraternity and peace among nations , pursuing decent work and justice for workers , and providing technical assistance to other developing nations . Fifty years later to mark the organisation 's centenary , it convened a Global Commission on the Future of Work , whose report , published in January 2019 , made ten recommendations for governments to meet the unprecedented challenges of a changing world of work . Those included a universal labour guarantee , social protection from birth to old age and an entitlement to lifelong learning . The International Labour Organization has developed a system of international labour standards aimed at promoting opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work , in conditions of freedom , equity , security and dignity ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Ryder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Ryder', 'summary': 'Guy Ryder CBE ( born 3 January 1956 ) is a British political scientist and union organiser who is the tenth and current Director-General of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . He was previously General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) ( 2006-2010 ) and previous to that position , Ryder was General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ( ICFTU ) ( 2002-2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Maritime Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization', 'summary': "The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) ( French : Organisation Maritime Internationale ( OMI ) ) , known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ( IMCO ) until 1982 , is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping . The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference held in Geneva in 1948 and the IMO came into existence ten years later , meeting for the first time in 1959 . Headquartered in London , United Kingdom , the IMO currently has 174 member states and three associate members . The IMO 's primary purpose is to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes safety , environmental concerns , legal matters , technical co-operation , maritime security and the efficiency of shipping . IMO is governed by an assembly of members and is financially administered by a council of members elected from the assembly . The work of IMO is conducted through five committees and these are supported by technical subcommittees . Other UN organisations may observe the proceedings of the IMO . Observer status is granted to qualified non-governmental organisations . IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of the organisation 's members . The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by the assembly , and various divisions such as those for marine safety , environmental protection and a conference section ."}]}, {'value': 'London , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Kitack Lim', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IMF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Monetary Fund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund', 'summary': "The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international organization headquartered in Washington , D.C. , consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on the World Bank for its resources . Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money . As of 2016 [ update ] , the fund had XDR 477 billion ( about US $ 667 billion ) . Through the fund and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis , surveillance of its members ' economies , and the demand for particular policies , the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries . The organization 's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are : to promote international monetary co-operation , international trade , high employment , exchange-rate stability , sustainable economic growth , and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty . IMF funds come from two major sources : quotas and loans . Quotas , which are pooled funds of member nations , generate most IMF funds . The size of a member 's quota depends on its economic and financial importance in the world . Nations with larger economic importance have larger quotas . The quotas are increased periodically as a means of boosting the IMF 's resources in the form of special drawing rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C. , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristalina Georgieva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva', 'summary': 'Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( Bulgarian : Кристалина Иванова Георгиева-Кинова ; born 13 August 1953 ) is an Bulgarian economist , who is the current Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund . She worked as the Chief Executive of the World Bank from January 2017 to 1 October 2019 . She served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its Vice President and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to hold this office .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Telecommunication Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union', 'summary': 'The International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ; French : Union Internationale des Télécommunications or UIT ) , originally the International Telegraph Union ( French : Union Télégraphique Internationale ) , is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies . It is the oldest global international organization . The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum , promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits , works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world , and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards . The ITU is also active in the areas of broadband Internet , latest-generation wireless technologies , aeronautical and maritime navigation , radio astronomy , satellite-based meteorology , convergence in fixed-mobile phone , Internet access , data , voice , TV broadcasting , and next-generation networks .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Houlin Zhao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houlin_Zhao', 'summary': 'Houlin Zhao ( Chinese : 赵厚麟 ) is the Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . He was elected at the 2014 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference . ITU is the specialized United Nations Agency for ICT services and technologies promotion , collaboration , and standardization .'}]}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNESCO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization', 'summary': "The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; French : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) based in Paris , France . Its declared purpose is to contribute to promoting international collaboration in education , sciences , and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice , the rule of law , and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter . It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members . Most of its field offices are cluster offices that cover three or more countries ; national and regional offices also exist . UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs : education , natural sciences , social/human sciences , culture and communication/information . Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy , technical , and teacher-training programs , international science programs , the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press , regional and cultural history projects , the promotion of cultural diversity , translations of world literature , international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage ( World Heritage Sites ) and to preserve human rights , and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . UNESCO 's aim is to contribute to the building of peace , the eradication of poverty , sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education , the sciences , culture , communication and information . Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning , addressing emerging social and ethical challenges , fostering cultural diversity , a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication . The broad goals and objectives of the international community - as set out in the internationally agreed development goals , including the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) - underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'Audrey Azoulay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audrey_Azoulay', 'summary': "Audrey Azoulay ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ o.dʁɛ a.zu.lɛ ] ; born 4 August 1972 ) is a French civil servant and politician who served as France 's Minister of Culture from 2016 to 2017 . She was nominated on 13 October 2017 and , on 10 November 2017 , appointed as the Director-General of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) , becoming the second female leader of the organization ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UPU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal Postal Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union', 'summary': "The Universal Postal Union ( UPU , French : Union postale universelle ) , established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874 , is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) that coordinates postal policies among member nations , in addition to the worldwide postal system . The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress , the Council of Administration ( CA ) , the Postal Operations Council ( POC ) and the International Bureau ( IB ) . It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service ( EMS ) cooperatives . Each member agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties . The UPU 's headquarters are located in Bern , Switzerland ."}]}, {'value': 'Bern , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bern', 'summary': "Bern or Berne ( German : Bern [ bɛrn ] ( listen ) ; Alemannic German : Bärn [ b̥æːrn ] ; French : Berne [ bɛʁn ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Berna [ ˈbɛrna ] ; Romansh : Berna [ ˈbɛrnɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their federal city , in German Bundesstadt , French ville fédérale , and Italian città federale . [ note 1 ] With a population of about 140,000 ( as of 2019 ) , Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland . The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406,900 in 2014 . The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000 . Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern , the second-most populous of Switzerland 's cantons . The official language in Bern is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the most-spoken language is an Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Bernese German . In 1983 , the historic old town ( in German : Altstadt ) in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishar Abdirahman Hussein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WBG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Bank Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Bank_Group', 'summary': "The World Bank Group ( WBG ) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries . It is the largest and most well-known development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development Group . The bank is headquartered in Washington , D.C. in the United States . It provided around $ 61 billion in loans and assistance to developing and transition countries in the 2014 fiscal year . The bank 's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity . Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $ 117 billion . Its five organizations are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , the International Development Association ( IDA ) , the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) , the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) . The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as the World Bank . The World Bank 's ( the IBRD and IDA 's ) activities are focused on developing countries , in fields such as human development ( e.g . education , health ) , agriculture and rural development ( e.g . irrigation and rural services ) , environmental protection ( e.g . pollution reduction , establishing and enforcing regulations ) , infrastructure ( e.g ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C. , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'David Malpass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Malpass', 'summary': 'David Robert Malpass ( born March 8 , 1956 ) is an American economic analyst and former government official serving as President of the World Bank Group since 2019 . Malpass previously served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs under Donald Trump , Deputy Assistant Treasury Secretary under Ronald Reagan , Deputy Assistant Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush . He served as Chief Economist at Bear Stearns for the six years preceding its collapse . During the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Malpass served as an economic advisor to Donald Trump , and in 2017 , he was nominated and confirmed as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs at the Treasury Department . Malpass was elected President of the World Bank on April 4 , 2019 , having been nominated to the position in February 2019 by the Trump Administration . He formally took office on April 9 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WIPO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Intellectual Property Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization', 'summary': 'The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ; French : Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle ( OMPI ) ) is one of the 15 specialized agencies [ notes 1 ] of the United Nations ( UN ) . WIPO was created in 1967 to encourage creative activity , to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world . WIPO currently has 192 member states , administers 26 international treaties , and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The current Director-General of WIPO is Francis Gurry , who took office on 1 October 2008 . 188 of the UN member states as well as the Cook Islands , Holy See and Niue are members of WIPO . Non-members are the states of Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Palau and South Sudan . Palestine has permanent observer status .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Gurry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Gurry', 'summary': 'Francis Gurry ( born 17 May 1951 ) is an Australian national and the fourth and current Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) . He is also Secretary-General of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants ( UPOV ) . Gurry previously served as a Deputy Director General of WIPO from 2003 to 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WMO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Meteorological Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization', 'summary': 'The World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories . The President of the World Meteorological Congress , its supreme body , is Gerhard Adrian as a successor of David Grimes . The Organization is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . It followed on from the International Meteorological Organization , founded in 1873 , a non-governmental organization . Reforms of status and structure were proposed from the 1930s , culminating in the World Meteorological Convention signed on 11 October 1947 which came into force on 23 March 1950 . It formally became the World Meteorological Organization on 17 March 1951 , and was designated as a specialized agency of the United Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'David Grimes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNWTO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations World Tourism Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_World_Tourism_Organization', 'summary': "The World Tourism Organization ( 'UNWTO ) is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the promotion of responsible , sustainable and universally accessible tourism . It is the leading international organization in the field of tourism , which promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth , inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide . It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism knowledge . It encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to maximize the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development , while minimizing its possible negative impacts , and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , geared towards eliminating poverty and fostering sustainable development and peace worldwide . UNWTO generates market knowledge , promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and instruments , fosters tourism education and training , and works to make tourism an effective tool for development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world . UNWTOs membership includes 158 countries , 6 territories and over 500 affiliate members representing the private sector , educational institutions , tourism associations and local tourism authorities . Its headquarters are in Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Madrid , Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Zurab Pololikashvili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zurab_Pololikashvili', 'summary': 'Zurab Pololikashvili ( born in Tbilisi on 12 January 1977 ) is a Georgian politician and diplomat , currently he serving the post of Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization . From 2005 to 2009 he was Georgian deputy Foreign Minister , and he served as ambassador to the Spain , Morocco , Algeria and Andorra .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNODC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime', 'summary': 'The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ; French : Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime ) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program ( UNDCP ) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and was renamed the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002 . In 2016-2017 it has an estimated biannual budget of US $ 700 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuri Fedotov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Fedotov', 'summary': "Yury Viktorovich Fedotov ( Russian : Ю́рий Ви́кторович Федо́тов , born 1947 ) is a high-level diplomat of the Russian Federation . From 2010 to 2019 he served as Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna ( UNOV ) with the rank of Under-Secretary-General , after having previously served as the Ambassador of Russia to the United Kingdom . Fedotov graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1971 . He has held many foreign service positions to the UN and worked at Soviet embassies in Algeria and India . In 2002 he became the Russian Federation 's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and held this post until 2005 . From 2005 until 2010 he was Ambassador of Russia to the Court of St. James 's ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WHO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Health Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Health_Organization', 'summary': "The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with world public health . It was established on 7 April 1948 , and is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland . The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group . Its predecessor , the Health Organisation , was an agency of the League of Nations . The WHO constitution was signed by 61 countries ( all 51 member countries and 10 others ) on 22 July 1946 , with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly concluding on 24 July 1948 . It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organisation . Since its establishment , it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV/AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health , development , and aging ; nutrition , food security and healthy eating ; occupational health ; substance abuse ; and driving the development of reporting , publications , and networking . The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey , and World Health Day . The current Director-General of the WHO , Tedros Adhanom , served as Ethiopian Health Minister from 2005 to 2012 and as Ethiopian Foreign Minister from 2012 to 2016 . Adhanom started his five-year term on 1 July 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Tedros Adhanom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom', 'summary': "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ( Ge'ez : ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ ; born March 3 , 1965 ) is an Ethiopian politician , academic , who has been Director-General of the World Health Organization since 2017 . He served in the Government of Ethiopia as Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016 . Tedros joined the Ministry of Health in 1986 , after graduating from the University of Asmara . An internationally recognized malaria researcher , as Minister of Health , Tedros received praise for a number of innovative and system-wide health reforms that substantially improved access to health services and key outcomes . Amongst them were hiring and training roughly 40,000 female health extension workers , cutting infant mortality from 123 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2006 to 88 in 2011 , and increasing the hiring of health cadres including medical doctors and midwives . In July 2009 , he was elected Board Chair of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria for a two-year term . Tedros was elected as Director-General of the World Health Organization by the World Health Assembly on 23 May 2017 . He took office for a five-year term on 1 July 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNHCR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees', 'summary': 'The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) is a United Nations agency with the mandate to protect refugees , forcibly displaced communities and stateless people , and assist in their voluntary repatriation , local integration or resettlement to a third country . UNHCRs mandate does not apply to Palestinian refugees , who are assisted by UNRWA . UNHCR was created in 1950 , during the aftermaths of World War II . Its headquarters are in Geneva , Switzerland and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group . The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes , once in 1954 and again in 1981 and a Prince of Asturias Awards for International Cooperation in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Filippo Grandi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filippo_Grandi', 'summary': 'Filippo Grandi ( born 1957 in Milan ) is a diplomat and United Nations official of Italy , current United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . He previously served as Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) and United Nations Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WFP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office of United Nations World Food Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_World_Food_Program', 'summary': "The World Food Programme [ a ] ( WFP ) is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world 's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security . According to the WFP , it provides food assistance to an average of 91.4 million people in 83 countries each year . From its headquarters in Rome and from more than 80 country offices around the world , the WFP works to help people who can not produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'David Beasley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Beasley', 'summary': 'David Muldrow Beasley ( born February 26 , 1957 ) is an American politician who is the Executive Director of the United Nations World Food Programme . Beasley , a member of the Republican Party , served one term as the 113th Governor of South Carolina from 1995 until 1999 ; he was defeated by Democrat Jim Hodges in the 1998 election . Beasley , a native of Lamar , South Carolina , began his political career as a member of the Democratic Party , but switched to the Republican Party in September 1991 , three years before his election as governor . His first run for public office came in 1978 , when , as a 21-year-old junior attending Clemson University , he unexpectedly won a seat in the South Carolina House of Representatives . He later graduated from the University of South Carolina and the University of South Carolina School of Law .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNIDO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations Industrial Development Organization', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization', 'summary': 'The United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI , is a specialized agency in the United Nations system , headquartered in Vienna , Austria . The mission of UNIDO , as described in the Lima Declaration adopted at the fifteenth session of the UNIDO General Conference in 2013 , is to promote and accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial development ( ISID ) in Member States . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna , Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': 'Li Yong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Yong_(politician,_born_1951)', 'summary': 'Li Yong ( Chinese : 李勇 ; born October 1951 ) is the former Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Finance of China and current Director General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Specialised organisations and agencies', 'section_text': 'The United Nations maintains and supports a number of specialized organizations and agencies . These differ from the programmes and funds in that they are headed by an executive board of member states , separate from the General Assembly . Sometimes they do not report to the General Assembly or Security Council but only to their own member states . Some of these bodies also predate the United Nations as is the case for the ITU formed in 1865 to administer an international treaty and the ILO created as part of the League of Nations .', 'uid': 'List_of_United_Nations_Organizations_0', 'intro': 'The United Nations established six principal organs of the Organization: the General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Trusteeship Council (this Council suspended operations in 1994), the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The Charter allowed for the creation of any other entities that were seen as required. Since its creation, the United Nations is now considerably larger, encompassing numerous specialised organisations and agencies, programmes and funds, training and research bodies as well as other service providers. There are also numerous subsidiary bodies, including committees, commissions, boards, councils, panels, and working groups some of which this list includes. This list is a work in progress and should be cross checked with other sources. (A more comprehensive list is available at the United Nations System article. )It has many organisations'} | null | null | What is the nationality of the person who heads the International Atomic Energy Agency ? | Japanese |
0b216c04331fb452 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_(disambiguation)', 'title': 'Wesleyan University (disambiguation)', 'header': ['Institution', 'Founded', 'Location', 'Affiliation & notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Allegheny Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Allegheny Wesleyan College ( AWC ) is a private four-year liberal arts college in Salem , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salem , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem,_Ohio', 'summary': "Salem is a city almost entirely in northern Columbiana County , Ohio , United States , with a small district in southern Mahoning County . At the 2010 census , the city 's population was 12,303 . Salem is the principal city of the Salem , OH Micropolitan Statistical Area , although the small portion of the city that extends into Mahoning County is considered part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman , OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Salem is 25 miles ( 40 km ) southwest of Youngstown and 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Canton . Founded by the Quaker society in 1806 , Salem was notably active in the abolitionist movement of the early- to mid-19th century as a hub for the American Underground Railroad . Through the 20th century , Salem served as one of many industrial towns in the Mahoning Valley . Today , the city enjoys being an exurb of Youngstown and is the commercial hub of northwestern Columbiana County , home to Allegheny Wesleyan College and Kent State University at Salem ."}]}, {'value': 'Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Central Wesleyan College was a private college sponsored by the Methodist Church in Warrenton , Missouri from 1864 to 1941 .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrenton , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrenton,_Missouri', 'summary': "Warrenton is a city in Warren County , Missouri , United States . The population was 7,880 according to the 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Warren County . Warrenton is located in the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area . Warrenton 's slogan is A City for All Seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Church . Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dakota Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakota_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Dakota Wesleyan University ( DWU ) is a four-year university in Mitchell , South Dakota . It was founded in 1885 and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . The student body averages slightly fewer than 800 students . The campus of the university is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitchell , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 15,254 at the 2010 census . Mitchell is the principal city of the Mitchell Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Davison and Hanson counties .'}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Bible Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Bible_Institute', 'summary': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Bible Institute ( EWBI ) , also informally known as the Evangelical Wesleyan Bible College , is a private four-year Methodist Bible college in Cooperstown , Pennsylvania . It is affiliated with the Evangelical Wesleyan Church ( EWC ) and was founded to preserve and propagate that revival of New Testament Christianity - historic Methodism .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cooperstown , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooperstown,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Cooperstown is a borough in Venango County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 460 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genesee Wesleyan Seminary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genesee_Wesleyan_Seminary', 'summary': 'The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was the name of two institutions located on the same site in Lima , New York . The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary ( I ) was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church . The plan for its establishment dates to 1829 when the Conference appointed a committee for this purpose . In 1849 , there was a substantive attempt to upgrade the institution to a truly college-level entity , and Genesee College was created to replace the seminary . By the end of the Civil War , the location at Lima was seen as too limiting , and plans by civic leaders in Syracuse for a new university in that city led to the removal of Genesee College to Syracuse in 1870 , where it became the basis of Syracuse University . The facilities at Lima remained open as the second Genesee Wesleyan Seminary ( II ) from 1870 through to 1941 . Although vacant through the war years , in 1947 , Genessee Junior College opened in the grounds in 1947 , again under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church , ( The Methodist Church ? ) . The junior college closed in 1951 . The Elim Bible Institute has operated on the grounds since that time . Two seminary / college buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1831-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Lima is a village in Livingston County , New York , United States . The population was 2,139 at the 2010 census . The Village of Lima is in the Town of Lima and is nineteen miles south of the city of Rochester , NY .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Not strictly college level', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent , exclusively undergraduate liberal arts college in Bloomington , Illinois . Founded in 1850 , the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomington , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of McLean County , Illinois , United States . It is adjacent to Normal , and is the more populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area . The 2010 Census showed the city had a population of 76,610 , making it the 12th most populated city in Illinois , and the fifth-most populous city in the state outside the Chicago Metropolitan Area . Combined with Normal , the twin cities have a population of roughly 130,000 . Bloomington is home to the corporate headquarters of State Farm Insurance and Country Financial .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent . Liberal arts college', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Indiana Wesleyan University ( IWU ) is a private Christian university headquartered in Marion , Indiana . It is the largest private university in Indiana . The university system includes IWU - Marion , where nearly 3,000 students are enrolled in traditional programs on the main campus in Marion , Ind . ; IWU-National & Global , which includes more than 8,000 adult learners throughout the world who study online or onsite at 15 education centers in Indiana , Kentucky and Ohio ; and Wesley Seminary . IWU offers more than 80 undergraduate degrees , 57 graduate degrees and 9 doctorate degrees and students represent more than 80 Christian denominations and 10 foreign countries .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Indiana', 'summary': "Marion is a city in Grant County , Indiana , United States . The population was 29,948 as of the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Grant County . It is named for Francis Marion , a Brigadier General from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War . The city is the home of Indiana Wesleyan University , the largest evangelical Christian university in the Midwest and largest private university in Indiana - if including online and regional campuses in Indiana , Kentucky , Ohio , and Illinois . The traditional campus enrolls approximately 2800 students . Since 2016 , Jess Alumbaugh has been Marion 's mayor . Marion is the birthplace of actor James Dean , and cartoonist Jim Davis . It was the location of the wedding of actress Julia Roberts and singer Lyle Lovett in 1993 . In August 1930 , the spectacle lynching of two African-American men , Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith , was committed by a mob of 5,000 whites at the courthouse square . These were the last two lynchings in Indiana . James Cameron was threatened with hanging , but spared ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': "Iowa Wesleyan University is a private four-year liberal arts college in Mount Pleasant , Iowa . Founded in 1842 , it ranks as Iowa 's first co-educational institution of higher learning and the oldest of its type west of the Mississippi River . The university is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . Two campus buildings , Old Main and the Harlan-Lincoln House , are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The latter , the former summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln , is now a museum featuring various artifacts from the Harlan and Lincoln families ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Pleasant , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Pleasant,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County , Iowa , in the United States . The population was 8,668 in the 2010 census , a decline from 8,751 in the 2000 census . It was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Kansas Wesleyan University is a private Christian college in Salina , Kansas . Founded in 1886 , it is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . About 800 students attend KWU , with approximately 700 of them studying on the 28-acre campus . The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salina , Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salina,_Kansas', 'summary': "Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census [ update ] , the city population was 47,707 . Located in one of the world 's largest wheat-producing areas , Salina is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas . It is home to multiple colleges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Kentucky Wesleyan College ( KWC ) is a private Methodist college in Owensboro , Kentucky . The college is known for its liberal arts programs . Fall 2016 enrollment was 785 students .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owensboro , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Owensboro is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Daviess County , Kentucky , United States . It is the fourth-largest city in the state by population . Owensboro is located on U.S. Route 60 and Interstate 165 about 107 miles ( 172 km ) southwest of Louisville , and is the principal city of the Owensboro metropolitan area . The 2015 population was 59,042 . [ failed verification ] The metropolitan population was estimated at 116,506 . The metropolitan area is the sixth largest in the state as of 2018 , and the seventh largest population center in the state when including micropolitan areas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagasaki Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Nagasaki Wesleyan University ( 長崎ウエスレヤン大学 , Nagasaki uesureyan daigaku ) is a private university in Isahaya , Nagasaki , Japan . The predecessor of the school was the Cobleigh Seminary School founded in 1881 at Higashi-yamate in Nagasaki , which was founded as a missionary project of the Methodist Church . In 1906 the institution was renamed Chinzei Gakuin , and the institution was chartered as a junior college in 1966 . In 2002 it became a four-year college . The vision that Methodist minister Dr. C.S . Long had when he began the Chinzei Academy in Nagasaki and how Methodist clergyman Dr. Chiba endeavored to rebuild the academy in Isahaya city after the academy , only 500 meters from the hypocenter , was destroyed in the bombing of Nagasaki speaks to the rich heritage of the university . The history of Nagasaki Wesleyan University and the Chinzei Academy embodies the human spirit and motivation needed for rebuilding the institute after World War II . The funding of the academy is celebrated each year in November in a festival known as the Two-Dollar Festival . This annual event commemorates the $ 2 pledge by Mollie V. Cobleigh , the widowed wife of Dr. Nelson E. Cobleigh who initiated funding for the institute . This donation of two dollars has been a commemoration honored by celebration as Nagasaki Wesleyan University calls its school festival the Two-Dollar Festival . In response to the spirit of Ms. Mollie V. Cobleighs two-dollar donation , Nagasaki Wesleyan University is active in promoting volunteer activities for young people to serve others in the community and around the world .'}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isahaya , Nagasaki , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isahaya,_Nagasaki', 'summary': 'Isahaya ( 諫早市 , Isahaya-shi ) is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . The city was founded on September 1 , 1940 . As of July 1 , 2018 , the city has an estimated population of 135,546 and a population density of 397 persons per km² . The total area is 341.79 km2 ( 131.97 sq mi ) . On March 1 , 2005 , the towns of Tarami , Moriyama , Iimori , Takaki and Konagai ( all from Kitatakaki District ) were merged to create the new and expanded city of Isahaya . The city was once part of Kitatakaki District , but due to this merger , the district has no more municipalities left and the district was officially dissolved as a result of this merger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Nebraska Wesleyan University ( NWU ) is a private Methodist university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It was founded in 1887 by Nebraska Methodists . As of 2017 , it has approximately 2,100 students including 1,500 full-time students and 300 faculty and staff . The school teaches in the tradition of a liberal arts college education . The university has 119 undergraduate majors , minors , and pre-professional programs in addition to three graduate programs .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska', 'summary': "Lincoln is the capital of the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County . The city covers 96.194 square miles ( 249.141 km2 ) with a population of 287,401 in 2018 . It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 70th-largest in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state called the Lincoln Metropolitan and Lincoln-Beatrice Combined Statistical Areas . The statistical area is home to 356,083 people , making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States . The city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County . In 1869 , the village of Lancaster became Nebraska 's state capital and was renamed Lincoln . The Bertram G. Goodhue-designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States . As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska , the state and the United States government are major employers . The University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1869 . The university is the largest in Nebraska with 26,079 students enrolled and is the city 's third-largest employer . Other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries , including a growing high-tech sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'North Carolina Wesleyan College ( NCWC ) is a private Methodist liberal arts college in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . Founded in 1956 , the school offers a number of degree programs in the arts and sciences and selected professional disciplines . North Carolina Wesleyan also offers evening courses at its main Rocky Mount campus , as well as satellite locations in Morrisville , Goldsboro , Greenville , North Carolina , Whiteville , North Carolina , Washington , North Carolina , and Wilmington , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Mount , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Rocky Mount is a city in Edgecombe and Nash counties in the Atlantic coastal plain region of the U.S. state of North Carolina . Incorporated on February 19 , 1867 , the community at the falls of the Tar River that became the city of Rocky Mount dates from the middle of the 18th century . The city 's population is estimated to be 54,242 as of 2018 , making it the 17th-most populous city in North Carolina . Rocky Mount is the principal city of the Rocky Mount metropolitan area , which includes Edgecombe and Nash counties , often called the Twin Counties , and had an estimated population of 146,021 in 2018 . Rocky Mount is also an anchor city of the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids Combined Statistical Area in northeast North Carolina with a total population of 297,726 as of 2018 . While historically strong in rail transportation , textiles and agriculture , the economy of Rocky Mount has diversified into biomedical pharmaceuticals and manufacturing in recent decades . Being at the juncture of a number of important highways and railway , distribution and logistics also play a key role in local business . The city also has a strong service sector as the home to a number of financial and customer support centers . Rocky Mount 's location less than an hour away from Raleigh and the Research Triangle has attracted new companies looking to balance a skilled labor force with significantly lower costs of living and doing business . Forbes ranked the city as number six for cost of doing business on its list of Best Small Places For Business And Careers in 2018 . Rocky Mount has also twice received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League in 1969 and 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Delaware is a city in and the county seat of Delaware County , Ohio , United States . Delaware was founded in 1808 and was incorporated in 1816 . It is located near the center of Ohio , is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Columbus , and is part of the Columbus , Ohio Metropolitan Area . The population was 34,753 at the 2010 census , while the Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe , OH Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University ( OKWU ) is a private Wesleyan university in Bartlesville , Oklahoma . In 2018 , the school had 1006 undergraduate students , with approximately 600 of those on its main campus in Bartlesville .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartlesville , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Bartlesville is a city mostly in Washington County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The population was 35,750 at the 2010 census , with a 2018 estimate of 36,423 according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Bartlesville is 47 miles ( 76 km ) north of Tulsa and 18 miles ( 29 km ) south of the Kansas border . It is the county seat of Washington County . The Caney River runs through Bartlesville . Bartlesville is the primary city of the Bartlesville Micropolitan area , which consists of Washington County and had a population of 51,843 in 2018 . A small portion of the city is in Osage County . The city is also part of the Tulsa Combined Statistical Area , with a population of 1,151,172 in 2015 . Bartlesville is notable as the longtime home of Phillips Petroleum Company . Frank Phillips founded Phillips Petroleum in Bartlesville in 1905 when the area was still an Indian Territory . The company merged with Conoco as ConocoPhillips and later split into the two independent companies , Phillips 66 and ConocoPhillips . Both companies have retained some operations in Bartlesville , but they have moved their corporate headquarters to Houston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberts Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberts_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Roberts Wesleyan College is a private Christian liberal arts college in Rochester , New York . It was the first educational institution established for Free Methodists in North America . Roberts is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , is a member of the Association of Colleges and Universities of the State of New York , the Rochester Area Colleges , the Association of Free Methodist Educational Institutions , the Council of Independent Colleges ( CIC ) , and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities ( CCCU ) . Northeastern Seminary ( NES ) is a graduate school of theology located on the campus of Roberts Wesleyan College . Northeastern has been fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada since 2003 . It is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the New York State Board of Regents University of the State of New York .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Chili , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Chili,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Chili is a hamlet in Monroe County , New York , United States . The community is located at the intersection of New York State Route 33 and New York State Route 259 10.3 miles ( 16.6 km ) west-southwest of downtown Rochester . North Chili has a post office with ZIP code 14514 , which opened on July 10 , 1829 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Methodists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': "Southern Wesleyan University is a private Christian university in Central , South Carolina . It was founded in 1906 by what is now the Wesleyan Church . The institution is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees . The university offers approximately 35 major areas of study for undergraduates and also offers graduate and doctoral degrees in the areas of business and education . The university serves approximately 1,600 students . There are more than 800 undergraduates enrolled at the main campus in Central , South Carolina . In addition , undergraduate , graduate , and doctoral programs are offered in a fully online format . The school has 18 intercollegiate athletic teams that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II as well as the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) . Since 2007 , the university 's athletic teams have won 17 National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) national championship titles including titles in men 's baseball , women 's basketball , men 's soccer , individual men 's golf , women 's indoor track and field events , women 's outdoor track and field events , and men 's outdoor track and field events ."}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Central is a town in Pickens County , South Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,159 , roughly 3,000 of which were considered permanent residents . Contrary to its name , it is not near the center of South Carolina . It received its name from its geographic location , being the halfway or central point between Atlanta and Charlotte along the former Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway line . The primary campus of Southern Wesleyan University is located east of the downtown area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Tennessee Wesleyan University ( TWU ) is a private Methodist university in Athens , Tennessee . It was founded in 1857 and is affiliated with the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church . It maintains a branch campus in Knoxville , where it offers evening programs in business administration . It also conducts its nursing classes in Knoxville . Tennessee Wesleyan offers ten varsity sports . The Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs compete in the Appalachian Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Athens is a city in McMinn County , Tennessee , United States . It is the county seat of McMinn County and the principal city of the Athens Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Chattanooga-Cleveland-Athens Combined Statistical Area . The city is located almost equidistantly between the major cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga . The population was 13,220 at the 2000 census and 13,458 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Texas Wesleyan University is a private Methodist university in Fort Worth , Texas . It was founded 1890 and its mascot is the ram .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Worth , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Virginia Wesleyan University ( VWU ) is a private university in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The university is nonsectarian but historically affiliated with The United Methodist Church . It enrolls approximately 1,600 students annually in undergraduate , graduate , and online programs . Virginia Wesleyan transitioned from a college to a university in 2017 . The Virginia Wesleyan University campus is also home to the Chesapeake Bay Academy , an educational institution founded in 1989 that educates and guides students with learning disabilities , including attention disorders ( ADHD ) , dyslexia , and dysgraphia , and the Tidewater Collegiate Academy , an innovative laboratory for teaching and learning that extends from the primary grades through high school . Through academic collaboration with local arts and sciences partners , on-site learning experiences are also provided at the Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center in Virginia Beach ( the university and aquarium jointly own and operate The Ocean Explorer , a marine science research vessel ) ; The Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk ; Busch Gardens Williamsburg ; and the Norfolk Botanical Garden .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437,994 ; in 2018 , it was estimated to be 450,138 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 44th most populous city in the nation . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as America 's First Region , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long-protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 . The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel , the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan . Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include : Colleges and universities with Wesleyan in their name include :', 'uid': 'Wesleyan_University_(disambiguation)_0', 'intro': 'Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan. Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include:'} | null | null | Who holds the mayorship of the city which contains Indiana Wesleyan University ? | Jess Alumbaugh |
0b25129af7728ab2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_basketball_team', 'title': 'Italy national basketball team', 'header': ['Rank', 'Player', 'Points scored'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonello Riva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonello_Riva', 'summary': "Antonello Riva ( born 28 February 1962 in Rovagnate ) is an Italian retired professional basketball player . At 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) , he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions . He was nicknamed Nembo Kid . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2004 , he was given a trophy to mark his being the top scorer of all-time in the Italian League , with 14,397 points scored . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': '3,785', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dino Meneghin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dino_Meneghin', 'summary': "Dino Meneghin ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdiːno meneˈɡin ] , Venetian : [ meneˈɡiŋ ] ; born January 18 , 1950 ) is an Italian former professional basketball player . He is widely considered to be the best Italian player ever , as well as one of Europe 's all-time greats . A 2.06 m ( 6 ft 9 in ) tall center , Meneghin was born in Alano di Piave , Veneto ( northeast Italy ) . On November 20 , 1966 , when he was 16 years old , he played in his first game in the Italian League , with Ignis Varese . He played the last game of his career at the age of 45 . In 2003 , Meneghin was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and in 2010 , he became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2,847', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renato Villalta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renato_Villalta', 'summary': "Renato Villalta ( born February 3 , 1955 in Maserada sul Piave , province of Treviso ) is a former professional basketball player from Italy . At a height of 2.04 m ( 6 ' 8 \u200b1⁄2 ) tall , and a weight of 102 kg ( 225 lbs ) , he played at the power forward and center positions . He was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame , in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2,277', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierluigi Marzorati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierluigi_Marzorati', 'summary': "Pierluigi Pierlo Marzorati ( born September 12 , 1952 in Figino Serenza , Italy ) is an Italian former professional basketball player . Marzorati is considered one of the best point guards of all time in Europe , and was named the Mister Europa , in 1976 . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2007 , he was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame , and he was also enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame . In 2008 , he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': '2,209', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renzo Bariviera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renzo_Bariviera', 'summary': 'Renzo Bariviera ( born 16 February 1949 ) is a retired Italian professional basketball player . In 2012 , he was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame . His elder brother , Vendramino , was an Olympic cyclist .'}]}, {'value': '2,151', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Magnifico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Magnifico', 'summary': "Walter Magnifico ( born June 18 , 1961 in San Severo , Italy ) is a former Italian professional basketball player and coach . At a height of 2.09 m ( 6'10 \u200b1⁄4 ) tall , he played at the power forward and center positions . He is considered to be one of the best Italian basketball players ever , and he was among the 105 player nominees for the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors list ."}]}, {'value': '2,026', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregor Fučka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregor_Fučka', 'summary': "Gregor Fučka ( Slovene pronunciation : [ ˈfutʃka ] ; born 7 August 1971 ) is a Slovenian-Italian retired professional basketball player and coach . A 215 cm ( 7 ' \u200b3⁄4 ) forward-center , he was a both a Mister Europa and Euroscar laureate in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '1,889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massimo Masini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Masini', 'summary': "Massimo Masini ( born 9 May 1945 ) is a former Italian professional basketball player and coach . At a height of 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) tall , he played at the center position . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '1,852', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlton Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Myers', 'summary': 'Carlton Ettore Francesco Myers ( born 30 March 1971 ) is a retired Italian professional basketball player that played in the Italian league and the EuroLeague . Myers was initially raised in the United Kingdom . One of the best European shooting guards of his generation , he won a EuroBasket title with the senior Italian National Team in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1,825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Belinelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Belinelli', 'summary': 'Marco Stefano Belinelli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmarko beliˈnɛlli ] ; born 25 March 1986 ) is an Italian professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected 18th overall in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . In 2014 , he won the NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs , becoming the first Italian player to do so . He won the NBA Three-Point Shootout during the 2014 NBA All-Star Weekend . He played in the 2007 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 and 2017 editions of the FIBA EuroBasket and the 2006 and 2019 editions of the FIBA World Championship with the Italian national basketball team .'}]}, {'value': '1,795', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Team -- Individual records', 'section_text': 'Players in bold , are players that are still active .', 'uid': 'Italy_national_basketball_team_1', 'intro': "The Italy national basketball team (Italian: Nazionale di pallacanestro dell'Italia) represents Italy in international basketball tournaments. They are administered by the Italian Basketball Federation (FIP). Italy has reached 37 EuroBasket tournaments, winning two gold medals (1983, 1999), four silver medals (1937, 1946, 1991, 1997), and four bronze medals (1971, 1975, 1985, 2003) as achievements. While Italy has made nine trips to the World Cup the closest they have come to winning a medal was in 1970 and 1978, where they finished fourth. Although they have had success at the Summer Olympics in 12 attempts, coming away with two silver medals (1980, 2004). Currently, Italy is ranked 12th in the FIBA World Rankings."} | null | null | How tall is the player to score 1,852 points ? | 2.08 m |
0b271d3181da7ac9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions', 'title': 'List of Southern Conference football champions', 'header': ['Year', 'Undefeated team ( s )', 'Conference Record', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1922', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1922 college football season had a number of unbeaten and untied teams , and no clear-cut champion , with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing California , Cornell , Iowa , Princeton , and Vanderbilt as national champions . California , Cornell , and Princeton were all picked by multiple selectors . Andy Smith 's Pacific Coast Conference champion Wonder Team at California continued on its streak since 1920 . Eastern power Cornell was coached by Gil Dobie and led by one of the sport 's great backfields with George Pfann , Eddie Kaw , Floyd Ramsey , and Charles E. Cassidy . Bill Roper 's Princeton team was dubbed the team of destiny by Grantland Rice after defeating Chicago 21-18 in the first game nationally broadcast on radio . Today , college football on radio is common for nearly every game in every division . On the same day , Cal defeated USC at the dedication of Rose Bowl Stadium . The Southern Conference would begin its first season of football in 1922 . Vanderbilt tied with North Carolina and Georgia Tech for the conference championship . The Commodores tied Michigan 0-0 on October 14 at the dedication of Dudley Field , the South 's first permanent college football stadium . On the same day , Big Ten champion Iowa upset Yale . The 1923 Rose Bowl at season 's end was the first called the Rose Bowl and was held in the newly constructed stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech North Carolina Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football . The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and , as of 2017 , has an all-time record of 735-502-43 ( a .591 winning percentage ) . The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta , which has a capacity of 55,000 . One of the most successful college football programs over a long history , the Yellow Jackets have won four national championships across four different decades ( 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 ) as well as sixteen conference titles . Among the team 's former coaches are John Heisman , for whom the Heisman Trophy is named , and Bobby Dodd , for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award and the school 's stadium are named . Heisman led the team to the most lopsided game in football history , 222-0 , and both Heisman and Dodd led Tech 's football team to national championships . Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak - 8 straight games - against the University of Georgia in Tech 's most time-endured rivalry , called Clean , Old-Fashioned Hate . For his part , Heisman led Georgia Tech to an undefeated 12-0-1 record in the Georgia Tech-Clemson football rivalry and what made it sting even more was that Heisman had previously coached Clemson . A number of successful collegiate and professional football players have also played for Tech . The program has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL . Among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Maxie Baughan , Calvin Johnson , Demaryius Thomas , Keith Brooking , Joe Hamilton , Joe Guyon , Pat Swilling and Billy Shaw ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football', 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels football team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the sport of American football . The Tar Heels play in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . North Carolina has played in 34 bowl games in its history and won three Southern Conference championships and five Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Thirty Tar Heel players have been honored as first-team All-Americas on 38 occasions . Carolina had 32 All-Southern Conference selections when it played in that league until 1952 and since joining the ACC in 1953 , has had 174 first-team All-ACC choices . Since joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 , the team has won five conference championships , with the most recent title coming in 1980 . One very important contribution to the game of football by Carolina is the modern use of the forward pass ; they were the first college team to use the play in 1895 . Bob Quincy notes in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , a noted historian , wrote 30 years later that , indeed , the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs ( UGA ) . It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6-0 win . The Tar Heels were in a punting situation and a Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball . The punter , with an impromptu dash to his right , tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown . The program has long been overshadowed by the school 's powerhouse men 's basketball team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1922_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team', 'summary': "The 1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1922 Southern Conference football season . During the season , Dan McGugin 's 18th as head coach , [ n 1 ] Vanderbilt compiled a record of 8-0-1 ( 5-0 in conference games ) [ n 2 ] and outscored its opponents 177 to 16 . The Commodores ' defense was unrivaled in the South , leading the nation in giving up just 1.8 points per game , none of them at home . The season was immediately dubbed one of the best in Vanderbilt and Southern football history . It was also the Commodores ' first year in the newly formed Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , in which the team tied with North Carolina and Georgia Tech for the conference championship . This season was Vanderbilt 's second consecutive year as leader of its conference , having tied with Georgia , Centre , and Georgia Tech for the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) title in 1921 . Vanderbilt 's undefeated 1922 campaign was recognized as the best output from a Southern team by several sportswriters , leading some to consider the Commodores among the best teams in the nation , along with Princeton , Cornell , California , Michigan , and Iowa . Both Clyde Berryman and James Howell named Vanderbilt as a retroactive national champion for the second consecutive year . The season included a tie with Michigan at the dedication of the new Dudley Field ; the first stadium in the South to be used exclusively for college football . Several Vanderbilt players received post-season honors . Walter Camp selected Lynn Bomar for his All-America team , a rarity for a player in the South . Walter Eckersall and Frank G. Menke also gave Bomar All-America honors ."}]}, {'value': '4-0-0 5-0-0 3-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This was the inaugural Southern Conference football season with 20 teams participating . Vanderbilt was also a member of the SIAA until 1924 , and defeated both Sewanee and Mercer . Vanderbilt tied Michigan 0-0 at the dedication of Dudley Field . Auburn upset Centre , previously undefeated in conference play . Vanderbilt end Lynn Bomar and Tech running back Red Barron were unanimous All-Southern and Walter Camp All-America second-team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922_Sewanee_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1922 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee : The University of the South during the 1922 college football season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football', 'summary': "The Mercer Bears football program is the intercollegiate football team of Mercer University located in Macon , Georgia , United States . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and is a member of the Southern Conference . The team plays its home games at the 10,200-seat Five Star Stadium on the university 's Macon campus . On December 10 , 2019 , the Bears hired Drew Cronic as their head coach . Cronic compiled a record of 25-3 during two seasons at Lenoir-Rhyne ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1922_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team', 'summary': "The 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1922 Big Ten Conference football season . In Fielding H. Yost 's 22nd season as head coach , Michigan compiled a record of 6-0-1 ( 4-0 in Big Ten Conference games ) , outscored opponents 183-13 , and tied with Iowa for the Big Ten championship . On defense , the team did not allow its opponents to score a point in the first five games of the season , and its scoring defense of 1.85 points per game is among the lowest in Michigan football history . Highlights of the 1922 season included participation in dedication games for Vanderbilt University 's Dudley Field , the first large athletic stadium in the South , and Ohio State University 's Ohio Stadium . In the latter , the Wolverines shut out the Buckeyes , 19-0 . Halfback Harry Kipke led the team in scoring with 48 points in six games , handled punting responsibilities , and was also one of the team 's best defensive players . Kipke was a consensus All-American , receiving first-team honors from Walter Camp , Athletic World , Walter Eckersall , Norman E. Brown , and Lawrence Perry . Team captain and right end Paul Goebel was also selected as a first-team All-American by Athletic World magazine based on polling of 214 coaches . Left end Bernard Kirk , who received first-team All-American honors from Eckersall , died of meningitis in December 1922 after sustaining a brain injury in an automobile crash ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1922_Michigan_vs._Vanderbilt_football_game', 'summary': 'The 1922 Michigan vs. Vanderbilt football game , played October 14 , 1922 , was a college football game between the Michigan Wolverines and Vanderbilt Commodores . The game ended as a scoreless tie . It was the inaugural game at Dudley Field ( now known as Vanderbilt Stadium ) , the first dedicated football stadium in the South .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dudley_Field', 'summary': "Vanderbilt Stadium is a football stadium located in Nashville , Tennessee . Completed in 1922 ( then named Dudley Field ) as the first stadium in the South to be used exclusively for college football , it is the home of the Vanderbilt University football team . Vanderbilt Stadium hosted the Tennessee Oilers ( now Titans ) during the 1998 NFL season and the first Music City Bowl in 1998 and also hosted the Tennessee state high school football championships for many years . Vanderbilt Stadium is the smallest football stadium in the Southeastern Conference , and was the largest stadium in Nashville until the completion of the Titans ' Nissan Stadium in 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1922_Auburn_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': "The 1922 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1922 college football season . It was the Tigers ' 31st overall and they competed as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Mike Donahue , in his 18th year , and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn , Alabama . They finished with a record of eight wins and two losses ( 8-2 overall , 2-1 in the SoCon ) . It was considered one of best teams Auburn turned out in the first half of the 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Upset_(sports)', 'summary': "An upset occurs in a competition , frequently in electoral politics or sports , when the party popularly expected to win ( the favorite ) , either loses to or draws/ties a game with an underdog whom the majority expects to lose , defying the conventional wisdom . It is often used in reference to beating the betting odds in sports , or beating the opinion polls in electoral politics . The meaning of the word has sometimes been erroneously attributed to the surprising defeat of the horse Man o ' War by the horse Upset ( the loss was the only one in Man o ' War 's career ) ; the term pre-dates that 1919 race by at least several decades . In its sports coverage immediately following Upset 's victory , the Washington Post wrote , One might make all sorts of puns about it being an upset ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1922_Centre_Praying_Colonels_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1922 Centre Praying Colonels football team represented Centre College in the 1922 college football season . The Praying Colonels scored 296 points while allowing 52 points and finished 8-2-0 . The season featured handing V. P. I its only loss of the season , and a big upset in the South when the Colonels lost to the Auburn Tigers . James Red Roberts ( at both end and tackle ) , Ed Kubale ( center ) and Herb Covington ( quarterback ) were named to the 1922 College Football All-America Team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynn_Bomar', 'summary': "Robert Lynn Bomar ( January 21 , 1901 - June 11 , 1964 ) was an American football end in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Bomar played college football , basketball and baseball for Vanderbilt University , following coach Wallace Wade and classmate Hek Wakefield there from prep school , and was a unanimous 1922 All-Southern selection and a consensus 1923 All-American selection in football . The latter season included a first-team All-American selection by Walter Camp , rare for a player in the South . A paralyzing injury ended Bomar 's college career , but he quickly recovered and sat on the bench for all of his team 's games . He played for the New York Giants in 1925 and 1926 , retiring abruptly after a separate injury . Bomar was nicknamed the Blonde Bear . He had a later career in law enforcement . In his position as Tennessee 's Commissioner of Public Safety and Patrol chief , Bomar supervised the ransacking of black households during the 1946 Columbia race riot . He was the warden of Tennessee State Prison from 1955 until his death , and oversaw several executions . In 1956 , Bomar was the first Vanderbilt football player elected to the College Football Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Barron', 'summary': "David Irenus Red Barron ( June 21 , 1900 - October 4 , 1982 ) was an American football and baseball player . Barron was a three-sport letterwinner at the Georgia Institute of Technology . In football , he was named second or third team All American twice , first-team All-Southern four times , and was an inductee to Tech 's Hall of Fame and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame . He was also twice an All-Southern baseball player at Tech ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Camp', 'summary': "Walter Chauncey Camp ( April 7 , 1859 - March 14 , 1925 ) was an American football player , coach , and sports writer known as the Father of American Football . Among a long list of inventions , he created the sport 's line of scrimmage and the system of downs . With John Heisman , Amos Alonzo Stagg , Pop Warner , Fielding H. Yost , and George Halas , Camp was one of the most accomplished persons in the early history of American football . He attended Yale College , where he played and coached college football . Camp 's Yale teams of 1888 , 1891 , and 1892 have been recognized as national champions . Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951 . Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general , annually publishing an All-American team . By the time of his death , he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles ."}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923_college_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1923 college football season saw several teams finish their seasons unbeaten and untied . As such , numerous schools claim a national championship for the 1923 season . Illinois ( coached by Bob Zuppke ) and Michigan ( coached by Fielding Hurry-Up Yost ) , both members of what is now the Big Ten Conference , finished with records of 8-0 and were selected as national champion by multiple selectors . Illinois featured break-out star Red Grange . Ivy League teams Yale and Cornell also had undefeated seasons . Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) had a record of 9-0 , thanks to coach Ray Morrison bringing the forward pass to the southwest . Teams that had no defeats , but had been tied , were California ( 9-0-1 ) , Texas ( 8-0-1 ) , and Kansas ( 5-0-3 ) . In the 1924 Rose Bowl , Washington tied Navy 14-14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt Washington and Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team', 'summary': "The 1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1923 Southern Conference football season . The team 's head coach was Dan McGugin , who served his 19th year in that capacity . Members of the Southern Conference ( as well as co-members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ) , the Commodores played six home games at Dudley Field in Nashville , Tennessee , and finished the season with a record of 5-2-1 overall and 3-0-1 in Southern Conference ( SoCon ) play , outscoring opponents 137-33 . Vanderbilt won its conference for the third straight year , tying with Washington & Lee for the Southern Conference championship . Most sportswriters listed the Commodores as the outright winner of the mythical Southern crown , resulting in their receiving the Champ Pickens Trophy as champions of the South . It is to date the last conference title for Vanderbilt football . The team suffered losses to the national champion Michigan Wolverines and the undefeated Texas Longhorns . The offense was led by captain and quarterback Doc Kuhn and All-Southern halfback Gil Reese . The defense which averaged 2.33 points per game at home , was anchored by All-Southern ends Lynn Bomar and Hek Wakefield . Bomar was also a consensus All-American , even selected such by Walter Camp , a rarity for a player from the South . Of Wakefield 's performance during the game with the Wolverines , Michigan head coach Fielding Yost said I never saw a greater exhibition of end play . As was common in 1923 and the days of one platoon football , both Bomar and Wakefield also featured heavily on offense and the kicking game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Generals_football', 'summary': 'The Washington and Lee Generals football team represents Washington and Lee University in Lexington , Virginia . The Generals compete at NCAA Division III level as members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': '3-0-1 4-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida upset Alabama , previously undefeated in conference play . Board of sportswriters awarded Vanderbilt the Champ Pickens trophy as Southern champions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923_Florida_Gators_football_team', 'summary': "The 1923 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1923 Southern Conference football season . This was Major James Van Fleet 's first of two seasons as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team . Van Fleet was a serving officer in the U.S. Army and a professor of military tactics in the university 's Reserve Officer Training Corps ( ROTC ) program , and had been a standout fullback on the undefeated West Point Cadets team of 1914 . Van Fleet 's 1923 Florida Gators finished 6-1-2 overall , and 1-0-2 in the Southern Conference , placing third of twenty-one teams in the conference standings . Notably , Florida alumni and students celebrated their first-ever Homecoming with a 19-7 victory over the Mercer Baptists . The Gators tied the defending SoCon champion Georgia Tech Golden Tornado , and the highlight of the 1923 season was a 16-6 upset of coach Wallace Wade 's previously undefeated Alabama Crimson Tide on a muddy , rain-soaked field in Birmingham , Alabama in the final game of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1923_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1923 Southern Conference football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 30th overall and 2nd season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his first year , and played their home games at Denny Field in Tuscaloosa , at Rickwood Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of seven wins , two losses and one tie ( 7-2-1 overall , 4-1-1 in the SoCon ) . 1923 marked the first season for new head coach Wallace Wade , a former assistant at Vanderbilt . One year after Alabama 's triumphal trip to Penn , the Tide went on another northeast roadtrip with a different outcome , losing to Syracuse 23-0 . Against Georgia Tech , Alabama was very lucky to escape with a 0-0 tie . After defeating Georgia , the Tide was the favorite for a Southern title . A season-ending , 16-6 upset loss to coach James Van Fleet 's Florida Gators cost coach Wade and the Tide the Southern Conference championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Champ_Pickens', 'summary': "William C. Champ Pickens ( May 31 , 1877 - September 18 , 1963 ) was a prominent figure in Alabama and Southern football , the namesake of the Champ Pickens Trophy awarded to the winner of the Southern Conference from 1923 to 1926 . Pickens developed the idea for the Blue-Gray Football Classic , played between stars of the South versus the North from 1939 to 2003 . He gave Alabama 's band its name of the Million Dollar Band . He wrote two of the earliest books on Alabama football . Pickens was manager of the 1896 Alabama team ."}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1924 college football season was the year of the Four Horsemen as the Notre Dame team , coached by Knute Rockne , won all of its games , including the Rose Bowl , to be acclaimed as the best team in the nation . Notre Dame and Stanford were both unbeaten at season 's end , with the Fighting Irish winning the Rose Bowl contest 27-10 . The Penn Quakers were retroactively awarded a national championship by Parke H. Davis . Red Grange 's Illinois team upset Michigan . The Illini were upset by Minnesota , which in turn was upset by Vanderbilt . Fred Russell 's Fifty Years of Vanderbilt Football dubs 1924 the most eventful season in the history of Vanderbilt football . Centre claimed a southern title in its last season of national relevance , upsetting Wallace Wade 's first SoCon champion Alabama team . Alabama would not lose another game until 1927 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1924 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1924 Southern Conference football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 31st overall and 3rd season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his second year , and played their home games at Denny Field in Tuscaloosa , at Rickwood Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of eight wins and one loss ( 8-1 overall , 5-0 in the SoCon ) , as Southern Conference champions and won the Champ Pickens Trophy . Alabama opened the season with six consecutive shutout victories . After they defeated Union University at Tuscaloosa , the Crimson Tide defeated Furman in their first road contest of the season . Alabama returned to Tuscaloosa where they defeated Mississippi College a week prior to their victory over Sewanee at Birmingham in their SoCon opener . The Crimson Tide continued their dominance with victories at Georgia Tech and in Montgomery against Ole Miss before they allowed their first points of the season in their homecoming victory over Kentucky . Alabama then closed the season with a pair of games at Birmingham where they first lost their lone game against Centre and defeated Georgia in their final game and captured their first SoCon championship ."}]}, {'value': '5-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Board of sportswriters awarded Alabama the Champ Pickens trophy as Southern champions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925_college_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1925 college football season ended with no clear national champion . At the close of the season , noted sports writer Billy Evans described the championship contest as a dead heat among Dartmouth , Tulane , Michigan , Washington , and Alabama . Dartmouth , led by halfback Andy Oberlander , compiled an 8-0 record and outscored its opponents by a total of 340 to 29 . Having defeated Harvard , Cornell , and Chicago , Dartmouth was retroactively declared the national champion by the Dickinson System and Parke H. Davis . Alabama compiled a 10-0 record and has been recognized as national champion by the Billingsley Report , Boand System , College Football Researchers Association , Helms Athletic Foundation , and others . In an intersectional game between undefeated teams , Alabama defeated Pacific Coast Conference champion Washington by a 20-19 score in the 1926 Rose Bowl ; that game has been called the game that changed the South . Michigan shut out seven of eight opponents , outscored all opponents by a total of 227 to 3 , and was retroactively named a co-national champion by Jeff Sagarin . The team featured two consensus All-Americans in quarterback Benny Friedman and end Bennie Oosterbaan , a passing combination that became known as the Benny to Bennie Show . Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost called his 1925 squad the greatest football team I ever saw in action . Tulane also went undefeated at 9-0-1 . Tulane halfback Peggy Flournoy led the nation in scoring with 128 points . Colgate , Louisville , Michigan State Normal , Hawaii , Nebraska Wesleyan , and Oberlin also had undefeated teams in 1925 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1925 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1925 Southern Conference football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 32nd overall and 4th season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his third year , and played their home games at Denny Field in Tuscaloosa , at Rickwood Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with their first ever perfect record ( 10-0 overall , 7-0 in the SoCon ) , as Southern Conference champions and as national champions after they defeated Washington in the Rose Bowl . The Crimson Tide entered the season as the defending Southern Conference champions after finishing the 1924 season with an 8-1 record . Alabama would then go on and shutout all but one of their regular season opponents en route to a second consecutive Southern Conference championship . The Crimson Tide then accepted an invitation to participate as the first Southern team in the annual Rose Bowl Game , where they defeated Washington 20-19 . This victory has subsequently been recognized as one of the most important in Southern football history as well as has been deemed the game that changed the South ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1925_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': "The 1925 Tulane Green Wave football team represented the Tulane Green Wave of Tulane University in the sport of American football during the 1925 Southern Conference football season . Tulane shut out 6 of its 10 opponents , with its only blemish a tie to Missouri Valley champion Missouri . For the second year in a row , Tulane set a school record for wins in a season . Most notable was the defeat of Northwestern , a game which helped herald the arrival of Southern football . Peggy Flournoy was the nation 's leading scorer with 128 points ."}]}, {'value': '7-0-0 5-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama wins national championship ; the first Southern team to win a Rose Bowl . Board of sportswriters awarded Alabama the Champ Pickens trophy as Southern champions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-A_National_Football_Championship', 'summary': "A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States , currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team . Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event . As such , it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a mythical national championship . Due to the lack of an official NCAA title , determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy . A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations , often referred to as selectors . :107-109 These choices are not always unanimous . In 1969 even the President of the United States Richard Nixon declared a national champion by announcing , ahead of the season-ending game between No . 1 Texas and No . 2 Arkansas , that the winner of that game would receive a plaque from the President himself , commemorating that team as the year 's national champion . Texas went on to win that game , 15-14 . While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team , it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication . :107-119 In addition , various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game', 'summary': "The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game , usually played on January 1 ( New Year 's Day ) at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . When New Year 's Day falls on a Sunday , the game is played on Monday , January 2 ( 15 times now ) . The Rose Bowl Game is nicknamed The Granddaddy of Them All because it is the oldest currently operating bowl game . It was first played in 1902 as the Tournament East-West football game , and has been played annually since 1916 . Since 1945 , it has been the highest attended college football bowl game . It is a part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association 's America 's New Year Celebration , which also includes the historic Rose Parade . Since 2015 , the game has been sponsored by Northwestern Mutual and officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . In 2015 and 2018 , the game was also officially known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . Previous sponsors include Vizio ( 2011-2014 ) , Citi ( 2004-2010 ) , Sony/PlayStation 2 ( 2003 ) , and AT & T ( 1999-2002 ) The Rose Bowl Game has traditionally hosted the conference champions from the Big Ten and Pac-12 conferences ( or their predecessors ) . Since 2002 , the Rose Bowl Game has occasionally deviated from its traditional matchups for use in national championship systems . In 2002 and 2006 ( the 2001 and 2005 seasons ) , under the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) system , the Rose Bowl was designated as its championship game , and hosted the top two teams determined by the BCS system . Beginning in 2015 , the Rose Bowl has been part of the College Football Playoff as one of the New Year 's Six bowls - the top six major bowl games in the national championship system - hosting one of the semifinal games every three years ."}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1926_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1926 college football season was the first in which an attempt was made to recognize a national champion after the season . Stanford University , coached by Pop Warner , was the # 1 team in the nation under the new Dickinson System and awarded the Rissman Trophy . Unbeaten Stanford ( 10-0 ) faced unbeaten Alabama ( 9-0 ) in the Rose Bowl at Pasadena and the two teams played to a 7-7 tie . Meanwhile , Parke H. Davis , a renowned football historian and football rules committee member , declared Lafayette College ( 9-0 ) national champions in Spalding 's Football Guide . Subsequently , the Leopards are also recognized as a co-national champions in the 1926 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1926_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1926 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1926 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 33rd overall and 5th season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his fourth year , and played their home games at Denny Field in Tuscaloosa , at Rickwood Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of nine wins , zero losses and one tie ( 9-0-1 overall , 8-0 in the SoCon ) , as Southern Conference champions . They tied undefeated Stanford in the Rose Bowl . The 1926 Alabama team was retroactively named as the 1926 national champion by Berryman QPRS , Billingsley Report , College Football Researchers Association , and Poling System , and as a co-national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and National Championship Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '8-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama wins national championship . Board of sportswriters awarded Alabama the Champ Pickens trophy as Southern champions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1927_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1927 college football season ended with the Illini of the University of Illinois ( 7-0-1 ) being recognized as champion under the Dickinson System . At season 's end , the Rissler Cup was awarded to the team that finished first in the Dickinson ratings , which considered strength of schedule , in that a win , loss or tie against a strong opponent was worth more than one against a lesser team , and the results were averaged . Until the final week , when the team was upset by Georgia Tech , Georgia 's Dream and Wonder team was ranked # 1 . Georgia had upset Eastern power Yale 14-10 . Though most selectors have either Illinois or Georgia as the 1927 national champion , Dana X. Bible 's Texas Aggies were retroactively named as the national champion by one selector , Jeff Sagarin . In the Rose Bowl , the Pittsburgh Panthers ( 8-0-1 ) were invited to play against the Pacific Coast Conference champion . Though USC and Stanford had identical records in conference play , Stanford was given a chance to avenge its 7-7 tie against Alabama in the previous years Rose Bowl . Stanford won 7-6 . Although an Illinois vs. USC matchup would have been equally plausible for the 1928 Rose Bowl , their Pasadena meeting would have to wait 80 years - until 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech NC State Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1927_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team', 'summary': "The 1927 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team [ note 1 ] represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1927 Southern Conference football season . A member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , Georgia Tech was coached by William Alexander in his eighth year as head coach , compiling a record of 8-1-1 ( 7-0-1 SoCon ) and outscoring opponents 125 to 39 . Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field . In what was considered the best Georgia Tech season since 1918 , the Tornado shared the SoCon title with the Tennessee Volunteers and NC State Wolfpack . Tech clinched the SoCon in the season 's final game : upsetting rival Georgia 's previously undefeated dream and wonder team which was nonetheless picked as a national champion by some selectors . Coach Alexander notably instituted The Plan to beat the rival Bulldogs ; for weeks saving his regulars for practice . The Tornado also upset the Alabama Crimson Tide , handing the Tide their first loss in over two seasons . One researcher ranks Tech as the year 's best Southern defense . Tech suffered its only loss to Notre Dame , and held Vanderbilt to a scoreless tie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1927_NC_State_Wolfpack_football_team', 'summary': "The 1927 NC State Wolfpack football team represented North Carolina State University during the 1927 Southern Conference football season . They played their home games in Raleigh , North Carolina . The Wolfpack were coached by Gus Tebell in his third year as head coach , compiling a record of 9-1 and outscoring opponents 216 to 69 . NC State tied with Georgia Tech and Tennessee for the Southern Conference title , including the only unbeaten and untied conference record . Also in the conference were Bill Spears-led Vanderbilt ( giving both Tech and Tennessee their ties ) and Georgia 's dream and wonder team . NC State was led by All-Southern running back and College Football Hall of Fame inductee Jack McDowall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1927_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': "The 1927 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee , UT or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1927 Southern Conference football season . Playing as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland , in his second year , and played their home games at Shields-Watkins Field in Knoxville , Tennessee . The 1927 Vols won eight , lost zero and tied one game ( 8-0-1 overall , 5-0-1 in the SoCon ) . The only blemish on Tennessee 's schedule was a tie with in-state rival , Vanderbilt . Playing seven home games , the 1927 Vols outscored their opponents 246 to 26 and posted seven shutouts ."}]}, {'value': '7-0-1 4-0-0 5-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Georgia Tech upset Georgia 's dream and wonder team in its final game . Georgia had beaten Yale , and had it defeated Tech it would have been national champion ; and still some selectors claim them as such", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1927_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team', 'summary': "The 1927 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the sport of American football during the 1927 Southern Conference football season . This was the last season George Cecil Woodruff served as the head coach of the football team and the team 's 34th season of college football . The Bulldogs posted a 9-1 record , and were retroactively selected as the 1927 national champion under the Berryman QPRS , Boand , and Poling systems . Called the dream and wonder team , the Bulldogs were ranked No . 1 in the nation with one regular season game remaining , but were upset in the mud by in-state rival Georgia Tech ( the next season 's national champion ) . Georgia did not win the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) championship in 1927 as a result of its loss to Georgia Tech at season 's end . Georgia Tech ( 7-0-1 SoCon ) , Tennessee ( 5-0-1 SoCon ) , and NC State ( 4-0-0 SoCon ) all finished undefeated in conference play . The season featured Georgia 's first-ever win against Yale as well as six shutouts . The win over Yale propelled Georgia to the national spotlight . The team was anchored by two All-American ends , captain Chick Shiver and consensus All-American Tom Nash ."}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1928_college_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1928 football season have both the USC Trojans and the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado claim national championships . USC was recognized as champions under the Dickinson System , but the Rose Bowl was contested between the # 2 and # 3 teams , California and Georgia Tech . The game was decided by a safety scored after Roy Wrong Way Riegels ran 65 yards in the wrong direction . Vance Maree blocked the ensuing punt which gave Georgia Tech a safety deciding the 8-7 win . The Florida Gators led the nation in scoring as a team , led by its Phantom Four backfield , with 336 points . They were remembered by many sports commentators as the best Florida football team until at least the 1960s . NYU halfback Ken Strong led the nation in scoring as an individual , with 162 points , and tallied some 3,000 total yards from scrimmage .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1928_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team', 'summary': "The 1928 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team [ note 1 ] represented the Georgia Institute of Technology ( commonly known as Georgia Tech ) during the 1928 Southern Conference football season . The team , which was a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , was coached by William Alexander in his ninth year as head coach . Alexander compiled a record of 10-0 ( 7-0 SoCon ) and outscored his opponents 213 to 40 . Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field . The team was selected national champion by Berryman , Billingsley , Boand , Football Research , Helms , Houlgate , NCF , Poling , and Sagarin ( ELO-Chess ) , while Parke Davis named them co-champion as shared with Detroit . Additionally , USC also earned recognition under the Dickinson System . USC declined the 1929 Rose Bowl invitation , resulting in a matchup of California and Georgia Tech . The game was decided by a safety , which was scored after Cal 's Roy Wrong Way Riegels ran 65 yards ( 59 m ) in the wrong direction . Several Georgia Tech players received postseason honors . Captain and center Peter Pund was a consensus All-American . Coach Knute Rockne said of Tech 's 13-0 defeat of Notre Dame , I sat at Grant Field and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil before the furious pounding of one man-Peter Pund . Tackle Frank Speer was also selected as a first-team All-American by the Associated Press ."}]}, {'value': '7-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech wins national championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1929 college football season saw a number of unbeaten and untied teams . Purdue , Tulane , Notre Dame and Pittsburgh all finished the regular season with wins over all their opponents . Notre Dame was recognized as national champion under the Dickinson System and by a United Press writer while Pitt was considered a national champion by several others due to Pitt possessing a greater scoring differential over the two teams ' only common regular season opponent . Following the season , Pitt traveled to Pasadena to meet USC in the Rose Bowl , at that time the only postseason college football game and held between the perceived best teams of east and west . Despite Pitt 's losing 47-14 to the Trojans , as bowls were still considered exhibitions by many , college football historian Parke H. Davis , whose national championship selections are recognized by the official NCAA records book , named the Panthers as that season 's national champion while several other retroactive selectors recognized by the NCAA records book have selected Notre Dame . Both Notre Dame and Pitt claim a national championship for the 1929 season and both are recognized in the NCAA Records Book and by College Football Data Warehouse . A major change in the rules for 1929 was that a fumbled ball was dead as soon as it struck the ground . Previously , a defending player could run with a recovered fumble , as in the case of Roy Riegels in the 1929 Rose Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1929 Tulane Green Wave football team represented the Tulane Green Wave of Tulane University during the 1929 college football season . Led by captain Bill Banker , the Green Wave posted a 9-0 , undefeated record and outscored opponents 297-45 .'}]}, {'value': '6-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_college_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1930 college football season saw Notre Dame repeat as national champion under the Dickinson System , and a post-season Rose Bowl matchup between two unbeaten ( 9-0 ) teams , Washington State and Alabama , ranked # 2 and # 3 , respectively . Alabama won the Pasadena contest , 24-0 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1930 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1930 college football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 37th overall and 9th season as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . The team was led by head coach Wallace Wade , in his eighth year , and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa , at Legion Field in Birmingham , and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery , Alabama . They finished the season with a perfect record ( 10-0 overall , 8-0 in the SoCon ) , as Southern Conference champions and as national champions after they defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl . In April 1930 , coach Wade announced his resignation effective at the end of the 1930 season , and his last Alabama team might have been his best . For psychological effect , Wade routinely started games with his second team , and the backups never allowed a point . The first team defense only allowed the opposition to score 13 points over the course of the season en route to a 9-0 record . Only the Vanderbilt game was close , as the Commodores scored a late touchdown that cut Alabama 's lead to five in their 12-7 loss . Vanderbilt 's touchdown and a touchdown scored by Tennessee accounted for all of the scoring by Alabama 's opponents in 1930 . Alabama received its third Rose Bowl invitation in six seasons , this time against the also undefeated Cougars of Washington State . In the game , Wade started his second team . Once again , the second team did not allow any points and neither did the first team in their 24-0 victory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1930_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1930 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University during the 1930 college football season . Coached by Bernie Bierman , the Green Wave posted an 8-1 record and shared a conference championship with national champion Alabama . Tulane outscored its opponents 263-30 . The team lost its only game to Big Ten champion Northwestern . Times-Picayune sports writer Pete Baird called the 1930 squad the best team that ever represented the Olive and Blue .'}]}, {'value': '8-0-0 5-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama wins national championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1931_college_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1931 college football season saw the USC Trojans win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System . Rockne , who had coached Notre Dame to a championship in 1930 , had been killed in a plane crash on March 31 , 1931 . For the first time , the champion under the Dickinson system also played in a postseason game . The Rose Bowl , promoted as an unofficial championship matchup between the best teams of East and West , matched USC and Tulane , # 1 and # 2 in the Dickinson ratings . USC won , 21-12 . Also for 1931 , historian Parke Davis , through research , selected Pittsburgh and Purdue as National Champions and these selections , along with USC , are all recognized by the official NCAA records book . Both USC and Pitt claim national championships for 1931 , and both are recognized by College Football Data Warehouse .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1931_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1931 Tulane Green Wave football team represented the Tulane Green Wave of Tulane University during the 1931 Southern Conference football season . The team posted an undefeated regular season , but lost in the Rose Bowl to national champion USC . It is one of the best teams in school history .'}]}, {'value': '8-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulane lost the Rose Bowl to USC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932_college_football_season', 'summary': "The 1932 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System . Because the Big Nine conference did n't permit its teams to play in the postseason , however , the Wolverines were not able to accept a bid to the Rose Bowl . As such , the Pasadena game matched the # 2 and # 3 teams , USC and Pittsburgh , with the USC Trojans winning the East-West matchup 35-0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Auburn LSU Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932_Auburn_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1932 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1932 Southern Conference football season . Led by head coach Chet A. Wynne , the team went 9-0-1 . The Tigers made an undefeated season and were named Southern Conference champions . The team featured Jimmy Hitchcock and Gump Ariail .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1932_LSU_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': "The 1932 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University ( LSU ) in the 1932 Southern Conference football season . This was LSU 's final season as a member of the Southern Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1932_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1932 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee , UT or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1932 Southern Conference football season . Playing as a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland , in his seventh year , and played their home games at Shields-Watkins Field in Knoxville , Tennessee . The 1932 Vols won nine , lost zero and tied one game ( 9-0-1 overall , 7-0-1 in the SoCon ) and were Southern Conference champions . It was their last year in the conference before moving to the newly formed Southeastern Conference . The team was led by its backfield with Deke Brackett and Beattie Feathers .'}]}, {'value': '6-0-1 4-0-0 7-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thirteen teams leave after this season to form the Southeastern Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Southern_Conference_football_champions_0', 'intro': 'The list of Southern Conference football champions includes 20 distinct teams that have won the college football championship awarded by the Southern Conference since its creation. In total, forty-one teams have sponsored football in the conference. Just two - Mercer and Western Carolina - have never won a Southern Conference football championship. The conference was formed in 1921 when fourteen members from the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) met in Atlanta, Georgia with the purpose of creating a workable number of conference games for each member. The Southern Conference is notable for having spawned two other major conferences. In 1933, thirteen schools located south and west of the Appalachians (Alabama, Auburn, Florida, Georgia, Georgia Tech, Kentucky, LSU, Mississippi, Mississippi State, Sewanee, Tennessee, Tulane, and Vanderbilt) departed to form the Southeastern Conference. Twenty years later, in 1953, seven schools (Clemson, Duke, Maryland, North Carolina, North Carolina State, South Carolina, and Wake Forest) withdrew to form the Atlantic Coast Conference. Currently the conference competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level in athletics, with the football teams playing in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). There are nine football playing members of the Southern Conference:Chattanooga, The Citadel, East Tennessee State, Furman, Mercer, Samford, Virginia Military Institute, Western Carolina, and Wofford. Southern Conference teams have been successful in the NCAA Division I FCS Playoffs, leading all conferences with an 87-49 (.640) record. Current and former Southern Conference teams have won a total of 12 national championships.x'} | null | null | Who is the undefeated team ( s ) whose notes person was the warden of Tennessee State Prison from 1955 until his death ? | Georgia Tech North Carolina Vanderbilt |
0b29de8822ff6288 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-155_(1941)', 'title': 'German submarine U-155 (1941)', 'header': ['Date', 'Ship Name', 'Flag', 'Tonnage', 'Fate'], 'data': [{'value': '22 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adellen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '7,984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Sama_(1936)', 'summary': "MS Sama was a Norwegian motor merchant ship , she was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine during World War II . The 1,799-ton ( grt , 2200 tdwt ) Sama was launched at Lindholmens in Gothenburg on December 19 , 1936 and completed in April 1937 . She was built for the Oslo-based Norwegian shipping company Chr . Gundersen & Co . In 1941 , Sama played a significant role in the rescuing of survivors from the badly damaged British troopship Staffordshire . Sama rescued 234 survivors and arrived at Stornoway of the Hebrides Islands on March 29 , 1941 . On February 15 , 1942 she sailed as part of the trade convoy ON67 from Belfast on a westbound course for St. John 's . She was carrying 1,040 tons of china clay when the convoy was attacked by German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean just after midnight on February 22 . At 2:25 AM , Sama was hit in the stern by a torpedo from the German submarine U-155 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Adolf Piening . The ship sank within a few minutes of the attack . Of her crew and passengers , 19 perished and 20 were saved by the American destroyer USS Nicholson . The maritime inquiry after the incident was held in Halifax , Nova Scotia on March 7 , 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '1,799', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabutan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Arabutan', 'summary': 'SS Arabutan was the fifth Brazilian merchant ship to be sunk during World War II . At 21.10 hours on 7 March 1942 , the German submarine U-155 fired a stern torpedo that hit the Arabutan ( Master Aníbal Alfredo do Prado ) after 102 seconds and caused her to sink in 13 minutes about 81 miles off Cape Hatteras , at 35.15N/73.55W . The ship had been spotted one hour earlier but no neutrality markings were noticed . One crew member , the nurse Manoel Florêncio Coimbra was lost , he probably was killed by the explosion while sleeping in his cabin . The master , 50 crew members , three sailors from the Brazilian tanker Itamarati and a survivor from Buarque abandoned ship in four lifeboats which were sighted about six hours later by aircraft . On 8 March , the US Coast Guard cutter Calypso picked up the survivors and landed them at Little Creek , Virginia after sinking their boats as a hazard to navigation .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '7,874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brabant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '2,483', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Challenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Challenger_(ID-3630)', 'summary': 'USS Challenger was a U.S. freighter . It was commissioned by the U.S. Navy between 1918 and 1919 for service during World War I . She was built in 1918 by Union Iron Works , San Francisco , Calif. , under a United States Shipping Board contract . The US Navy accepted delivery on 4 October 1918 and she was commissioned the same day with Lieutenant Commander G. T. January , USNRF , in command . She then reported to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service . Challenger cleared San Francisco 9 October 1918 for Mejillones and Antofagasta , Chile , where she loaded nitrates . Sailing on to deliver her cargo at Pensacola , Fla. , 11 December , Challenger was next ordered to New Orleans to load cotton and steel for the French government . She was transferred to J. H. W. Steele Co. for operation . After a voyage in January and February 1919 carrying cargo to France to supply the Army of Occupation , Challenger returned to Baltimore , Md . She was decommissioned there 2 May 1919 , and returned to the United States Shipping Board the same day . On 17 May 1942 while serving with American-South African Line during World War II , she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-155 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': '7,667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Victorio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '8,136', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvan Arrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Sylvan_Arrow', 'summary': "Late in 1915 Standard Oil placed an order for four tankers of approximately 12,500 deadweight , to expand their oil carrying business . A contract for these vessels was awarded to the New York Shipbuilding Co. and the ship was laid down at the shipbuilder 's yard in Camden ( yard number 174 ) on 22 March 1917 , and launched on 16 October 1917 , with Mrs. Mary Stobo Veit , wife of Richard C. Veit , Vice-President of Standard Oil Company , serving as the sponsor . The ship was built on the Isherwood principle of longitudinal framing providing extra strength to the body of the vessel , had two main decks and a shelter deck and had electric lights installed along them . The tanker had a cargo pump room located amidships , and twenty main and ten summer tanks constructed throughout the vessel with a total capacity to carry 3,950,000 US gallons of oil ."}]}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '7,797', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watsonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '2,220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poseidon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1,928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 May 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '2,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbacena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in July 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during July 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '4,772', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in July 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during July 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '2,347', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in July 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during July 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '2,445', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cranford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in July 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during July 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6,096', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clan Macnaughton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in August 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '8,088', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in August 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '5,878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Arnold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Empire_Arnold', 'summary': 'Empire Arnold was a 7,045 ton cargo ship which was built in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport . Launched in March and completed in May , she was torpedoed by U-155 on 4 August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '7,045', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Draco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in August 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '389', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Emiliano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in August 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state established by the Acts of Union 1800 , which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . The United Kingdom , having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars , developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century . The Crimean War with Russia was a relatively small operation in a century where Britain was largely at peace with the Great Powers . Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state 's formation continued up until the mid-19th century . The Great Irish Famine , exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century , led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform . The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry , trade and finance , in which Britain largely dominated the world economy . Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States . The empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia . The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally , while democratic institutions began to develop . British India , by far the most important overseas possession , saw a short-lived revolt in 1857 . In overseas policy , the central policy was free trade , which enabled British and Irish financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries , as in South America . London formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century , when it began to cooperate with Japan , France and Russia , and moved closer to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '8,071', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strabo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in August 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during August 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summary of raiding history', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'German_submarine_U-155_(1941)_0', 'intro': "German submarine U-155 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 1 October 1940 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 997. She was launched on 12 May 1941 and commissioned on 23 August with Kapitänleutnant Adolf Piening in command. Piening was relieved in February 1944 (after being promoted to Korvettenkapitän), by Oberleutnant zur See Johannes Rudolph."} | null | null | Who died because of the torpedo that sunk Brazil 's largest ship ? | Manoel Florêncio Coimbra |
0b2a41b42b34dfdf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Department_of_History', 'title': 'Cornell University Department of History', 'header': ['Name', 'Title', 'Field of study', 'Year joined department'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_E._Baptist', 'summary': 'Edward E. Baptist ( born 1970 ) is an American academic and writer . He is a professor of history at Cornell University , located in Ithaca , New York , where he specializes in the history of the 19th-century United States , particularly the South . Thematically , he has been interested in the history of capitalism and has also been interested in digital humanities methodologies . He is the author of numerous books .'}]}, {'value': 'Associate Professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19th-century United States , slavery , History of Capitalism', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Cristina Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Garcia', 'summary': 'Maria Cristina Garcia is an American historian , currently the Howard A. Newman Professor of American Studies at Cornell University . Her work focuses on the history of displaced and mobile populations in the Americas . Garcia received her B.A . from Georgetown University and her Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin . She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Society of American Historians . She is a recipient of a 2016 Andrew Carnegie Fellowship , the 2010 Cornell Stephen and Margery Russell Teaching Award , and the 2016 Kendall S. Carpenter Memorial Advising Award . She is also a former fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington , D.C. and is the sitting president of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard A. Newman Professor of American Studies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States , immigrants , refugees', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrence Glickman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_B._Glickman', 'summary': 'Lawrence B. Glickman ( born January 10 , 1963 ) is an American history professor and author or editor of four books and several articles on consumerism . He has taught at Cornell University since 2014 , where he is Stephen and Evalyn Milman Professor in American Studies . Previously he taught at the University of South Carolina . Glickman earned a Princeton University B.A . in history magna cum laude in 1985 , a M.A . in 1989 and his Ph.D. in 1992 both from University of California , Berkeley . He has written three books , A Living Wage : American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society , Buying Power : A History of Consumer Activism in America , and Free Enterprise : An American History .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American consumerism', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Greene', 'summary': "Sandra Elaine Greene is an historian of West Africa and professor . She is Stephen '59 and Madeline '60 Anbinder Professor of African History and Chair of the History Department at Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': "Department Chair , Stephen '59 and Madeline '60 Anbinder Professor of African History", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabel V. Hull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabel_V._Hull', 'summary': 'Isabel Virginia Hull ( born 1949 ) is John Stambaugh Professor Emerita of History and the former chair of the history department at Cornell University . She specializes in German history from 1700 to 1945 , with a focus on sociopolitics , political theory , and gender/sexuality . Since January 2006 , Hull has served on the editorial board of the Journal of Modern History .'}]}, {'value': 'John Stambaugh Professor of History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany , political theory , sexuality , international law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_of_Germany', 'summary': "The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar , who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania , thus distinguishing it from Gaul ( France ) , which he had conquered . The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ( AD 9 ) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire , although the Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along the Rhine . Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Franks conquered the other West Germanic tribes . When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charles the Great 's heirs in 843 , the eastern part became East Francia . In 962 , Otto I became the first Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , the medieval German state . In the Late Middle Ages , the regional dukes , princes , and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors . Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church after 1517 , as the northern states became Protestant , while the southern states remained Catholic . The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) , which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts . The Thirty Years ' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany ; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war . 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-state system , with Germany divided into numerous independent states , such as Prussia , Bavaria , Saxony , Austria and other states , which also controlled land outside of the area considered Germany . After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803-1815 , feudalism fell away and liberalism and nationalism clashed with reaction . The German revolutions of 1848-49 failed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Political_theory', 'summary': 'Political philosophy , also known as political theory , is the study of topics such as politics , liberty , justice , property , rights , law , and the enforcement of laws by authority : what they are , if they are needed , what makes a government legitimate , what rights and freedoms it should protect , what form it should take , what the law is , and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government , if any , and when it may be legitimately overthrown , if ever . Political theory also engages questions of a broader scope , tackling the political nature of phenomena and categories such as identity , culture , sexuality , race , wealth , human-nonhuman relations , ecology , religion , and more . Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy , but it has also been a major part of political science , within which a strong focus has historically been placed on both the history of political thought and contemporary political theory ( from normative political theory to various critical approaches ) . In the Oxford Handbook in Political Theory ( 2006 ) , the field is described as : [ . ] an interdisciplinary endeavor whose center of gravity lies at the humanities end of the happily still undisciplined discipline of political science . For a long time , the challenge for the identity of political theory has been how to position itself productively in three sorts of location : in relation to the academic disciplines of political science , history , and philosophy ; between the world of politics and the more abstract , ruminative register of theory ; between canonical political theory and the newer resources ( such as feminist and critical theory , discourse analysis , film and film theory , popular and political culture , mass media studies , neuroscience , environmental studies , behavioral science , and economics ) on which political theorists increasingly draw .'}, {'url': '/wiki/History_of_sexuality', 'summary': 'The social construction of sexual behavior - its taboos , regulation , and social and political impact - has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_law', 'summary': 'International law , also known as public international law and law of nations , is the set of rules , norms , and standards generally accepted in relations between nations . It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework to guide states across a broad range of domains , including war , diplomacy , trade , and human rights . International law thus provides a means for states to practice more stable , consistent , and organized international relations . The sources of international law include international custom ( general state practice accepted as law ) , treaties , and general principles of law recognized by most national legal systems . International law may also be reflected in international comity , the practices and customs adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition , such as saluting the flag of a foreign ship or enforcing a foreign judgment . International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily - though not exclusively - applicable to countries , rather than to individuals , and operates largely through consent , since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon sovereign states . Consequently , states may choose to not abide by international law , and even to break a treaty . However , such violations , particularly of customary international law and peremptory norms ( jus cogens ) , can be met with coercive action , ranging from military intervention to diplomatic and economic pressure . The relationship and interaction between a national legal system ( municipal law ) and international law is complex and variable . National law may become international law when treaties permit national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as the European Court of Human Rights or the International Criminal Court . Treaties such as the Geneva Conventions may require national law to conform to treaty provisions . National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Hyman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Hyman', 'summary': "Louis Roland Hyman ( born 1977 ) is an American writer and economic historian . He is a full professor at Cornell University 's School of Industrial & Labor Relations ."}]}, {'value': 'Associate Professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'History of Capitalism', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Beth Norton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton', 'summary': "Mary Beth Norton ( born 1943 ) is an American historian , specializing in American colonial history and well known for her work on women 's history and the Salem witch trials . She is the Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History at the Department of History at Cornell University . Norton serves as president of the American Historical Association in 2018 . She is a recipient of the Ambassador Book Award in American Studies for In the Devil 's Snare : The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Donlon_Alger', 'summary': 'Mary Donlon Alger née Mary Honor Donlon ( August 25 , 1893 - March 5 , 1977 ) was a Judge of the United States Customs Court .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The history of the United States , a country in North America , started with the arrival of Native Americans in the United States from before 15,000 B.C . Numerous indigenous cultures formed , and many disappeared before 1500 . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in the year 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies were formed after 1600 , and the early records and writings of John Winthrop make the United States the first nation whose most distant origins are fully recorded . By the 1760s , the thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic Coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of taxes , including the Stamp Act of 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' constitutional argument that new taxes needed their approval . Resistance to these taxes , especially the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , led to Parliament issuing punitive laws designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 in Philadelphia , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) to the new nation . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russell Rickford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Rickford', 'summary': 'Russell John Rickford ( born c. 1975 ) is an American scholar and author . An associate professor in the History Department at Cornell University , he has written the only in-depth biography on Betty Shabazz . Rickford is an expert on the black radical tradition and on black liberal culture after World War II , and lectures on American social and political history , among other subjects .'}]}, {'value': 'Assistant Professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'African-American history , American social movements', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African-American_history', 'summary': 'African-American history is the part of American history that looks at the history of African Americans or Black Americans . Of the 10.7 million Africans who were brought to the Americas until the 1880s , 450 thousand were shipped to what is now the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Sachs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Sachs_(historian)', 'summary': 'Aaron Sachs ( born 1969 ) is a historian and Cornell University professor who primarily studies American environmental and cultural history .'}]}, {'value': 'Associate Professor of History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American environmental history', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Environmental_history', 'summary': "Environmental history is the study of human interaction with the natural world over time , emphasising the active role nature plays in influencing human affairs and vice versa . Environmental history emerged in the United States out of the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s , and much of its impetus still stems from present-day global environmental concerns . The field was founded on conservation issues but has broadened in scope to include more general social and scientific history and may deal with cities , population or sustainable development . As all history occurs in the natural world , environmental history tends to focus on particular time-scales , geographic regions , or key themes . It is also a strongly multidisciplinary subject that draws widely on both the humanities and natural science . The subject matter of environmental history can be divided into three main components . The first , nature itself and its change over time , includes the physical impact of humans on the Earth 's land , water , atmosphere and biosphere . The second category , how humans use nature , includes the environmental consequences of increasing population , more effective technology and changing patterns of production and consumption . Other key themes are the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer communities to settled agriculture in the neolithic revolution , the effects of colonial expansion and settlements , and the environmental and human consequences of the industrial and technological revolutions . Finally , environmental historians study how people think about nature - the way attitudes , beliefs and values influence interaction with nature , especially in the form of myths , religion and science ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry S. Strauss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_S._Strauss', 'summary': 'Barry S. Strauss ( born November 27 , 1953 ) is an American historian . He is a Professor of History and Classics at Cornell University and former chair of its history department .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classics', 'summary': 'Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity . It encompasses the study of the Greco-Roman world , particularly of its languages and literature ( Ancient Greek and Classical Latin ) but also of Greco-Roman philosophy , history , and archaeology . Traditionally in the West , the study of the Greek and Roman classics is considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and a fundamental element of a rounded education . The study of classics has therefore traditionally been a cornerstone of a typical elite education . Study encompasses specifically a time-period of history from the mid-2nd millennium BC to the 6th century AD .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Tagliacozzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Tagliacozzo', 'summary': "Eric Tagliacozzo is the John Stambaugh Professor of History at Cornell University , where he teaches Southeast Asian history . He is the director of Cornell 's Comparative Muslim Societies Program , the director of the Cornell Modern Indonesia Project , and the contributing editor of the journal Indonesia . Tagliacozzo received his B.A . from Haverford College in 1989 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1999 . Tagliacozzo studied with Ben Kiernan , James C. Scott , and Jonathan Spence in the History Department at Yale University ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeast_Asian_history', 'summary': 'Southeast Asia can be studied as two distinct sub-regions : Mainland Southeast Asia ( or Indochina ) , which comprises the modern states of Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , Myanmar ( Burma ) and West Malaysia , and Maritime Southeast Asia ( or Insular Southeast Asia ) , which comprises the modern states of Indonesia , East Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines , East Timor , Brunei , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Christmas Island . The earliest Homo sapiens presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to 50,000 years ago and to at least 40,000 years ago in Maritime Southeast Asia . As early as 10,000 years ago , Hoabinhian settlers had developed a tradition and culture of distinct artefact and tool production . During the Neolithic , Austroasiatic peoples populated Indochina via land routes and sea-borne Austronesian immigrants preferably settled in insular Southeast Asia . The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated millet and wet-rice emerged around 1700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of Indochina . The Phung Nguyen culture ( modern northern Vietnam ) and the Ban Chiang site ( modern Thailand ) account for the earliest use of copper by around 2,000 BCE , followed by the Dong Son culture , who by around 500 BCE had developed a highly sophisticated industry of bronze production and processing . Around the same time the first Agrarian Kingdoms emerged where territory was abundant and favourable , such as Funan at the lower Mekong and Van Lang in the Red River delta . Smaller and insular principalities increasingly engaged in and contributed to the rapidly expanding sea trade . The history of Southeast Asia has been greatly influenced by its wide topographical diversity . Maritime Southeast Asia is apart from exceptions like Borneo and Sumatra a patchwork of recurring land-sea patterns on widely dispersed islands and archipelagos . A discontinuity , that admitted moderately sized thalassocratic states indifferent to territorial ambitions where growth and prosperity was associated with sea trade . Mainland Southeast Asia with a continuous , but rugged and difficult terrain provided the basis for the early Khmer and Mon civilisations .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Weil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Weil', 'summary': 'Rachel Judith Weil ( born 1959 ) is a teacher and scholar , specializing in gender and culture in 17th and 18th century England . She is currently a professor of early modern English political and cultural history in the Department of History at Cornell University in Ithaca , NY . Weil received her B.A . degree from Brown University in 1981 and her Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1991 with a dissertation titled Sexual Ideology and Political Propaganda in England 1680-1714 . She has continued scholarly studies of the historical relationship of sexuality and politics in such essays as Sometimes a Scepter is Only a Scepter : Pornography and Politics in Restoration England ( 1993 ) . Weil later published Political Passions : Gender , the Family & Political Argument in England 1680-1714 ( 1999 ) , a further examination of the political implications of family and gender relationships in early modern English history . Her most recent work concerns early modern English political intrigue and conspiracy .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gender and culture in 17th- and 18th-century England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gender', 'summary': "Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to , and differentiating between , masculinity and femininity . Depending on the context , these characteristics may include biological sex ( i.e. , the state of being male , female , or an intersex variation ) , sex-based social structures ( i.e. , gender roles ) , or gender identity . Most cultures use a gender binary , having two genders ( boys/men and girls/women ) ; those who exist outside these groups fall under the umbrella term non-binary or genderqueer . Some societies have specific genders besides man and woman , such as the hijras of South Asia ; these are often referred to as third genders ( and fourth genders , etc ) . Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex and gender as a role in 1955 . Before his work , it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories . However , Money 's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s , when feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender . Today , the distinction is followed in some contexts , especially the social sciences and documents written by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . In other contexts , including some areas of the social sciences , gender includes sex or replaces it . For instance , in non-human animal research , gender is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals . This change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s . In 1993 , the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) started to use gender instead of sex ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Culture', 'summary': 'Culture ( /ˈkʌltʃər/ ) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies , as well as the knowledge , beliefs , arts , laws , customs , capabilities and habits of the individuals in these groups . Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization , which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies . A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society ; it serves as a guideline for behavior , dress , language , and demeanor in a situation , which serves as a template for expectations in a social group . Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks , just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change , for lack of functional responses to the change . Thus in military culture , valor is counted a typical behavior for an individual , as are duty , honor , and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict . In the practice of religion , analogous attributes can be identified in a social group .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable people -- Faculty', 'section_text': 'The following is only a partial list .', 'uid': 'Cornell_University_Department_of_History_0', 'intro': "The Cornell University Department of History is an academic department in the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University that focuses on the study of history. Founded in 1868, it is one of Cornell's original departments and has been a center for the development of professional historical research institutions in the United States, including the American Historical Association and the American Historical Review. It remains a highly-ranked program in the field and its alumni and faculty have won Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes, among other distinctions. In addition, many of Cornell's presidents have served among its ranks."} | null | null | What project is the professor who joined in 1999 director of ? | the Cornell Modern Indonesia Project |
0b2b84aa8051ec6c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Tau', 'title': 'Theta Tau', 'header': ['Colony Name', 'Certification Date', 'University', 'City', 'State', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': 'University at Albany Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04/04/2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University at Albany , SUNY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY', 'summary': "The State University of New York at Albany , commonly referred to as University at Albany , SUNY Albany or UAlbany , is a public research university with campuses in the New York cities of Albany and Rensselaer and the Town of Guilderland , United States . Founded in 1844 , it is part of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system . The university has three campuses : the Uptown Campus in Albany and Guilderland , the Downtown Campus in Albany , and the Health Sciences Campus in the City of Rensselaer , just across the Hudson River . The university enrolls 17,944 students in nine schools and colleges , which offer 50 undergraduate majors and 125 graduate degree programs . The university 's academic choices include new and emerging fields in public policy , homeland security , globalization , documentary studies , biotechnology , bio-instrumentation , and informatics . Through the UAlbany and SUNY-wide exchange programs , students have more than 600 study-abroad programs to choose from , as well as government and business internship opportunities in New York 's capital and surrounding region . The UAlbany faculty had $ 103.0 million in research expenditures in 2016-17. for work advancing discovery in a wide range of fields . The research enterprise is in four areas : social science , public policy , life sciences and atmospheric sciences . SUNY Albany offers many cultural benefits , such as a contemporary art museum and the New York State Writers Institute . UAlbany plays a major role in the economic development of the Capital District and New York State . An economic impact study in 2004 estimated UAlbany 's economic impact to be $ 1.1 billion annually in New York State - $ 1 billion of that in the Capital Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_York', 'summary': 'Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara University Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02/04/2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara_University', 'summary': "Santa Clara University is a private Jesuit university in Santa Clara , California , with about 5,400 undergraduate students and about 3,300 postgraduate students . Established in 1851 , Santa Clara University is the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California and has remained in its original location for 168 years . The university 's campus surrounds the historic Mission Santa Clara de Asis which traces its founding to 1776 . The campus mirrors the Mission 's architectural style and provides a fine early example of Mission Revival architecture . The university is classified as a Doctoral/Professional university by Carnegie Classification . The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its six colleges , the School of Arts and Sciences , School of Education and Counseling Psychology , Leavey School of Business , School of Engineering , Jesuit School of Theology , and School of Law . Among Santa Clara 's alumni are governors , congressmen , mayors , senators , and presidential cabinet members . Santa Clara alumni founded Nvidia and Farmer 's Insurance , and created JavaScript . Santa Clara 's alumni have won a number of honors , including Pulitzer Prizes , the NBA MVP Award , and induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Santa Clara alumni have served as mayors of San Francisco , Los Angeles , Oakland , San Jose , and Washington , DC . The two most recent Governors of California attended Santa Clara . Santa Clara 's sports teams are called the Broncos ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Clara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Clara ( /ˌsæntəˈklærə/ ) is a city in Santa Clara County , California . The city 's population was 116,468 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the ninth-most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area . Located on the southern coast of San Francisco Bay immediately west of San Jose and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of San Francisco , the city was founded in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís , the eighth of 21 California missions . The city was later incorporated in 1852 . The mission , the city , and the county are all named for Saint Clare of Assisi . Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several high-tech companies such as Intel . It is also home to Santa Clara University , the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of California , which was built around Mission Santa Clara de Asís . Levi 's Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers , is located in the city . Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on all sides , except for Sunnyvale to the west , and Cupertino to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of New Haven Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11/19/2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of New Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_New_Haven', 'summary': 'The University of New Haven ( UNH ) is a private university in West Haven , Connecticut , which borders the larger city of New Haven and Long Island Sound . Between its main campus in West Haven and its graduate school campus in Orange , Connecticut , the university is situated on approximately 122 acres of land . The university comprises six degree-granting colleges and schools : the College of Arts and Sciences , the Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts , the College of Business , the Tagliatela College of Engineering , the Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences , and the School of Health Sciences . From 2006-2011 , the universitys undergraduate and graduate student enrollment increased by 28% and as of fall 2011 totaled over 6,000 students . The university is a member of the Northeast-10 Conference and its mascot is the Charger , a medieval war horse .'}]}, {'value': 'West Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'West Haven is a city in New Haven County , Connecticut , United States . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 55,564 .'}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California State University , Fullerton Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04/28/2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California State University , Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton', 'summary': "California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF or Cal State Fullerton ) is a public university in Fullerton , California . With a total enrollment of about 40,400 , it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system , and its approximately 5,800 graduate student body is also the largest in the CSU and one of the largest in all of California . As of Fall 2016 , the school had 2,083 faculty , of which 782 were on the tenure track . The university offers 109 degrees : 57 bachelor 's degrees and 52 graduate degrees , including three doctorates . CSUF is a Hispanic-serving institution and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution ( AANAPISI ) . The university is nationally accredited in art , athletic training , business , chemistry , communications , communicative disorders , computer science , dance , engineering , music , nursing , public administration , public health , social work , teacher education and theater . Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $ 2.26 billion to the California and local economy , and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide . CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans . They compete in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullerton,_California', 'summary': 'Fullerton ( /ˈfʊlərtən/ ) is a city located in northern Orange County , California , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 135,161 . Fullerton was founded in 1887 . It secured the land on behalf of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway . Historically it was a center of agriculture , notably groves of Valencia oranges and other citrus crops ; petroleum extraction ; transportation ; and manufacturing . It is home to numerous higher educational institutions , particularly California State University , Fullerton and Fullerton College . From the mid-1940s through the late 1990s , Fullerton was home to a large industrial base made up of aerospace contractors , canneries , paper products manufacturers , and is considered to be the birthplace of the electric guitar , due in a large part to Leo Fender . The headquarters of Vons , which is owned by Albertsons , is located in Fullerton near the Fullerton-Anaheim line .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Institute of Technology Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08/25/2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Florida Institute of Technology ( Florida Tech or FIT ) is a private nonprofit doctoral/research university in Melbourne , Florida . The university comprises four academic colleges : Engineering & Science , Aeronautics , Psychology & Liberal Arts , and Business . Approximately half of FIT 's students are enrolled in the College of Engineering . The university 's 130-acre primary residential campus is located near the Orlando Melbourne International Airport and the Florida Tech Research Park . It is about 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the Kennedy Space Center and 75 miles ( 121 km ) from Orlando . The university was founded in 1958 as Brevard Engineering College and has been known by its present name since 1966 . In 2013 , Florida Tech had an on-campus student body of 4,633 , almost equally divided between graduate- and undergraduate-level students with the majority of them focusing their studies on engineering and the sciences ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida', 'summary': 'Melbourne /ˈmɛlbərn/ is a city in Brevard County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 76,068 . The municipality is the second-largest in the county by both size and population . Melbourne is a principal city of the Palm Bay - Melbourne - Titusville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 1969 the city was expanded by merging with nearby Eau Gallie .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Gulf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09/30/2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Washington', 'summary': "The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle,_Washington', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_(State)', 'summary': "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01/12/2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_University', 'summary': 'James Madison University ( also known as JMU , Madison , or James Madison ) is a public research university in Harrisonburg , Virginia . Founded in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg , the institution was renamed Madison College in 1938 in honor of President James Madison and then James Madison University in 1977 . The university is situated in the Shenandoah Valley , just west of Massanutten Mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Harrisonburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . It is also the county seat of the surrounding Rockingham County , although the two are separate jurisdictions . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,914 , with a census-estimated 2018 population of 54,033 . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes into the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a 2011 estimated population of 126,562 . Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University ( JMU ) , a public research university with an enrollment of over 20,000 students , and Eastern Mennonite University ( EMU ) , a private , Mennonite-affiliated liberal arts university . Although the city has no historical association with President James Madison , JMU was nonetheless named in his honor as Madison College in 1938 and renamed as James Madison University in 1977 . EMU largely owes it existence to the sizable Mennonite population in the Shenandoah Valley , to which many Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived beginning in the mid-18th century in search of rich , unsettled farmland . The city has become a bastion of ethnic and linguistic diversity in recent years . Over 1,900 refugees have been settled in Harrisonburg since 2002 . As of 2014 , Hispanics or Latinos of any race comprise 19% of the city 's population . Harrisonburg City Public Schools ( HCPS ) students speak 55 languages in addition to English , with Spanish , Arabic , and Kurdish being the most common languages spoken . Over one-third of HCPS students are English as a second language ( ESL ) learners ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio Northern University Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04/27/2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio Northern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Northern University is a private , United Methodist Church-affiliated university in Ada , Ohio . Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr in 1871 , ONU is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'Ada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ada /ˈeɪdə/ ; AY-də ; is a village in Hardin County , Ohio , United States . Located about 69 miles ( 111 km ) southwest of Toledo . The population was 5,952 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Lakes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose State University Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '05/12/2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_State_University', 'summary': "San José State University ( San Jose State or SJSU ) is a public university in San Jose , California . SJSU is the oldest public university on the West Coast and the founding campus of the California State University ( CSU ) system . Located in downtown San Jose , the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres ( 62 ha ) , or roughly 19 square blocks . SJSU offers 145 bachelor 's and master 's degrees with 108 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations . The university also offers four doctoral degrees as of fall 2019 . SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . SJSU 's total enrollment was 33,282 in fall 2019 , including over 5,400 graduate and credential students . SJSU 's student population is one of the most ethnically diverse in the nation . As of fall 2019 , graduate student enrollment , Asian and international student enrollments at SJSU were the highest of any campus in the CSU system . SJSU is consistently listed as one of the leading suppliers of undergraduate and graduate alumni to Silicon Valley technology firms , and philanthropic support of SJSU is among the highest in the CSU system . SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans , and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08/31/2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_-_Purdue_University_Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis ( IUPUI ) is a public research university in Indianapolis , Indiana . A core campus of Indiana University that also offers Purdue University degrees , it is the result of a merger in 1969 of the Purdue Indianapolis Extension Center ( 1946 ) and Indiana University Indianapolis ( 1916 ) . Located along the White River and Fall Creek , it sits upon a peninsula adjacent to Downtown Indianapolis . Among more than 200 degree programs , the urban university hosts the primary campuses for both the Indiana University School of Medicine , with more than 2,000 students , and the Indiana University School of Dentistry ; the only dental school in the state . Also represented among the graduate schools , the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law is one of only two law schools operated by Indiana University , with the Indiana University Maurer School of Law being the Bloomington equivalent . More than 8,000 students in 2014 were enrolled in professional schools . Total enrollment of 30,690 was reported in 2014 , making it the third largest university in the state . Nearly 89% of the student body is composed of native Hoosiers , with 6% coming from abroad and the remaining from out of state . The IUPUI Jaguars compete in the NCAA 's Division I in the Horizon League . Several athletics venues are located on the campus , including the IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium and Indiana University Natatorium , the largest indoor pool in the United States , with a seating capacity of 4,700 ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'Midwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The College of New Jersey Colony of Theta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09/21/2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The College of New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The College of New Jersey ( TCNJ ) is a public university in Ewing , New Jersey . TCNJ was established in 1855 as the New Jersey State Normal School . The institution was the first normal school in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States . Originally located in Trenton proper , the college was moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s . Since its inception , TCNJ has undergone several name changes , the most recent being the 1996 change to its current name from Trenton State College . TCNJ is a selective institution , with a stated mission to keep New Jersey 's most talented students in-state for higher education . TCNJ aims to combine the best practices of private institutions with a public mission , resulting in an innovative and unique model for undergraduate education . The college encourages free inquiry and open exchange , offering a wide range of learning opportunities in its classrooms , laboratories and studios throughout the campus , as well as at various off-campus locations . The institution is organized into seven schools , all of which offer bachelor 's degree programs and several of which offer targeted master 's degree programs . Emphasis is placed on liberal arts education via the college 's general education requirements . Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial architecture style on 289 tree-lined acres ."}]}, {'value': 'Ewing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewing_Township,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Ewing Township is a township in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States . The township is within the New York metropolitan area as defined by the United States Census Bureau . It also directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission 's Philadelphia Designated Market Area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 35,790 , reflecting an increase of 83 ( +0.2% ) from the 35,707 counted in the 2000 Census , which had increased by 1,522 ( +4.5% ) from the 34,185 counted in the 1990 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mid-Atlantic', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Chapters -- Certified colonies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Theta_Tau_2', 'intro': "Theta Tau (ΘΤ) is a professional engineering fraternity. The fraternity has programs to promote the social, academic, and professional development of its members. Today, Theta Tau is the oldest and largest professional engineering fraternity and has a membership of men and women who study engineering in all its various branches on over 100 college campuses. The fraternity was first founded by four engineering students at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota as the Society of Hammer and Tongs on October 15, 1904. Its founders were Erich J. Schrader, Elwin L. Vinal, William M. Lewis, and Isaac B. Hanks. The Fraternity's Greek letter name Theta Tau was formally adopted at the first National Convention at the University of Minnesota in 1911. Since then, over 40,000 members have been initiated. The Theta Tau Central Office is located in the Brickell area of Miami, Florida."} | null | null | What is the religious association of the other post-secondary school in the city home to James Madison University ? | Mennonite |
0b2ef441bf6ccc54 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_A&M_University_people', 'title': 'List of Texas A&M University people', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Shane Barnard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Barnard', 'summary': 'Shane & Shane is a Texas-based , contemporary worship music band known for acoustic praise and worship music . The band consists of Shane Barnard ( vocals , acoustic guitar ) and Shane Everett ( vocals ) . They are often joined by their drummer and manager , Joey Parish .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian musician', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_music', 'summary': 'Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith . Common themes of Christian music include praise , worship , penitence , and lament , and its forms vary widely across the world . Like other forms of music the creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context . Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes , ranging from aesthetic pleasure , religious or ceremonial purposes , or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Castro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Castro_(singer)', 'summary': 'Jason René Castro ( born March 25 , 1987 ) is an American acoustic/folk-pop singer , songwriter , and real estate agent . He was the fourth place finalist on season seven of American Idol . After Idol , he signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records , and his self-titled debut album was released on April 13 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Idol contestant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Idol', 'summary': "American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller , produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment , and distributed by Fremantle North America . It initially aired on Fox from June 11 , 2002 , to April 7 , 2016 , for 15 seasons . It had a hiatus for two years , until March 11 , 2018 , when a revival of the series aired on ABC . It started as an addition to the Idols format that was based on Pop Idol from British television , and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television . The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents , with the winner determined by American viewers using phones , Internet , and SMS text voting . The winners of the first seventeen seasons , as chosen by viewers , are Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard , Fantasia Barrino , Carrie Underwood , Taylor Hicks , Jordin Sparks , David Cook , Kris Allen , Lee DeWyze , Scotty McCreery , Phillip Phillips , Candice Glover , Caleb Johnson , Nick Fradiani , Trent Harmon , Maddie Poppe , and Laine Hardy respectively . American Idol employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants ' performances . The original judges , for the first through eighth seasons , were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , singer and choreographer Paula Abdul , and music executive and manager Simon Cowell . The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban , Jennifer Lopez , and Harry Connick Jr . The sixteenth season brought three new judges : singers Lionel Richie , Katy Perry , and Luke Bryan . The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series . The success of American Idol has been described as unparalleled in broadcasting history ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Creager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Creager', 'summary': 'Roger Creager ( born July 25 , 1971 ) is a Texas country music singer and songwriter originating from Corpus Christi , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country musician', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Shane Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Everett', 'summary': 'Shane & Shane is a Texas-based , contemporary worship music band known for acoustic praise and worship music . The band consists of Shane Barnard ( vocals , acoustic guitar ) and Shane Everett ( vocals ) . They are often joined by their drummer and manager , Joey Parish .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Earl Keen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Earl_Keen', 'summary': "Robert Earl Keen ( born January 11 , 1956 ) is an American singer-songwriter and entertainer . Debuting with 1984 's No Kinda Dancer , the Houston native has recorded 18 full-length albums for both independent and major record labels . His songs have had cover versions recorded by several country , folk and Texas country music musicians , including George Strait , Joe Ely , Lyle Lovett , The Highwaymen , Nanci Griffith , and the Dixie Chicks . Although both his albums and live performances span many different styles , from folk , country , and bluegrass to rock , he is most commonly affiliated with the Americana genre . Keen has toured extensively both in the US and abroad throughout his career , and was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012 along with Lyle Lovett and the late Townes Van Zandt ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyle Lovett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyle_Lovett', 'summary': "Lyle Pearce Lovett ( born November 1 , 1957 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and record producer . Active since 1980 , he has recorded 13 albums and released 25 singles to date , including his highest entry , the number 10 chart hit on the U.S . Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , Cowboy Man . Lovett has won four Grammy Awards , including Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Album . It 's Not Big It 's Large was released in 2007 , where it debuted and peaked at number 2 on the Top Country Albums chart . A new studio album , Natural Forces , was released on October 20 , 2009 by Lost Highway Records . The last studio album on his Curb Records contract , Release Me , was released in February 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country musician ; four-time Grammy Award winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Needham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Needham', 'summary': 'Jimmy Needham ( born August 22 , 1985 ) is an American contemporary Christian musician signed to Inpop Records . He released debut album , For Freedom , an independent release , in 2005 , and after signing with the Christian record label Inpop in 2006 , a series of albums : Speak ( 2006 ) , Not Without Love ( 2008 ) , Nightlights ( 2010 ) , Clear the Stage ( 2012 ) , and Vice & Virtue ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Tomlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Tomlin', 'summary': "Christopher Dwayne Tomlin ( born May 4 , 1972 ) is an American contemporary Christian music artist , worship leader , and songwriter from Grand Saline , Texas , United States who has sold over 7 million records . He is a member of Passion Conferences and is signed to EMI 's sixstepsrecords . Some of his most well-known songs are How Great Is Our God , Our God , Whom Shall I Fear ( God of Angel Armies ) and his cover of Good Good Father . Tomlin has been awarded 23 GMA Dove Awards , a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album for his 2012 album And If Our God Is For Us , and two RIAA certified platinum albums . Because of his songs ' popularity in many contemporary churches , TIME magazine stated he may be the most often sung artist anywhere . Tomlin 's 2013 album Burning Lights debuted at No . 1 on the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the fourth CCM album in history to do so ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Trevino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Trevino', 'summary': 'Ricardo Treviño Jr. ( born May 16 , 1971 ) , known professionally as Rick Trevino , is an American country music artist . Signed to Columbia Nashville in 1993 , Trevino began his career that year with the release of his debut single Just Enough Rope , the first mainstream country music single to feature separate English and Spanish versions . The song was included on his debut album Dos Mundos ; a self-titled album followed a year later . Trevino has charted a total of fourteen singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and recorded seven studio albums . His highest-charting single , Running Out of Reasons to Run , reached No . 1 on that chart in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country musician', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granger Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granger_Smith', 'summary': "Granger Kelly Smith ( born September 4 , 1979 ) , also known by his alter ego Earl Dibbles Jr. , is an American country music singer and songwriter . He has released nine studio albums , one live album , and two EP 's . He has also had one number one single with Backroad Song ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country musician', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Texas_A&M_University_people_4', 'intro': "The list of Texas A&M University people includes notable alumni, faculty, and affiliates of Texas A&M University. The term Texas Aggie, which comes from Texas A&M's history as an agricultural school, refers to students and alumni of Texas A&M. The class year of each alumnus indicates the projected undergraduate degree award year designation, although the actual year may differ. At Texas A&M and within its student culture, the term former student is more commonly used than alumni."} | null | null | What is the class year of the alumni who was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012 ? | 1978 |
0b2f1bf2f273f509 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Houston', 'title': 'Sports in Houston', 'header': ['Event', 'Host', 'Sport', 'Venue', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'UFC 69 : Shootout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UFC_69', 'summary': 'UFC 69 : Shootout was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Saturday , April 7 , 2007 at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'UFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ."}]}, {'value': 'Mixed martial arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts', 'summary': "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'April 7 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestlemania X-Seven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestlemania_X-Seven', 'summary': 'WrestleMania X-Seven was the 17th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on April 1 , 2001 at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston , Texas , the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas . Twelve matches were contested at the event , including one broadcast exclusively on Sunday Night Heat . The main event was a No Disqualification match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship . The undercard included Triple H versus The Undertaker , the second Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship and a Street Fight between Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon with Mick Foley as special guest referee . A record-breaking attendance for the Reliant Astrodome of 67,925 grossed US $ 3.5 million . In addition to its commercial success , the event has received universal acclaim from critics and fans , and is often regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestling pay-per-views of all time , and by many considered the best WrestleMania of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'WWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestlemania XXV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestlemania_XXV', 'summary': "WrestleMania XXV ( also marketed as The 25th Anniversary of WrestleMania ) was the 25th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on April 5 , 2009 , at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . The event featured talent from all three WWE brands : Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . It was the second WrestleMania to be held in Houston , with the first being WrestleMania X-Seven at the Reliant Astrodome , which was held in 2001 . Eight matches were held on the event 's card , which featured a supercard , a scheduling of more than one main bout . The first of these matches saw The Undertaker defeat Shawn Michaels . The second was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which saw John Cena defeat the champion , Edge , and the third participant in the match , The Big Show , to win the championship . The final match of the night was a singles match for the WWE Championship that featured the champion , Triple H , defeating Randy Orton to retain the title . Featured matches on the undercard included Jeff Hardy versus Matt Hardy in an Extreme Rules match , Chris Jericho versus the team of Roddy Piper , Ricky Steamboat and Jimmy Snuka , and the annual Money in the Bank ladder match . Tickets for the event commenced sale to the public on November 8 , 2008 . For the third consecutive year , WrestleMania broke the record for the highest-grossing pay-per-view in WWE history , grossing US $ 6.9 million in ticket sales , which included fans from all 50 U.S. states , 24 countries , and seven Canadian provinces . WrestleMania XXV generated approximately 960,000 pay-per-view buys , grossing $ 21.0 million in revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'WWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl VIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_VIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl VIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Minnesota Vikings and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1973 season . The Dolphins defeated the Vikings by the score of 24-7 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl , the first team to do so since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowls I and II , and the first AFL/AFC team to do so . The game was played on January 13 , 1974 at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas . This was the first time the Super Bowl venue was not home to that of an NFL franchise . This was also the first Super Bowl not to be held in either the Los Angeles , Miami or New Orleans areas . It was also the last Super Bowl , and penultimate game overall ( the 1974 Pro Bowl in Kansas City played the next week was the last ) to feature goal posts at the front of the end zone ( they were moved to the endline , in the back of the endzone , the next season ) . This was the Dolphins ' third consecutive Super Bowl appearance . They posted a 12-2 record during the regular season , then defeated the Cincinnati Bengals and the Oakland Raiders in the playoffs . The Vikings were making their second Super Bowl appearance after also finishing the regular season with a 12-2 record , and posting postseason victories over the Washington Redskins and the Dallas Cowboys . Super Bowl VIII was largely dominated by the Dolphins , who scored 24 unanswered points during the first three quarters , including two touchdowns on their first two drives . Minnesota 's best chance to threaten Miami occurred with less than a minute left in the first half , but Vikings running back Oscar Reed fumbled the ball away at the Dolphins ' 6-yard line , and his team was unable to overcome Miami 's lead in the second half . The Dolphins ' Larry Csonka became the first running back to be named Super Bowl MVP ; both his 145 rushing yards and his 33 carries were Super Bowl records ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Rice Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Stadium_(Rice_University)', 'summary': 'Rice Stadium is an American football stadium located on the Rice University campus in Houston , Texas . It has been the home of the Rice Owls football team since its completion in 1950 and hosted Super Bowl VIII in 1974 . Architecturally , Rice Stadium is an example of modern architecture , with simple lines and an unadorned , functional design . The lower seating bowl is located below the surrounding ground level . Built solely for football , the stadium has excellent sightlines from almost every seat . To achieve this , the running track was eliminated so that spectators were closer to the action and each side of the upper decks was brought in at a concave angle to provide better sightlines . It is still recognized in many circles as the best stadium in Texas for watching a football game . Entrances and aisles were strategically placed so that the entire stadium could be emptied of spectators in nine minutes . In 2006 , Rice University upgraded the facility by switching from AstroTurf to FieldTurf and adding a modern scoreboard above the north concourse . Seating in the upper deck is in poor condition , which led the university to move home games for which large crowds were expected to nearby NRG Stadium . High school football games , especially neutral-site playoff games , are frequently played at Rice Stadium . It can also be used as a concert venue .'}]}, {'value': 'January 13 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XXXVIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by a score of 32-29 . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers . The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11-5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14-2 record . NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well-played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the Greatest Super Bowl of all time . Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26:55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided when the Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41-yard field goal was made with four seconds left ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 World Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_World_Series', 'summary': "The 2005 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2005 season . The 101st edition of the World Series , it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League ( AL ) champion Chicago White Sox and the National League ( NL ) champion Houston Astros . The White Sox swept the Astros in four games , winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons . Although the series was a sweep , all four games were quite close , being decided by two runs or fewer . The series was played between October 22-26 , 2005 . Home-field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the AL 's 7-5 victory over the NL in the 2005 MLB All-Star Game . The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series , following the Anaheim Angels ( 2002 ) , Florida Marlins ( 2003 ) and Boston Red Sox ( 2004 ) . Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment , with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title . The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play , while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title , having last won the Series in 1917 , and had not been in the Series since 1959 , three years before the Astros ' inaugural season . Like the 1982 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers , the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era ( 1903-present ) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents , because the Astros moved to the AL in 2013 . The Astros would return to the World Series in 2017 as an AL franchise , where they would win in seven games against the Los Angeles Dodgers ."}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 39th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 9 , 1968 , at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas the home of the Houston Astros of the National League , making this the first All-Star Game to be played indoors . The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 1-0 . It is the only All-Star Game ever played without a run batted in ( RBI ) . This was the first night All-Star Game since 1944 . Apart from the 1969 game ( which was originally scheduled to be played at night but was postponed to the following afternoon due to rain ) , all subsequent All-Star Games have been played at night .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 57th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 15 , 1986 , at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas , the home of the Houston Astros of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 3-2 and ended a streak where the NL won 13 of the last 14 games . Boston Red Sox pitcher Roger Clemens was named the Most Valuable Player .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 MLB All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 75th playing of the midseason exhibition baseball game between the all-stars of the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball . The game was held on July 13 , 2004 at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , the home of the Houston Astros of the National League . The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9-4 , thus awarding an AL team ( which would eventually be the Boston Red Sox ) home-field advantage in the 2004 World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2006 NBA All-Star Game was played on Sunday , February 19 , 2006 at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas , home of the Houston Rockets . The game was the 55th annual All-Star game . The theme song was by Houston native Chamillionaire who made a new version of his hit Turn It Up . Trailing by 21 points , the East rode the hot shooting of LeBron James and the teamwork of the four All-Stars from the Detroit Pistons to a 122-120 victory over the West . The 21-year-old James , who scored 29 points and grabbed six rebounds , became the youngest player to win MVP . With the score tied , Dwyane Wade , who finished with 20 points , hit the game-winning layup with 16 seconds left . Tracy McGrady of the Houston Rockets led all players with a game-high 36 points . The Detroit Pistons tied a record with the 1962 Boston Celtics ( Sam Jones , Bill Russell , Bob Cousy , Tom Heinsohn ) , 1975 Celtics ( John Havlicek , JoJo White , Dave Cowens , Paul Silas ) , 1983 Philadelphia 76ers ( Julius Erving , Moses Malone , Andrew Toney and Maurice Cheeks ) , 1998 Lakers ( Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel ) , and later the 2011 Boston Celtics ( Rajon Rondo , Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce and Ray Allen ) , 2015 Atlanta Hawks ( Al Horford , Jeff Teague , Paul Millsap and Kyle Korver ) , and both the 2017 and 2018 Golden State Warriors ( Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Klay Thompson , and Draymond Green ) by sending four players to the All-Star game ."}]}, {'value': 'NBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1971 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1971_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1971 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament involved 25 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men 's NCAA Division I college basketball . It began on March 13 , 1971 , and ended with the championship game on March 27 in Houston , Texas . A total of 29 games were played , including a third place game in each region and a national third place game . UCLA , coached by John Wooden , won the national title with a 68-62 victory in the final game over Villanova , coached by Jack Kraft . Howard Porter of Villanova was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . However , Villanova was disqualified after the tournament for having an ineligible player , Howard Porter , who had signed with an agent prior to the tournament . Having lost to undefeated , second-ranked Penn ( coached by Dick Harter ) twice before , Porter did not think they would make past the regionals where third-ranked South Carolina was also in their path . However , Penn vanquished South Carolina by 15 and then had their worst game of the year against Villanova in the East Regional final , losing 90-47 . Villanova 's first-place finish in the east regional was relinquished to Penn , with the regional consolation game ( 3rd place ) winner , Fordham ( coached by Digger Phelps , a former Penn assistant coach ) , receiving 2nd place ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrodome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrodome', 'summary': "The NRG Astrodome , also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome , is the world 's first multi-purpose , domed sports stadium , located in Houston , Texas . Financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz , mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums . Construction on the stadium began in 1962 , and it officially opened in 1965 . It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 , and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1968 until 1996 , and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1971 until 1975 . Additionally , the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 . When opened , it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the Eighth Wonder of the World . After the original natural grass playing surface died , the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf , which became known as AstroTurf . In another technological first , the Astrodome featured the Astrolite , which was the first animated scoreboard . The Astrodome was renovated in 1988 , expanding seating and altering many original features . By the 1990s , the Astrodome was becoming obsolete . Unable to secure a new stadium , Oilers owner Bud Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season , where they eventually became the Tennessee Titans . The Astros played at the dome through the 1999 season , before relocating to Enron Field ( later changed to Minute Maid Park ) in 2000 , while the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo continued to be held at the Astrodome until the opening of the adjacent NRG Stadium in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 25 and 27 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 MLS All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_MLS_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2010 Major League Soccer All-Star Game , held on July 28 , 2010 , was the 15th annual Major League Soccer All-Star Game , a soccer match involving all-stars from Major League Soccer . The MLS All-Stars faced Manchester United of the English Premier League in the seventh All-Star Game that featured the league 's best players facing international competition . The match was broadcast in the US on ESPN2 in English and Galavision in Spanish . Manchester United thrashed the MLS All-Stars 5-2 to become the first international club to defeat the All-Stars in regulation time ( fellow Premier League side Everton won the 2009 All-Star Game on penalties ) . United forward Federico Macheda , who scored the game 's first two goals , was named Most Valuable Player . Houston Dynamo and MLS announced Reliant Stadium as the venue on September 8 , 2009 . MLS Commissioner Don Garber speculated the league might have drawn a team from Mexico to play the MLS All-Stars in 2010 , given the close proximity of the country to Houston ."}]}, {'value': 'MLS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Soccer', 'summary': "Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a men 's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport 's highest level in the United States and Canada . The league comprises 26 teams - 23 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada and constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries . The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC and Charlotte in 2021 , then Sacramento Republic FC and a St. Louis franchise in 2022 . The regular season starts in late February or early March and goes through mid-October , with each team playing 34 games ; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters ' Shield . Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs through October and November , culminating in the championship game , the MLS Cup . MLS teams also play in domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship . MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League . With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game , MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide . Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States ' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams . MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years : the league lost millions of dollars , teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums , and two teams folded in 2002 . Since then , MLS has expanded to 26 teams , soccer-specific stadiums have proliferated around the league , average attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Designated Player Rule allows teams to sign star players such as David Beckham , MLS secured national TV contracts , and the league is now profitable ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2011 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2011_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a single-elimination tournament involving 68 teams to determine the national champion of the 2010-11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The 73rd edition of the NCAA Tournament began on March 15 , 2011 , and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas . This tournament marked the introduction of the First Four round and an expansion of the field of participants from 65 teams to 68 . The South and Midwest regional games were replaced by the monikers Southeast and Southwest for this tournament , due to the geographical location of New Orleans and San Antonio , respectively . The Final Four featured no top seeds for the first time since 2006 , with the highest remaining seed being West Region winner , # 3 Connecticut . For the first time since 2000 , a # 8 seed advanced to the Final Four as Butler , the national runner-up from the year before , won the Southeast Region . For only the third time ever , a # 11 seed advanced to the Final Four as Virginia Commonwealth , one of the First Four teams , won the Southwest Region . Those three teams were joined by East Region champion Kentucky , a # 4 seed . Connecticut won its third national championship in the championship game by defeating Butler 53-41 . Upsets ruled the 2011 tournament . The East Region saw its # 11 seed , Marquette , advance to the Sweet Sixteen where they were downed by North Carolina . The Southwest Region saw four of its double digit seeds win , as VCU was joined by # 12 seed and citymate Richmond , # 10 seed Florida State , and # 13 seed Morehead State as first round winners ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 and 4 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big 12 Championship Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Football_Championship_Game', 'summary': "The Big 12 Championship Game is a college football game held by the Big 12 Conference . The game was played each year since the conference 's formation in 1996 until 2010 and returned during the 2017 season . From 1996 to 2010 the championship game pitted the Big 12 North Division champion against the South Division champion in a game held after the regular season was completed . From 2017 onward , the game features the two teams with the best conference records . The Big 12 South led the series 11-4 and outscored the Big 12 North 463-324 in the first 15 years the game was held . In the first eight Big 12 championship games , from 1996 to 2003 , the divisions split four games each , with the north champion winning in every odd-numbered year and the south champion winning in every even-numbered year . However , the North division champion did not win after # 13 Kansas State 's 35-7 upset victory over # 1 Oklahoma in 2003 . The game will be played at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas until at least 2021 . The game 's current title sponsor is Dr Pepper ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2002 and 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2013 USA Women 's Sevens", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013_USA_Women's_Sevens", 'summary': "The 2013 USA Women 's Sevens - the first edition of the component of the IRB Women 's Sevens World Series tournament USA Women 's Sevens designed for the female national teams in the Rugby 7s . It was held between February 1 to 2 , 2013 for BBVA Compass Stadium in Houston as it was the second stop of the 2012-13 IRB Women 's Sevens World Series . England took home their first win of the season after defeating the host USA 29-12 ."}]}, {'value': 'IRB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Rugby', 'summary': "World Rugby is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union . World Rugby organises the Rugby World Cup every four years , the sport 's most recognised and most profitable competition . It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions , such as the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , the World Under 20 Championship , and the Pacific Nations Cup . World Rugby 's headquarters are in Dublin , Ireland . Its membership now comprises 120 national unions . Each member country must also be a member of one of the six regional unions into which the world is divided : Africa , Americas North , Asia , Europe , South America and Oceania . World Rugby was founded as the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) in 1886 by Scotland , Wales and Ireland , with England joining in 1890 . Australia , New Zealand and South Africa became full members in 1949 . France became a member in 1978 and a further eighty members joined from 1987 to 1999 . The body was renamed the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) in 1998 , and took up its current name of World Rugby in November 2014 . In 2009 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) voted to include rugby sevens in the 2016 Summer Olympics . World Rugby gained membership of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations ( ASOIF ) in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rugby sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_sevens', 'summary': "Rugby sevens ( commonly known as simply sevens ) , and originally known as seven-a-side rugby , is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven minute halves , instead of the usual 15 players playing 40 minute halves . Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby , the body responsible for rugby union worldwide . The game is popular at all levels , with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months . Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby , and is popular in parts of Africa , Asia , Europe , and the Americas , and especially in the South Pacific . Rugby sevens originated in Melrose , Scotland in the 1880s ; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually . The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series in 2012 . In 2016 , rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time . It has also been played in regional events such as the Pan American Games and the Asian Games , and in 2018 a women 's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': 'BBVA Compass Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBVA_Compass_Stadium', 'summary': "BBVA Stadium ( formerly BBVA Compass Stadium ) is an American multi-purpose stadium located in Houston , Texas that is home to the Houston Dynamo , a Major League Soccer club , the Houston Dash of the National Women 's Soccer League , and to Texas Southern Tigers football . The stadium is the result of combined commitments of $ 35.5 million from the city of Houston and $ 60 million from the Houston Dynamo . Harris County agreed to pay for half of the land in exchange for the ability to jointly own the stadium after its completion date in May 2012 . BBVA , Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , is the stadium 's sponsor company . The stadium is located on a tract of land bordered by Texas , Walker , Emancipation , and Hutchins in East Downtown and east of Interstate 69/U.S . Route 59 and Downtown Houston ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1-2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The 2013 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 17 , 2013 at Toyota Center in Houston , Texas , the current home of the Houston Rockets . This game was the 62nd edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All-Star Game and was played during the 2012-13 NBA season . The Houston Rockets were awarded the All-Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on February 8 , 2012 . This was the third time that Houston had hosted the All-Star Game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 1989 at the Astrodome and 2006 at the Toyota Center . The West won the game 143-138 , and Chris Paul of the Los Angeles Clippers was named the game 's most valuable player ( MVP ) . Starters for the game were selected by the fans , who could select three frontcourt players and two guards from each conference . Previously , fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players . Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers received the most overall votes at 1,591,437 . Starting this season , NBA All-Star Saturday Night events became contests between the Eastern and Western Conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'NBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': 'February 17 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2016 NCAA Men 's Final Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2016_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015-16 season . The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15 , 2016 , and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas . Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament ; No . 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No . 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset , just the eighth ever win for a No . 15 seed over a No . 2 . At least one 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15 seed won a first-round game for the third time ever and the first time since 2013 . In the Final Four , Villanova defeated Oklahoma , while North Carolina defeated Syracuse ( the Cinderella team of the tournament ) . Villanova then defeated North Carolina to win the championship on a three-point buzzer beater by Kris Jenkins . Pundits called the game one of the best in tournament history , going on to say this was one of the most competitive finals ever ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 and 4 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Copa América Centenario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copa_América_Centenario', 'summary': "The Copa América Centenario ( Portuguese : Copa América Centenário , French : Coupe Amerique Centennaire ( for Haiti ) , English : Centennial Cup America ; literally Centennial America Cup ) was an international men 's association football tournament that was hosted in the United States in 2016 . The competition was a celebration of the centenary of CONMEBOL and the Copa América , and was the first Copa América hosted outside South America . The tournament was a commemorative version of Copa América ( not the 45th edition ) . It was held as part of an agreement between CONMEBOL ( the South American football confederation ) and CONCACAF ( the football confederation for North and Central America and the Caribbean ) as a special edition between the usual four-year cycle , and featured an expanded field of 16 teams ( an increase from the usual 12 ) , with all ten teams from CONMEBOL and six teams from CONCACAF . Despite the tournament being an official iteration of the Copa América , the winner would not receive an invitation to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the commemorative nature of the tournament , although eventual winners Chile had already qualified through their 2015 victory . Chile became the fourth nation to win at least two consecutive titles in CONMEBOL tournaments , after Uruguay , Argentina and Brazil . Argentina , meanwhile , lost their third consecutive final in a major tournament , following losses to Germany at the 2014 World Cup and Chile at the 2015 Copa América . When taking into account Argentina 's losses against Brazil ( 2004 Copa América , 2007 Copa América and 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup ) and Denmark ( 1995 King Fahd Cup ) , this is Argentina 's seventh lost final since their last triumph at the 1993 Copa América ."}]}, {'value': 'CONMEBOL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CONMEBOL', 'summary': "The South American Football Confederation ( CONMEBOL , /ˈkɒnmɪbɒl/ ; Spanish : Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ; Portuguese : Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol or CSF ) is the continental governing body of football in South America ( apart from Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana ) , and it is one of FIFA 's six continental confederations . The oldest continental confederation in the world , its headquarters are located in Luque , Paraguay , near Asunción . CONMEBOL is responsible for the organization and governance of South American football 's major international tournaments . With 10 member football associations , it has the fewest members of all the confederations in FIFA . CONMEBOL national teams have won nine FIFA World Cups ( Brazil five , Uruguay two , and Argentina two ) , and CONMEBOL clubs have won 22 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups . Argentina and Uruguay have won two Olympic gold medals each , and Brazil has won one Olympic gold medal . It is considered one of the strongest confederations in the world . The World Cup qualifiers of CONMEBOL have been described as the toughest qualifiers in the world for their simple round-robin system , entry of some of the top national teams in the world , leveling of the weaker national teams , climate conditions , geographic conditions , strong home stands , and passionate supporters . Currently , [ when ? ] the Confederation is planning to create the first women 's qualification to the FIFA Women 's World Cup to replace the Copa América Femenina . Juan Ángel Napout ( Paraguay ) was the president of CONMEBOL until 3 December 2015 when he was arrested in a raid in Switzerland as part of the U.S. Justice Department 's bribery case involving FIFA . Wilmar Valdez ( Uruguay ) was interim president until 26 January 2016 when Alejandro Domínguez ( Paraguay ) was elected president ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 11,13 , and 21 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bowl LI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI', 'summary': "Super Bowl LI was an American football game played at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 5 , 2017 , to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2016 season . The American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots , after trailing by as many as 25 points ( 28-3 ) during the third quarter , defeated the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Atlanta Falcons , 34-28 in overtime . As such , the game is often known as 28-3 after the Falcons ' blown lead . The Patriots ' 25-point comeback is the largest in Super Bowl history , and Super Bowl LI was the first to be decided in overtime . The Patriots ' victory was their fifth , and moved them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list , and at that time , trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories . New England , after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14-2 record , advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance , their second in three years , and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11-5 regular season record , and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title , having lost their only previous appearance in Super Bowl XXXIII . After a scoreless first quarter , Atlanta scored 21 points before New England made a field goal with two seconds left in the second quarter , to make it a 21-3 halftime lead . The Falcons then increased their lead to 28-3 midway through the third quarter , with quarterback Matt Ryan completing his second touchdown pass . The Patriots then scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at 28-28 with 57 seconds left in regulation . New England won the overtime coin toss , received the kickoff and drove 75 yards to win with a 2-yard touchdown run by running back James White . When the game ended , more than 30 team and individual Super Bowl records had been either broken or matched ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 5 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 World Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_World_Series', 'summary': "The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the 2017 World Series presented by YouTube TV . The series was played between October 24 and November 1 . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2001-2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home-field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home-field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . [ a ] From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All-Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home-field advantage over the Astros ."}]}, {'value': 'MLB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other major events', 'section_text': 'In addition to the events listed below , Houston hosted the Masters Grand Prix in 1976 and the Tennis Masters Cup in 2003 and 2004 .', 'uid': 'Sports_in_Houston_2', 'intro': 'The city of Houston and the Houston metropolitan area has a rich sporting culture and the area residents are active in many spectator and participant sports. Spectators attend events including teams from four major professional sports teams and collegiate sports. Participants enjoy activities from running in Memorial Park to sailing on Galveston Bay and Clear Lake. A number of other sports are also available, including nearly a dozen fencing clubs, ranging from recreational clubs to elite competitive organizations.'} | null | null | When did construction begin on the Houston venue that hosted an NBA event on February 19 , 2006 ? | July 2001 |
0b30d61979062b86 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Military Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward Settle Godfrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Settle_Godfrey', 'summary': 'Edward Settle Godfrey ( October 9 , 1843 - April 1 , 1932 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who received the Medal of Honor for leadership as a captain during the Indian Wars .'}]}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; a Private during the Civil War before attending West Point ; received the MOH for leading his men against Chief Joseph despite being severely wounded ; led two platoons of Medal of Honor men at the burial of the Unknown Soldier from World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Joseph', 'summary': "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ( or Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography ) , popularly known as Chief Joseph , Young Joseph , or Joseph the Younger ( March 3 , 1840 - September 21 , 1904 ) , was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce , a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States , in the latter half of the 19th century . He succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) in the early 1870s . Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history , when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory . A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal , including Joseph 's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe , to flee the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people , who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull . At least 700 men , women , and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile ( 1,900 km ) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War . The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public , and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce . In October 1877 , after months of fugitive resistance , most of the surviving remnants of Joseph 's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory , just 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canadian border . Unable to fight any longer , Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho . He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington , where he died in 1904 . Chief Joseph 's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars . For his passionate , principled resistance to his tribe 's forced removal , Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier', 'summary': 'The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier refers to a monument dedicated to the services of an unknown soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in any war . Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-profile national monuments . Throughout history , many soldiers have died in war with their remains being unidentified . Following World War I , a movement arose to commemorate these soldiers with a single tomb , containing the body of one such unidentified soldier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'William Preble Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Preble_Hall', 'summary': 'William Preble Hall ( June 11 , 1848 - December 14 , 1927 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on October 20 , 1879 near the White River , Colorado . An 1868 graduate of West Point , he served in the Army until his retirement in 1912 . He was an excellent marksman , serving on the Army distinguished marksmanship teams , 1879-1892 , winning medals while shooting both carbine and revolver .'}]}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; received the MOH for leading a small group to rescue an officer surrounded by 35 enemy ; distinguished marksman with rifle and revolver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Goldthwaite Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_G._Carter', 'summary': 'Robert Goldthwaite Carter ( October 29 , 1845 - January 4 , 1936 ) was a US Cavalry officer who participated in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars , most notably against the Comanche during which he received the Medal of Honor for his role against a Comanche raiding party at Brazos River in Texas on October 10 , 1871 . He became a successful author in his later years writing several books based on his military career , including On the Border with Mackenzie ( 1935 ) , as well as a series of booklets detailing his years as an Indian fighter on the Texas frontier . Only 100 of these were published for private distribution and are considered extremely rare surviving only in selected excerpts included in On the Border with Mackenzie .'}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant ; an enlisted soldier during the Civil War before attending West Point ; received the MOH for repulsing the charge of a large hostile Indian force near the Brazos River in 1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia', 'summary': 'The chart below shows the current enlisted rank insignia of the United States Army , with seniority , and pay grade , increasing from right to left . Enlisted ranks of corporal and higher are considered non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) . The rank of specialist is a soldier of pay grade E-4 who has not yet attained non-commissioned officer status . It is common that a soldier may never be a corporal and will move directly from specialist to sergeant , attaining NCO status at that time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazos_River', 'summary': "The Brazos River ( /ˈbræzəs/ ( listen ) BRAZ-əs ) , called the Río de los Brazos de Dios ( translated as The River of the Arms of God ) by early Spanish explorers , is the 11th-longest river in the United States at 1,280 miles ( 2,060 km ) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw , Curry County , New Mexico to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000-square-mile ( 116,000 km2 ) drainage basin . Being one of Texas ' largest rivers , it is sometimes used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas . The river is closely associated with Texas history , particularly the Austin settlement and Texas Revolution eras . Today major Texas institutions like Texas A & M University and Baylor University are located close to the river , as are parts of metropolitan Houston ."}]}, {'value': 'John Brown Kerr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Brown_Kerr', 'summary': 'John Brown Kerr ( March 12 , 1847 - February 27 , 1928 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians along the White River , South Dakota .'}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; received the MOH for actions against Brule Sioux along the White River , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sioux', 'summary': "The Sioux ( /suː/ ; Dakota : Očhéthi Šakówiŋ /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/ ) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America . The term is an exonym created from a French transcription of the Anishinaabe term Nadouessioux , and can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation 's many language dialects . The modern Sioux consist of two major divisions based on language divisions : the Dakota and Lakota . Before the 17th century , the Santee Dakota ( Isáŋyathi ; Knife also known as the Eastern Dakota ) lived around Lake Superior with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin . They gathered wild rice , hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish . Wars with the Ojibwe throughout the 1700s pushed the Dakota into southern Minnesota , where the Western Dakota ( Yankton , Yanktonai ) and Teton ( Lakota ) were residing . In the 1800s , the Dakota signed treaties with the United States , ceding much of their land in Minnesota . Failure of the United States to make treaty payments on time , as well as low food supplies , led to the Dakota War of 1862 , which resulted in the Dakota being exiled from Minnesota to numerous reservations in Nebraska , North and South Dakota and Canada . After 1870 , the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota , creating the present-day reservations in the state . The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; Village-at-the-end and Little village-at-the-end ) , collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena , resided in the Minnesota River area before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858 . Despite ceding their lands , their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry , which is the cultural center of the Sioux people . They are considered to be the Western Dakota ( also called middle Sioux ) , and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_River,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'White River ( Lakota : Makhízita wakpá ; White Dirt River ) is a city in and the county seat of Mellette County . South Dakota , United States . The population was 581 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward John McClernand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_John_McClernand', 'summary': 'Edward John McClernand ( December 29 , 1848 - February 9 , 1936 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action near the Bear Paw Mountains , Montana on September 30 , 1877 . An 1870 graduate of West Point , his career spanned 42 years , as he served in the Army until his retirement on December 29 , 1912 .'}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brigadier General ; received the MOH for actions at Bear Paw Mountain , Montana in 1877 against Chief Joseph 's tribe", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bear_Paw_Mountains', 'summary': "The Bears Paw Mountains ( Bear Paw Mountains , Bear 's Paw Mountains or Bearpaw Mountains ) are an insular-montane island range in North-Central Montana , USA , located approximately 10 miles south of Havre , Montana . Baldy Mountain , which rises 6,916 feet ( 2,108 m ) above sea level , is the highest peak in the range . The Bears Paw Mountains extend in a 45-mile arc between the Missouri River and Rocky Boy Indian Reservation south of Havre . While highway signs designate the range as the Bears Paw Mountains , historically , the names Bearpaw Mountains and Bear Paw Mountains also have been used , including on early state maps of the region . The U.S. Geological Survey continues to use Bearpaw Mountains on publications ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_Joseph', 'summary': "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ( or Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography ) , popularly known as Chief Joseph , Young Joseph , or Joseph the Younger ( March 3 , 1840 - September 21 , 1904 ) , was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain ( Wallowa ) band of Nez Perce , a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States , in the latter half of the 19th century . He succeeded his father Tuekakas ( Chief Joseph the Elder ) in the early 1870s . Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history , when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory . A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal , including Joseph 's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe , to flee the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people , who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull . At least 700 men , women , and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile ( 1,900 km ) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War . The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public , and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce . In October 1877 , after months of fugitive resistance , most of the surviving remnants of Joseph 's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory , just 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canadian border . Unable to fight any longer , Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho . He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington , where he died in 1904 . Chief Joseph 's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars . For his passionate , principled resistance to his tribe 's forced removal , Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Varnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Varnum', 'summary': 'Charles Albert Varnum ( June 21 , 1849 - February 26 , 1936 ) was a career United States Army officer . He was most noted as the commander of the scouts for George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign ( of which he was the last of the surviving officers to die of natural causes ) during the Great Sioux War , as well as receiving the Medal of Honor for his actions in a conflict at Drexel Mission following the Wounded Knee Massacre .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; commander of the scouts for George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign during the Black Hills War ; recipient of the MOH for his actions in a conflict following the Battle of Wounded Knee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer', 'summary': "George Armstrong Custer ( December 5 , 1839 - June 25 , 1876 ) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars . Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class , but as the Civil War was just starting , trained officers were in immediate demand . He worked closely with General McClellan and the future General Pleasonton , both of whom recognized his qualities as a cavalry leader , and he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers at age 23 . Only a few days after his promotion , he fought at Gettysburg , where he commanded the Michigan Cavalry Brigade and despite being outnumbered , defeated J. E. B. Stuart 's attack at what is now known as the East Cavalry Field . In 1864 , Custer served in the Overland Campaign and in Sheridan 's army in the Shenandoah Valley , defeating Jubal Early at Cedar Creek . His division blocked the Army of Northern Virginia 's final retreat and received the first flag of truce from the Confederates , and Custer was present at Robert E. Lee 's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox . After the war , Custer was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army and was sent west to fight in the Indian Wars . On June 25 , 1876 , while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes , he was killed along with all of his command during an action later romanticized as Custer 's Last Stand . His dramatic end was as controversial as the rest of his career , and reaction to his life and career remains deeply divided . Custer 's bold leadership in battle is unquestioned , but his legend was partly of his own fabrication through his extensive journalism , and perhaps more through the energetic lobbying of his wife Libbie Custer throughout her long widowhood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn', 'summary': "The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25-26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory . The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The U.S. 7th Cavalry , a force of 700 men , suffered a major defeat while under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer ( formerly a brevetted major general during the American Civil War ) . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew and a brother-in-law . The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their wounds ) , :244 including four Crow Indian scouts and at least two Arikara Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Libbie Custer , Custer 's widow , soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic , figures in American history . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument honors those who fought on both sides ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Hills_War', 'summary': "The Great Sioux War of 1876 , also known as the Black Hills War , was a series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux , Northern Cheyenne , and the United States . The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills . Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills , settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands , and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the U.S . Traditionally , the United States military and historians place the Lakota at the center of the story , especially given their numbers , but some Indians believe the Cheyenne were the primary target of the U.S. campaign . Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn , often known as Custer 's Last Stand , the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains Indians . That Indian victory notwithstanding , the U.S. leveraged national resources to force the Indians to surrender , primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property . The Great Sioux War took place under the presidencies of Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes . The Agreement of 1877 ( 19 Stat . 254 , enacted February 28 , 1877 ) officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre', 'summary': "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for rallying his men against a fortified position at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Thomas Cruse , George H. Morgan , and Charles Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash', 'summary': "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77"}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cruse', 'summary': 'Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_H._Morgan', 'summary': "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action .'}]}, {'value': 'William Harding Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Harding_Carter', 'summary': 'William Giles Harding Carter ( November 19 , 1851 - May 24 , 1925 ) was a US Cavalry officer who served during the American Civil War , Spanish-American War and World War I . He also took part in the Indian Wars seeing extensive service against the Apache and Comanche in Arizona being awarded the Medal of Honor against the Apache during the Comanche Campaign on August 30 , 1881 . A strong advocate of reform in the United States Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Carter and Secretary of War Elihu Root are credited with the creation of the U.S. Army War College and helped pass the General Staff Act of 1903 through the United States Congress , replacing the office of commanding general with a chief of staff and a more efficient reorganization of military staff structure . He was also an active supporter of the Militia Act of 1903 which proposed to replace the obsolete state militia system with the National Guard Bureau . A later historian and military biographer , Carter wrote several books including From Yorktown to Santiago with the 6th Cavalry ( 1900 ) , Old Army Sketches ( 1906 ) and The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee ( 1917 ) as well as a number articles and academic papers for professional and learned journals .'}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing two soldiers under heavy fire during the Comanche Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Comanche_Campaign', 'summary': 'The Comanche campaign is a general term for military operations by the United States government against the Comanche tribe in the newly settled west . Between 1867 and 1875 , military units fought against the Comanche people in a series of expeditions and campaigns until the Comanche surrendered and relocated to a reservation .'}]}, {'value': 'Marion Perry Maus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_Perry_Maus', 'summary': 'Marion Perry Maus ( August 25 , 1850 - February 2 , 1930 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on January 11 , 1886 in the Sierra Madre Mountains , Mexico . An 1874 graduate of West Point , he served in three wars and in multiple commands in the Army during his long career , retiring in 1913 .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for actions while commander of Apache scouts in the capture of Geronimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apache_scouts', 'summary': 'The Apache Scouts were part of the United States Army Indian Scouts . Most of their service was during the Apache Wars , between 1849 and 1886 , though the last scout retired in 1947 . The Apache scouts were the eyes and ears of the United States military and sometimes the cultural translators for the various Apache bands and the Americans . Apache scouts also served in the Navajo War , the Yavapai War , the Mexican Border War and they saw stateside duty during World War II . There has been a great deal written about Apache scouts , both as part of United States Army reports from the field and more colorful accounts written after the events by non-Apaches in newspapers and books . Men such as Al Sieber and Tom Horn were sometimes the commanding officers of small groups of Apache Scouts . As was the custom in the United States military , scouts were generally enlisted with Anglo nicknames or single names . Many Apache Scouts received citations for bravery . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geronimo', 'summary': "Geronimo ( Mescalero-Chiricahua : Goyaałé Athabaskan pronunciation : [ kòjàːɬɛ́ ] the one who yawns , June 1829 - February 17 , 1909 ) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Apache tribe . From 1850 to 1886 , Geronimo joined with members of three other Chiricahua Apache bands - the Tchihende , the Tsokanende and the Nednhi - to carry out numerous raids , as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona . Geronimo 's raids and related combat actions were a part of the prolonged period of the Apache-United States conflict , which started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848 . While well known , Geronimo was not a chief of the Chiricahua or the Bedonkohe band . :38:1-2 However , since he was a superb leader in raiding and warfare , he frequently led large numbers of men beyond his own following . At any one time , he would be in command of about 30 to 50 Apaches . During Geronimo 's final period of conflict from 1876 to 1886 , he surrendered three times and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona . Reservation life was confining to the free-moving Apache people , and they resented restrictions on their customary way of life . In 1886 , after an intense pursuit in northern Mexico by American forces that followed Geronimo 's third 1885 reservation breakout , Geronimo surrendered for the last time to Lt. Charles Bare Gatewood , an Apache-speaking West Point graduate who had earned Geronimo 's respect a few years before . Geronimo was later transferred to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon , just north of the Mexican/American boundary . Miles treated Geronimo as a prisoner of war and acted promptly to move Geronimo , first to Fort Bowie , then to the railroad at Bowie Station , Arizona , where he and 27 other Apaches were sent to join the rest of the Chiricahua tribe , which had been previously exiled to Florida . While holding him as a prisoner , the United States capitalized on Geronimos fame among non-Indians by displaying him at various events ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernest Albert Garlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Albert_Garlington', 'summary': 'Ernest Albert Garlington ( February 20 , 1853 - October 16 , 1934 ) was a United States Army general who received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for gallantry at the Battle of Wounded Knee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre', 'summary': "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Chowning Gresham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Chowning_Gresham', 'summary': 'John Chowning Gresham ( September 25 , 1851 - September 2 , 1926 ) was an officer in the United States Army who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Indian Wars . After graduating from the military academy he accepted a commission in the United States Army and saw combat in several battles during the American Indian wars including the Battle of Canyon Creek . He was assigned to the Department of Dakota until 1884 when he was assigned to the Virginia Agricultural College as a Professor of Military Science and Tactics . In 1887 he returned to the campaigns against the Indians where he was injured and received his Medal of Honor for his actions during the Wounded Knee Massacre . After retiring in 1915 he was recalled to active duty to command the ROTC and SATC programs at the University of Denver as a member of the California National Guard until the programs were disbanded in 1918 . He died in San Diego , California in 1926 and is buried in San Francisco National Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for gallantry at the Battle of Wounded Knee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre', 'summary': "The Wounded Knee Massacre , also called the Battle of Wounded Knee , was a domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians , almost half of whom were women and children , by soldiers of the United States Army . It occurred on December 29 , 1890 , near Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota , following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp . The previous day , a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside intercepted Spotted Elk 's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) westward to Wounded Knee Creek , where they made camp . The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment , led by Colonel James W. Forsyth , arrived and surrounded the encampment . The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns . On the morning of December 29 , the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota . One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota , a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle , claiming he had paid a lot for it . Simultaneously , an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance . Black Coyote 's rifle went off at that point , and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans . The Lakota warriors fought back , but many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed . By the time the massacre was over , between 250 and 300 men , women , and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded ( 4 men and 47 women and children , some of whom died later ) ; some estimates placed the number of dead at 300 . Twenty-five soldiers also died , and thirty-nine were wounded ( six of the wounded later died ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Oscar Fitzalan Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Fitzalan_Long', 'summary': 'Oscar Fitzalan Long ( June 16 , 1852 - December 23 , 1928 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on September 30 , 1877 near Bear Paw Mountain , Montana . An 1876 graduate of West Point , he served in the Army until 1904 .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for leadership under heavy fire at Bear Paw Mountain , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bear_Paw_Mountains', 'summary': "The Bears Paw Mountains ( Bear Paw Mountains , Bear 's Paw Mountains or Bearpaw Mountains ) are an insular-montane island range in North-Central Montana , USA , located approximately 10 miles south of Havre , Montana . Baldy Mountain , which rises 6,916 feet ( 2,108 m ) above sea level , is the highest peak in the range . The Bears Paw Mountains extend in a 45-mile arc between the Missouri River and Rocky Boy Indian Reservation south of Havre . While highway signs designate the range as the Bears Paw Mountains , historically , the names Bearpaw Mountains and Bear Paw Mountains also have been used , including on early state maps of the region . The U.S. Geological Survey continues to use Bearpaw Mountains on publications ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthias W. Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthias_W._Day', 'summary': "Matthias W. Day ( August 8 , 1853 - September 12 , 1927 ) was a career American army officer who received the Medal of Honor , the United States ' highest military decoration , for his actions during the American Indian Wars in the latter half of the 19th century . Day was a longtime officer with the African-American 9th Cavalry Regiment , seeing action during the Apache Wars against the Apache leaders Victorio and Geronimo . Day later achieved fame as a marksman while participating in the U.S. Army 's annual rifle marksmanship contest , and served in the Philippines during the Philippine-American War . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and served as the commander of his old unit , the 9th Cavalry ."}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire after being ordered to retreat ; member of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier', 'summary': 'Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Temple Emmet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Temple_Emmet', 'summary': 'Robert Temple Emmet ( December 13 , 1854 - October 25 , 1936 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions while surrounded by a much larger force . An 1877 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier .'}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for holding off 200 enemies with only himself and five men despite being surrounded ; member of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier', 'summary': 'Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :'}]}, {'value': 'Wilber Elliott Wilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilber_Elliott_Wilder', 'summary': 'Wilber Elliott Wilder ( August 18 , 1857 - January 30 , 1952 ) was a United States Army Brigadier General who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire .'}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing a wounded soldier under heavy fire ; key figure in negotiating the surrender of the Apache chief Geronimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apache', 'summary': 'The Apache ( /əˈpætʃi/ ) are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States , which include the Chiricahua , Jicarilla , Lipan , Mescalero , Salinero , Plains and Western Apache . Distant cousins of the Apache are the Navajo , with which they share the Southern Athabaskan languages . There are Apache communities in Oklahoma , Texas , and reservations in Arizona and New Mexico . Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere , including urban centers . The Apache Nations are politically autonomous , speak several different languages and have distinct cultures . Historically , the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains , sheltered and watered valleys , deep canyons , deserts , and the southern Great Plains , including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona , Northern Mexico ( Sonora and Chihuahua ) and New Mexico , West Texas , and Southern Colorado . These areas are collectively known as Apacheria . The Apache tribes fought the invading Spanish and Mexican peoples for centuries . The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century . In 19th-century confrontations during the American-Indian wars , the U.S. Army found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geronimo', 'summary': "Geronimo ( Mescalero-Chiricahua : Goyaałé Athabaskan pronunciation : [ kòjàːɬɛ́ ] the one who yawns , June 1829 - February 17 , 1909 ) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Apache tribe . From 1850 to 1886 , Geronimo joined with members of three other Chiricahua Apache bands - the Tchihende , the Tsokanende and the Nednhi - to carry out numerous raids , as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona . Geronimo 's raids and related combat actions were a part of the prolonged period of the Apache-United States conflict , which started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848 . While well known , Geronimo was not a chief of the Chiricahua or the Bedonkohe band . :38:1-2 However , since he was a superb leader in raiding and warfare , he frequently led large numbers of men beyond his own following . At any one time , he would be in command of about 30 to 50 Apaches . During Geronimo 's final period of conflict from 1876 to 1886 , he surrendered three times and accepted life on the Apache reservations in Arizona . Reservation life was confining to the free-moving Apache people , and they resented restrictions on their customary way of life . In 1886 , after an intense pursuit in northern Mexico by American forces that followed Geronimo 's third 1885 reservation breakout , Geronimo surrendered for the last time to Lt. Charles Bare Gatewood , an Apache-speaking West Point graduate who had earned Geronimo 's respect a few years before . Geronimo was later transferred to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon , just north of the Mexican/American boundary . Miles treated Geronimo as a prisoner of war and acted promptly to move Geronimo , first to Fort Bowie , then to the railroad at Bowie Station , Arizona , where he and 27 other Apaches were sent to join the rest of the Chiricahua tribe , which had been previously exiled to Florida . While holding him as a prisoner , the United States capitalized on Geronimos fame among non-Indians by displaying him at various events ."}]}, {'value': 'Lloyd Milton Brett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Milton_Brett', 'summary': "Lloyd Milton Brett ( February 22 , 1856 - September 23 , 1927 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on April 1 , 1880 at O'Fallon 's Creek , Montana . He graduated from West Point and served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in World War I . He retired as a brigadier general in 1920 ."}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for fearless exposure in cutting off the enemy 's pony herd at O'Fallon 's Creek , Montana , which greatly crippled their ability to fight", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Cruse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cruse', 'summary': 'Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; recipient of the MOH for holding off the enemy , which enabled the rescue of wounded soldier at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Frank West , George H. Morgan , and Charles Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash', 'summary': "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77"}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_H._Morgan', 'summary': "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action .'}]}, {'value': 'George Ritter Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Ritter_Burnett', 'summary': "George Ritter Burnett ( April 23 , 1858 - November 1 , 1908 ) was a United States Army officer who received the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for rescuing stranded men under heavy enemy fire ; one of his men , Augustus Walley , also received the Medal of Honor for this action , both members of the 9th Cavalry Regiment of the Buffalo Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Augustus_Walley', 'summary': "Augustus Walley ( March 10 , 1856 - April 9 , 1938 ) was a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and a recipient of America 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army . Historically , it was one of the Army 's four segregated African American regiments . The regiment saw combat during the Indian and Spanish-American Wars . During Westward Expansion , the regiment provided security for the early western settlers and defended the American borders against Indian bands , Mexican encroachment , and criminal elements . As of 2019 [ update ] , the 1st Battalion and 4th Squadron serve with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 1st Cavalry Division as a combined arms battalion and an armored reconnaissance squadron , respectively , while the 6th Squadron is the armored reconnaissance squadron of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the division . All three units are stationed at Fort Hood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier', 'summary': 'Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :'}]}, {'value': 'George Horace Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._Morgan', 'summary': "George Horace Morgan ( January 1 , 1855 - February 14 , 1948 ) was an American cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient . He was the son of a Civil War general , George N. Morgan , and graduated from West Point , the U.S. Military Academy , in 1880 . He was post commander of Fort Myer , Virginia , when he held the rank of major , March-June 1899 . Morgan served in all the United States ' wars from the Indian Wars to World War I . He was wounded by an Apache in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . The bullet remained near his heart for over 60 years until it shifted in 1948 and caused his death . He is the namesake of Camp Morgan in Bosnia . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and First Sergeant Charles Taylor were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action . West and Cruse are also Academy graduates ."}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel ; recipient of the MOH for steadfastly holding his line against the enemy at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona , for which three other men also received the Medal of Honor : Thomas Cruse , Frank West , and Charles Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Dry_Wash', 'summary': "The Battle of Big Dry Wash was fought on July 17 , 1882 , between troops of the United States Army 's 3rd Cavalry Regiment and 6th Cavalry Regiment and members of the White Mountain Apache tribe . :276The location of the battle was called Big Dry Wash in Major Evans ' official report , but later maps called the location Big Dry Fork , which is how it is cited in the four Medal of Honor citations that resulted from the battle . :276-77"}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cruse', 'summary': 'Thomas Cruse ( December 29 , 1857 - June 8 , 1943 ) was a United States Army brigadier general who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action on July 17 , 1882 , at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . An 1879 graduate of West Point , he served in numerous campaigns on the Western Frontier and later in the Philippines . He retired as a brigadier general in 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_West_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Frank West ( September 26 , 1850 - August 26 , 1923 ) was a United States Army colonel who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in fighting Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash , Arizona . West is an 1872 graduate of West Point .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Charles Taylor ( 1840 - August 3 , 1899 ) was an American cavalry soldier and Medal of Honor recipient . He was cited for gallantry in action in the Battle of Big Dry Wash in the Apache Wars in the Arizona Territory in 1882 , for which he received the Medal of Honor . Three other men , First Lieutenant Frank West , Second Lieutenant Thomas Cruse and Second Lieutenant George H. Morgan were also awarded Medals of Honor in this action .'}]}, {'value': 'Powhatan Henry Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powhatan_Henry_Clarke', 'summary': "Powhatan Henry Clarke ( October 9 , 1862 - July 21 , 1893 ) was a United States Army First Lieutenant who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Geronimo Campaign in Sonora , Mexico . He received the medal for rescuing a wounded soldier on May 3 , 1886 . Clarke 's granddaughter was pioneering female photographer Bayard Wootten of New Bern North Carolina . The interesting history does n't stop there . Clarke 's sister , Wootten 's grandmother was also a well respected writer , calling among her ardent readers and friends General and Mary Robert E. Lee , President Jefferson Davis , General Longstreet , Oliver Wendell Holmes and many other notable persons of the era ."}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for saving a wounded man under heavy fire ; later drowned while rescuing another man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_12', 'intro': "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Army. The Academy was founded in 1802 and is the oldest of the United States' five service academies. It is also referred to as West Point (the name of the military base that the Academy is a part of.) The Academy graduated its first cadet, Joseph Gardner Swift, in October 1802. Sports media refer to the Academy as Army and the students as Cadets; this usage is officially endorsed. The football team is also known as The Black Knights of the Hudson and The Black Knights. A small number of graduates each year choose the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Air Force, United States Navy, or the United States Marine Corps. Before the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in 1955, the Academy was a major source of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors. Most cadets are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes the sciences and engineering fields. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Military Academy. Notable graduates include 2 American Presidents, 4 additional heads of state, 20 astronauts, 74 Medal of Honor recipients, 70 Rhodes Scholars, and 3 Heisman Trophy winners."} | null | null | In what year did the person from the class of 1868 retire ? | 1912 |
0b3230765a5b1d02 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fox_television_affiliates_(table)', 'title': 'List of Fox television affiliates (table)', 'header': ['Market', 'Station', 'Channel TV / DT', 'Year of affiliation', 'Ownership'], 'data': [{'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'WFXT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WFXT', 'summary': "WFXT , virtual channel 25 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Boston , Massachusetts , United States . The station is owned by Atlanta-based Cox Media Group . WFXT 's studios are located on Fox Drive ( near the Boston-Providence Turnpike ) in Dedham , and its transmitter is located on Cabot Street in Needham . It is one of six Boston television stations that are available in Canada through satellite provider Bell TV and cable provider EastLink . WFXT is the largest Fox affiliate by market size that is not owned and operated by the network , although it was previously owned by Fox on two occasions ( 1987-1990 and 1995-2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '25 / 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 ( owned by Fox from 1987-1990 and 1995-2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cox Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cox_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Cox Media Group , Inc. ( CMG ) is an American media conglomerate principally owned by Apollo Global Management in conjunction with Cox Enterprises , which maintains a 19.9% minority stake in the company . The company primarily owns radio and television stations - many of which are located in the South , Pacific Northwest , Eastern Midwest , and Northeast - as well as three newspapers in Ohio ( pending a sale back to Cox Enterprises to comply with FCC cross-ownership rules ) and the regional cable news network Pittsburgh Cable News Channel ( PCNC ) . Originally founded in December 2008 by Cox Enterprises through a consolidation of its existing publishing and broadcasting subsidiaries , the current incarnation of Cox Media Group was formed on December 17 , 2019 by the acquisition of the original Cox Media Group from Cox Enterprises - which transferred a controlling interest in the company to Apollo - and Northwest Broadcasting from Brian Brady .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle - Tacoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Seattle_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KCPQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KCPQ', 'summary': "KCPQ , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Seattle , Washington , United States that is licensed to Tacoma . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Seattle-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KZJO ( channel 22 ) . The two stations share studios on Westlake Avenue in Seattle 's Westlake neighborhood ; KCPQ 's transmitter is located on Gold Mountain in Bremerton . KCPQ is one of five local Seattle television stations seen in Canada on satellite providers Bell TV and Shaw Direct , as well as various cable systems across Canada ( an alternate feed of this station exists for Canadian viewers on some providers with infomercials replacing programs like The Wendy Williams Show , The Steve Wilkos Show , TMZ Live and a rerun of Modern Family ; fellow station KIRO-TV also has this ) . The station is also carried on several cable systems in southeastern Alaska ."}]}, {'value': '13 / 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nexstar Media Group , Inc. is a publicly traded American telecommunications company with headquarter offices in Irving , Texas , New York City , and Chicago . The company is the largest television station owner in the United States , owning 197 television stations across the U.S. , most of which are affiliates with the four major U.S. television networks located in small to medium-sized markets . It also operates all of the stations owned by an affiliated company , Mission Broadcasting , under local marketing agreements .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami - Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Miami_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WSVN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WSVN', 'summary': "WSVN , virtual channel 7 ( VHF digital channel 9 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Miami , Florida , United States and also serving Fort Lauderdale . It is the flagship station of locally based Sunbeam Television . WSVN 's studios are located on 79th Street Causeway ( SR 934 ) in North Bay Village ( though with a Miami postal address ) , and its transmitter is located in north Miami-Dade County ."}]}, {'value': '7 / 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunbeam Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunbeam_Television', 'summary': 'Sunbeam Television Corporation is a privately held broadcasting company based in Miami , Florida that owns three television stations in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Denver_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KDVR / KFCT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KDVR', 'summary': "KDVR , virtual channel 31 ( UHF digital channel 32 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Denver , Colorado , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with CW affiliate KWGN-TV ( channel 2 ) . The two stations share studios on East Speer Boulevard in Denver 's Speer neighborhood ( to the immediate south of the studios of ABC affiliate KMGH-TV , channel 7 ) ; KDVR 's transmitter is located atop Lookout Mountain , near Golden . On cable , the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 13 and CenturyLink Prism channel 31 . KFCT ( virtual channel 22 , UHF digital channel 21 ) in Fort Collins operates as a full-time satellite of KDVR ; this station 's transmitter is located atop Horsetooth Mountain just outside the city . KFCT covers areas of northern Colorado , being that area 's only full-power television station , that receive a marginal to non-existent signal from KDVR , though there is significant overlap between the coverage areas of both KDVR and KFCT 's signals otherwise ( including in Fort Collins proper and the nearby cities of Greeley , Windsor and Longmont ) . KFCT is a straight simulcast of KDVR ; on-air references to KFCT are limited to Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) -mandated hourly station identifications during newscasts and other programming . Aside from the transmitter , KFCT does not maintain any physical presence locally in Fort Collins ."}]}, {'value': '31 / 32 22 / 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986/1994 ( owned by Fox from 1995-2008 ; KFCT is a satellite of KDVR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland - Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Cleveland_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WJW-TV ++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WJW_(TV)', 'summary': "WJW , virtual and VHF digital channel 8 , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Cleveland , Ohio , United States . Its second digital subchannel serves as an owned-and-operated station of the classic TV network Antenna TV . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . WJW 's studios are located on Dick Goddard Way ( named for the station 's longtime weatherman - previously known as South Marginal Road ) just northeast of downtown Cleveland near the shore of Lake Erie , and its transmitter is located in the Cleveland suburb of Parma , Ohio ."}]}, {'value': '8 / 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( owned by Fox from 1997-2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento - Stockton - Modesto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Sacramento_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KTXL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTXL', 'summary': "KTXL , virtual and UHF digital channel 40 , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Sacramento , California , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . KTXL 's studios are located on Fruitridge Road on the southern side of Sacramento , and its transmitter is located in Walnut Grove , California ."}]}, {'value': '40 / 40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:St_Louis_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KTVI ++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTVI', 'summary': "KTVI , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 43 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to St. Louis , Missouri , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with CW affiliate KPLR-TV ( channel 11 ) . The two stations share studios on Ball Drive in the northwestern St. Louis County suburb of Maryland Heights ( though with a St. Louis city postal address ) ; KTVI 's transmitter is located in the unincorporated community of Sappington . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channels 2 ( standard definition ) and 702 ( high definition ) , and on AT & T U-verse channels 2 ( SD ) and 1002 ( HD ) ."}]}, {'value': '2 / 43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 ( owned by Fox from 1997-2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Portland_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KPTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPTV', 'summary': "KPTV , virtual and VHF digital channel 12 , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Portland , Oregon , United States . The station is owned by the Meredith Local Media subsidiary of Des Moines , Iowa-based Meredith Corporation , as part of a duopoly with Vancouver , Washington-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KPDX ( channel 49 ) . Although the two stations share studios on NW Greenbrier Parkway in Beaverton and transmitter facilities in the Sylvan-Highlands section of Portland , master control and some internal operations are based at Meredith 's West Coast hub facility at the studios of CBS-affiliated sister station KPHO-TV in Phoenix , Arizona ."}]}, {'value': '12 / 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 ( previously with Fox from 1986-88 ; owned by Fox from 2001-02 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WPGH-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPGH-TV', 'summary': "WPGH-TV , virtual channel 53 ( UHF digital channel 20 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate WPNT ( channel 22 ) . The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on Ivory Avenue in the city 's Summer Hill section . On cable , WPGH is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 7 ( channel 6 in Monroeville and channel 8 in Bethel Park ) , and on Verizon FiOS channel 7 ."}]}, {'value': '53 / 43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinclair Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': "Sinclair Broadcast Group , Inc. ( SBG ) is a publicly traded American telecommunications conglomerate which is controlled by the family of company founder Julian Sinclair Smith . Headquartered in the Baltimore suburb of Hunt Valley , Maryland , the company is the second-largest television station operator in the United States by number of stations ( after Nexstar Media Group ) , owning or operating a total of 193 stations across the country in over 100 markets ( covering 40% of American households ) , many of which are located in the South and Midwest , and is the largest owner of stations affiliated with Fox and ABC . Sinclair also owns four digital multicast networks ( Comet , Charge ! , Stadium , and TBD ) , sports-oriented cable networks ( Tennis Channel and Fox Sports Networks ) , and a streaming service ( Stirr ) , and owns or operates four radio stations in the Pacific Northwest . Among other non-broadcast properties , Sinclair also owns the professional wrestling promotion Ring of Honor and its streaming service Honor Club . Sinclair has faced scrutiny from some media critics , as well as some of its station employees , for the conservative slant of their stations ' news reporting and other programming decisions , and how the company 's rapid growth has aided the airing of content that supports these views . Sinclair has also faced criticism over business practices that circumvent concentration of media ownership regulations , particularly the use of local marketing agreements , accusations that the company had been currying favor with the Trump administration in order to loosen these rules and about its management lacking diversity and being totally controlled by a single family . Critics including former CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather have described Sinclair 's practices as being an assault on our democracy by disseminating what they perceive to be Orwellian-like propaganda to its local stations ."}]}, {'value': 'Raleigh - Durham - Fayetteville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Raleigh-Durham_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WRAZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRAZ_(TV)', 'summary': "WRAZ , virtual channel 50 ( UHF digital channel 15 ) , branded on-air as Fox 50 , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Raleigh , North Carolina , United States and serving the Triangle region ( Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill-Fayetteville ) . The station is owned by the Capitol Broadcasting Company , as part of a duopoly with NBC affiliate and company flagship WRAL-TV ( channel 5 , also licensed to Raleigh ) . The two stations share studios at Capitol Broadcasting Company headquarters on Western Boulevard in Raleigh ; WRAZ 's transmitter is located near Auburn , North Carolina . There is no separate website for WRAZ ; instead , it is integrated with that of sister station WRAL-TV . On cable , WRAZ is available on Charter Spectrum channel 13 ."}]}, {'value': '50 / 49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitol Broadcasting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'The Capitol Broadcasting Company , Inc. ( CBC ) is an American media company based in Raleigh , North Carolina . Capitol owns three television stations and nine radio stations in the Raleigh-Durham and Wilmington areas of North Carolina and the Durham Bulls minor league baseball team .'}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Indy_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WXIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WXIN_(TV)', 'summary': "WXIN , virtual channel 59 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Bloomington-licensed CBS affiliate WTTV , channel 4 ( and its Kokomo-licensed satellite WTTK , channel 29 ) . The two stations share studios on Network Place ( near 71st Street & I-465 ) at the Intech Park office development in northwestern Indianapolis ; WXIN 's transmitter is located on West 73rd Street ( or Westlane Road ) on the northern outskirts of the city ( west of Meridian Hills ) . On cable , WXIN is available on Comcast Xfinity , Charter Spectrum and AT & T U-verse channel 11 ."}]}, {'value': '59 / 45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Baltimore_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WBFF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBFF', 'summary': "WBFF , virtual channel 45 ( UHF digital channel 46 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Baltimore , Maryland , United States . It serves as the flagship station of the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( based in nearby Hunt Valley ) , which also operates CW affiliate WNUV ( channel 54 ) under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) with owner Cunningham Broadcasting . However , Sinclair effectively owns WNUV as the majority of Cunningham 's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith . Sinclair also operates MyNetworkTV affiliate WUTB ( channel 24 ) under a separate shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Deerfield Media . The three stations share studios and transmitter facilities on 41st Street off the Jones Falls Expressway on Television Hill in the Woodberry neighborhood of north Baltimore . The 1,280-foot ( 390 m ) tall WBFF/WNUV/WUTB tower stands adjacent to the earlier landmark candleabra tower from the late 1950s , also on the then renamed Television Hill or TV Hill for the city 's original three main VHF stations ( WMAR-TV , WBAL-TV , and WAAM [ now WJZ-TV ] ) . On cable , WBFF is carried on channel 15 on most immediate Baltimore area cable systems and on Verizon FiOS channel 10 , and on either channel 3 , channel 7 , or channel 10 in most outlying areas of the market ."}]}, {'value': '45 / 46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinclair Broadcast Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:San_Diego_TV', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'KSWB-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KSWB-TV', 'summary': "KSWB-TV , virtual channel 69 ( UHF digital channel 26 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to San Diego , California , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . KSWB 's studios are located on Engineer Road in the city 's Kearny Mesa section ( within a quarter-mile to the west of the studios of CBS affiliate KFMB-TV , channel 8 ) , and its transmitter is located southeast of Spring Valley . KSWB-TV is branded as Fox 5 San Diego , in reference to its primary cable channel position in the market on most local cable providers ( it is also carried in Baja California , Mexico on Izzi channel 92 ) . Until 2011 , the logo bug shown during the station 's newscasts rotated between its common cable channel position and its over-the-air virtual channel number , 69 ."}]}, {'value': '69 / 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Nashville_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WZTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WZTV', 'summary': 'WZTV , virtual channel 17 ( UHF digital channel 20 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Nashville , Tennessee , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate WUXP-TV ( channel 30 ) ; Sinclair also operates CW affiliate WNAB ( channel 58 ) under an outsourcing agreement with owner Tennessee Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Mainstream Drive along the Cumberland River and transmitter facilities along I-24 in Whites Creek .'}]}, {'value': '17 / 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinclair Broadcast Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartford - New Haven , CT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Hartford/New_Haven_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WTIC-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTIC-TV', 'summary': 'WTIC-TV , virtual channel 61 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Hartford , Connecticut , United States and serving the Hartford-New Haven , Connecticut television market . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. , as part of a duopoly with Waterbury-licensed CW affiliate WCCT-TV ( channel 20 ) . The two stations share studios on Broad Street in downtown Hartford and transmitter facilities on Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington , Connecticut . On cable , WTIC-TV is carried primarily on channel 6 throughout the market .'}]}, {'value': '61 / 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tegna_Inc.', 'summary': "Tegna Inc. ( stylized as TEGNA ) is an American publicly traded broadcast , digital media and marketing services company headquartered in Tysons , Virginia . It was created on June 29 , 2015 , when the Gannett Company split into two publicly traded companies . Tegna comprised the more profitable broadcast television and digital media divisions of the old Gannett , while Gannett 's publishing interests were spun off as a new company that retained the Gannett name . Tegna owns or operates 66 television stations in 54 markets , is the largest group owner of stations affiliated with NBC and CBS , the fourth-largest group owner of stations affiliated with ABC ( after Sinclair Broadcast Group , E. W. Scripps Company , and Hearst Television ) , and holds properties in digital media ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Kansas_City_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WDAF-TV ++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WDAF-TV', 'summary': "WDAF-TV , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Kansas City , Missouri , United States and serving the Kansas City metropolitan area . The station is owned by the Nexstar Media Group . WDAF-TV 's studios and transmitter are located on Summit Street in the Signal Hill section of Kansas City , Missouri . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum , Comcast Xfinity and Consolidated Communications channel 6 , and Google Fiber and AT & T U-verse channel 4 . There is a high definition feed provided on Spectrum digital channel 1206 , Xfinity channel 805 , Consolidated channel 640 and U-verse channel 1004 . WDAF-TV also serves as an alternate Fox affiliate for the St. Joseph market ( which borders the Kansas City Designated Market Area to the north ) , as the station 's transmitter produces a city-grade signal that reaches St. Joseph proper and rural areas in the market 's central and southern counties . WDAF previously served as the default NBC station for St. Joseph until it disaffiliated from the network in September 1994 ( presently , NBC programming in St. Joseph is provided by KNPG-LD ) , and as the market 's de facto Fox affiliate from that point on until KNPN-LD ( channel 26 ) signed on as an in-market affiliate on June 2 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '4 / 34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( owned by Fox from 1997-2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Columbus_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WTTE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTTE', 'summary': "WTTE , virtual channel 28 ( UHF digital channel 27 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Columbus , Ohio , United States . Owned by Cunningham Broadcasting , the station is operated under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , making it a sister station to ABC affiliate WSYX ( channel 6 ) . However , Sinclair effectively owns WTTE as the majority of Cunningham 's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith . Sinclair also operates Chillicothe-licensed CW affiliate WWHO ( channel 53 ) under a separate shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Manhan Media . The three stations share studios on Dublin Road in Grandview Heights ( with a Columbus mailing address ) ; WTTE and WSYX share transmitter facilities in the Franklinton section of Columbus ."}]}, {'value': '28 / 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cunningham Broadcasting ( controlled by Sinclair Broadcast Group )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cunningham_Broadcasting', 'summary': "Cunningham Broadcasting Corporation is an owner of broadcast television stations in the United States . The company currently owns fifteen stations - nine affiliated with Fox ( one of which also carries MyNetworkTV on a digital subchannel ) , three affiliated with The CW , two affiliated with ABC , and one affiliated with MyNetworkTV . Cunningham has very close ties to the Sinclair Broadcast Group . All but one of the Cunningham stations are operated by Sinclair under local marketing agreements ( the exception is WYZZ-TV , which is operated by Nexstar Media Group ) . In addition , over 90 percent of Cunningham 's stock is controlled by trusts in the name of Sinclair founder Julian Smith 's children . Based on these arrangements , Cunningham appears to be a shell corporation that Sinclair uses to circumvent Federal Communications Commission regulations on television station ownership ."}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:SLC_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'KSTU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KSTU', 'summary': "KSTU , virtual channel 13 ( UHF digital channel 28 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . The station is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company . KSTU 's studios are located on West Amelia Earhart Drive in the northwestern section of Salt Lake City , and its transmitter is located on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains , southwest of Salt Lake City . The station has a large network of broadcast translators that extend its over-the-air coverage throughout Utah , as well as portions of Nevada ."}]}, {'value': '13 / 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 ( owned by Fox from 1990-2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. W. Scripps Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company', 'summary': 'The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis E. W. Scripps . It was also formerly a media conglomerate . The company is headquartered inside the Scripps Center in Cincinnati , Ohio . Its corporate motto is Give light and the people will find their own way .'}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Milwaukee_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WITI-TV ++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WITI-TV', 'summary': "WITI , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 31 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . Its second digital subchannel serves as an owned-and-operated station of the classic TV network Antenna TV . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . WITI 's studios are located on North Green Bay Road ( WIS 57 ) in Brown Deer ( though with a Milwaukee postal address ) , and its transmitter is located on East Capitol Drive ( just north of WIS 190 ) in Shorewood ."}]}, {'value': '6 / 33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( owned by Fox from 1997-2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Template:Cincy_TV', 'summary': "Initial visibility : currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template 's initial visibility , the |state= parameter may be used :"}]}, {'value': 'WXIX-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WXIX-TV', 'summary': "WXIX-TV , virtual channel 19 ( UHF digital channel 15 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Cincinnati , Ohio , United States that is licensed to Newport , Kentucky ( as such , it is the only commercial television station in Cincinnati to be licensed to a community on the Kentucky side of the market ) . The station is owned by Gray Television . WXIX-TV 's studios are located at 19 Broadcast Plaza on Seventh Street just west of downtown Cincinnati , and its transmitter is located in the South Fairmount neighborhood on the city 's northwest side . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channel 3 in Ohio and channel 4 in Kentucky , and on Cincinnati Bell channel 3 ."}]}, {'value': '19 / 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gray_Television', 'summary': 'Gray Television , Inc. is an American publicly traded television broadcasting company based in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1946 by James Harrison Gray as Gray Communications Systems , the company owns or operates 145 stations across the United States , based primarily in markets as large as Cleveland and as small as North Platte , Nebraska .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Affiliate stations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Fox_television_affiliates_(table)_1', 'intro': "The Fox Broadcasting Company operates an American television network made up of 17 owned-and-operated stations and over 227 affiliates. This is a table listing of Fox affiliates, with Fox-owned stations separated from privately-owned affiliates, and arranged by market ranking based on data compiled by Nielsen Media Research. Eventually, there will be links to and articles on each of the stations, describing their local programming, hosts and technical information, such as broadcast frequencies. The station's advertised channel number follows the call letters. In most cases, this is their PSIP virtual channel number, representing their pre-digital transition over-the-air frequency."} | null | null | Where is the transmitter located for the channel 40 Fox affiliate ? | Walnut Grove , California |
0b33432a03c36bf9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'title': 'FIBA Intercontinental Cup', 'header': ['Year', 'Finals top scorer', 'Club', 'Points scored'], 'data': [{'value': '1965 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup_Test_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 1965 FIBA Intercontinental Cup Test Tournament was the test edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup . The game was contested by S.C. Corinthians Paulista , and the 1965 FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) champions , Real Madrid . The 1965 FIBA Intercontinental Cup Test was played with a single-game format , in São Paulo , Brazil , on 5 July 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wlamir Marques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wlamir_Marques', 'summary': "Wlamir Marques , also commonly known simply as Wlamir ( born July 16 , 1937 in São Vicente , Brazil ) is a retired Brazilian basketball player and basketball coach . Marques is considered to be one of the best Brazilian basketball players of all time , and to have been one of the best players in the world during the nineteen-sixties ( except for United States players ) . Alongside fellow countrymen Amaury Pasos , Algodão , and Rosa Branca , he led the best basketball generation Brazil ever had . At a height of 1.85 m ( 6 ' 1 ) tall , he played at the small forward position . He was nicknamed The Flying Saucer , and The Blonde Devil . Along with Kresimir Cosic , Marques is one of the top two medalists in FIBA World Cup history , having won 2 gold medals and 2 silver medals . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . The Ginásio Poliesportivo Wlamir Marques arena is named after him , in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.C._Corinthians_Paulista_basketball', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista , abbreviated as either S.C. Corinthians Paulista or S.C.C.P. , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil . It is a part of the multi-sports club S.C. Corinthians Paulista ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1966 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 1st official edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Real Madrid Pavilion , Madrid , Spain . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Ignis Varèse , from the South American Club Championship participated Corinthians , and from the NABL played the Chicago Jamaco Saints ."}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni Gavagnin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Gavagnin', 'summary': 'Giovanni Gavagnin ( 15 September 1936 - 3 March 2013 ) was an Italian professional basketball player and coach . In 2009 , he was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1967 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 2nd edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Varese , Naples & Rome . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Simmenthal Milano , Slavia VŠ Praha , and Ignis Varese . From the South American Club Championship participated Corinthians , and from the NABL participated the Akron Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Gennari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Gennari', 'summary': "Anthony Michael Gennari ( alternate name : Antonio ; 9 September 1942 - 22 May 2019 ) was an Italian-American former professional basketball player . At a height of 1.91 m ( 6 ' 3 ) tall , he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions ."}]}, {'value': 'Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1968 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 3rd edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Palestra and Spectrum , Philadelphia . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Simmenthal Milano , from the South American Club Championship participated Botafogo , and from the NABL participated the Akron Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Miles Aiken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miles_Aiken', 'summary': 'Miles Aiken ( born December 27 , 1941 ) is an American former professional basketball player , coach of the British Olympic basketball team , and sportscaster of basketball and American football . He was a center in college for St. Bonaventure University in the 1960s , and averaged over 23 points a game before suffering a knee injury . After college , he played as a power forward in the EuroLeague . There , he won two championships with Real Madrid . He also won the FIBA Saporta Cup with Partenope Napoli . Aiken coached the British Olympic basketball team in the 1970s , and later became a sportscaster of basketball and American football .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1969 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 4th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Macon , Georgia , United States . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Spartak ZJŠ Brno , and from the South American Club Championship participated Sírio . Macon Movers took part from the NCAA , and from the NABL participated the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Bobrovský', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Bobrovský', 'summary': 'Jan Bobrovský ( born March 29 , 1945 , Rosice ) is a former Czechoslovak professional basketball player , coach , and sports official . It is listed on the honor meritorious deed Sports Masters . His son in law is a former football defender Petr Křivánek .'}]}, {'value': 'Spartak ZJŠ Brno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Brno', 'summary': 'Basketball Club Brno ( Czech : Basketbalový Klub Brno ) , for sponsorship reasons egoé Brno , is a Czech professional basketball club based in the city of Brno . The team plays in the Czech National Basketball League - the highest competition in the Czech Republic . Home games of Brno are played in the Sportovní hala Sokola Brno , which has a capacity of 1,100 people .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1970 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 5th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Palazzo dello Sport , Varese . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Ignis Varese , Real Madrid , and Slavia VŠ Praha , from the South American Club Championship participated SC Corinthians , and from the NABL participated the Columbia Sertoma ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiří Zídek Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiří_Zídek_Sr.', 'summary': "Jiří Zídek Sr. ( born February 8 , 1944 ) is a retired Czech professional basketball player . At 6 ' 9 ( 2.06 m ) , Zídek was a talented center , and is considered by many to arguably be the best Czech basketball player ever . He was named the Best Czech Player of the 20th Century . He was among the 105 player nominee list for the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors list . His son , Jiri Zidek Jr. , won the EuroLeague title with Žalgiris , in 1999 . They are to this day , the only father and son to have reached a EuroLeague title game as players ."}]}, {'value': 'Slavia VŠ Praha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USK_Praha', 'summary': "USK Praha , ( Czech : Univerzitní Sportovní Klub Praha , University Sports Club Prague ) , formerly known as Slavia VŠ Praha ( Czech : Slavia Vysoké Školy Praha ) , is a Czech professional basketball club that was founded in 1953 in the city of Prague . USK Praha plays in the NBL , the highest competition in the Czech Republic . It is a 14-times national champion . USK Praha became the first and so far the only men 's basketball club in Czech Republic , as well as former Czechoslovakia , to win one of the European cup competitions , the FIBA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1969 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1972 FIBA Intercontinental Cup of National Teams was a special edition tournament of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup , and the 6th edition of the tournament overall . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Robertão José Corrêa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_José_Corrêa', 'summary': 'Roberto Robertão José Corrêa ( born 3 January 1951 ) , also commonly known as Roberto Corrêa , or simply as , Robertão , is a Brazilian former professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team', 'summary': "The Brazil national basketball team is governed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation ( Portuguese : Confederação Brasileira de Basketball ) , abbreviated as CBB . They have been a member of the International Federation of Basketball ( FIBA ) , since 1935 . Brazil 's national basketball team remains among the most successful in the Americas . It is the only team besides the United States , that has appeared at every FIBA Basketball World Cup , since it was first held in 1950 . Throughout its history , the Brazilian national team has won two FIBA World Cup gold medals ( 1959 and 1963 ) , three Summer Olympic Games bronze medals ( in 1948 , 1960 and 1964 ) , four FIBA AmeriCup gold medals ( 1984 , 1988 , 2005 and 2009 ) , and six Pan American Games gold medals ( 1971 , 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1973 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 7th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Ignis Varese and Jugoplastika , from the South American Club Championship participated Sírio and Vaqueros de Bayamón , and from the NABL participated the Lexington Marathon Oilers ."}]}, {'value': 'Arturo Guerrero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Guerrero', 'summary': "Arturo Guerrero Moreno ( born 30 August 1948 ) is a Mexican former basketball player and coach . With Mexico 's senior national team , he played at two Summer Olympic Games ( 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal ) . Due to his shooting ability , he was nicknamed Mano Santa ( Holy Hand ) . Along with Manolo Raga , he is generally considered to be one of the two best Mexican basketball players of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Sírio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.C._Sirio_(basketball)', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Sírio , abbreviated as E.C . Sírio , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1974 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 8th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Mexico City , Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'John Lucas II & Bob Morse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lucas_II', 'summary': 'John Harding Lucas II ( born October 31 , 1953 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former player . He serves as the player development coach of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played basketball and tennis at the University of Maryland , College Park and was an All-American in both .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Morse', 'summary': "Robert Bob Morse ( born January 4 , 1951 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2008 , Morse was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities in European club basketball , over the previous half-century ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Terrapins & Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins men 's basketball team represents the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition . Maryland , a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , left the ACC in 2014 to join the Big Ten Conference . Gary Williams , who coached the Terrapins from 1989 to 2011 , led the program to its greatest success , including two consecutive Final Fours , which culminated in the 2002 NCAA National Championship . Under Williams , Maryland appeared in eleven straight NCAA Tournaments from 1994 to 2004 . He retired in May 2011 and was replaced by former Texas A & M coach Mark Turgeon . The Terrapins played in what many consider to be the greatest Atlantic Coast Conference game in history - and one of the greatest college basketball games ever - the championship of the 1974 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament , in which they lost 103-100 in overtime to eventual national champion North Carolina State . The game was instrumental in forcing the expansion of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , thus allowing for at-large bids and the inclusion of more than one team per conference . That Maryland team , with six future NBA draft picks , is considered by many to be the greatest team not to have participated in the NCAA tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1975 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 9th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Varese and Cantù , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne Brabender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Brabender', 'summary': "Wayne Donald Brabender Cole ( born October 16 , 1945 ) is a retired American-Spanish basketball player and coach , who acquired Spanish citizenship on May 22 , 1968 . At a height of 6 ' 4 ( 1.93 m ) , he could play at either the shooting guard or small forward positions . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On February 3 , 2008 , Brabender was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities to European professional club basketball , over the previous half-century , by the EuroLeague Basketball Experts Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1976 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 10th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Rullán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Rullán', 'summary': 'Rafael Rullán Ribera ( born 8 January 1952 in Palma de Mallorca , Spain ) is a retired Spanish professional basketball player . A talented center , whose versatility and range helped him to also play the power forward position , he was one of the stars of Real Madrid , throughout the seventies and the eighties .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1977 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 11th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Madrid . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid as host club and title holder , Mobilgirgi Varèse , and Maccabi Elite as European Champions . From the South American Club Championship participated Atlética Francana . Dragones de Tijuana took part from the Mexican Basketball Circuit , and from the Division I ( NCAA ) participated the Providence Friars ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter Szczerbiak Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Szczerbiak_Sr.', 'summary': "Walter Szczerbiak Sr. ( born August 21 , 1949 ) is an American former professional basketball player . At 6 ' 6 ( 1.98 m ) , Szczerbiak played at the small forward position . On February 3 , 2008 , Szczerbiak was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities to European club basketball , over the previous half-century , by the EuroLeague Basketball Experts Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1978 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 12th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Buenos Aires . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Mobilgirgi Varèse and Real Madrid , from the South American Club Championship participated EC Sírio and Obras Sanitarias , and from the Division I ( NCAA ) participated the Rhode Island Rams ."}]}, {'value': 'John Coughran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Coughran', 'summary': "John Douglas Coughran ( born September 12 , 1951 ) is a former American professional basketball player . During his playing career , at a height of 2.01 m ( 6 ' 7 ) tall , he played at the small forward and power forward positions ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1979 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 13th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Oscar Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt', 'summary': "Oscar Daniel Bezerra Schmidt ( born February 16 , 1958 ) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player . He is also known as Oscar Schmidt Bezerra in Spain , where he played for Fórum Valladolid for the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons , and simply Oscar , or Mão Santa ( Holy Hand ) , in his homeland . Schmidt played the small forward position , was 2.05 m ( 6 ft 8\u200b3⁄4 in ) tall and weighed 107 kg ( 236 lbs ) . He was born in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil . He is considered to be the all-time leading scorer in the history of basketball , with 49,737 career points scored ( club play , plus national team play combined ) . He is also a record holder for the longest career span of a professional basketball player , and the top scorer in the history of the Summer Olympic Games . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On August 20 , 2010 , Schmidt was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in recognition of his play in international competition . On September 8 , 2013 , Schmidt was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Sírio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Sírio_(basketball)', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Sírio , abbreviated as E.C . Sírio , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1980 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 14th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Skenderija , Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Williams_(basketball_player)', 'summary': 'Earl the Twirl Williams ( born March 24 , 1951 ) is an American-Israeli former professional basketball player and a teacher of children with special needs .'}]}, {'value': 'Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C.', 'summary': "Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C . , known for sponsorship reasons as the Maccabi FOX Tel Aviv ( מ.כ . מכבי פוקס תל-אביב ) , is a professional basketball club based in Tel Aviv , Israel . The team plays in the Israeli Premier League and internationally in the EuroLeague . The club started in the mid-1930s , as part of the Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club , which had been founded in 1906 . With 6 EuroLeague championships ( including the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague ) , one Adriatic League championship , 52 Israeli League championships , 44 Israeli State Cup titles , and 7 Israeli League Cup titles , Maccabi has been the most successful basketball team in Israel , and is also one of the most successful basketball teams outside of North America . Players such as Tal Brody , Miki Berkovich , Jim Boatwright , Kevin Magee , Earl Williams , and Aulcie Perry ; and more recently , Derrick Sharp , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Tal Burstein , Anthony Parker , and Nikola Vujčić , have been among the elite of Europe 's basketball players ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1981 FIBA Club World Cup was the 15th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It was the first edition of the competition that was held under the name of FIBA Club World Cup . It took place at São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Mirza Delibašić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirza_Delibašić', 'summary': "Mirza Delibašić ( Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : Мирза Делибашић ; 9 January 1954 - 8 December 2001 ) was a Bosnian professional basketball player . Delibašić was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . He was enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . He is widely considered as one of the best shooters in the history of European basketball ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1982 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 16th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 15th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Amsterdam , Rotterdam and Den Bosch , Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonello Riva & Dan Cramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonello_Riva', 'summary': "Antonello Riva ( born 28 February 1962 in Rovagnate ) is an Italian retired professional basketball player . At 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) , he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions . He was nicknamed Nembo Kid . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2004 , he was given a trophy to mark his being the top scorer of all-time in the Italian League , with 14,397 points scored . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford Cantù & Nashua EBBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Cantù', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Cantù , known for sponsorship reasons as S.Bernardo-Cinelandia Cantù , is an Italian professional basketball club that is based in Cantù , Lombardy . On the European-wide club competition scene , Cantù is second to Real Madrid - against whom they have an 8-2 record - for European trophies won , with twelve titles ( two EuroLeague , four FIBA Saporta Cups , four FIBA Korać Cups and also two FIBA Intercontinental Cups . ) , in addition to three domestic Italian Leagues and two Italian Supercups .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Den_Bosch_Basketball', 'summary': "Heroes Den Bosch is a Dutch professional basketball club based in 's-Hertogenbosch . The club plays in the Dutch Basketball League ( DBL ) , the top basketball division in the Netherlands , since 1972 . Founded as EBBC in 1951 , the club would have several sponsored names the following decades . Den Bosch has won a record sixteen Dutch championships as well as seven NBB Cup titles . The team has also been a regular at European competitions . Heroes plays their home games at the Maaspoort , which has a capacity of 2,700 people ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1983 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 17th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 16th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonello Riva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonello_Riva', 'summary': "Antonello Riva ( born 28 February 1962 in Rovagnate ) is an Italian retired professional basketball player . At 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) , he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions . He was nicknamed Nembo Kid . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2004 , he was given a trophy to mark his being the top scorer of all-time in the Italian League , with 14,397 points scored . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': 'Jollycolombani Cantù', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Cantù', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Cantù , known for sponsorship reasons as S.Bernardo-Cinelandia Cantù , is an Italian professional basketball club that is based in Cantù , Lombardy . On the European-wide club competition scene , Cantù is second to Real Madrid - against whom they have an 8-2 record - for European trophies won , with twelve titles ( two EuroLeague , four FIBA Saporta Cups , four FIBA Korać Cups and also two FIBA Intercontinental Cups . ) , in addition to three domestic Italian Leagues and two Italian Supercups .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1984 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 18th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 17th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo . From the FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) participated Banco Roma and FC Barcelona , from the South American Club Championship , participated Sírio and Obras Sanitarias , and from the NABL , participated the Lexington Marathon Oil ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Townsend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Townsend', 'summary': "Raymond Anthony Townsend ( born December 20 , 1955 ) is a Filipino-American retired professional basketball player . He played three seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Golden State Warriors and the Indiana Pacers . Townsend played college basketball with the UCLA Bruins , earning all-conference honors in the Pacific-8 ( known later as the Pac-12 ) . He was selected by the Warriors in the first round of the 1978 NBA draft , with the 22nd overall pick , and became the first Filipino-American to play in the NBA . During his playing career , he was listed at 6 ' 3 ( 1.91 m ) tall and 175 lbs . ( 79 kg ) . He played at the point guard position ."}]}, {'value': 'Banco Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Virtus_Roma', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Virtus Roma , commonly known as Virtus Roma , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Rome , Lazio . It plays in the Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) , since the 2019-20 season . It was formerly a major side in Europe , winning the 1983-84 FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) , and at one time being one of only 13 clubs to hold a EuroLeague A license . However , its standing later waned , and Virtus became less competitive in both Europe and the domestic LBA - which it had won in 1983 - before being voluntarily relegated to the Italian second division in July 2015 . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1985 FIBA Club World Cup was the 19th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It was the second edition of the competition that was held under the name of FIBA Club World Cup . It took place at Barcelona and Girona . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Banco di Roma Virtus , Limoges , Cibona , and FC Barcelona . Also participating were Monte Líbano , San Andrés , and Guantánamo from the South American Club Championship . The Team USA NCAA Olympics Select Team , called the Golden Eagles , took part from the Division I ( NCAA ) , and Maxaquene took part from the FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup . The Northern Cement , the Philippines , took part from the FIBA Asia Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Antonio San Epifanio Epi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Antonio_San_Epifanio', 'summary': "Juan Antonio San Epifanio Ruiz ( born 12 June 1959 ) , most commonly known as Epi , is a retired Spanish professional basketball player . He spent all of his club career playing with FC Barcelona . He was named the Mister Europa European Player of the Year in 1984 , by the Italian basketball magazine Superbasket , and the Best European Player of the 1980s decade , by the French sports newspaper L'Équipe . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . At the Opening Ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympic Games , he was honoured with being the last athlete to carry the Olympic torch , before handing it to the archer , Antonio Rebollo , who lit the fire in the cauldron , with an arrow . He was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2016 . He is considered to be one of the greatest small forwards to ever play in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Bàsquet', 'summary': "FC Barcelona Bàsquet ( English : FC Barcelona Basketball ) , commonly referred to as FC Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional basketball club . It is a part of the FC Barcelona multi sports club , and was founded on 24 August 1926 , which makes it the oldest club in the Liga ACB . The club competes domestically in the Liga ACB and in the EuroLeague . Two times European champions , Barça completed a triple crown in 2003 by winning the season 's league , cup and EuroLeague . The team plays its home games at Palau Blaugrana , which was opened on 23 October 1971 . They share the facilities with the roller hockey , futsal , and handball teams of the club . Some of the well-known players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol , Rony Seikaly , Marc Gasol , Anderson Varejão , Juan Carlos Navarro , Jaka Lakovič , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Dejan Bodiroga , Gianluca Basile , Ricky Rubio , Juan Antonio San Epifanio , Saša Đorđević , and Tony Massenburg . FC Barcelona also has a reserve team , called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B , that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- Finals top scorers', 'section_text': "Bob Morse was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1974 . Arvydas Sabonis was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1986 . Bob McAdoo was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1987 . Player nationality shown by national team . [ 18 ] [ 19 ]", 'uid': 'FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup_0', 'intro': "The FIBA Intercontinental Cup, also commonly referred to as the FIBA World Cup for Champion Clubs, or the FIBA Club World Cup, is a professional basketball competition that is endorsed by FIBA World and the NBA. Historically, its purpose has been to gather the premier basketball clubs from each of the world's geographical zones, and to officially decide the best basketball club of the world, which is officially crowned as the world club champion. The World Cup for Clubs has been contended mainly by the champions of the continents and/or world geographical regions that are of the highest basketball levels. The league champions of the NBA, which is considered the most prestigious club competition from the North American zone, currently decline participation. The NBA currently opts instead to send the champions from the NBA G League, which is its secondary club competition. While the league champions of the EuroLeague, which is considered Europe's most prestigious club competition, are not currently permitted to participate at the competition, due to the league's dispute with FIBA. In place of the EuroLeague champions, FIBA Europe instead sends the champions of their main club competition, the FIBA Champions League. FIBA has in the past announced plans to expand the tournament to possibly include the champion teams from the FIBA Africa League, the FIBA Asia Champions Cup, the Australian NBL, and possibly the NBA, at some point in the future."} | null | null | What was the city of birth of the 1969 finals top scorer in the FIBA Intercontinental Cup ? | Rosice |
0b34ce7b9654a61f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_2_South', 'title': 'National League 2 South', 'header': ['Team', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City/Area', 'Previous season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnes_Rugby_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Barnes Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Barnes , London . The club currently play in the fourth tier of the English league system , National League 2 South , following their promotion as champions of London & South East Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Barn Elms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barn_Elms', 'summary': 'Barn Elms is an open space in Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . It is located on the northerly loop of the River Thames between Barnes and Fulham . The WWT London Wetland Centre ( 105 acres of what were once reservoirs ) lies to the north of the open space , now largely given over to sporting venues . The site is split in two : the Barn Elms Playing Fields ( managed by the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ) and the Barn Elms Sports Centre ( managed by the London Borough of Wandsworth ) which includes a boathouse as well as a sports centre . Beverley Brook flows across the southern part of the open space , joining the Thames almost opposite Craven Cottage .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnes , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnes,_London', 'summary': 'Barnes ( /bɑːrnz/ ) is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . It takes up the extreme northeast of the borough , and as such is the closest part of the borough to central London . It is centred 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) west south-west of Charing Cross in a bend of the River Thames . Its built environment includes a wide variety of convenience and arts shopping on its high street and a high proportion of 18th- and 19th-century buildings in the streets near Barnes Pond . Together they make up the Barnes Village conservation area where along with its west riverside , pictured , most of the mid-19th century properties are concentrated . On the east riverside is the WWT London Wetland Centre adjoining several fields for the three main national team sports . Barnes has retained woodland on the Barnes Trail which is a short circular walk taking in the riverside , commercial streets and conservation area , marked by silver discs set in the ground and with QR coded information on distinctive oar signs . The Thames Path National Trail provides a public promenade along the entire bend of the river which is on the Championship Course in rowing . Barnes has two railway stations ( Barnes and Barnes Bridge ) and is served by bus routes towards central London and Richmond .'}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bournemouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bournemouth_Rugby_Club', 'summary': 'Bournemouth RFC is a rugby union club founded in 1893 . The grounds are currently located at Chapel Gate . They currently play in National League 2 South , at the fourth tier of the English rugby union system , following their promotion as champions of South West Premier at the end of the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Chapel Gate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bournemouth , Dorset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bournemouth', 'summary': "Bournemouth /ˈbɔːrnməθ/ ( listen ) is a coastal resort town on the south coast of England . At the 2011 census , the town had a population of 183,491 , making it the largest in the administrative county of Dorset . With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east , Bournemouth is part of the South East Dorset conurbation , which has a population of 465,000 . Before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell , the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers . Initially marketed as a health resort , the town received a boost when it appeared in Augustus Granville 's 1841 book , The Spas of England . Bournemouth 's growth accelerated with the arrival of the railway , and it became a town in 1870 . Historically part of Hampshire , it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of local government in 1974 . Through local government changes in 1997 , the town began to be administered by a unitary authority independent of Dorset County Council , although it remains part of that ceremonial county . Since April 2019 the unitary authority has been merged with that of Poole , as well as the non-metropolitan district of Christchurch to create the Bournemouth , Christchurch and Poole unitary authority . The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot ( 62 m ) spire of St Peter 's Church , one of three Grade I listed churches in the borough , is a local landmark . Bournemouth 's location has made it a popular destination for tourists , attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife . The town is also a regional centre of business , home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC , and a financial sector that is worth more than £1,000 million in gross value added ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorset', 'summary': "Dorset ( /ˈdɔːrsɪt/ ; archaically : Dorsetshire ) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast . The ceremonial county comprises the unitary authority areas of Bournemouth , Christchurch and Poole and Dorset . Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres ( 1,024 sq mi ) , Dorset borders Devon to the west , Somerset to the north-west , Wiltshire to the north-east , and Hampshire to the east . The county town is Dorchester which is in the south . After the reorganisation of local government in 1974 the county 's border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch . Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation , while the rest of the county is largely rural with a low population density . The county has a long history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era . The Romans conquered Dorset 's indigenous Celtic tribe , and during the Early Middle Ages , the Saxons settled the area and made Dorset a shire in the 7th century . The first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century , and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348 . Dorset has seen much civil unrest : in the English Civil War , an uprising of vigilantes was crushed by Oliver Cromwell 's forces in a pitched battle near Shaftesbury ; the doomed Monmouth Rebellion began at Lyme Regis ; and a group of farm labourers from Tolpuddle were instrumental in the formation of the trade union movement . During the Second World War , Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy , and the large harbours of Portland and Poole were two of the main embarkation points . The former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics , and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing , Cornish pilot gig rowing , sea kayaking and powerboating ."}]}, {'value': 'Promoted from South West Premier ( champions )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_West_Premier', 'summary': 'South West Premier ( formerly National League 3 South West ) is a level five league in the English rugby union system . It is one of four leagues at this level , alongside London & South East Premier , Midlands Premier and North Premier . The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009-10 season following reorganisation by the Rugby Football Union , and the name change from National League 3 to Premier was introduced for the 2017-18 season by the RFU in order to lessen confusion for what is a series of regional leagues . South West Premier is the highest regional rugby union league covering South West England and part of South East England . The club finishing in first place is automatically promoted to National League 2 South . The runner-up play the second placed team of London & South East Premier , with the winner also gaining promotion . Relegated teams drop down to either South West 1 East or South West 1 West ( occasionally Midlands 1 West ) depending on location , and other factors such as the location of relegated and promoted teams in other divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Bury St Edmunds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_RUFC', 'summary': 'Bury St Edmunds RUFC is a rugby union club based in Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk . Founded in 1925 as Bury and West Suffolk Rugby Football Club , they currently play in the fourth tier of the English league system , National League 2 South .'}]}, {'value': 'The Haberden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000 ( 135 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bury St Edmunds , Suffolk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds', 'summary': 'Bury St Edmunds ( /ˈbɛri/ ) , commonly referred to locally as Bury , is a historic market town and civil parish in Suffolk , England . Bury St Edmunds Abbey is near the town centre . Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich of the Church of England , with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral . The town , originally called Beodericsworth , was built on a grid pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080 . It is known for brewing and malting ( Greene King brewery ) and for a British Sugar processing factory , where Silver Spoon sugar is produced . The town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suffolk', 'summary': 'Suffolk ( /ˈsʌfək/ ) is an East Anglian county of historic origin in England . It has borders with Norfolk to the north , Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south . The North Sea lies to the east . The county town is Ipswich ; other important towns include Lowestoft , Bury St Edmunds , Newmarket , and Felixstowe , one of the largest container ports in Europe . The county is low-lying but it has quite a few hills ( especially more to the west ) , and has largely arable land with the wetlands of the Broads in the north . The Suffolk Coast and Heaths are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty .'}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifton_Rugby_Football_Club', 'summary': "Clifton Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union club founded in Clifton , Bristol . Over the years the club 's home games have been played in a variety of locations in northern Bristol , though never in Clifton itself ; since 1976 they have been based at the southern end of Cribbs Causeway . Clifton RFC play in the fourth tier of the English rugby union league system ; National League 2 South ."}]}, {'value': 'Station Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,500 ( 400 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cribbs Causeway , Patchway , Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cribbs_Causeway', 'summary': 'Cribbs Causeway is a road in South Gloucestershire , England , just north of Bristol , which has given its name to the surrounding area , a large out-of-town shopping centre , including retail parks and an enclosed shopping centre known as The Mall . Cribbs Causeway road is situated west of Patchway , although in the civil parish of Almondsbury . The road runs from the northern edge of Bristol at Henbury to a point just beyond the M5 junction 17 . It now forms parts of the A4018 and B4055 . The primary access routes to the shopping centre are the A4018 from Bristol , the M5 motorway and Hayes Way link to the A38 . The Hazel Brook rises at Cribbs Causeway , flowing southwards through Blaise Castle estate , before joining the River Trym .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patchway', 'summary': "Patchway is a town in South Gloucestershire , England , situated 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) north-north west of central Bristol . The town is a housing overflow for Bristol being contiguous to Bristol 's urban area , and is often regarded as a large outer suburb . Nearby are the other Bristol satellite towns of Filton and Bradley Stoke . Patchway is twinned with Clermont l'Herault , France , and Gauting , Germany . It was established as a civil parish in 1953 , becoming separate from the parish of nearby Almondsbury ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dings Crusaders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dings_Crusaders_Rugby_Football_Club', 'summary': "Dings Crusaders RFC is an English rugby union team based in the Bristol suburb of Frenchay having previously been based in Lockleaze up until 2018 . The club was relegated from National Division Two South , the fourth tier of the English rugby union system in 2015 , having played in South West Premier for two seasons the team won promotion back to National League 2 South for the 2018-19 season having won South West Premier . Dings is one of the oldest clubs in Bristol , with its roots in a slum area of Bristol stretching back over 110 years . The club is entirely amateur , as opposed to the semi-professional structure of other clubs . The mantra we do n't play for personal gain is a poignant line in the club 's anthem , being very much a part of the community of Lockleaze it is not uncommon to find that some players in the teams today are third generation Dings players ."}]}, {'value': 'Shaftsbury Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,250 ( 250 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frenchay , Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frenchay', 'summary': 'Frenchay is a village and suburb of Bristol , England , to the north east of the city , but located mainly in South Gloucestershire and the Civil Parish of Winterbourne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esher_RFC', 'summary': 'Esher Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union club based in Surrey . Esher currently play in the fourth division of the English league system ; National League 2 South , following the clubs relegation from National League 1 at the end of the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Molesey Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molesey_Road', 'summary': 'Molesey Road is a rugby union stadium in Hersham , Surrey , that is home to Esher RFC . The stadium contains a 1,200 seater main stand to the west of the pitch and a clubhouse in the south-east corner . The grounds also contain two practice pitches . The ground also held a Rugby League Super League match on Thursday 28 March 2013 , when the London Broncos were forced to move their game against Catalans Dragons there due to their usual home stadium Twickenham Stoop being damaged during their 18-18 draw with Hull F.C . the previous Saturday . The match ended in a 30-24 victory to Catalans .'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hersham , Surrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham', 'summary': 'Hersham is a village in Surrey , within the M25 . Its housing is relatively low-rise and diverse and it has four technology/trading estates . The only contiguous settlement is Walton-on-Thames , its post town . Hersham Green , in the nucleus of the village , is 3.4 acres ( 1.4 ha ) of open space where regular events take place throughout the summer . Within a few minutes walk of this suburban-urban bulk of Hersham in the east are green fields and meadows alongside the River Mole and footpaths by fields used for mixed farming . Hersham is served by Hersham and Walton-on-Thames railway stations with a minimum of two trains per hour and differing types of services on the South West Main Line . Two golf courses are within its bounds , Burhill Golf Club and Hersham Village Golf Club ; considerable other land is wooded , used for mixed farming or Esher Rugby Club [ n 1 ] , much of which is Metropolitan Green Belt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Surrey', 'summary': 'Surrey ( /ˈsʌri/ SURR-ee ) is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east , East Sussex to the southeast , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west , Berkshire to the northwest , and Greater London to the northeast . With about 1.2 million people , Surrey is the twelfth most populous English county , the third most populous home county , after Kent and Essex , and the third most populous in the Southeast , after Hampshire and Kent . Surrey is a wealthy county . It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county , some of the highest property values outside Inner London , and also the highest cost of living outside the capital . It has the highest proportion of woodland of counties in England . It has four horse racing courses , and golf courses including the international competition venue at Wentworth . Guildford is popularly regarded as the county town , although Surrey County Council is based extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames . Surrey is divided into eleven districts .'}]}, {'value': 'Relegated from National 1 ( 15th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_National_League_1', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 National League 1 , known for sponsorship reasons as the SSE National League 1 , is the tenth season of the third tier of the English rugby union system , since the professionalised format of the second tier RFU Championship was introduced ; and is the 32nd season since league rugby began in 1987 . The league was one of the most competitive for years , with promotion and relegation not decided until the very last round . In terms of the championship , at one point it looked like four teams could go on to win it , but in the end it was a two horse race between Ampthill and Old Elthamians . The real decider was when Ampthill won 36-6 at home over Old Elthamians on the 3rd March 2019 , but they still had to keep their head for the remaining five games as Old Elthamians pushed them all the way , eventually claiming the title on 27 April 2019 when they won 52-20 away to Loughborough Students . Ampthill would be promoted to the 2019-20 RFU Championship - the highest level the club had reached - where they could enjoy derby games at Bedford Blues . The relegation battle was also hotly contested , with all three sides going down on the last day of the season . Loughborough Students had barely escaped relegation the previous year but after a poor first half of the season , they started to rally and gain some victories , helped by their try bonus record which was one of the best in the league , and looked at one point that they might do it yet again . However , defeats in their last two games against Plymouth Albion and champions , Ampthill , condemned them to the drop as the bottom ranked side in the division . They were joined by Esher ( 15th ) , who went down despite a valiant win away to Blackheath , and Caldy ( 14th ) , who were relegated after losing to Birmingham Moseley , finishing just 2 points shy of 13th place Cambridge , who had an excellent away win to Sale FC to thank for keeping them up . Loughborough and Caldy would drop to the 2019-20 National League 2 North while Esher would fall to the 2019-20 National League 2 South . For Esher demotion to level 4 will make it the lowest level they have played at since the 1999-00 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Henley Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henley_Hawks', 'summary': 'Henley Hawks is a rugby union club based in Henley-on-Thames and is one of the leading rugby clubs in the Thames Valley . The first team play in the fourth tier of the English league system . Promoted in 2012-13 and 2014-15 as the champions of National League 2 South , Henley have spent the last four seasons , either promoted or relegated .'}]}, {'value': 'Dry Leas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henley-on-Thames , Oxfordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henley-on-Thames', 'summary': 'Henley-on-Thames ( /ˌhɛnli-/ ( listen ) HEN-lee ) is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in Oxfordshire , England , 9 miles ( 14 km ) northeast of Reading , 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Maidenhead and 23 miles ( 37 km ) southeast of Oxford , near the tripoint of Oxfordshire , Berkshire and Buckinghamshire . The population at the 2011 Census was 11,619 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxfordshire', 'summary': "Oxfordshire ( abbreviated Oxon , from Oxonium , the Latin name for Oxford ) is a county in South East England . The ceremonial county borders Warwickshire to the north-west , Northamptonshire to the north-east , Buckinghamshire to the east , Berkshire to the south , Wiltshire to the south-west and Gloucestershire to the west . The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance motorsport companies and facilities . Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms ; the University of Oxford is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies . As well as the city of Oxford , other centres of population are Banbury , Bicester , Kidlington and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford ; Carterton and Witney to the west ; Thame and Chinnor to the east ; and Abingdon-on-Thames , Wantage , Didcot , Wallingford and Henley-on-Thames to the south . The areas south of the Thames , the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire , are in the historic county of Berkshire , as is the highest point , the 261 metres ( 856 ft ) White Horse Hill . Oxfordshire 's county flower is the snake's-head fritillary ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Lions_RFC', 'summary': "Leicester Lions are a rugby union club who currently play in National League 2 South - at tier 4 of the English rugby union system - following a level transfer at the end of the 2018-19 season . The Lions are a leading amateur club in Leicester and along with Loughborough Students RUFC and Hinckley are the senior clubs in Leicestershire after Guinness Premiership side Leicester Tigers . The club was formed as a result of an amalgamation between two local clubs in 1999 , these being Westleigh RFC ( established in 1904 ) and Wigston RFC ( established in 1946 ) . Leicester Lions boast several high-profile names amongst their former and current players and coaching staff . Jason Aldwinckle , the former Leicester Tigers ' hooker is Forwards Coach of the club , whilst the former Club Captain and England Counties outside back Gareth Collins has taken over as head coach . Notable former Lions , Westleigh and Wigston players include England World Cup winning captain Martin Johnson , England lock Louis Deacon , Tigers back-rower Brett Deacon and Gloucester and England centre Billy Twelvetrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Westleigh Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blaby , Leicestershire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blaby', 'summary': "Blaby ( /ˈbleɪbi/ ) is a village in the Blaby District in central Leicestershire , England , some five miles south of Leicester city centre . It has population of around 6,240 ( 2001 figures ) , falling slightly to 6,194 at the 2011 census , and its proximity to the city causes it to form part of the Leicester Urban Area . Its name probably came Old Norse Blábýr = farmstead or village belonging to a man named Blár ( where the -r is a case ending ) . There seems to have been a dense patch of Viking settlement in Leicestershire , although some records in the Blaby Library indicate the origin of the village 's name was from the first vicar . Twinned with the village of Villers-sous-Saint-Leu in France ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leicestershire', 'summary': 'Leicestershire ( /ˈlɛstərʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Leics . ) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands . The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north , Lincolnshire to the north-east , Rutland to the east , Northamptonshire to the south-east , Warwickshire to the south-west , Staffordshire to the west , and Derbyshire to the north-west . The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street , the modern A5 road . Leicestershire takes its name from the city of Leicester located at its centre and administered separately from the rest of the county . The ceremonial county - the non-metropolitan county plus the city of Leicester - has a total population of just over 1 million ( 2016 estimate ) , more than half of which lives in the Leicester Urban Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Level-transfer from National 2 North ( 12th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_National_League_2_North', 'summary': "The 2018-19 National League 2 North is the tenth season ( 32nd overall ) of the fourth tier ( north ) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced . Hull Ionians finished as champions following a bonus point home victory Leicester Lions on 13 April 2019 , which sealed the league title with one round still to go . It was Ionians third National League 2 North title , equalling the record set by Macclesfield . It was a competitive league battle , with four teams looking like they could win but in the end Hull Ionians just did enough to claim the title , 4 points ahead of second placed Chester , who qualified for the promotion play-off . On 4 May 2019 , Chester lost 10-19 away to National League 2 South runners up , Canterbury . That result meant that only Ionians would be promoted from the division , joining the 2019-20 National League 1 after just one season away . At the other end of the table , newcomers Peterborough Lions were the first side to be relegated on 9 March 2019 , with five games still to play , after they lost at home to Preston Grasshoppers . A week later a win for Sheffield Tigers on 6 April ensured the Sheffield based clubs safety , whilst condemning both Macclesfield and South Leicester to the drop , despite South Leicester winning their fixture away from home . Peterborough Lions and South Leicester would drop into Midlands Premier , while Macclesfield would fall to North Premier . Another interesting fact from the season was the lowest ever recorded attendance in National League 2 North of just 37 who attended South Leicester 's home game against Sedgley Park on 30 March 2019 . [ a 1 ] South Leicester also set an overall low attendance record for the division , averaging just 85 supporters per game . [ a 2 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Old Albanian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Albanian_RFC', 'summary': 'Old Albanian Rugby Football Club ( OAs ) is a rugby club based in St Albans , Hertfordshire , England . The club currently plays in National League 2 South following their relegation from National League 1 at the end of the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': "Woollam 's Playing Fields", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Albans , Hertfordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Albans', 'summary': 'St Albans ( /ˈɔːlbənz/ ) is a city in Hertfordshire , England and the major urban area in the City and District of St Albans . It lies east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north-northwest of central London , 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles ( 18 km ) south-southeast of Luton . St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north , and it became the Roman city of Verulamium . It is a historic market town and is now a dormitory town within the London commuter belt and the Greater London Built-up Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hertfordshire', 'summary': "Hertfordshire ( /ˈhɑːrtfərdʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; often abbreviated Herts ) is one of the home counties in southern England . It is bordered by Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north , Essex to the east , Greater London to the south , and Buckinghamshire to the west . For government statistical purposes , it is placed in the East of England region . In 2013 , the county had a population of 1,140,700 in an area of 634 square miles ( 1,640 km2 ) . The four towns that have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents are Hemel Hempstead , Stevenage , Watford and the only city in the county , St Albans . Hertford , once the main market town for the medieval agricultural county , derives its name from a hart ( stag ) and a ford , used as the components of the county 's coat of arms and flag . Elevations are high for the region in the north and west . These reach over 800 feet ( 240 m ) in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns . The county 's borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea ; both flowing to the south ; each accompanied by a canal . Hertfordshire 's undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt . The county 's landmarks span many centuries , ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period , to Leavesden Film Studios . The volume of intact medieval and Tudor buildings surpasses London , in places in well-preserved conservation areas , especially in St Albans which includes some remains of Verulamium , the town where in the 3rd century an early recorded British martyrdom took place ."}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Redcliffians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Redcliffians', 'summary': 'Old Redcliffians Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union team based in Brislington , a suburb of Bristol . The club runs four senior sides and a sevens team as well as a ladies side and the full range of junior teams . The first XV currently plays in National League 2 South , a level four league in the English rugby union system , following promotion from National League 3 South West in 2016-17 . The 2011-12 season was successful for the other senior teams as they all achieved promotion ; the second XV now play in the Tribute Somerset Premier , the third XV play in Tribute Somerset 1 and the fourth XV play in Tribute Somerset 2 North . The rugby club was formed in 1918 by former pupils of Redcliffe Boys School .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brislington , Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brislington', 'summary': 'Brislington is an area in the south east of the city of Bristol , England . It is on the edge of Bristol and 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Bath . The Froome , locally nowadays called the Brislington Brook , runs through the area in the woodlands of Nightingale Valley . Brislington houses the HTV West Studios on Bath Road and this is situated next to the historic Arnos Vale Cemetery which is undergoing restoration after a lengthy public and newspaper campaign .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redruth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redruth_R.F.C.', 'summary': "Redruth RFC ( established 1875 ) is a rugby union club from the town of Redruth , Cornwall , currently playing in the fourth tier of the English league system , National League 2 South . The club runs a number of men 's teams including 1st XV ( National League 2 South ) , 2nd XV ( Duchy League ) , Colts and a Select XV as well as a number of junior teams from age 7 through to 16 . They are one of the most successful club sides in Cornwall , having won the Cornwall Cup 10 times and the Cornwall Super Cup 3 times , and are currently the second highest ranked club side behind the Cornish Pirates . Redruth enjoys a strong a rivalry with neighbours Camborne , with the two clubs meeting annually , in what is the worlds longest enduring rugby fixture ."}]}, {'value': 'The Recreation Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500 ( 580 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redruth , Cornwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redruth', 'summary': "Redruth ( /rəˈdruːθ/ rə-DROOTH , Cornish : Resrudh ) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall , England , United Kingdom . The population of Redruth was 14,018 at the 2011 census . In the same year the population of the Camborne-Redruth urban area , which also includes Carn Brea , Illogan and several satellite villages , stood at 55,400 making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall . Redruth lies approximately at the junction of the A393 and A3047 roads , on the route of the old London to Land 's End trunk road ( now the A30 ) , and is approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) west of Truro , 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of St Ives , 18 miles ( 29 km ) north east of Penzance and 11 miles ( 18 km ) north west of Falmouth . Camborne and Redruth together form the largest urban area in Cornwall and before local government reorganisation were an urban district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cornwall', 'summary': "Cornwall ( /ˈkɔːrnwɔːl , -wəl/ ; Cornish : Kernow [ ˈkɛrnɔʊ ] ) is a ceremonial county in South West England , bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea , to the south by the English Channel , and to the east by Devon , the River Tamar forming the border between them . Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain . The southwesternmost point is Land 's End and the southernmost Lizard Point . Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 ( 1,376 sq mi ) . The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority , Cornwall Council . The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly , which are administered separately . The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro , its only city . Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and the cultural and ethnic origin of the Cornish diaspora . It retains a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history , and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations . It was formerly a Brythonic kingdom and subsequently a royal duchy . The Cornish nationalist movement contests the present constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly with powers similar to those in Wales and Scotland . In 2014 , Cornish people were granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , giving them recognition as a distinct ethnic group ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutton & Epsom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutton_&_Epsom_RFC', 'summary': 'Sutton & Epsom Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Rugby Lane , Cheam , London , having been formed in 1881 . The club first played against Saracens in the 1883-84 season as one of their very early opponents and in 1901 beat Stade Francais on their home ground . They currently play in National League 2 South , at the fourth tier of the English rugby union system , following their promotion as champions of London & South East Premier at the end of the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Rugby Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheam , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheam', 'summary': 'Cheam ( /ˈtʃiːm/ ) is a suburb of south London , England , within the London Borough of Sutton . It is 11 miles South West of Charing Cross . It is divided into two main areas , North Cheam and Cheam Village , both of which are centred on retail districts . Cheam Village has many listed buildings , including Lumley Chapel and the 16th-century Whitehall , and is adjacent to two large adjoining parks , Nonsuch Park and Cheam Park . Nonsuch Park contains the listed Nonsuch Mansion . Parts of Cheam Park and Cheam Village are in a conservation area . Cheam is bordered by Worcester Park to the north-west , Morden to the north-east , Sutton to the east , Ewell to the west and Banstead and Belmont to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Promoted from London & South East Premier ( champions )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_&_South_East_Premier', 'summary': 'London & South East Premier ( up until 2016-17 known as National League 3 London & South East ) is a level five league in the English rugby union system . It is one of four leagues at this level , with its counterparts ; South West Premier , Midlands Premier and North Premier . The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009-10 season following re-organisation by the Rugby Football Union while the name change from National League 3 to Premier was introduced for the 2017-18 season to make it more obvious that it is a regional league . London & South East Premier is the highest regional rugby union league covering London and south east England . The club that finishes in first place is automatically promoted to National League 2 South . The runner-up meets the second placed team of South West Premier with the winner also gaining promotion . Relegated teams drop down to either London 1 North or London 1 South depending on location , and other factors such as the location of relegated and promoted teams in other divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Taunton Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taunton_R.F.C.', 'summary': 'Taunton Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union club based in Taunton , Somerset . The first XV , Taunton Titans , play in National League 2 South , having achieved back-to-back promotions in 2009 and 2010 . The second XV ( The Warriors ) play in the Somerset Premier League and the third XV ( The Wanderers ) play in Somerset 2 South . The club also operates the full range of junior teams for both boys and girls .'}]}, {'value': 'Towergate Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000 ( 198 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taunton , Somerset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taunton', 'summary': "Taunton /ˈtɔːntən/ is a large town in Somerset , England . The town 's population in 2011 was 69,570 . Taunton has over 1,000 years of religious and military history , including a 10th-century monastery and Taunton Castle , which has origins in the Anglo Saxon period and was later the site of a priory . The Normans then built a stone structured castle , which belonged to the Bishops of Winchester . The current heavily reconstructed buildings are the inner ward , which now houses the Museum of Somerset and the Somerset Military Museum . The town has been the site of many historically important events . During the Second Cornish uprising of 1497 , Perkin Warbeck marched a primarily Cornish army some 6,000 strong upon Taunton , and most of that army surrendered to Henry VII on 4 October 1497 in the town . On 20 June 1685 the Duke of Monmouth crowned himself king of England at Taunton during the Monmouth Rebellion , which culminated in the Battle of Sedgemoor ; Following this , Judge Jeffreys lived in the town during the Bloody Assizes which took place in the Great Hall of Taunton Castle ( now the Museum of Somerset ) , amongst other trials . The Grand Western Canal reached Taunton in 1839 and the railway in 1842 . Taunton is the site of Musgrove Park Hospital and Somerset County Cricket Club 's County Ground and is home to 40 Commando , Royal Marines . Central Taunton is part of the annual West Country Carnival circuit . It hosts the Taunton flower show , which has been held in Vivary Park since 1866 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Somerset', 'summary': "Somerset ( /ˈsʌmərsɛt/ ( listen ) or locally /ˈzʌmərzɛt/ ; archaically , Somersetshire ) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north , Wiltshire to the east , Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west . It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel , its coastline facing southeastern Wales . Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon . Somerset 's county town is Taunton . Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills , the Blackdown Hills , Mendip Hills , Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park , and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels . There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times , and of subsequent settlement by the Celts , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . The county played a significant part in Alfred the Great 's rise to power , and later the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion . The city of Bath is famous for its Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonbridge Juddians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonbridge_Juddians_Rugby_Football_Club', 'summary': "Tonbridge Juddians Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union team based in Tonbridge in Kent . The club runs four senior teams , a ladies side and the full range of junior teams . The first XV will play in National League 2 South for the 2017-18 season having won National League 3 London & SE - the highest position in the club 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'The Slade', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonbridge , Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonbridge', 'summary': 'Tonbridge ( /ˈtʌnbrɪdʒ/ TUN-brij ) is a market town in Kent , England , on the River Medway , 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Royal Tunbridge Wells , 12 miles ( 19 km ) south west of Maidstone and 29 miles ( 47 km ) south east of London . In the administrative borough of Tonbridge and Malling , it had a population of 40,356 in 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kent', 'summary': 'Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north-west , Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west . The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames ( connected by land via High Speed 1 and the Dartford Crossing ) , and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel . The county town is Maidstone . Kent was among the first British territories conquered and settled by Anglo-Saxons . Canterbury Cathedral in Kent has been the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , leader of the Church of England , since the Reformation . Prior to that it was built by Catholics , dating back to the conversion of England to Catholicism by Saint Augustine that began in the 6th century . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury . The last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole . Rochester Cathedral is also in Kent , in Medway . It is the second-oldest cathedral in England , with Canterbury Cathedral being the oldest . Between London and the Strait of Dover , which separates it from mainland Europe , Kent has seen both diplomacy and conflict , ranging from the Leeds Castle peace talks of 1978 and 2004 to the Battle of Britain in World War II .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westcliff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westcliff_RFC', 'summary': "Westcliff Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union team based in Eastwood , a suburb of Southend-on-Sea in Essex . The club runs four senior teams and the full range of junior teams . The men 's 1st XV currently play in National League 2 South , at the fourth tier of the English rugby union system , following their promotion via the play-offs from London & South East Premier at the end of the 2018-19 season . The club was formed in 1823 as Old Westcliffians Rugby Football Club for ex-pupils of Westcliff High School and took the current name of Westcliff Rugby Club in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gables', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastwood , Essex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastwood,_Essex', 'summary': "Eastwood is a town four miles west of Southend-on-Sea in Essex , England . It is a suburb of Southend and part of the Southend-on-Sea unitary district . Eastwood is sometimes called Eastwood Park , particularly for local elections . It is bordered by Rayleigh to the west , Rochford to the north-east , and Belfairs , part of Leigh-on-Sea , to the south . To the north lies Edwards Hall Park , a large area of open countryside , part of which is farmland . This green space extends all the way to Hockley Woods , and Hockley . There are also several play parks throughout Eastwood . Eastwood has good bus links to both Southend and the surrounding areas , with popular services including Arriva Southend 's route 9 service , and First Essex 's route 20 service . The nearby Southend Airport operates a range of European passenger flights . The nearest railway station is Southend Airport station on the Great Eastern Main Line with services to London Liverpool Street operated by Abellio Greater Anglia . There are currently no buses connecting the north side of Eastwood ( north of the A127 ) with the south side and its administrative town of Leigh-on-Sea . It is a mainly residential area with housing and small clusters of independent local shops scattered throughout ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Essex', 'summary': 'Essex ( /ˈɛsɪks/ ) is a county in the southeast of England , northeast of London . One of the home counties , it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north , Hertfordshire to the west , Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south , and London to the southwest . The county town is Chelmsford , the only city in the county . For government statistical purposes Essex is placed in the East of England region . There are three definitions of the extent of Essex , the widest being the Ancient County , the more usual being the smaller Ceremonial County and smallest being the administrative county - the area administered by the County Council and which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea . The Ceremonial County occupies the eastern part of what was , during the Early Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Essex . As well as rural areas , the county also includes London Stansted Airport , the new towns of Basildon and Harlow , Lakeside Shopping Centre , the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Promoted from London & South East Premier ( play-off )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_&_South_East_Premier', 'summary': 'London & South East Premier ( up until 2016-17 known as National League 3 London & South East ) is a level five league in the English rugby union system . It is one of four leagues at this level , with its counterparts ; South West Premier , Midlands Premier and North Premier . The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009-10 season following re-organisation by the Rugby Football Union while the name change from National League 3 to Premier was introduced for the 2017-18 season to make it more obvious that it is a regional league . London & South East Premier is the highest regional rugby union league covering London and south east England . The club that finishes in first place is automatically promoted to National League 2 South . The runner-up meets the second placed team of South West Premier with the winner also gaining promotion . Relegated teams drop down to either London 1 North or London 1 South depending on location , and other factors such as the location of relegated and promoted teams in other divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Worthing Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worthing_Rugby_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Worthing Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union team playing in the fourth tier of the English rugby union league system ; National League 2 South . The first XV , nicknamed The Raiders , were runners-up to Henley Hawks in the National League 2 South 2012-13 season and qualified for a play-off against the runners-up of National League 2 North , Stourbridge winning 28 - 26 . In doing so , the club became the first club from Sussex to play in the third tier of English rugby . The club also has a number of other teams , and while their 2nd XV is non-league , their 3rd XV currently plays in the Sussex Spitfire 1 league . Worthing also have a successful Ladies 1st XV who are currently in 2nd place in the National Challenge South East South 2 league'}]}, {'value': 'Roundstone Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500 ( 100 seats )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angmering , West Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angmering', 'summary': "Angmering is a village and civil parish between Littlehampton and Worthing in West Sussex on the southern edge of the South Downs National Park , England ; about two-thirds of the parish ( mostly north of the A27 road ) fall within the Park . It is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) north of the English Channel ; Worthing and Littlehampton are 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the east and west respectively . It has been inhabited since the Bronze Age and there are the remains of a Roman Villa and bath house . In 1976 , Angmering was twinned with the Normandy town of Ouistreham on the Riva-Bella , the location of the World War II Normandy Landings ' Sword Beach . Angmering railway station is \u200b3⁄4 mile from the village centre straddling the boundaries of Angmering and East Preston . Angmering is home to the Oval Raceway or Angmering Motor Sports Centre . Worthing Rugby Football Club , a national level professional rugby club , occupies extensive grounds in the east of the village . Angmering Football Club play their home games at the Recreation Field in Decoy Drive . They play in the West Sussex Football League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sussex', 'summary': 'West Sussex is a county in the south of England , bordering East Sussex ( with Brighton and Hove ) to the east , Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north , and to the south the English Channel . West Sussex is the western part of the historic county of Sussex , formerly a medieval kingdom . With an area of 1,991 square kilometres ( 769 sq mi ) and a population of over 800,000 , West Sussex is a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Chichester in the south-west is the county town and the only city in West Sussex ; the largest towns are Crawley , Worthing and Horsham . West Sussex has a range of scenery , including wealden , downland and coastal . The highest point of the county is Blackdown , at 280 metres ( 919 ft ) . It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood , Petworth House and Uppark , and castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle . Over half the county is protected countryside , offering walking , cycling and other recreational opportunities .'}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_League_2_South_0', 'intro': 'National League 2 South (known before September 2009 as National Division Three South) is a level four league in the English rugby union system. It is one of two leagues at this level, with its counterpart, National League 2 North, covering the north of England. The format of the league was changed at the beginning of the 2009-10 season following reorganisation by the Rugby Football Union. The champions are promoted to National League 1. The runners-up play in a promotion play-off with the runners-up of National League 2 North; the team with the best record having home advantage. The bottom three teams are relegated, to either South West Premier or London & South East Premier.'} | null | null | How many seats are in the stadium where the team that achieved back-to-back promotions in 2009 and 2010 plays ? | 198 |
0b350b99909008a1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_South_Island_by_population', 'title': 'List of cities and towns in the South Island by population', 'header': ['Urban Area', 'Population', 'Region', 'Territorial Authority'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alexandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Alexandra ( Māori : Manuherikia or Areketanara ) is a town in the Central Otago district of the South Island of New Zealand . It is located on the banks of the Clutha River ( at the confluence of the Manuherikia River ) , on State Highway 8 , 188 kilometres ( 117 mi ) by road from Dunedin and 33 kilometres ( 21 mi ) south of Cromwell . At the time of the 2013 census , the permanent population was 4,800 , a decrease of 24 since 2006 . 27.1 per cent of the population ( higher than the national average ) was aged over 65 .'}]}, {'value': '5,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Otago District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Otago_District', 'summary': 'Central Otago District is local government district in New Zealand . It is administered by the Central Otago District Council and it is in the Otago region , the top tier of local government in New Zealand . The major towns in the district are Alexandra ( the seat of local government ) , Cromwell , Roxburgh , Clyde and Ranfurly . The Central Otago District is part of what is informally known as Central Otago . It was formed in 1989 from the merger of the former Vincent and Maniototo Counties . The current mayor is Tim Cadogan , who comfortably unseated the incumbent , Tony Lepper in the 2016 local elections . Mr Cadogan polled 5047 votes , more than double that polled by Mr Lepper , with 2521 votes .'}]}, {'value': 'Amberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amberley,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Amberley is a town located in the Hurunui District in north Canterbury , on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . It is located on State Highway 1 approximately 50 km north of Christchurch . It is the seat of the Hurunui District Council .'}]}, {'value': '1,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurunui District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurunui_District', 'summary': "Hurunui District is a territorial local government district within the Canterbury Region on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island , north of Christchurch . It stretches from the east coast to the Main Divide . Its land area is 8,660.43 square kilometres ( 3,343.81 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrowtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrowtown', 'summary': 'Arrowtown is a historic gold mining town in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand . Arrowtown is located on the banks of the Arrow River approximately 7.5 km from State Highway 6 . There is also road access directly to Queenstown via the Shotover Gorge and a third route via the picturesque Lake Hayes .'}]}, {'value': '2,950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Queenstown Lakes District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queenstown_Lakes_District', 'summary': 'Queenstown-Lakes District , a local government district , is in the Otago Region of New Zealand . It is surrounded by the districts of Central Otago , Southland , Westland and Waitaki . Much of the area is often referred to as Queenstown because of the popularity of the resort town , but the district covers a much wider area , including the towns of Wanaka to the north-east , Glenorchy to the north-west and Kingston to the south . The district is sometimes called the Southern Lakes , as it contains Lake Wakatipu , Lake Wanaka and Lake Hāwea .'}]}, {'value': 'Balclutha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balclutha,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Balclutha ( Māori : Iwikatea ) is a town in Otago , lying towards the end of the Clutha River , on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . It is about halfway between Dunedin and Invercargill on the Main South Line railway , State Highway 1 and the Southern Scenic Route . Balclutha has a population of 3,990 ( as of June 2018 ) , and is the largest town in South Otago . The Clutha District Council is based in Balclutha . The major service center for the fertile farming region around the lower reaches of the Clutha River , it is also the nearest large town to the Catlins , a scenic region of native forest , wildlife , and rugged coastline .'}]}, {'value': '4,060', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Clutha District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clutha_District', 'summary': 'Clutha District is a local government district of southern New Zealand , with its headquarters in the Otago town of Balclutha . The Clutha District has a land area of 6,362.86 km² ( 2,456.71 sq mi ) and a 2006 census population of 16,839 usual residents . Clutha District occupies the majority of the geographical area known as South Otago .'}]}, {'value': 'Bluff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluff,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Bluff ( Māori : Motupōhue ) , previously known as Campbelltown and often referred to as The Bluff , is a town and seaport in the Southland region , on the southern coast of the South Island of New Zealand . It is the southernmost town in mainland New Zealand and , despite Slope Point and Stewart Island being further south , Bluff is colloquially used to refer to the southern extremity of the country ( particularly in the phrase from Cape Reinga to The Bluff ) . According to the 2006 census , the resident population was 1,850 , a decrease of 85 since 2001 . The Bluff area was one of the earliest areas of New Zealand where a European presence became established . The first ship known to have entered the harbour was the Perseverance in 1813 , in search of flax trading possibilities , with the first European settlers arriving in 1823 or 1824 . This is the foundation for the claim that Bluff is the oldest permanent European settlement in the country . However , the missionary settlement at Kerikeri was both earlier and larger . The town was officially called Campbelltown in 1856 , became a borough in 1878 , and was renamed Bluff in 1917 .'}]}, {'value': '1,880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Southland ( Māori : Murihiku ) is New Zealand 's southernmost region . It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura . It includes Southland District , Gore District and the city of Invercargill . The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Invercargill City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invercargill', 'summary': 'Invercargill ( /ˌɪnvərˈkɑːrɡɪl/ , Māori : Waihōpai ) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand , and one of the southernmost cities in the world . It is the commercial centre of the Southland region . The city lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff , which is the southernmost town in the South Island . It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves , including Fiordland National Park covering the south-west corner of the South Island and the Catlins coastal region . Many streets in the city , especially in the centre and main shopping district , are named after rivers in Great Britain , mainly Scotland . These include the main streets Dee and Tay , as well as those named after the Tweed , Forth , Tyne , Esk , Don , Ness , Yarrow , Spey and Eye rivers . The 2013 census showed the population was 51,696 , up 2.7% on the 2006 census number .'}]}, {'value': 'Brightwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brightwater', 'summary': 'Brightwater is a town 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) southwest of Nelson in Tasman district in the South Island of New Zealand . It stands on the banks of the Wairoa River . Brightwater was first named Spring Grove . Alfred Saunders , the owner of a local flax mill situated on the banks of the Wairoa River and a prominent temperance activist , renamed it Brightwater because of the clarity of the water in Wairoa River . The settlement was named in 1855 , but the area was settled as early as 1843 . Brightwater was the birthplace of Nobel Prize-winning scientist , the father of nuclear physics , Sir Ernest Rutherford , and has an elaborate Lord Rutherford Birthplace memorial on Lord Rutherford Road .'}]}, {'value': '2,090', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_Region', 'summary': 'Tasman District ( Māori : Te Tai o Aorere ) is a local government district in the north of the South Island of New Zealand . It borders the Canterbury Region , West Coast Region , Marlborough Region and Nelson City . It is administered by the Tasman District Council , a unitary authority , which sits at Richmond , with community boards serving outlying communities in Motueka and Golden Bay / Mohua . The city of Nelson has its own unitary authority separate from Tasman District , and together they comprise a single region in some contexts , but not for local government functions or resource management ( planning ) functions .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasman District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_District_Council', 'summary': 'Tasman District Council is the unitary local authority for the Tasman District of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Cromwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cromwell,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Cromwell is a town in Central Otago in the Otago region of New Zealand . Cromwell is between State Highway 6 ( linking to Wanaka , 50 km north , and Queenstown , 60 km west ) and State Highway 8 leading to the Lindis Pass , 75 km northeast , and Alexandra , 33 km south . The road to Alexandra winds through the Cromwell Gorge . A point near Cromwell lies 119 kilometres from the sea , the farthest from the sea anywhere in New Zealand . A prominent feature surrounding much of the town is the man-made Lake Dunstan . Cromwell also has the newly constructed Highlands Motorsport Park . Nearby settlements are at Bannockburn , Lowburn , Tarras , and Ripponvale . Cromwell is also the home of the Cromwell Chafer Beetle ( Prodontria lewisi ) . The 45th parallel south runs just North of the township .'}]}, {'value': '5,440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Otago District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Otago_District', 'summary': 'Central Otago District is local government district in New Zealand . It is administered by the Central Otago District Council and it is in the Otago region , the top tier of local government in New Zealand . The major towns in the district are Alexandra ( the seat of local government ) , Cromwell , Roxburgh , Clyde and Ranfurly . The Central Otago District is part of what is informally known as Central Otago . It was formed in 1989 from the merger of the former Vincent and Maniototo Counties . The current mayor is Tim Cadogan , who comfortably unseated the incumbent , Tony Lepper in the 2016 local elections . Mr Cadogan polled 5047 votes , more than double that polled by Mr Lepper , with 2521 votes .'}]}, {'value': 'Darfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darfield,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Darfield is a town in the Selwyn District of the South Island of New Zealand . It is 35 kilometres west of the outskirts of Christchurch on State Highway 73 ( Great Alpine Highway ) and on the Midland railway line , route of the TranzAlpine train service . Its population ( GeoNames geographical database 2011 ) is 1,593 . Darfield is the main town between Christchurch and the West Coast region . It is often called The township under the nor'west arch in reference to a characteristic weather phenomenon that often creates an arch of cloud in an otherwise clear sky to the west of the township . This is caused by the condensation of water particles channelled upwards over the Southern Alps . Darfield has an intermediate/high school , and a primary school , as well as several shops . Darfield lies in the Malvern district 's arable and pastoral farming area . It is a gateway to the scenic Waimakariri and Rakaia rivers and the Southern Alps , and is also a popular lift-off place for hot air ballooning . Fonterra has a milk powder factory near the town . The factory has a series of sidings and a container loading centre . A magnitude 7.1 earthquake occurred near Darfield at 4:35 am on 4 September 2010 , causing widespread damage to both the town and to surrounding areas including the city of Christchurch ."}]}, {'value': '2,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Selwyn District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selwyn_District', 'summary': "Selwyn District is a predominantly rural area in central Canterbury , on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Selwyn River , which is in turn named after Bishop George Selwyn , the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand who , in 1843 and 1844 , travelled the length of the country by horse , foot , boat and canoe , leaving in his wake a sprinkling of locations that now bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'Diamond Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamond_Harbour,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Diamond Harbour is a small town on Banks Peninsula , in Canterbury , New Zealand . It is on the peninsula 's northern coast , on the southern shores of Lyttelton Harbour , and is administratively part of the city of Christchurch . The area was named by Mark Stoddart , who bought 500 acres ( 200 ha ) of land in the area in 1856 . The name is applied not only to Diamond Harbour proper but to the nearby settlements of Church Bay , Charteris Bay , and Purau . In the 2006 census , this area had a population of slightly under 1,400 . A ferry connects Diamond Harbour to Lyttelton , on the harbour 's northern shore . In combination with buses from Lyttelton to Christchurch , this allows residents of Diamond Harbour to commute to the city ."}]}, {'value': '1,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Christchurch City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch_City_Council', 'summary': 'The Christchurch City Council is the local government authority for Christchurch in New Zealand . It is a territorial authority elected to represent the 380,200 people of Christchurch . Since October 2013 , the Mayor of Christchurch is Lianne Dalziel , who succeeded Bob Parker . The council currently consists of 16 councillors elected from sixteen wards , and is presided over by the Mayor , who is elected at large . The number of elected members and ward boundaries changed prior during the 2016 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Geraldine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geraldine,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Geraldine ( Māori : Heratini ) is a town in the Canterbury Region in the South Island of New Zealand . It is about 140 km south of Christchurch , and inland from Timaru , which is 35 km to the south .'}]}, {'value': '2,630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Timaru District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timaru_District', 'summary': "Timaru District is a local government district in New Zealand 's South Island administered by the Timaru District Council . It is part of the larger Canterbury region ."}]}, {'value': 'Gore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Gore ( Māori : Maruawai ) is a town and district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': '7,980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Southland ( Māori : Murihiku ) is New Zealand 's southernmost region . It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura . It includes Southland District , Gore District and the city of Invercargill . The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Gore District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gore_District_Council', 'summary': 'Gore District is a municipality in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Greymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greymouth,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Greymouth ( /ˈɡreɪmaʊθ/ ) ( Māori : Māwhera ) is the largest town in the West Coast region in the South Island of New Zealand , and the seat of the Grey District Council . The population of the whole Grey District is 13,750 , which accounts for 42% of the West Coast 's inhabitants . The Greymouth urban area had an estimated population of 9,700 ( June 2018 ) . The District Council expects growth of 1.5% per year between 2006 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '8,160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'The West Coast ( Māori : Te Tai Poutini ) is a region of New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island that is administered by the West Coast Regional Council . It comprises the territorial authorities of Buller District , Grey District and Westland District . The principal towns are Westport , Greymouth , and Hokitika . The region is one of the more remote and most sparsely populated areas of the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Grey District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grey_District', 'summary': "Grey District in the West Coast Region of New Zealand is a municipality that covers Greymouth , Runanga , Blackball , Cobden and settlements along the Grey River . It has a land area of 3,516.48 square kilometres ( 1,357.72 sq mi ) . The seat of the Grey District Council , the local government authority that administers the district , is at Greymouth , where 27% of the district 's population live . The Grey District is on the West Coast of the South Island . It stretches from the south banks of the Punakaiki River in the north , southeast to Mt Anderson , north to The Pinacle , southeast to Craigeburn , in a southeast direction to Mt Barron , southwest to Jacksons and following the Taramakau River to the Tasman Sea . The district is rich in history and character . Key industries are tourism , mining , agriculture , fishing , manufacturing and services industries . The main hospital for the West Coast is in Greymouth ."}]}, {'value': 'Hokitika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokitika,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hokitika is a small town in the West Coast region of New Zealand 's South Island , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) south of Greymouth , and close to the mouth of the Hokitika River . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , the usually-resident population of the Hokitika urban area was 2,967 , a decrease of 111 people since 2006 . There are 876 people living in rural Hokitika , an increase of 48 people since the 2006 Census . On a clear day Aoraki / Mount Cook can clearly be seen from Hokitika 's main street ."}]}, {'value': '3,090', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'The West Coast ( Māori : Te Tai Poutini ) is a region of New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island that is administered by the West Coast Regional Council . It comprises the territorial authorities of Buller District , Grey District and Westland District . The principal towns are Westport , Greymouth , and Hokitika . The region is one of the more remote and most sparsely populated areas of the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Westland District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westland_District', 'summary': "Westland District is a territorial authority on the West Coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is administered by the Westland District Council . The district 's population is 8,900 ( June 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaikoura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikoura', 'summary': 'Kaikoura ( /kaɪˈkɔːrə/ ; officially Kaikōura ) is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . It is located on State Highway 1 , 180 km north of Christchurch . The town has an estimated permanent resident population of 2,150 ( as of June 2018 ) . The town is the governmental seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikoura District , which is politically a part of the Canterbury region . Kaikoura was the first local authority in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve recognition by the EarthCheck Community Standard . The infrastructure of Kaikoura was heavily damaged in the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake , which caused two deaths in the area . The bay and surrounding region were uplifted by as much as 2 metres .'}]}, {'value': '2,210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaikoura District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikoura_District', 'summary': 'Kaikoura ( /kaɪˈkɔːrə/ ; officially Kaikōura ) is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . It is located on State Highway 1 , 180 km north of Christchurch . The town has an estimated permanent resident population of 2,150 ( as of June 2018 ) . The town is the governmental seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikoura District , which is politically a part of the Canterbury region . Kaikoura was the first local authority in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve recognition by the EarthCheck Community Standard . The infrastructure of Kaikoura was heavily damaged in the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake , which caused two deaths in the area . The bay and surrounding region were uplifted by as much as 2 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Hayes_Estate', 'summary': 'Lake Hayes Estate ( often shortened to LHE ) is a suburb of Queenstown in the South Island of New Zealand . It is named after and situated near Lake Hayes ; however , the lake is not visible from most parts of the estate . The main access to Lake Hayes Estate is off State Highway 6 . To the west is the newer sub division of Shotover Country which can be accessed via Jones Road . Lake Hayes Estate was one of the first residential areas of a large scale involving quite flat land near Queenstown , meaning sections were quite sought after . The original 700 sections have virtually all been built on . In 2012 work began on a sub division bordering Lake Hayes Estate called Hayes Creek and by 2016 all of these sections had been sold .'}]}, {'value': '3,690', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Queenstown Lakes District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queenstown_Lakes_District', 'summary': 'Queenstown-Lakes District , a local government district , is in the Otago Region of New Zealand . It is surrounded by the districts of Central Otago , Southland , Westland and Waitaki . Much of the area is often referred to as Queenstown because of the popularity of the resort town , but the district covers a much wider area , including the towns of Wanaka to the north-east , Glenorchy to the north-west and Kingston to the south . The district is sometimes called the Southern Lakes , as it contains Lake Wakatipu , Lake Wanaka and Lake Hāwea .'}]}, {'value': 'Leeston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeston', 'summary': 'Leeston is a town on the Canterbury Plains in the South Island of New Zealand . It is located 30 kilometres southwest of Christchurch , between the shore of Lake Ellesmere and the mouth of the Rakaia River . The town is home to a growing number of services which have increased and diversified along with the population . Leeston has a supermarket , schools ( pre-school , primary school and high school ) , churches , hospital ( for the elderly only ) , gym , cafes , restaurants , medical centre , pharmacy and post office . The Selwyn District Council currently has a service office in Leeston , after the headquarters was shifted to Rolleston . The 2013 census returned a population of 1,506 , which is 15.9% higher than the 2006 census . This is significantly above the average population growth rate in New Zealand . Population growth is expected to continue due to people leaving Christchurch as a result of the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and the 2011 Canterbury earthquake .'}]}, {'value': '2,070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Selwyn District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selwyn_District', 'summary': "Selwyn District is a predominantly rural area in central Canterbury , on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Selwyn River , which is in turn named after Bishop George Selwyn , the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand who , in 1843 and 1844 , travelled the length of the country by horse , foot , boat and canoe , leaving in his wake a sprinkling of locations that now bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Lincoln is a town in the Selwyn District , in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand 's South Island . The town is located on the Canterbury Plains to the west of Banks Peninsula , 22 kilometres southwest of Christchurch . The town has a population of 6,100 ( June 2018 ) , making it the second largest town in the Selwyn District behind nearby Rolleston . Lincoln is a satellite town of Christchurch ; at the 2006 Census , 53% of employed Lincoln residents worked in the city . The town is home to Lincoln University , the oldest agricultural tertiary institution in the Southern Hemisphere and the smallest of New Zealand 's eight universities ."}]}, {'value': '6,030', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Selwyn District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selwyn_District', 'summary': "Selwyn District is a predominantly rural area in central Canterbury , on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Selwyn River , which is in turn named after Bishop George Selwyn , the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand who , in 1843 and 1844 , travelled the length of the country by horse , foot , boat and canoe , leaving in his wake a sprinkling of locations that now bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyttelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Lyttelton ( Māori : Ōhinehou ) , the port town of Christchurch , stands on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour , at the northwestern end of Banks Peninsula on the eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand . As a landing point for Christchurch-bound seafarers , Lyttelton has historically been regarded [ by whom ? ] as the Gateway to Canterbury for colonial settlers . [ dead link ] The port remains [ when ? ] a regular destination for cruise liners and is the South Island 's principal goods-transport terminal , handling 34% of exports and 61% of imports by value . In 2009 the New Zealand Historic Places Trust ( NZHPT ) awarded Lyttelton was awarded Category I Historic Area status - defined as an area of special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value . According to the 2013 census , Lyttelton ( including the neighbouring communities of Rapaki , Cass Bay and Corsair Bay ) had a usual resident population of 2,859 ."}]}, {'value': '3,040', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Christchurch City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch_City_Council', 'summary': 'The Christchurch City Council is the local government authority for Christchurch in New Zealand . It is a territorial authority elected to represent the 380,200 people of Christchurch . Since October 2013 , the Mayor of Christchurch is Lianne Dalziel , who succeeded Bob Parker . The council currently consists of 16 councillors elected from sixteen wards , and is presided over by the Mayor , who is elected at large . The number of elected members and ward boundaries changed prior during the 2016 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Mataura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mataura', 'summary': 'Mataura is a town in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand . Mataura has a meat processing plant , and until 2000 it was the site of a large pulp and paper mill .'}]}, {'value': '1,610', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Southland ( Māori : Murihiku ) is New Zealand 's southernmost region . It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura . It includes Southland District , Gore District and the city of Invercargill . The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Gore District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Gore ( Māori : Maruawai ) is a town and district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Milton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Milton , formerly known as Tokomairiro or Tokomairaro , is a town of 2,000 people , located on State Highway 1 , 50 kilometres to the south of Dunedin in Otago , New Zealand . It lies on the floodplain of the Tokomairaro River , one branch of which loops past the north and south ends of the town . This river gives its name to many local features , notably the town 's main school , Tokomairiro High School . Founded as a milling town in the 1850s , there has long been dispute as to the naming of the settlement . The town 's streets are named for prominent British poets , and it is possible that the town 's original intended name of Milltown became shortened by association with the poet of the same name . It is equally possible , however , that the name Milton inspired the choice of poets ' names for the streets ."}]}, {'value': '2,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Clutha District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clutha_District', 'summary': 'Clutha District is a local government district of southern New Zealand , with its headquarters in the Otago town of Balclutha . The Clutha District has a land area of 6,362.86 km² ( 2,456.71 sq mi ) and a 2006 census population of 16,839 usual residents . Clutha District occupies the majority of the geographical area known as South Otago .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Towns -- Population 1,000 to 9,999', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Cities_and_towns_of_the_South_Island_by_population_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of cities and towns in the South Island of New Zealand by the size of their urban area. The populations given in the table below are provisional New Zealand usually resident populations, June 2018 estimates, and refer to the urban area defined under the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA) unless otherwise stated.'} | null | null | Which state highway can be found near this historic mining town in the district that covers Lake Wakatipu , Lake Wanaka and Lake Hāwea ? | State Highway 6 |
0b3569a0184ad970 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft', 'title': '1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'Selected by', 'Previous team'], 'data': [{'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Amalfitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Amalfitano', 'summary': "John Joseph Amalfitano ( born January 23 , 1934 ) is a former utility infielder , manager and coach in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played a combined ten seasons with the New York Giants ( NL ) |New York Giants / San Francisco ( 1954-55 ; 1960-61 ; 1963 ) , Houston Colt .45s ( 1962 ) and Chicago Cubs ( 1964-67 ) , and managed the Cubs from 1979-81 . Amalfitano was the Los Angeles Dodgers ' third-base coach for sixteen years ( 1983-98 ) , which included the 1988 World Series championship . He is currently a special assistant for player development for the San Francisco Giants , primarily working in the Giants ' farm system ."}]}, {'value': 'IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infielder', 'summary': 'An infielder is a baseball player stationed at one of four defensive infield positions on the baseball field .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Colt .45s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Hook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Hook', 'summary': 'James Wesley ( Jay ) Hook ( born November 18 , 1936 in Waukegan , Illinois , United States ) is a former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball . From 1957 through 1964 , Hook played for the Cincinnati Reds ( 1957-61 ) and New York Mets ( 1962-64 ) . He batted left-handed and threw right-handed . In an eight-season career , Hook posted a 29-62 record with 394 strikeouts and a 5.23 ERA in 752.2 innings pitched . Jay attended high school at Grayslake Community High School ( now Grayslake Central High School ) . A bonus baby signed by the Cincinnati Reds out of Northwestern University , Hook made his major league debut with Cincinnati in 1957 . He joined the Reds regular pitching rotation in 1960 and had an 11-18 mark , including a two-hit shutout against the Milwaukee Braves . Ineffective in 1961 , Hook was acquired by the New York Mets in the 1961 MLB Expansion Draft , along with Hobie Landrith , Elio Chacón , Roger Craig , Gil Hodges , Don Zimmer and Gus Bell , among others . Hook won the first game in Mets franchise history . On April 23 , 1962 , he pitched a five-hit 9-1 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field , giving his team its first regular-season victory after nine defeats . In that season he compiled an 8-19 mark for the Mets , and led the team in complete games ( 13 ) and games started ( 34 ) . Those 1962 Mets had a record of 40-120 , still the most losses for any Major League team in a single season since the 19th Century .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turk Farrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turk_Farrell', 'summary': 'Richard Joseph Turk Farrell ( April 8 , 1934 - June 10 , 1977 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1956 to 1969 , spending his entire 14-year MLB career in the National League ( NL ) . He threw and batted right-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Colt .45s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Miller_(1960s_pitcher)', 'summary': "Robert Lane Miller ( February 18 , 1939 - August 6 , 1993 ) was an American professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher from 1957 to 1974 . Miller played for three World Series champions : the 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers , 1965 Los Angeles Dodgers and the 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates - five league champions ( the above three plus the 1966 Los Angeles Dodgers and the 1973 New York Mets ) and four division winners , as well as for four teams that lost 100 or more games in a season . Miller played for ten teams during his major league career , tying a modern-day record ( since 1900 ) with Dick Littlefield that has since been broken . He played with three teams in each of three seasons : the Cleveland Indians , Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs in 1970 ; the Cubs , San Diego Padres and Pittsburgh Pirates in 1971 ; and the Padres , Detroit Tigers and New York Mets in 1973 . Steve Treder of Hardball Times described Miller as a whatever-is-needed utility pitcher . Former teammate Roy Hartsfield , who managed the Toronto Blue Jays when Miller was the team 's pitching coach , called him The Christian , a nickname he earned because he suffers so much , noting that Miller was a part-time reliever with a sore arm , but that when we came up with some other sore arms on the staff he would come in and suffer a few innings . His 12 consecutive losses at the start of the 1962 season with the Mets stood as a club record until it was broken by Anthony Young in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Smith_(MLB_utility_player)', 'summary': 'Harold Wayne Smith ( December 7 , 1930 - January 9 , 2020 ) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 879 games in Major League Baseball from 1955 to 1964 as a utilityman - a catcher , third baseman and first baseman . Smith played with five different MLB teams but is most notable for his integral role during the 1960 World Series as a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates . During his playing career , he threw and batted right-handed , stood 6 feet ( 1.83 m ) tall , and weighed 195 pounds ( 88 kg ) .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Colt .45s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Zimmer *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Zimmer', 'summary': 'Donald William Zimmer ( January 17 , 1931 - June 4 , 2014 ) was an American infielder , manager , and coach in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Zimmer was involved in professional baseball from 1949 until his death , a span of 65 years . Zimmer signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1949 . He played in the major leagues with the Dodgers ( 1954-1959 , 1963 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1960-1961 ) , New York Mets ( 1962 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1962 ) , and Washington Senators ( 1963-1965 ) . Shortly thereafter came a stint with the Toei Flyers of Nippon Professional Baseball in 1966 . In between , Zimmer saw action in all or parts of 18 minor league seasons spanning 1949-1967 . He also played winter baseball with the Elefantes de Cienfuegos and the Tigres de Marianao of the Cuban League during the 1952-53 season , as well as for the 1954-55 Puerto Rican League champion Cangrejeros de Santurce en route to the 1955 Caribbean Series . Zimmer led his team to the Series title , topping all hitters with a .400 batting average ( 8-for-20 ) , three home runs and a .950 slugging percentage , while claiming Most Valuable Player honors . During a minor league game on July 7 , 1953 , Zimmer was struck in the head by a pitch thrown by pitcher Jim Kirk , and lost consciousness . He suffered blood clots on his brain that required two operations . He woke up two weeks later , thinking that it was the day after the game where the incident took place . This eventually led to Major League Baseball adopting batting helmets as a safety measure to be used by players when at-bat .'}]}, {'value': 'IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infielder', 'summary': 'An infielder is a baseball player stationed at one of four defensive infield positions on the baseball field .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Spangler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Spangler', 'summary': 'Albert Donald Spanky Spangler ( born July 8 , 1933 , in Philadelphia ) is a retired American Major League Baseball outfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Colt .45s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Walls *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Walls', 'summary': 'Raymond Lee Walls Jr. ( January 6 , 1933 - October 11 , 1993 ) was an American professional baseball player , an outfielder who appeared in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) between 1952 and 1964 as a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates , Chicago Cubs , Cincinnati Reds , Philadelphia Phillies and Los Angeles Dodgers . He also played the 1965 season in Japan , for the Hankyu Braves . The native of San Diego threw and batted right-handed , stood 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) tall , and weighed 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) . Walls wore eyeglasses on the field during his active career - a rarity for players of his era - and was nicknamed Captain Midnight because of his eyewear .'}]}, {'value': 'IF / OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infielder', 'summary': 'An infielder is a baseball player stationed at one of four defensive infield positions on the baseball field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}], 'section_title': '1961 Draft', 'section_text': 'All-Star Regular Phase , $ 75,000 per player Pick Player Position Selected by Previous team 1 Eddie Bressoud IF Houston Colt .45s San Francisco Giants 2 Hobie Landrith C New York Mets San Francisco Giants 3 Bob Aspromonte IF Houston Colt .45s Los Angeles Dodgers 4 Elio Chacón IF New York Mets Cincinnati Reds 5 Bob Lillis IF Houston Colt .45s St. Louis Cardinals 6 Roger Craig P New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers 7 Dick Drott P Houston Colt .45s Chicago Cubs 8 Gus Bell* OF New York Mets Cincinnati Reds 9 Al Heist OF Houston Colt .45s Chicago Cubs 10 Joe Christopher OF New York Mets Pittsburgh Pirates 11 Román Mejías OF Houston Colt .45s Pittsburgh Pirates 12 Félix Mantilla IF New York Mets Milwaukee Braves 13 George Williams IF Houston Colt .45s Philadelphia Phillies 14 Gil Hodges* 1B New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers 15 Jesse Hickman P Houston Colt .45s Philadelphia Phillies 16 Craig Anderson P New York Mets St. Louis Cardinals 17 Merritt Ranew C Houston Colt .45s Milwaukee Braves 18 Ray Daviault P New York Mets San Francisco Giants 19 Don Taussig OF Houston Colt .45s St. Louis Cardinals 20 John DeMerit OF New York Mets Milwaukee Braves 21 Bobby Shantz* P Houston Colt .45s Pittsburgh Pirates 22 Al Jackson P New York Mets Pittsburgh Pirates 23 Norm Larker* 1B Houston Colt .45s Los Angeles Dodgers 24 Sammy Drake IF New York Mets Chicago Cubs 25 Sam Jones* P Houston Colt .45s San Francisco Giants 26 Chris Cannizzaro C New York Mets St. Louis Cardinals 27 Paul Roof P Houston Colt .45s Milwaukee Braves 28 Choo-Choo Coleman C New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 29 Ken Johnson P Houston Colt .45s Cincinnati Reds 30 Ed Bouchee 1B New York Mets Chicago Cubs 31 Dick Gernert 1B Houston Colt .45s Cincinnati Reds 32 Bob Smith OF New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Regular Phase , $ 50,000 per player Pick Player Position Selected by Previous team 33 Ed Olivares IF Houston Colt .45s St. Louis Cardinals 34 Sherman Jones P New York Mets Cincinnati Reds 35 Jim Umbricht P Houston Colt .45s Pittsburgh Pirates 36 Jim Hickman OF New York Mets St. Louis Cardinals 37 Jim Golden P Houston Colt .45s Los Angeles Dodgers', 'uid': '1961_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft_2', 'intro': 'The 1961 MLB Expansion Draft was held by Major League Baseball on October 10, 1961, to fill the rosters of the New York Mets and the Houston Colt .45s. The Mets and the Colt .45s (later renamed the Astros) were the new franchises which would enter the league in the 1962 season. The pool of players out of which they could select was limited to the existing National League ballclubs. Due to the poor performance of the Mets and Colt .45s after two seasons, another draft was held for the teams. The other existing National League clubs made four players from their 40-man roster available at $30,000 apiece. Only eight players could be selected between the two clubs.'} | null | null | What was the middle name of the number 38 pick of the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft ? | Joseph |
0b35a2590619ce6a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_of_the_Royal_Air_Force', 'title': 'List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Royal Air Force', 'header': ['Name', 'Unit', 'Date of action', 'Conflict', 'Place of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward Mannock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Mannock', 'summary': "Edward Corringham Mick Mannock VC , DSO & Two Bars , MC & Bar ( 24 May 1887 - 26 July 1918 ) was a British flying ace in the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force during the First World War . Mannock was a pioneer of fighter aircraft tactics in aerial warfare . At the time of his death he had amassed 61 aerial victories , making him the fifth highest scoring pilot of the war . Mannock was born in 1887 to an English father , Edward Mannock , and an Irish mother . Mannock 's father served in the British Army and the family moved to India when Mannock was a small child . Mannock was sickly and developed several ailments in his formative years . Upon his return to England he became a fervent supporter of Irish nationalism and the Irish Home Rule movement but became a member of the Independent Labour Party . In 1914 Mannock was working as a telephone engineer in Turkey . After the Ottoman Empire 's entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers he was interned . Mannock was badly treated and soon fell ill. Turkish authorities repatriated him to Britain believing him to be unfit for war service . Mannock recovered and joined the Royal Engineers and then Royal Army Medical Corps . He moved services again and in 1916 joined Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) ."}]}, {'value': '074 No . 74 Squadron and No . 85 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._74_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': "Number 74 Squadron , also known as Tiger Squadron from its tiger-head motif , was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It operated fighter aircraft from 1917 to the 1990s , and then trainers until its disbandment in 2000 . It was the Royal Air Force 's member of the NATO Tiger Association from 1961 until the squadron 's disbandment , it has since been replaced by No . 230 Squadron . Forming in 1917 as No . 74 ( Training Depot ) Squadron , the unit began life as a training squadron . Sent to the Western Front in 1918 as No . 74 ( Fighter ) Squadron , the unit quickly developed a fierce reputation during the First World War due to its pilots having an aggressive 'Tiger ' like spirit . With many aces amongst its ranks , Mick Mannock , Taffy Jones and Sydney Carlin , No . 74 ( F ) Squadron managed 225 victories in only 7 months at the Front . Disbanding shortly after the war , 'the Tigers ' returned during the 1935 Abyssinia Crisis , being reformed by the combination of numerous squadron detachments who were aboard a troopship heading to Malta . In the Second World War , No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/No._85_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 85 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It last served in 2011 , as No . 85 ( Reserve ) Squadron posted to RAF Church Fenton .'}]}, {'value': '17 June 1918 to 26 July 1918*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)', 'summary': 'The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War . Following the outbreak of war in August 1914 , the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium , then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France . The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne . Following the Race to the Sea , both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches , stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France , which changed little except during early 1917 and in 1918 . Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this front . The attacks employed massive artillery bombardments and massed infantry advances . Entrenchments , machine gun emplacements , barbed wire and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made . Among the most costly of these offensives were the Battle of Verdun , in 1916 , with a combined 700,000 casualties ( estimated ) , the Battle of the Somme , also in 1916 , with more than a million casualties ( estimated ) , and the Battle of Passchendaele ( Third Battle of Ypres ) , in 1917 , with 487,000 casualties ( estimated ) . To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front , both sides tried new military technology , including poison gas , aircraft , and tanks . The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918 . The German Spring Offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that ended the war of the Central Powers against Russia and Romania on the Eastern Front . Using short , intense hurricane bombardments and infiltration tactics , the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres ( 60 miles ) to the west , the deepest advance by either side since 1914 , but the result was indecisive .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Beauchamp-Proctor', 'summary': "Andrew Frederick Weatherby ( Anthony ) Beauchamp-Proctor , VC , DSO , MC & Bar , DFC ( 4 September 1894 - 21 June 1921 ) was a South African airman and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was South Africa 's leading ace of the First World War , being credited with 54 aerial victories ."}]}, {'value': '084 No . 84 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 84 Squadron of the Royal Air Force is at present a Search and Rescue Squadron based at RAF Akrotiri , it uses the Bell Griffin HAR.2 helicopter . It is currently one of the two operational parts of the RAF Search and Rescue Force left in service ( the other being the RAF Mountain Rescue Service ) after the stand-down of the UK effort on 5 October 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '8 August 1918 to 8 October 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Front', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferdinand West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferdinand_Maurice_Felix_West', 'summary': 'Air Commodore Ferdinand Maurice Felix West , VC , CBE , MC ( 19 January 1896 - 8 July 1988 ) was a senior Royal Air Force officer , aviator , and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '008 No . 8 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._8_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': "No . 8 Squadron ( sometimes written as No . VIII Squadron ) of the Royal Air Force operates the Boeing E-3D Sentry ( AWACS ) from RAF Waddington , Lincolnshire . The RAF AWACS fleet is made up of seven E-3Ds , with the UK designation Sentry AEW1 . It was announced in July 2019 that from the early 2020s the squadron will be the first to operate the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail , the planned replacement for the RAF 's E-3D Sentry fleet ."}]}, {'value': '10 August 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Ham and Hombleux , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ham,_Somme', 'summary': 'Ham ( Picard : Hin ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hombleux', 'summary': 'Hombleux is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France . On 1 January 2019 , the former commune Grécourt was merged into Hombleux .'}]}, {'value': 'William Barker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_George_Barker', 'summary': 'William George Billy Barker , VC , DSO & Bar , MC & Two Bars ( 3 November 1894 - 12 March 1930 ) was a Canadian First World War fighter ace and Victoria Cross recipient . He is the most decorated serviceman in the history of Canada .'}]}, {'value': '201 No . 201 Squadron ( attached )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._201_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 201 Squadron of the Royal Air Force , until March 2010 , operated the Nimrod MR2 , based at RAF Kinloss , Moray . It is the only squadron affiliated with Guernsey , in the Channel Islands . This affiliation started in 1935 and is commemorated in the museum on Castle Cornet . Its history goes even further back than the RAF itself , being formed originally as No . 1 Squadron RNAS on 17 Oct 1914 . The squadron will stand up again in 2021 as the second squadron equipped with the P-8A Poseidon anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft .'}]}, {'value': '27 October 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the Forêt de Mormal , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forêt_de_Mormal', 'summary': "The Forêt de Mormal ( Forest of Mormal ) is a forest in France , near the Franco-Belgian border . It is best known to the British for its role in the retreat from Mons in August 1914 . Its perceived lack of passable roads forced I and II Corps of the British army to divide and the two corps did not reunite for some days . However , some units of the British army did pass through the forest . The German army also passed through the forest , taking Haig 's II Corps by surprise ."}]}, {'value': 'Donald Garland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Edward_Garland', 'summary': 'Donald Edward Garland , VC ( 28 June 1918 - 12 May 1940 ) was a bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '012 No . 12 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'Number 12 Squadron , also known as No . 12 ( Bomber ) Squadron and occasionally as No . XII Squadron , is a flying squadron of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . The squadron reformed in July 2018 as a joint RAF/Qatari Emri Air Force squadron . It is currently based at RAF Coningsby , Lincolnshire , and operates the Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 , while temporarily integrating Qatari air and ground crews in order to provide training and support as part of the Qatari purchase of 24 Typhoons from the UK .'}]}, {'value': '12 May 1940*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the Albert Canal , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Canal', 'summary': 'The Albert Canal ( Dutch : Albertkanaal , French : Canal Albert ) is a canal located in northeastern Belgium , which was named for King Albert I of Belgium . The Albert Canal connects Antwerp with Liège , and also the Meuse River with the Scheldt River . It also connects with the Canal Dessel-Turnhout-Schoten , and its total length is 129.5 kilometres ( 80.5 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Gray_(VC)', 'summary': 'Thomas Gray , VC ( 17 May 1914 - 12 May 1940 ) was a British airman and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '012 No . 12 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'Number 12 Squadron , also known as No . 12 ( Bomber ) Squadron and occasionally as No . XII Squadron , is a flying squadron of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . The squadron reformed in July 2018 as a joint RAF/Qatari Emri Air Force squadron . It is currently based at RAF Coningsby , Lincolnshire , and operates the Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 , while temporarily integrating Qatari air and ground crews in order to provide training and support as part of the Qatari purchase of 24 Typhoons from the UK .'}]}, {'value': '12 May 1940*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the Albert Canal , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Canal', 'summary': 'The Albert Canal ( Dutch : Albertkanaal , French : Canal Albert ) is a canal located in northeastern Belgium , which was named for King Albert I of Belgium . The Albert Canal connects Antwerp with Liège , and also the Meuse River with the Scheldt River . It also connects with the Canal Dessel-Turnhout-Schoten , and its total length is 129.5 kilometres ( 80.5 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Roderick Learoyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roderick_Alastair_Brook_Learoyd', 'summary': 'Wing Commander Roderick Alastair Brook Learoyd , VC ( 5 February 1913 - 24 January 1996 ) was a Royal Air Force bomber pilot and recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '049 No . 49 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._49_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 49 Squadron was a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force from 1938 to 1965 . They were the first squadron to receive the Hampden in September 1938 . The squadron achieved notoriety through the Victoria Cross awarded to Rod Learoyd on a raid in 1940 and for being the squadron which dropped the atomic bombs in Operation Grapple .'}]}, {'value': '12 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the Dortmund-Ems Canal , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal', 'summary': 'The Dortmund-Ems Canal is a 269-kilometre ( 167 mi ) long canal in Germany between the inland port of the city of Dortmund ( 51°31′30″N 7°26′40″E / 51.52500°N 7.44444°E / 51.52500 ; 7.44444 ) and the seaport of Emden . The artificial southern part of the canal ends after 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) at Herbrum lock near Meppen . The route then takes the river Ems for 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) to Oldersum lock . From there , the canal continues along a second artificial segment of 98 kilometres ( 61 mi ) . This latter section was built because inland ships at the time of the construction of the canal were not built for the open sea , which they would have faced at the Dollart and the entry to the sea port of Emden . It is connected to the Ems-Jade Canal from Emden to Wilhelmshaven .'}]}, {'value': 'James Nicolson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Brindley_Nicolson', 'summary': 'Wing Commander Eric James Brindley Nicolson , VC , DFC ( 29 April 1917 - 2 May 1945 ) was a fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '249 No . 249 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._249_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 249 ( Gold Coast ) Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force squadron , active in the sea-patrol , fighter and bomber roles during its existence . It was one of the top scoring fighter squadrons of the RAF in World War II .'}]}, {'value': '16 August 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Southampton , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton', 'summary': 'Southampton ( /saʊθˈ ( h ) æmptən/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Hampshire , South East England , 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north-west of Portsmouth . A major port , and close to the New Forest , it lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water , at the confluence of the River Test and Itchen , with the River Hamble joining to the south . The unitary authority had a population of 253,651 at the 2011 census . A resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian . Significant employers in the city include Southampton City Council , the University of Southampton , Solent University , Southampton Airport , Ordnance Survey , BBC South , the NHS , Associated British Ports ( ABP ) and Carnival UK . Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic , the Spitfire , as one of the departure points for D-Day , and more recently as the home port of some of the largest cruise ships in the world . Southampton also has a large shopping centre and retail park , Westquay .'}]}, {'value': 'John Hannah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hannah_(VC)', 'summary': 'John Hannah , VC ( 27 November 1921 - 7 June 1947 ) was a Scottish airman and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '083 No . 83 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._83_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 83 Squadron RAF was a Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force squadron active from 1917 until 1969 . It was operative during both the First World War and the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '15 September 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over Antwerp , Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Campbell_(soldier)', 'summary': 'Kenneth Campbell , VC ( 21 April 1917 - 6 April 1941 ) was a Scottish airman who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for an attack that damaged the German battlecruiser Gneisenau , moored in Brest , France , during the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '022 No . 22 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._22_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 22 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operated the Westland Sea King HAR.3 and HAR.3A at three stations in the southern United Kingdom . The squadron was originally formed in 1915 as an aerial reconnaissance unit of the Royal Flying Corps serving on the Western Front during First World War . Becoming part of the Royal Air Force on its formation in 1918 , it was disbanded the following year as part of the post-First World War scaling back of the RAF . During the Second World War the squadron operated in the torpedo bomber role over the North Sea and then in the Mediterranean and the Far East . Between 1955 and 2015 the squadron provided military search and rescue over the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '6 April 1941*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over Brest Harbour , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brest,_France', 'summary': "Brest ( French pronunciation : [ bʁɛst ] ( listen ) ; Breton pronunciation : [ bʀest ] ) is a port city in the Finistère département in Brittany . Located in a sheltered bay not far from the western tip of the peninsula , and the western extremity of metropolitan France , Brest is an important harbour and the second French military port after Toulon . The city is located on the western edge of continental Europe . With 142,722 inhabitants in a 2007 census , Brest is at the centre of Western Brittany 's largest metropolitan area ( with a population of 300,300 in total ) , ranking third behind only Nantes and Rennes in the whole of historic Brittany , and the 19th most populous city in France ; moreover , Brest provides services to the one million inhabitants of Western Brittany . Although Brest is by far the largest city in Finistère , the préfecture ( regional capital ) of the department is the much smaller Quimper . During the Middle Ages , the history of Brest was the history of its castle . Then Richelieu made it a military harbour in 1631 . Brest grew around its arsenal until the second part of the 20th century . Heavily damaged by the Allies ' bombing raids during World War II , the city centre was completely rebuilt after the war . At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century , the deindustrialization of the city was followed by the development of the service sector . Nowadays , Brest is an important university town with 23,000 students . Besides a multidisciplinary university , the University of Western Brittany , Brest and its surrounding area possess several prestigious French elite schools such as École Navale ( the French Naval Academy ) , Télécom Bretagne and the Superior National School of Advanced Techniques of Brittany ( ENSTA Bretagne , formerly ENSIETA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hughie Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hughie_Edwards', 'summary': 'Air Commodore Sir Hughie Idwal Edwards , VC , KCMG , CB , DSO , OBE , DFC ( 1 August 1914 - 5 August 1982 ) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force , Governor of Western Australia , and an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Serving as a bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , Edwards was decorated with the Victoria Cross in 1941 for his efforts in leading a bombing raid against the port of Bremen , one of the most heavily defended towns in Germany . He became the most highly decorated Australian serviceman of the Second World War . Born in Fremantle , Western Australia , Edwards joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1935 , and a year later was granted a short service commission with the RAF . Serving throughout the Second World War , he gained a permanent commission and continued his career in the RAF after the war ; he retired in 1963 with the rank of air commodore . Returning to Australia , he was appointed Governor of Western Australia in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '105 No . 105 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._105_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 105 Squadron was a flying squadron of the Royal Air Force , active for three periods between 1917 and 1969 . It was originally established during the First World War as a squadron of the Royal Flying Corps and disbanded after the war . Reactivated shortly before the Second World War , it was inactive again after the conflict . During its second existence it was a bomber unit and had the distinction to be the first to operate the de Havilland Mosquito light bomber . During the 1960s it was reactivated again for six years to provide transport support for the British Army in the Aden Protectorate and the Far East .'}]}, {'value': '4 July 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the port of Bremen , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bremen', 'summary': "The City Municipality of Bremen ( /ˈbreɪmən/ , also US : /ˈbrɛmən/ ; German : Stadtgemeinde Bremen , IPA : [ ˈʃtatɡəˌmaɪndə ˈbʁeːmən ] ( listen ) ; Low German also : Breem or Bräm ) is the capital of the German federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( also called just Bremen for short ) , a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . With around 570,000 inhabitants , the Hanseatic city is the 11th largest city of Germany as well as the second largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg . Bremen is the largest city on the River Weser , the longest river flowing entirely in Germany , lying some 60 km ( 37 mi ) upstream from its mouth into the North Sea , and is surrounded by the state of Lower Saxony . A commercial and industrial city , Bremen is , together with Oldenburg and Bremerhaven , part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region , with 2.5 million people . Bremen is contiguous with the Lower Saxon towns of Delmenhorst , Stuhr , Achim , Weyhe , Schwanewede and Lilienthal . There is an exclave of Bremen in Bremerhaven , the Citybremian Overseas Port Area Bremerhaven ( Stadtbremisches Überseehafengebiet Bremerhaven ) . Bremen is the fourth largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund and Essen . Bremen 's port , together with the port of Bremerhaven at the mouth of the Weser , is the second largest port in Germany after the Port of Hamburg . The airport of Bremen ( Flughafen Bremen Hans Koschnick ) lies in the southern borough of Neustadt-Neuenland and is Germany 's 12th busiest airport . Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub of Northern Germany . The city is home to dozens of historical galleries and museums , ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums , such as the Bremen Overseas Museum ( Übersee-Museum Bremen ) . The Bremen City Hall and the Bremen Roland are UNESCO World Heritage Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Scarf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Stewart_King_Scarf', 'summary': 'Squadron Leader Arthur Stewart King Scarf , VC ( 14 June 1913 - 9 December 1941 ) was a Royal Air Force pilot and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '062 No . 62 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._62_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 62 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was originally established as a Royal Flying Corps squadron in 1916 and operated the Bristol F2B fighter in France during the last year of World War I . After the war the squadron was disbanded and it was re-established in 1937 as part of the buildup of the RAF in the late 1930s . During World War II the Squadron was deployed to the Far East , operating the Bristol Blenheim from Singapore and Malaya . In 1942 No . 62 Squadron was re-equipped with the Lockheed Hudson and it moved to Sumatra , then Burma and then India . After the close of World War II the squadron disbanded for the second time . It was briefly re-established from 1946 to 1947 as a Dakota squadron and operated out of Burma and India . It final incarnation was as a Bristol Bloodhound missile unit in the early 1960s .'}]}, {'value': '9 December 1941*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over and on return from Singora , Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singora', 'summary': 'Songkhla ( Thai : สงขลา , pronounced [ sǒŋ.kʰlǎː ] ) , also known as Singgora or Singora ( Pattani Malay : ซิงกอรอ ) , is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in Songkhla Province of southern Thailand , near the border with Malaysia . As of 2006 it had a population of 75,048 . Songkhla lies 968 km ( 601 mi ) south of Bangkok . Despite being smaller than the neighboring city Hat Yai , Songkhla is the capital of Songkhla Province as well as the Mueang Songkhla District ( Songkhla town district ) . At the opening of Songkhla Lake to the Gulf of Thailand , Songkhla is a fishing town and also an important harbour . It is the major seaport on the east side of the Isthmus of Kra .'}]}, {'value': 'John Nettleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Dering_Nettleton', 'summary': 'John Dering Nettleton , VC ( 28 June 1917 - 13 July 1943 ) was a Rhodesian officer in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the Second World War . He is most famous for leading the Augsburg raid , a daylight attack against the MAN U-boat engine plant in Augsburg on 17 April 1942 . For his role in this mission he was awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '044 No . 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._44_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron was an aviation unit of the Royal Air Force . It was active between 1917 and 1982 . For most of its history it served as a heavy bomber squadron .'}]}, {'value': '17 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'On the outward flight and over Augsburg , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augsburg', 'summary': "Augsburg ( UK : /ˈaʊɡzbɜːrɡ/ OWGZ-burg , US : /ˈɔːɡz-/ AWGZ- , German : [ ˈʔaʊksbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ; Swabian German : Augschburg ) is a city in Swabia , Bavaria , Germany . It is a university town and regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben . Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria ( after Munich and Nuremberg ) with a population of 300,000 inhabitants , with 885,000 in its metropolitan area . After Neuss and Trier , Augsburg is Germany 's third oldest city , founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum , named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world , was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 , UNESCO recognized the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Leslie Manser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Thomas_Manser', 'summary': 'Leslie Thomas Manser , VC ( 11 May 1922 - 31 May 1942 ) was a British bomber pilot and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , which was awarded posthumously following an attack on the German city of Cologne .'}]}, {'value': '050 No . 50 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._50_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 50 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It was formed during the First World War as a home defence fighter squadron , and operated as a bomber squadron during the Second World War and the Cold War . It disbanded for the last time in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '30 May 1942 to 31 May 1942*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over and attempting to return from Cologne , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne', 'summary': "Cologne ( English : /kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN ; German : Köln [ kœln ] ( listen ) ; Kölsch : Kölle [ ˈkœlə ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany . With slightly over a million inhabitants ( 1.08 million ) within its city boundaries , Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , which is Germany 's largest and one of Europe 's major metropolitan areas , and of the Rhineland . Centered on the left bank of the Rhine , Cologne is about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia 's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Bonn . It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas . The city 's Cologne Cathedral ( Kölner Dom ) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the University of Cologne ( Universität zu Köln ) , one of Europe 's oldest and largest universities , the Technical University of Cologne ( Technische Hochschule Köln ) , Germany 's largest university of applied sciences , and the German Sport University Cologne ( Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln ) , Germany 's only sport university . Cologne Bonn Airport ( Flughafen Köln/Bonn ) is Germany 's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city . The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport . Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the first word of which is the origin of its name . An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum , after the Ubii . Cologne , the French version of the city 's name , has become standard in English as well . Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Malcolm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Malcolm', 'summary': 'Wing Commander Hugh Gordon Malcolm , VC ( 2 May 1917 - 4 December 1942 ) was a Scottish airman and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '018 No . 18 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._18_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 18 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Boeing Chinook from RAF Odiham . Owing to its heritage as a bomber squadron , it is also known as No . 18 ( B ) Squadron .'}]}, {'value': '4 December 1942*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Chougui , Tunisia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Gibson', 'summary': 'Wing Commander Guy Penrose Gibson , VC , DSO & Bar , DFC & Bar ( 12 August 1918 - 19 September 1944 ) was a distinguished bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He was the first Commanding Officer of No . 617 Squadron , which he led in the Dam Busters raid in 1943 , resulting in the breaching of two large dams in the Ruhr area of Germany . He was awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces , in the aftermath of the raid in May 1943 and became the most highly decorated British serviceman at that time . He completed over 170 war operations before dying in action at the age of 26 .'}]}, {'value': '617 No . 617 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'Number 617 Squadron is a Royal Air Force aircraft squadron , originally based at RAF Scampton in Lincolnshire and currently based at RAF Marham in Norfolk . It is commonly known as the Dambusters , for its actions during Operation Chastise against German dams during the Second World War . In the early 21st century it operated the Panavia Tornado GR4 in the ground attack and reconnaissance role until being disbanded on 28 March 2014 . The squadron reformed on 18 April 2018 , and was equipped at RAF Marham in June 2018 with the Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning , becoming the first squadron to be based in the UK with this advanced V/STOL type .'}]}, {'value': '16 May 1943 to 17 May 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over the Möhne and Eder dams , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Möhne_Dam', 'summary': 'The Möhne Reservoir , or Moehne Reservoir , is an artificial lake in North Rhine-Westphalia , some 45 km east of Dortmund , Germany . The lake is formed by the damming of two rivers , Möhne and Heve , and with its four basins stores as much as 135 million cubic metres of water .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eder_Dam', 'summary': 'The Edersee Dam is a hydroelectric dam spanning the Eder river in northern Hesse , Germany . Constructed between 1908 and 1914 , it lies near the small town of Waldeck at the northern edge of the Kellerwald . Breached by Allied bombs during World War II , it was rebuilt during the war , and today generates hydroelectric power and regulates water levels for shipping on the Weser river . At low water in late summers of dry years the remnants of three villages ( Asel , Bringhausen , and Berich ) and a bridge across the original river bed submerged when the lake was filled in 1914 can be seen . Descendants of those buried there go to visit the graves of their ancestors .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Aaron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Louis_Aaron', 'summary': 'Arthur Louis Aaron VC , DFM ( 5 March 1922 - 13 August 1943 ) was a Royal Air Force pilot and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He had flown 90 operational flying hours and 19 sorties , and had also been awarded posthumously the Distinguished Flying Medal .'}]}, {'value': '218 No . 218 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._218_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 218 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It was also known as No 218 ( Gold Coast ) Squadron after the Governor of the Gold Coast ( modern-day Ghana ) and people of the Gold Coast officially adopted the squadron .'}]}, {'value': '12 August 1943*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Over Turin , Italy and on the return flight to Bone , North Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turin', 'summary': "Turin ( /tjʊəˈrɪn , ˈtjʊərɪn/ tewr-IN , TEWR-in , Piedmontese : [ tyˈriŋ ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Torino [ toˈriːno ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Augusta Taurinorum , then Taurinum ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy . It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin , and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865 . The city is located mainly on the western bank of the Po River , in front of Susa Valley , and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill . The population of the city proper is 875,698 ( 31 December 2018 ) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants . The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million . The city used to be a major European political centre . From 1563 , it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy , and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865 . Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable individuals who contributed to the Risorgimento , such as Cavour . Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II , Turin became a major European crossroad for industry , commerce and trade , and is part of the famous industrial triangle along with Milan and Genoa . Turin is ranked third in Italy , after Milan and Rome , for economic strength . With a GDP of $ 58 billion , Turin is the world 's 78th richest city by purchasing power . As of 2018 , the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Annaba', 'summary': 'Annaba ( Arabic : عنّابة , lit Place of the Jujubes ; Berber languages : Aânavaen ) , formerly known as Bona and Bône , is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria , close to Tunisia . Annaba is close to the small Seybouse River , and it is in the Annaba Province . With a population of about 464.740 ( 2019 ) , Annaba is the fourth largest city in Algeria . It is one of the leading industrial centers in Algeria . Annaba is a coastal city that underwent significant growth during the 20th Century . Annaba has a metropolitan area with a higher population density than the other metropolitan areas of the Algerian coastline , such as Oran and Algiers . Much of eastern and southern Algeria uses the services , equipment , and infrastructure of Annaba . Economically , it is the centre for various economic activities , such as industry , transportation , finance , and tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'William Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Reid_(VC)', 'summary': 'William Reid VC ( 21 December 1921 - 28 November 2001 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He earned his Victoria Cross as a pilot in the Royal Air Force Bomber Command during the Second World War . Born in Baillieston , Lanarkshire , he applied to join the RAF on the outbreak of war . After initial training , he was selected as a bomber pilot , and soon became a flying instructor himself . He was eventually given an operational posting , flying several raids before that on Düsseldorf which led to the award of the VC . On a later raid he was shot down and became a prisoner of war in Germany . He left the RAF after the war , and worked in the agricultural industry . On 19 November 2009 his VC was sold at auction for £384,000 , a record for a VC awarded to a recipient from the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '061 No . 61 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._61_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 61 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It was first formed as a fighter squadron of the British Royal Flying Corps during the First World War . It was reformed in 1937 as a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force and served in the Second World War and after , until disbanded in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '3 November 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'On the outward flight and over and returning from Düsseldorf , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Düsseldorf', 'summary': "Düsseldorf ( often Dusseldorf in English sources ; UK : /ˈdʊsəldɔːrf/ , US : /ˈdjuːs-/ , German : [ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian : [ a ] Düsseldörp ( [ ˈdʏsl̩dœɐ̯p ] ) ; archaic Dutch : Dusseldorp ) is the capital and second-largest city of the most populous German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne , as well as the seventh-largest city in Germany , with a population of 617,280 . At the confluence of the Rhine and its tributary Düssel , the city lies in the centre of both the Rhine-Ruhr and the Rhineland Metropolitan Regions with the Cologne Bonn Region to its south and the Ruhr to its north . Most of the city lies on the right bank of the Rhine ( as opposed to Cologne , whose city centre lies on the river 's left bank ) . The city is the largest in the German Low Franconian dialect area ( closely related to Dutch ) . Dorf meaning village in German , the -dorf suffix ( English cognate : thorp ) is unusual in the German-speaking area for a settlement of Düsseldorf 's size . Mercer 's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world . Düsseldorf Airport is Germany 's third-busiest airport after those of Frankfurt and Munich , serving as the most important international airport for the inhabitants of the densely populated Ruhr , Germany 's largest urban area . Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre , renowned for its fashion and trade fairs , and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies . Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows . As second largest city of the Rhineland , Düsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March , the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz . There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , the university of applied sciences ( Hochschule Düsseldorf ) , the academy of arts ( Kunstakademie Düsseldorf ) ( Joseph Beuys , Emanuel Leutze , August Macke , Gerhard Richter , Sigmar Polke , and Andreas Gursky ) , and the university of music ( Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf ) . The city is also known for its pioneering influence on electronic/experimental music ( Kraftwerk ) and its Japanese community ."}]}, {'value': 'Cyril Barton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Joe_Barton', 'summary': 'Cyril Joe Barton , VC ( 5 June 1921 - 31 March 1944 ) was a Second World War bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force who received the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '578 No . 578 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._578_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 578 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '30 March 1944*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'On the outward flight and over and returning from Nuremberg , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuremberg', 'summary': "Nuremberg ( /ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg ; German : Nürnberg [ ˈnʏ : n bɛ : k ] ( listen ) ; East Franconian : Närrnberch or Nämberch , locally Närmberch ) is the second-largest city of the German federal state of Bavaria after its capital Munich , and its 511,628 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 14th largest city in Germany . On the Pegnitz River ( from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards : Regnitz , a tributary of the River Main ) and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal , it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia . Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach with a total population of 787,976 ( 2016 ) , while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.5 million inhabitants . The city lies about 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) north of Munich . It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area ( colloquially : Franconian ; German : Fränkisch ) , Nurenmberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , including the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ) . With 39,780 students in 2017 , it is Bavaria 's third-largest and Germany 's 11th-largest university , with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen ( Universitätsklinikum Erlangen ) . Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg are also located within the city . Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg Albrecht Dürer ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and the tenth-busiest airport in Germany . Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres , [ a ] showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets ( main venue : Nuremberg Opera House ) , plays ( main venue : Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ) , as well as concerts ( main venue : Meistersingerhalle ) . Its orchestra , Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria 's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich . Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Cyril_Jackson', 'summary': 'Norman Cyril Jackson VC ( 8 April 1919 - 26 March 1994 ) was a sergeant in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) who earned the Victoria Cross during a Second World War bombing raid on Schweinfurt , Germany in April 1944 .'}]}, {'value': '106 No . 106 Squadron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._106_Squadron_RAF', 'summary': 'No . 106 Squadron RAF was a Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force squadron active from 1917 until 1919 . It was also operative during World War II and in the post war period until 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '26 April 1944 to 27 April 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Attempting to return from Schweinfurt , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schweinfurt', 'summary': "Schweinfurt ( /ˈʃvaɪnfʊərt/ SHVYNE-foort , German : [ ˈʃvaɪnfʊɐ̯t ] ( listen ) ; lit . 'swine ford ' ) is a county-level city in the administrative district of Lower Franconia of the Free State of Bavaria , on the River Main . The industrial metropolis and port city is the administrative headquarter of the district of Schweinfurt , important authority location , university , art city and seat of a Fraunhofer Institute . Schweinfurt is , as a German exception , almost only from the city center , which is why the population offers no benchmark . The urban agglomeration has 100,200 ( 2018 ) and the catchment area of the city 759,000 inhabitants . To him belong the region Main-Rhön , characterized by nature parks and spas , and the middle part of South Thuringia . Schweinfurt was first documented in 791 and is one of the oldest cities in Bavaria . Around 1000 the Margraves of Schweinfurt Margraves controlled large parts of northern Bavaria , from the 12th century until 1802 Schweinfurt was Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire , around 1700 a humanistic center and in 1770 began the 250-year industrial history . During the Second World War , the Americans suffered their biggest air defeat over Schweinfurt in the Second Raid on Schweinfurt ( Black Thursday ) . On April 11 , 1945 , the US Army invaded the city . During the Cold War , the 1945 foundet USAG Schweinfurt had the highest concentration of US combat units in the Federal Republic of Germany . In the northwest of Schweinfurt , an American town emerged , with a complete civil infrastructure including all kinds of shops for 12,000 Americans , soldiers and civilians ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_0', 'intro': 'The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour in the face of the enemy to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other postnominals and medals. It can be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and civilians under military command, and is presented to the recipient by the British monarch during an investiture held at Buckingham Palace. It is the joint highest award for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is the equivalent honour for valour not in the face of the enemy. The VC has been awarded on 1356 occasions to 1353 individual recipients. The ribbon is crimson, 38 mm (1.5 inches) wide. The original (1856) specification for the award stated that the ribbon should be red for army recipients and blue for naval ones. However the dark blue ribbon was abolished soon after the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918. On 22 May 1920 King George V signed a warrant that stated all recipients would now receive a red ribbon and the living recipients of the naval version were required to exchange their ribbons for the new colour. There have been a total of 26 recipients of the VC who were serving in the Royal Air Force, including the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, at the time of their valiant deed or deeds. First World War VCs awarded to airmen in the Royal Flying Corps (13[citation needed] in total) and the Royal Naval Air Service (2 in total) are not listed below, see the RN page for the RNAS recipients. The vast majority of air force VCs awarded in a single conflict were for the Second World War, with the majority being won by Bomber Command aircrew and only one going to Fighter Command.'} | null | null | Where was a place of action for a man who was the first Commanding Officer of his unit ? | Möhne |
0b35da44cf644b1e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_Mexico', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abo_(historic_place)', 'summary': 'Abó , is a pueblo ruin in New Mexico that is preserved as part of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument . The ruins are located about 9 miles ( 14 km ) west of Mountainair , at about 6100 feet ( 1859 m ) above sea level . They are said to date back to the 14th century . It was a major trading station during its time . There is a visitor contact station , a 0.25 mile ( 0.4 km ) trail through the mission ruins , and a 0.5 mile ( 0.8 km ) trail around the unexcavated pueblo ruins . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962 . Abo is also the geological type locality for the Abo Formation , which is made up of sandstone red beds and is exposed to the northwest of the Abo ruins .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1962 ( # 66000497 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abo 34°26′56″N 106°22′17″W / 34.448889°N 106.371389°W / 34.448889 ; -106.371389 ( Abó )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abo,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Abo is an unincorporated community in Torrance County , New Mexico , United States , located on U.S. Route 60 . It is the nearest community to Abo , a pueblo ruin and mission ruin that is a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Torrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torrance_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Torrance County is a county located in the center of the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,383 . The county seat is Estancia . The geographic center of New Mexico is located in Torrance County , southwest of the Village of Willard , [ circular reference ] and in 2010 , the center of population of New Mexico was located in Torrance County , near Manzano . Torrance County is included in the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo ruins , and ruins of a Spanish mission , Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument', 'summary': 'The Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is a complex of three Spanish missions located in the U.S. state of New Mexico , near Mountainair . The main park visitor center is in Mountainair . Construction of the missions began in 1622 and was completed in 1635 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acoma Pueblo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo', 'summary': 'Acoma Pueblo ( /ˈækəmə/ ) is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) west of Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo : Sky City ( Old Acoma ) , Acomita , Anzac , and McCartys . These communities are located near the expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , which includes several large cities and towns , including neighboring Laguna Pueblo . The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity , whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres ( 2,000,000 ha ) , today much of the Acoma community is primarily within the Acoma Indian Reservation . Acoma Pueblo is a National Historic Landmark . According to the 2010 United States Census , 4,989 people identified as Acoma . The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2000 years , making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States ( along with Hopi pueblos ) . Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000500 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acoma Pueblo 34°53′47″N 107°34′55″W / 34.896389°N 107.581944°W / 34.896389 ; -107.581944 ( Acoma Pueblo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo', 'summary': 'Acoma Pueblo ( /ˈækəmə/ ) is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) west of Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo : Sky City ( Old Acoma ) , Acomita , Anzac , and McCartys . These communities are located near the expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , which includes several large cities and towns , including neighboring Laguna Pueblo . The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity , whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres ( 2,000,000 ha ) , today much of the Acoma community is primarily within the Acoma Indian Reservation . Acoma Pueblo is a National Historic Landmark . According to the 2010 United States Census , 4,989 people identified as Acoma . The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2000 years , making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States ( along with Hopi pueblos ) . Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years .'}]}, {'value': 'Cibola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cibola_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Cibola County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,213 . Its county seat is Grants . It is New Mexico 's youngest county , and the third youngest county in the United States , created on June 19 , 1981 , from the westernmost four-fifths of the formerly much larger Valencia County . Cibola County comprises the Grants , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also part of the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Native American pueblo built atop a 225-foot sandstone mesa ; one of longest-occupied places in North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandelier CCC Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandelier_CCC_Historic_District', 'summary': "Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre ( 13,629 ha ) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties , New Mexico . The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest . Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras , dating between 1150 and 1600 AD . The monument is 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) of the Pajarito Plateau , on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in the Jemez Mountains . Over 70% of the monument is wilderness , with over one mile of elevation change , from about 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) along the Rio Grande to over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) at the peak of Cerro Grande on the rim of the Valles Caldera , providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats . Three miles of road and more than 70 miles of hiking trails are built . The monument protects Ancestral Pueblo archeological sites , a diverse and scenic landscape , and the country 's largest National Park Service Civilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District . Bandelier was designated by President Woodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11 , 1916 , and named for Adolph Bandelier , a Swiss-American anthropologist , who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites . The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture . The National Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos , other federal agencies , and state agencies to manage the park ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1987 ( # 87001452 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandelier National Monument 35°46′46″N 106°16′13″W / 35.77942°N 106.270287°W / 35.77942 ; -106.270287 ( Bandelier CCC Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre ( 13,629 ha ) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties , New Mexico . The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest . Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras , dating between 1150 and 1600 AD . The monument is 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) of the Pajarito Plateau , on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in the Jemez Mountains . Over 70% of the monument is wilderness , with over one mile of elevation change , from about 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) along the Rio Grande to over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) at the peak of Cerro Grande on the rim of the Valles Caldera , providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats . Three miles of road and more than 70 miles of hiking trails are built . The monument protects Ancestral Pueblo archeological sites , a diverse and scenic landscape , and the country 's largest National Park Service Civilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District . Bandelier was designated by President Woodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11 , 1916 , and named for Adolph Bandelier , a Swiss-American anthropologist , who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites . The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture . The National Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos , other federal agencies , and state agencies to manage the park ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Alamos and Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Los Alamos County ( English : The Poplars or Cottonwoods ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 17,950 . The smallest county in area of this state was administered exclusively by the U.S. federal government during the Manhattan Project , but now has equal status to New Mexico 's other counties . The county has two population centers known as CDPs : Los Alamos ( the county seat ) and White Rock . Los Alamos County comprises the Los Alamos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area . The county is home to the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Los Alamos County is noted for having the lowest level of child poverty of any county in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Sandoval County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,561 , making it the fourth-most populous county in New Mexico . The county seat is Bernalillo . Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Civilian Conservation Corps buildings and infrastructure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps', 'summary': "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrio De Analco Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrio_De_Analco_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Barrio de Analco Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District centered at the junction of East De Vargas Street and Old Santa Fe Trail in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The seven buildings of the district represent one of the oldest clusters of what were basically working-class or lower-class residences in North America , and are in a cross-section of pre-statehood architectural styles . It includes two of the oldest colonial-era buildings in the southwest , the San Miguel Mission church ( 1710 ) , and the Oldest House , built in 1620 and now a museum . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 18 , 1968 ( # 68000032 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe 35°41′00″N 105°56′11″W / 35.683333°N 105.936389°W / 35.683333 ; -105.936389 ( Barrio De Analco Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe ( /ˌsæntə ˈfeɪ , ˈsæntə feɪ/ SAN-tə FAY , -\u2060 fay ; Tewa : Oghá P ' o'oge ; Navajo : Yootó ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018 , the county seat of Santa Fe County , and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate . The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México , after it replaced Española as capital , which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States . It is considered one of the worlds great art cities , due to its many art galleries and installations , and is recognized by UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Cultural highlights include Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors , and the Fiesta de Santa Fe , as well as distinct New Mexican cuisine restaurants and New Mexico music performances . Among the numerous art galleries and installations are , for example , Georgia O'Keefe Museum is located in the city , as is a gallery by cartoonist Chuck Jones , along with newer art collectives such as Meow Wolf . The area surrounding Santa Fe was occupied for at least several thousand years by indigenous peoples who built villages several hundred years ago on the current site of the city . It was known by the Tewa inhabitants as Ogha Po'oge ( White Shell Water Place ) . The name of the city of Santa Fe means holy faith in Spanish , and the city 's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís ( The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district including the oldest house in the state of New Mexico , and the oldest Catholic church in the continental United States ( Oldest Churches , Annexed Territories vs original founding Colony States )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bead Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bead_Mesa', 'summary': 'Big Bead Mesa ( Navajo : Yooʼtsoh ) is a historic Navajo habitation site near Grants , New Mexico , within Cibola National Forest . Occupied from the mid-18th to early 19th century , the site gives an important window into the relations between the Navajo and the Puebloans of that time . First explored archaeologically in 1939 , it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000958 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa Salazar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Sandoval County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,561 , making it the fourth-most populous county in New Mexico . The county seat is Bernalillo . Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortified Navajo village site ; served as a base for trade and raiding from 1745 to 1812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwater Draw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwater_Draw', 'summary': 'Blackwater Draw is an intermittent stream channel about 140 km ( 87 mi ) long , with headwaters in Roosevelt County , New Mexico , about 18 km ( 11 mi ) southwest of Clovis , New Mexico , and flows southeastward across the Llano Estacado toward the city of Lubbock , Texas , where it joins Yellow House Draw to form Yellow House Canyon at the head of the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River . It stretches across eastern Roosevelt County , New Mexico , and Bailey , Lamb , Hale , and Lubbock Counties of West Texas and drains an area of 1,560 sq mi ( 4,040 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000483 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clovis 34°16′40″N 103°19′28″W / 34.277874°N 103.32458°W / 34.277874 ; -103.32458 ( Blackwater Draw )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Clovis is the county seat of Curry County , New Mexico , United States , with a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census , and a 2018 estimated population of 38,680 . Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado , in the eastern part of the state . A largely agricultural community , closely bordering Texas , it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base . After the discovery of several Clovis culture sites in eastern North America in the 1930s , the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World . Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Atchison , Topeka , & Santa Fe Railway system helped to establish Clovis over a hundred years ago , and for that railroad and its successor BNSF Railway continues to be a major hub of operations . Also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company , the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America . It is the principal city of the Clovis Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales CSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Roosevelt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roosevelt_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Roosevelt County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 19,846 . Its county seat is Portales . The county was created in 1903 from Chaves and Guadalupe counties and named for President Theodore Roosevelt . The county 's eastern border is the Texas state line . Roosevelt County comprises the Portales , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Clovis-Portales , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Archaeological type site of the Clovis culture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Type_site', 'summary': 'In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clovis_culture', 'summary': "The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleoamerican culture , named for distinct stone tools found in close association with Pleistocene fauna at Blackwater Locality No . 1 near Clovis , New Mexico , in the 1920s and 1930s . It appears around 11,500-11,000 uncalibrated RCYBP at the end of the last glacial period , and is characterized by the manufacture of Clovis points and distinctive bone and ivory tools . Archaeologists ' most precise determinations at present suggest this radiocarbon age is equal to roughly 13,200 to 12,900 calendar years ago . Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas . The only human burial that has been directly associated with tools from the Clovis culture included the remains of an infant boy researchers named Anzick-1 . Paleogenetic analyses of Anzick-1 's ancient nuclear , mitochondrial , and Y-chromosome DNA reveal that Anzick-1 is closely related to modern Native American populations , which lends support to the Beringia hypothesis for the settlement of the Americas . The Clovis culture was replaced by several more localized regional societies from the Younger Dryas cold-climate period onward . Post-Clovis cultures include the Folsom tradition , Gainey , Suwannee-Simpson , Plainview-Goshen , Cumberland , and Redstone . Each of these is thought to derive directly from Clovis , in some cases apparently differing only in the length of the fluting on their projectile points . Although this is generally held to be the result of normal cultural change through time , numerous other reasons have been suggested as driving forces to explain changes in the archaeological record , such as the Younger Dryas postglacial climate change which exhibited numerous faunal extinctions . After the discovery of several Clovis sites in eastern North America in the 1930s , the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest L. Blumenschein House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_L._Blumenschein_House', 'summary': 'The Ernest L. Blumenschein House is a historic house museum and art gallery at 222 Ledoux Street in Taos , New Mexico . It was a home of painter Ernest L. Blumenschein ( 1874-1960 ) , a co-founder of the Taos Society of Artists and one of the Taos Six . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1965 ( # 66000495 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′21″N 105°34′37″W / 36.405954°N 105.576890°W / 36.405954 ; -105.576890 ( Ernest L. Blumenschein House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of painter Ernest L. Blumenschein , co-founder of Taos Art Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_L._Blumenschein', 'summary': 'Ernest Leonard Blumenschein ( May 26 , 1874 - June 6 , 1960 ) was an American artist and founding member of the Taos Society of Artists . He is noted for paintings of Native Americans , New Mexico and the American Southwest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taos_Art_Colony', 'summary': 'The Taos art colony was an art colony founded in Taos , New Mexico , by artists attracted by the rich culture of the Taos Pueblo and the beautiful land and light of northern New Mexico . The history of Hispanic craftsmanship in furniture , tin work and more also played a role in creating a multicultural tradition of art in the area . The 1898 visit by Bert Geer Phillips and Ernest L. Blumenschein to Taos was an early step in the creation of the Taos art colony and the Taos Society of Artists . In addition to the society , Mabel Dodge Luhan was instrumental in promoting Taos to artists and writers within her circle . In the early 20th century modern artists infused the area with a new artistic energy , followed in the 1950s by abstract artists . Today Taos supports more than 80 galleries and three museums . There are a number of organizations that support and promote the work of artists on the Taos Pueblo and in the Taos area .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad Irrigation District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad_Irrigation_District', 'summary': 'The Carlsbad Irrigation District , also known as Carlsbad Reclamation Project or Irrigation system of the Pecos Irrigation and Improvement Company , is a major early water reclamation project located near Carlsbad in southeastern New Mexico . Begun in the 1880s , it is now managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation , and provides irrigation water to a large area around Carlsbad , diverted from the Pecos River and the Black River . The late 19th and early 20th-century elements of the project were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000476 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad 32°29′27″N 104°15′08″W / 32.490796°N 104.252119°W / 32.490796 ; -104.252119 ( Carlsbad Irrigation District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Carlsbad ( /ˈkɑːrlzbæd/ KARLZ-bad ) is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 26,138 . Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U.S . Routes 62/180 and 285 , and is the principal city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area , which has a total population of 55,435 . Located in the southeastern part of New Mexico , Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River and sits at the eastern edge of the Guadalupe Mountains . Carlsbad is a hub for potash mining , petroleum production , and tourism . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of the city , and Guadalupe Mountains National Park lies 54 miles ( 87 km ) southwest across the Texas border . The Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Eddy County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 53,829 . Its county seat and largest city is Carlsbad . The county was created in 1891 and later organized in 1892 . It is north of the Texas state line . Eddy County comprises the Carlsbad-Artesia , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located in this county . Eddy County is the location of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Early 20th-century water reclamation project', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kit Carson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kit_Carson_House', 'summary': "The Kit Carson House is a historic house museum at 113 Kit Carson Road in central Taos , New Mexico . Built in 1825 , it was from 1843 until his death the home of frontiersman Kit Carson ( 1809-1868 ) . A good example of Spanish Colonial architecture , it is now owned by the local Masonic fraternity , and serves as a museum dedicated to Carson 's life . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1963 ( # 66000948 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′19″N 105°34′20″W / 36.405159°N 105.572131°W / 36.405159 ; -105.572131 ( Kit Carson House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of frontiersman Kit Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kit_Carson', 'summary': "Christopher Houston Carson ( December 24 , 1809 - May 23 , 1868 ) , better known as Kit Carson , was an American frontiersman . He was a mountain man ( fur trapper ) , wilderness guide , Indian agent , and U.S. Army officer . Carson became a frontier legend in his own lifetime via biographies and news articles . Often exaggerated versions of his exploits were the subject of dime novels . His understated nature belied confirmed reports of his fearlessness , combat skills , tenacity , and profound effect on the westward expansion of the United States . Carson left home in rural present-day Missouri at age 16 to become a mountain man and trapper in the West . In the 1830s , he accompanied Ewing Young on an expedition to Mexican California and joined fur-trapping expeditions into the Rocky Mountains . He lived among and married into the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes . In the 1840s , Carson was hired as a guide by John C. Frémont . Frémont 's expeditions covered much of California , Oregon , and the Great Basin area . Frémont mapped and wrote reports and commentaries on the Oregon Trail to assist and encourage westward-bound American pioneers . Carson achieved national fame through Frémont 's accounts of his expeditions ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension ( Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbres_and_Toltec_Scenic_Railroad', 'summary': "The Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad , often abbreviated as the C & TSRR , is a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge heritage railroad running for 64 miles ( 103 km ) of track between Antonito , Colorado and Chama , New Mexico , United States . The railroad gets its name from two geographical features along the route , the 10,015-foot ( 3,053 m ) -high Cumbres Pass and the Toltec Gorge . Originally part of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad 's narrow-gauge network , the line has been jointly owned by the states of Colorado and New Mexico since 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 2012 ( # 73000462 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonito , CO and Chama , NM 36°59′04″N 106°18′20″W / 36.98442°N 106.305563°W / 36.98442 ; -106.305563 ( Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonito,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The Town of Antonito is a Statutory Town located in Conejos County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 781 at the 2010 United States Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chama,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Chama is a village in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,022 at the 2010 census . The village is located in the Rocky Mountains about 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of the Colorado-New Mexico border . Chama has been featured in numerous films , including The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ( 1969 ) , Bite the Bullett ( 1975 ) , The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez ( 1982 ) and Butch and Sundance : The Early Days ( 1989 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Archuleta , CO , Conejos , CO , and Rio Arriba , NM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archuleta_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Archuleta County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,084 . The county seat and the only incorporated municipality in the county is Pagosa Springs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conejos_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Conejos County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,256 . The county seat is the unincorporated community of Conejos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Rio Arriba County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 40,246 . Its county seat is Tierra Amarilla . Its northern border is the Colorado state line . Rio Arriba County comprises the Española , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Longest and most complete representation of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century railroading', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Santuario de Chimayó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Santuario_de_Chimayo', 'summary': 'El Santuario de Chimayó is a Roman Catholic church in Chimayó , New Mexico , United States . ( Santuario is Spanish for sanctuary . ) This shrine , a National Historic Landmark , is famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site . It receives almost 300,000 visitors per year and has been called no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1970 ( # 70000412 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimayo 35°59′21″N 105°55′54″W / 35.989167°N 105.931667°W / 35.989167 ; -105.931667 ( El Santuario de Chimayó )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chimayo,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Chimayó is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Rio Arriba and Santa Fe counties in the U.S. state of New Mexico ; the name derives from a Tewa name for a local landmark , the hill of Tsi Mayoh . The town is unincorporated and includes many neighborhoods , called plazas or placitas , each with its own name , including El Potrero de Chimayó ( the plaza near Chimayó 's communal pasture ) and the Plaza del Cerro ( plaza by the hill ) . The cluster of plazas called Chimayó lies near Santa Cruz about 25 miles north of Santa Fe . The population was 3,177 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic church , famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folsom Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom_Site', 'summary': 'Folsom Site or Wild Horse Arroyo , designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 29CX1 , is a major archaeological site about 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Folsom , New Mexico . It is the type site for the Folsom tradition , a Paleo-Indian cultural sequence dating to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC . The Folsom Site was excavated in 1926 and found to have been a marsh-side kill site or camp where 23 bison had been killed using distinctive tools , known as Folsom points . This site is significant because it was the first time that artifacts indisputably made by humans were found directly associated with faunal remains from an extinct form of bison from the Late Pleistocene . The information culled from this site was the first of a set of discoveries that would allow archaeologists to revise their estimations for the time of arrival of Native Americans on the North American continent .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000473 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folsom 36°52′54″N 104°04′16″W / 36.88169°N 104.07108°W / 36.88169 ; -104.07108 ( Folsom Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Folsom is a village in Union County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 56 at the 2010 census , down from 75 in 2000 . The town was named after Frances Folsom , the fiancée of President Grover Cleveland .'}]}, {'value': 'Colfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Colfax County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,750 . Its county seat is Raton . It is south from the Colorado state line . This county was named for Schuyler Colfax ( 1823-1885 ) , seventeenth Vice President of the United States under U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant . Colfax County is the home of Philmont Scout Ranch and the NRA Whittington Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Archaeological site ; type site for the Folsom tradition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Type_site', 'summary': 'In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Folsom_tradition', 'summary': 'The Complex Folsom is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America . The term was first used in 1927 by Jesse Dade Figgins , director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some restricted to the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada as well as adjacent areas to the west and south west . The Folsom Tradition was characterised by use of Folsom points as projectile tips and activities known from kill sites where slaughter and butchering of bison took place and Folsom tools were left behind . Some kill sites exhibit evidence of up to 50 bison being killed , although the Folsom diet apparently included mountain sheep , marmots , deer and cottontail rabbit as well . A Folsom site at Hanson , Wyoming , also revealed areas of hardstanding , which indicate possible dwellings . The type site is Folsom Site , near Folsom , New Mexico , in Colfax County ( 29CX1 ) , a marsh-side kill site found in about 1908 by George McJunkin , a cowboy and former slave who had lived in Texas as a child . Archaeologists excavated the site in 1926 . The Folsom Complex dates to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC and is thought to have derived from the earlier Clovis culture . The Lindenmeier Site in Colorado is a campsite that was used throughout a longer period , spanning this era .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bayard Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bayard_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Fort Bayard Historic District encompasses the area that was the location of Fort Bayard , a United States Army military installation north of present-day Santa Clara , New Mexico . Founded in 1866 , the fort at first provided security ( mainly by African-American Buffalo Soldiers ) against Native American attacks on settlers during the settlement of the region in the 19th century . It was then converted into the army 's first tuberculosis sanitarium , and later became a VA hospital . The property is now the Fort Bayard Medical Center , a long-term nursing care facility operated by the state of New Mexico . The only surviving 19th-century elements of the fort are some of its landscaping , and the Fort Bayard National Cemetery . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 19 , 2004 ( # 02000726 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara 32°47′47″N 108°08′56″W / 32.796389°N 108.148889°W / 32.796389 ; -108.148889 ( Fort Bayard Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Santa Clara is a village in Grant County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,686 at the 2010 census , down from 1,944 at the 2000 census . Today it is a bedroom community for nearby Silver City .'}]}, {'value': 'Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grant_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 29,514 . Its county seat is Silver City . The county was founded in 1868 and named for Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States . Grant County comprises the Silver City , NM , Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Site of an 1866 post of Buffalo Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers', 'summary': 'Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glorieta Pass Battlefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glorieta_Pass_Battlefield', 'summary': 'The Glorieta Pass Battlefield was the site of an American Civil War battle that ended Confederate ambitions to cut off the West from the Union . The Battle of Glorieta Pass took place on March 26-28 , 1862 , at Glorieta Pass , on the Santa Fe Trail between the Pecos River and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The pass , and the battlefield , are now bisected by Interstate 25 . Two portions of the battlefield , now publicly owned and operated by the National Park Service as part of Pecos National Historical Park , were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000486 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pecos 35°33′36″N 105°47′08″W / 35.56°N 105.785556°W / 35.56 ; -105.785556 ( Glorieta Pass Battlefield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pecos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Pecos is a village in San Miguel County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,392 at the 2010 census , growing much faster than in other parts of San Miguel County , partly because Pecos is within commuting distance of Santa Fe . The village is built along the Pecos River , which flows from the north out of the Santa Fe National Forest . Notable locations nearby include Pecos National Historical Park , Glorieta Pass , Pecos Benedictine Monastery , and Lisboa Springs Trout Hatchery . It is also an entry point for hunting , fishing , hiking and camping in the Pecos Wilderness . The closest metropolitan area is the Santa Fe metropolitan area , approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Site of American Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass', 'summary': 'The Battle of Glorieta Pass , fought from March 26-28 , 1862 , in the northern New Mexico Territory , was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War . Dubbed the Gettysburg of the West ( a term that serves the novelist better than the historian ) by some authors , it was intended as the decisive blow by Confederate forces to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains . It was fought at Glorieta Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New Mexico , and was an important event in the history of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War . There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance elements from each army , with the main battle occurring on March 28 . Although the Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass , they had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and mules killed or driven off . Eventually the Confederates had to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate Arizona and then Texas . Glorieta Pass thus represented the climax of the campaign .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawikuh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawikuh_Ruins', 'summary': 'Hawikuh ( Hawikku , gum leaves in Zuni ) , was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish entrada . It was founded around 1400 AD . It was the first pueblo to be visited and conquered by Spanish explorers . The pueblo site is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of Zuni Pueblo , on the Zuni Indian Reservation in Cibola County , New Mexico . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark as the Hawikuh Ruins in 1960 , and is included as part of the Zuni-Cibola Complex of archaeological sites , a larger National Historic Landmark District designated in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000502 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zuni 34°56′18″N 108°59′57″W / 34.938404°N 108.999155°W / 34.938404 ; -108.999155 ( Hawikuh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zuni,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Zuni Pueblo ( Zuni : a : shiwi , also Zuñi Pueblo ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census . It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people . The first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban , an African American origin , Fred Marcos deniza entered Zuni territory seeking the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola . It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways .'}]}, {'value': 'Cibola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cibola_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Cibola County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,213 . Its county seat is Grants . It is New Mexico 's youngest county , and the third youngest county in the United States , created on June 19 , 1981 , from the westernmost four-fifths of the formerly much larger Valencia County . Cibola County comprises the Grants , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also part of the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Largest of the Zuni pueblos ; founded in the 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Trampas Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Trampas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Las Trampas or just Trampas ( Spanish : traps ) , is a small unincorporated town in Taos County , northern New Mexico , the Southwestern United States . Founded in 1751 , its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time , as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church , one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States . The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District ( the Las Trampas Historic District ) in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1967 ( # 67000007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Trampas 36°07′51″N 105°45′48″W / 36.130701°N 105.763285°W / 36.130701 ; -105.763285 ( Las Trampas Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Trampas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Las Trampas or just Trampas ( Spanish : traps ) , is a small unincorporated town in Taos County , northern New Mexico , the Southwestern United States . Founded in 1751 , its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time , as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church , one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States . The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District ( the Las Trampas Historic District ) in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded in 1751 by twelve Spanish families from Santa Fe ; known for the church of San José de Gracia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Historic_District_(Lincoln,_New_Mexico)', 'summary': "Lincoln Historic District is a historic district encompassing the community of Lincoln , New Mexico . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The historic district contains 48 structures , some privately held , 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Capitan and 57 miles ( 92 km ) west of Roswell along U.S. Route 380 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 . The National Park Service reviewer of the site , who visited in 1974 , believed that it was the best preserved frontier cow town in the United States . Seventeen of the buildings are owned by the state of New Mexico and operated as Lincoln Historic Site under the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs . Four of the buildings are open as museums year round , and two are open seasonally . It includes a number of buildings , including Wright House , Dr. Wood 's Office , the Watson House , Curry Saloon , Wortley Hotel , Penfield Shop and Home , Tunstall Store , Old Mill , Ellis Store , Old Courthouse , and Montano Store . The town is notable for its famous residents who participated in the Lincoln County War , and as the site of Billy the Kid 's most famous escape in April 1881 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1960 ( # 66000477 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln 33°29′41″N 105°22′56″W / 33.494722°N 105.382222°W / 33.494722 ; -105.382222 ( Lincoln Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Lincoln is an unincorporated village in Lincoln County , New Mexico , United States . It sits in the Bonito Valley between the Sacramento Mountains and the Capitan Mountains at an elevation of 5,696 feet . The village is located approximately 57 miles ( 92 km ) west of Roswell ( by road ) and just south of the Lincoln National Forest . Lincoln is the primary community in zip code 88338 , which had a population of 189 residents in the 2010 census . The village is centered around a 1 mile stretch of U.S. Route 380 ( also known as the Billy the Kid Trail ) , which is the village 's only street . Numerous historic structures dating as far back as the late 1800 's still remain , many of which have been preserved and now operate as public museums . Originally called La Placita del Rio Bonito ( The Place by the Pretty River ) by the Spanish families who settled it in the 1850s , the name of the community was changed to Lincoln when Lincoln County was created on January 16 , 1869 . Lincoln was at the center of the Lincoln County War , 1876-1879 , and is primarily known today for its historical ties to Billy the Kid . The village holds an annual festival called Old Lincoln Days in August featuring an open-air enactment of The Last Escape of Billy the Kid . Lincoln has been Federally designated as the Lincoln Historic District , and also as a New Mexico State Monument called the Lincoln Historic Site . These designations , along with the efforts of generations of local residents , have made Lincoln one of the best preserved old west towns left in existence and the most visited monument in the State of New Mexico . For about a year during World War II , the Old Raton Ranch , an abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp on the outskirts of Lincoln , was used to confine Japanese American railroad workers and their families ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 20,497 . Its county seat is Carrizozo , while its largest community is Ruidoso .'}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved cow town', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory', 'summary': "Los Alamos National Laboratory ( Los Alamos or LANL for short ) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project . It is located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe , New Mexico in the southwestern US . Los Alamos was selected as the top secret location for bomb design in late 1942 , and officially commissioned the next year , under the management of University of California . At the time it was known as Project Y and was the center for weapon design and overall coordination . Other labs , today known as Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Hanford Site , concentrated on the production of uranium and plutonium bomb fuels . Los Alamos was the heart of the project , collecting together some of the world 's most famous scientists , among them numerous Nobel Prize winners . The site was known variously as Project Y , Los Alamos Laboratory , and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory through this period . The lab 's existence was announced to the world in the post-WWII era , when it became known universally as Los Alamos . In 1952 , the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the University of California , Berkeley , becoming the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) . Since that date the two labs have competed on a wide variety of bomb designs . With the ending of the Cold War , both labs turned their focus increasingly to civilian missions . Today , Los Alamos is one of the largest science and technology institutions in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1965 ( # 66000893 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Alamos 35°52′32″N 106°19′27″W / 35.875556°N 106.324167°W / 35.875556 ; -106.324167 ( Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Alamos ( Spanish : Los Álamos , meaning The Cottonwoods or The Poplars ) is a town in Los Alamos County , New Mexico , United States that is recognized as the development and creation place of the atomic bomb - the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II . The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau , and has a population of 12,019 . It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places ( CDPs ) ; the other is White Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Alamos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Los Alamos County ( English : The Poplars or Cottonwoods ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 17,950 . The smallest county in area of this state was administered exclusively by the U.S. federal government during the Manhattan Project , but now has equal status to New Mexico 's other counties . The county has two population centers known as CDPs : Los Alamos ( the county seat ) and White Rock . Los Alamos County comprises the Los Alamos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area . The county is home to the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Los Alamos County is noted for having the lowest level of child poverty of any county in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) national laboratory ; major site of the Manhattan Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Project', 'summary': 'The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $ 2 billion ( about $ 23 billion in 2018 dollars ) . Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon . The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium , and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium-238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mabel Dodge Luhan House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan_House', 'summary': 'The Mabel Dodge Luhan House , also known as the Big House , is a historic house at 240 Morada Lane in Taos , New Mexico , United States . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 . It is now used as a hotel and conference center . It was a home of arts supporter and writer Mabel Dodge Luhan ( 1879-1962 ) , where she orchestrated one of the most successful artistic salon environments in the early 20th century United States , hosting well-known writers , painters , photographers , and musicians , and nurturing the young Taos art colony .'}]}, {'value': 'December 4 , 1991 ( # 78001832 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′29″N 105°33′52″W / 36.408056°N 105.564444°W / 36.408056 ; -105.564444 ( Mabel Dodge Luhan House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': "Artists ' haven of Mabel Dodge Luhan , now an inn", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan', 'summary': 'Mabel Evans Dodge Sterne Luhan ( pronounced LOO-hahn ; née Ganson ; February 26 , 1879 - August 13 , 1962 ) was a wealthy American patron of the arts , who was particularly associated with the Taos art colony .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuelito Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuelito_Complex', 'summary': 'The Manuelito Complex , also known as Manuelito Canyon Historic District , is a complex of archaeological sites in central western New Mexico . Located in and around Manuelito Canyon , roughly midway between Gallup , New Mexico and Lupton , Arizona , it includes an important collection of Anasazi ruins , with an estimated occupation period of 700-1350 AD . The area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000894 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuelito', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKinley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKinley_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "McKinley County is a county in the northwestern section of the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,492 . Its county seat is Gallup . The county was created in 1901 and named for President William McKinley . McKinley County is Gallup 's micropolitan statistical area ."}]}, {'value': 'Major post-Chaco culture sites', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current NHLs', 'section_text': "The NHLs are distributed across 22 of New Mexico 's 33 counties .", 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_Mexico_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico. New Mexico has 46 National Historic Landmarks (NHLs), including Raton Pass which is shared with Colorado, and listed by the National Park Service as in that state.'} | null | null | What is the name of the county for the historic Navajo habitation site near Grants , New Mexico , within Cibola National Forest ? | Sandoval |
0b3631b14b4b6750 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SEPTA_Regional_Rail_stations', 'title': 'List of SEPTA Regional Rail stations', 'header': ['Station', 'Line', 'Rail connections', 'Zone', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '30th Street Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/30th_Street_Station', 'summary': "30th Street Station , officially William H. Gray III 30th Street Station , is an intermodal transit station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It is the metropolitan area 's main railroad station , and is a major stop on Amtrak 's Northeast and Keystone corridors . It doubles as a major commuter rail station ; it is served by all Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) Regional Rail lines , and is the western terminus for NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Line . It is also served by several SEPTA city and suburban buses , as well as buses operated by NJ Transit and intercity operators . The station , which served more than 4 million inter-city rail passengers in 2018 , is Amtrak 's third-busiest , after Penn Station in Manhattan and Union Station in Washington , D.C. , and the nation 's 11th-busiest train station overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Line Chestnut Hill East Line Chestnut Hill West Line Cynwyd Line Fox Chase Line Lansdale/\u200bDoylestown Line Manayunk/\u200bNorristown Line Media/Elwyn Line Paoli/\u200bThorndale Line Trenton Line Warminster Line West Trenton Line Wilmington/\u200bNewark Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Airport Line ( formerly the R1 Airport ) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station . In practice , however , only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple ; most are through routed with lines to the north , primarily the Warminster Line , with some through-routed trains originating and terminating at Glenside . The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 AM to midnight with trains every 30 minutes . The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes . The line is fully grade-separated .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_East_Line', 'summary': 'The Chestnut Hill East Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail ( commuter rail ) system . The route serves the northwestern section of Philadelphia with service to Germantown , Mount Airy , and Chestnut Hill . It is one of two lines that serve Chestnut Hill , the other one being the Chestnut Hill West Line . The line is fully grade-separated .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_West_Line', 'summary': 'The Chestnut Hill West Line is a commuter rail line in the SEPTA Regional Rail network . It connects Northwest Philadelphia , including the eponymous neighborhood of Chestnut Hill , as well as West Mount Airy and Germantown , to Center City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cynwyd_Line', 'summary': 'The Cynwyd Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line running from Center City Philadelphia to Cynwyd in Montgomery County . Originally known as the Ivy Ridge Line , service was truncated on May 27 , 1986 , at its current terminus at Cynwyd . Track between Cynwyd and Ivy Ridge was dismantled between 2008 and 2010 for conversion as an interim rail trail , preventing service restoration for the foreseeable future . The Cynwyd line is the shortest of the SEPTA regional rail lines , and is the second shortest regional rail line in the United States , with only the New Jersey Transit Princeton Branch being shorter [ citation needed ] . It is by far the least ridden and least trafficked SEPTA Regional Rail Line . It is fully grade-separated .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Chase_Line', 'summary': 'The Fox Chase Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail ( commuter rail ) system . The Fox Chase Line branches from the SEPTA Main Line at Newtown Junction , north of the Wayne Junction station . It runs entirely within the city of Philadelphia . The line is fully grade-separated , except for one grade crossing on Oxford Avenue . Under the Reading Company service continued north to Newtown , but this ended in January 1983 . Various proposals to resume this service have failed , and the line within Montgomery County was converted into a rail trail in 2008 and 2014 , respectively , ending any chance of resumed passenger service for the foreseeable future .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line', 'summary': "The Lansdale/Doylestown Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line connecting Center City Philadelphia to Doylestown in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . Until 1981 , diesel-powered trains continued on the Bethlehem Branch from Lansdale to Quakertown , Bethlehem , and Allentown . Restored service has been proposed , but is not planned by SEPTA . The line is currently used by the East Penn Railroad , serving Quakertown 's industrial complexes and distribution centers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manayunk/Norristown_Line', 'summary': "The Manayunk/Norristown Line is a commuter rail line in Southeastern Pennsylvania , and one of the 13 lines in SEPTA 's Regional Rail network ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Media/Elwyn_Line', 'summary': 'The Media/Elwyn Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line that runs from Center City Philadelphia west to Elwyn in Delaware County . The line , originally known as the Media/West Chester Branch , offered service to West Chester . On September 19 , 1986 , service was truncated to the current terminus at Elwyn . SEPTA still calls the infrastructure along the line , but not the train service itself , the West Chester Branch . As of August 2019 [ update ] , most inbound Media-Elwyn line trains continue onto the West Trenton and Manayunk/Norristown lines . At the end of 2021 , service is to expand westward to a new station in Wawa . Planning officials , rail proponents and SEPTA have also discussed a resumption to the original terminus in West Chester without success . Since 1997 , the heritage railway West Chester Railroad has operated on the tracks between Glen Mills and West Chester , where SEPTA no longer runs trains ; this is the only such operation on a SEPTA-owned line . Amtrak maintenance trains also collect track ballast from a quarry near Glen Mills station . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line', 'summary': "The Paoli/Thorndale Line , formerly known as the R5 , is a SEPTA Regional Rail service running from Center City Philadelphia to Thorndale in Chester County on Amtrak 's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line which is part of the Keystone Corridor which in turn was once the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Trenton Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail ( commuter rail ) system . The route serves the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania with service in Bucks County along the Delaware River to Trenton , New Jersey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Warminster_Line', 'summary': 'The Warminster Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system . It serves stations between its namesake town , Warminster , and Center City , Philadelphia . Half of the route is shared by other lines , including the Lansdale/Doylestown Line , West Trenton Line , Fox Chase Line , Chestnut Hill East Line , and Manayunk/Norristown Line . The great majority of trains continue as part of the Airport Line .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The West Trenton Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line connecting Center City Philadelphia to the West Trenton section of Ewing Township , New Jersey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilmington/Newark_Line', 'summary': 'The Wilmington/Newark Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in the Philadelphia area . The line serves southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware , with stations in Marcus Hook , Pennsylvania , Wilmington , Delaware , and Newark , Delaware . It is the longest of the 13 SEPTA Regional Rail lines .'}]}, {'value': 'Market-Frankford Line Route 10 Trolley Route 11 Trolley Route 13 Trolley Route 34 Trolley Route 36 Trolley Amtrak : Keystone Corridor Northeast Corridor New Jersey Transit : Atlantic City Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Market–Frankford_Line', 'summary': 'The Market-Frankford Line ( MFL ) ( also called the Market-Frankford Subway-Elevated Line ( MFSE ) , the Market-Frankford El ( MFE ) , the El ( /ɛl/ ) , or the Blue Line ) is one of two rapid transit lines in Philadelphia , operated by SEPTA . It runs from the 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby , just outside of West Philadelphia , through Center City Philadelphia to the Frankford Transportation Center in Near Northeast Philadelphia . With more than 180,000 boardings on an average weekday , it is the busiest route in the SEPTA system . The line has both elevated and underground portions along its full length .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_10', 'summary': "Route 10 , also known as the Lancaster Avenue Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in Center City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to the 63rd Street-Malvern Avenue station in the Overbrook section of West Philadelphia . It is one out of five lines that is part of the SEPTA 's Subway-Surface Trolley system and is 11.6 mi ( 18.7 km ) long ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_11', 'summary': 'Route 11 , also known as the Woodland Avenue Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to Darby Transportation Center in Darby , Pennsylvania . It is one of five lines that are part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_13', 'summary': 'Route 13 , also known as the Chester Avenue Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , with the Yeadon Loop in Yeadon , Pennsylvania , although limited service is available to the Darby Transportation Center in Darby , Pennsylvania . It is one of five lines that are part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_34', 'summary': "SEPTA 's Subway-Surface Trolley Route 34 , also called the Baltimore Avenue-Subway Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to the Angora Loop station in the Angora neighborhood of West Philadelphia . At 10.1 miles ( 16.3 km ) , it is the shortest of SEPTA 's five Subway-Surface Trolley Lines , which operate on street-level tracks in West Philadelphia and Delaware County , Pennsylvania , and in a shared subway with rapid transit trains in Center City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_36', 'summary': "SEPTA 's Subway-Surface Trolley Route 36 ( a.k.a . ; the Elmwood Avenue-Subway Line ) is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to the Eastwick Loop station in Eastwick section of Southwest Philadelphia , although limited service is available to the Elmwood Carhouse . It is the longest of the five lines that are part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system , and was even longer between 1956 and 1962 when the western terminus was at 94th and Eastwick Place . From 1962 through the 1970s it was at 88th Street and Eastwick Place , making the route 16.2 miles ( 26.1 km ) long . Today , it only goes as far as what was once 80th Street ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amtrak', 'summary': "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation , doing business as Amtrak ( reporting marks AMTK , AMTZ ) , is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian cities . Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail services , it receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization . Amtrak 's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington , D.C. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces , operating more than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles ( 34,000 km ) of track . Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track . Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . In fiscal year 2018 , Amtrak served 31.7 million passengers and had $ 3.4 billion in revenue , while employing more than 20,000 people . Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains on a daily basis . Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas ; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles ( 645 km ) . The name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak , the latter itself a sensational spelling of track ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keystone_Corridor', 'summary': "The Keystone Corridor is a 349-mile ( 562 km ) railroad corridor between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , that consists of two rail lines : Amtrak 's Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line , which also hosts SEPTA 's Paoli/Thorndale Line commuter rail service ; and the Norfolk Southern Pittsburgh Line . The corridor was originally the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad . Since 2006 , the line has been one of the high-speed corridors designated by the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) . The track from Lancaster to Parkesburg permits trains of up to 110 miles per hour ( 180 km/h ) , while the section between Paoli and Philadelphia allows 75 to 90 miles per hour ( 121 to 145 km/h ) . Amtrak runs two intercity rail services along the Keystone Corridor : the Harrisburg-to-New York City Keystone Service and the Pittsburgh-to-New York City Pennsylvanian . SEPTA operates daily Paoli/Thorndale commuter rail service between Philadelphia and Thorndale on the Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line . The towns along this stretch form a socio-cultural region called the Philadelphia Main Line . The tracks from Pittsburgh to Harrisburg are owned and maintained by Norfolk Southern , which acquired them from Conrail . They include the Horseshoe Curve west of Altoona . The tracks between Harrisburg and Philadelphia are owned and maintained by Amtrak , and are the only part of the Keystone Corridor that is electrified . The tracks join the Northeast Corridor at Zoo Interlocking near the Philadelphia Zoo and 30th Street Station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Corridor', 'summary': "The Northeast Corridor ( NEC ) is an electrified railroad line in the Northeast megalopolis of the United States and the busiest rail corridor in the Western Hemisphere . Owned primarily by Amtrak , it runs from Boston through Providence , New Haven , New York City , Philadelphia , Wilmington , and Baltimore to Washington , D.C . The NEC closely parallels Interstate 95 for most of its length , and is the busiest passenger rail line in the United States both by ridership and by service frequency as of 2013 . The NEC carries more than 2,200 trains daily . Branches to Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , Springfield , Massachusetts , and various points in Virginia are not considered part of the Northeast Corridor , despite frequent service from routes that run largely on the corridor . The corridor is used by many Amtrak trains , including the high-speed Acela Express , intercity trains , and several long-distance trains . Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter rail service , operated by the MBTA , Shore Line East , Metro-North Railroad , New Jersey Transit , SEPTA , and MARC . Several companies run freight trains over sections of the NEC . Much of the line is built for speeds higher than the 79 mph ( 127 km/h ) maximum allowed on many U.S. tracks ; in fact , the only high-speed rail services in the Americas operate exclusively on the corridor : Amtrak operates Northeast Regional , Keystone Service and Acela Express trains , the first two reaching 125 mph ( 201 km/h ) and the latter achieving 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) on a few sections in Massachusetts and Rhode Island ; the MARC commuter rail system , which has operations on the line , has certain express trains going up to 125 mph ( 201 km/h ) . Acela covers the 225 mi ( 362 km ) between New York and Washington , D.C. , in under 3 hours , and the 229 mi ( 369 km ) between New York and Boston in under 3.5 hours . Under Amtrak 's $ 151 billion Northeast Corridor plan , which hopes to roughly halve travel times by 2040 , trips between New York and Washington via Philadelphia would take 94 minutes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit', 'summary': 'New Jersey Transit Corporation , branded as NJ Transit , and often shortened to NJT , is a state-owned public transportation system that serves the US state of New Jersey , along with portions of New York State and Pennsylvania . It operates bus , light rail , and commuter rail services throughout the state , connecting to major commercial and employment centers both within the state and in the adjacent major cities of New York and Philadelphia . Covering a service area of 5,325 square miles ( 13,790 km2 ) , NJT is the largest statewide public transit system and the third-largest provider of bus , rail , and light rail transit by ridership in the United States . NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in the state , particularly supplying buses to serve routes not served by the transit agency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line', 'summary': "The Atlantic City Line ( ACL ) is a commuter rail line operated by NJ Transit ( NJT ) in the United States between Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and Atlantic City , New Jersey , operating along the corridor of the White Horse Pike . It runs over trackage that was controlled by both the Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) and the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines . It shares trackage with SEPTA and Amtrak on the Northeast Corridor ( NEC ) until it crosses the Delaware River on its own Delair Bridge into New Jersey . The Atlantic City Line also shares the right-of-way with the PATCO Speedline between Haddonfield and Lindenwold , New Jersey . There are 14 departures each day in each direction . Conrail also uses short sections of the line for freight movements ( which are segregated ) , including the NEC-Delair Bridge section to its main freight yard in Camden , New Jersey . Unlike all other NJT railway lines , the Atlantic City line does not have traditional rush hour service . The Atlantic City line is colored dark blue on New Jersey Transit 's system maps , and the line 's symbol is a lighthouse ."}]}, {'value': 'CCP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( University City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'University City is the easternmost portion of West Philadelphia , encompassing several Philadelphia universities . It is situated directly across the Schuylkill River from Center City . The University of Pennsylvania was instrumental in coining the name University City as part of a 1950s urban-renewal and gentrification effort . Today , Drexel University and the University of the Sciences also call University City home . The eastern side of University City is home to the Penn and Drexel campuses , several medical institutions , independent centers of scientific research , 30th Street Station , Cira Centre , and Cira Centre South . The western side contains Victorian and early 20th-century housing stock and is primarily residential .'}]}, {'value': '49th Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/49th_Street_station_(SEPTA_Regional_Rail)', 'summary': '49th Street station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia . It is located at 1104 South 49th Street in the Kingsessing section of Southwest Philadelphia , and serves the Media/Elwyn Line . In 2013 , this station saw 62 boardings and 52 alightings on an average weekday . The station is a sheltered shed that sits on one platform ; the other platform has a ramp to the Chester Avenue bridge . The station is handicapped-accessible . Chester Avenue carries the SEPTA Route 13 trolley , which is part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system . The trolleys use an alternate track embedded in 49th Street when the tunnels are closed . 49th Street Station is also served by SEPTA bus route 64 which serves 50th and Parkside Avenue going north and Pier 70 Shopping Plaza going south . The Media/Elwyn line was originally the main line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad , laid in 1852-53 . There has been a station at this location since at least 1886 , when the line was owned by the Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Media/Elwyn Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Media/Elwyn_Line', 'summary': 'The Media/Elwyn Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line that runs from Center City Philadelphia west to Elwyn in Delaware County . The line , originally known as the Media/West Chester Branch , offered service to West Chester . On September 19 , 1986 , service was truncated to the current terminus at Elwyn . SEPTA still calls the infrastructure along the line , but not the train service itself , the West Chester Branch . As of August 2019 [ update ] , most inbound Media-Elwyn line trains continue onto the West Trenton and Manayunk/Norristown lines . At the end of 2021 , service is to expand westward to a new station in Wawa . Planning officials , rail proponents and SEPTA have also discussed a resumption to the original terminus in West Chester without success . Since 1997 , the heritage railway West Chester Railroad has operated on the tracks between Glen Mills and West Chester , where SEPTA no longer runs trains ; this is the only such operation on a SEPTA-owned line . Amtrak maintenance trains also collect track ballast from a quarry near Glen Mills station . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Route 13 Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_13', 'summary': 'Route 13 , also known as the Chester Avenue Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , with the Yeadon Loop in Yeadon , Pennsylvania , although limited service is available to the Darby Transportation Center in Darby , Pennsylvania . It is one of five lines that are part of the Subway-Surface Trolley system .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Kingessing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kingsessing,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'Kingsessing is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States , located next to the neighborhoods of Cedar Park , Southwest Schuylkill , and Mount Moriah , as well as the borough of Yeadon in Delaware County . It is roughly bounded by Cobbs Creek and 60th Street to the southwest , Woodland Avenue to the southeast , 53rd Street to the northeast , and Baltimore Avenue to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': '9th Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9th_Street_station_(SEPTA)', 'summary': '9th Street station is a passenger rail station on the SEPTA Regional Rail Lansdale/Doylestown Line , located at 9th Street near Shaw Avenue in Lansdale , Pennsylvania . It was opened to serve as an alternate parking location during the construction of a garage at nearby Lansdale station , but will remain open after . 9th Street station has a permanent parking lot plus a temporary lot for use during the garage construction period . It opened on November 15 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lansdale/\u200bDoylestown Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line', 'summary': "The Lansdale/Doylestown Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line connecting Center City Philadelphia to Doylestown in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . Until 1981 , diesel-powered trains continued on the Bethlehem Branch from Lansdale to Quakertown , Bethlehem , and Allentown . Restored service has been proposed , but is not planned by SEPTA . The line is currently used by the East Penn Railroad , serving Quakertown 's industrial complexes and distribution centers ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lansdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansdale,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lansdale is a borough in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , northwest of Philadelphia . It is a densely-populated commuter town , with many residents traveling daily to Philadelphia using SEPTA Regional Rail 's Lansdale/Doylestown Line . In 1900 , 2,754 people lived here ; in 1910 , 3,551 ; and in 1940 , 9,316 people were inhabitants of Lansdale . The population was 16,269 at the time of the 2010 census . Lansdale is the center of the North Penn Valley , a region which includes the surrounding townships and boroughs ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Terminal A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport_stations', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport is a set of four train stations that serve the airport 's six terminals , serviced by SEPTA Regional Rail via the Airport Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Airport Line ( formerly the R1 Airport ) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station . In practice , however , only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple ; most are through routed with lines to the north , primarily the Warminster Line , with some through-routed trains originating and terminating at Glenside . The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 AM to midnight with trains every 30 minutes . The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes . The line is fully grade-separated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport ( IATA : PHL , ICAO : KPHL , FAA LID : PHL ) is the primary airport serving Philadelphia . The airport serves 31.7 million passengers annually , making it the 20th busiest airport in the United States . In 2019 , PHL served 33,018,886 passengers , the most in the airport 's history . The airport , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) from downtown Philadelphia , has 25 airlines that offer nearly 500 daily departures to more than 130 destinations worldwide . Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and is the largest airport in the state . It is the fifth-largest hub for American Airlines , and also serves as its primary Northeast hub and European gateway . Additionally , the airport is a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines and a focus city for the ultra low-cost airline Frontier Airlines . The airport has service to cities in the United States , Canada , the Caribbean , Latin America , Europe , and the Middle East . As of summer 2019 , there are flights from the airport to 140 destinations , 102 domestic and 38 international . Most of the airport property is in Philadelphia proper . The international terminal and the western end of the airfield are in Tinicum Township , Delaware County . PHL covers 2,302 acres ( 932 ha ) and has 4 runways ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Terminal B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport_stations', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport is a set of four train stations that serve the airport 's six terminals , serviced by SEPTA Regional Rail via the Airport Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Airport Line ( formerly the R1 Airport ) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station . In practice , however , only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple ; most are through routed with lines to the north , primarily the Warminster Line , with some through-routed trains originating and terminating at Glenside . The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 AM to midnight with trains every 30 minutes . The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes . The line is fully grade-separated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport ( IATA : PHL , ICAO : KPHL , FAA LID : PHL ) is the primary airport serving Philadelphia . The airport serves 31.7 million passengers annually , making it the 20th busiest airport in the United States . In 2019 , PHL served 33,018,886 passengers , the most in the airport 's history . The airport , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) from downtown Philadelphia , has 25 airlines that offer nearly 500 daily departures to more than 130 destinations worldwide . Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and is the largest airport in the state . It is the fifth-largest hub for American Airlines , and also serves as its primary Northeast hub and European gateway . Additionally , the airport is a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines and a focus city for the ultra low-cost airline Frontier Airlines . The airport has service to cities in the United States , Canada , the Caribbean , Latin America , Europe , and the Middle East . As of summer 2019 , there are flights from the airport to 140 destinations , 102 domestic and 38 international . Most of the airport property is in Philadelphia proper . The international terminal and the western end of the airfield are in Tinicum Township , Delaware County . PHL covers 2,302 acres ( 932 ha ) and has 4 runways ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Terminals C & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport_stations', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport is a set of four train stations that serve the airport 's six terminals , serviced by SEPTA Regional Rail via the Airport Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Airport Line ( formerly the R1 Airport ) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station . In practice , however , only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple ; most are through routed with lines to the north , primarily the Warminster Line , with some through-routed trains originating and terminating at Glenside . The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 AM to midnight with trains every 30 minutes . The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes . The line is fully grade-separated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport ( IATA : PHL , ICAO : KPHL , FAA LID : PHL ) is the primary airport serving Philadelphia . The airport serves 31.7 million passengers annually , making it the 20th busiest airport in the United States . In 2019 , PHL served 33,018,886 passengers , the most in the airport 's history . The airport , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) from downtown Philadelphia , has 25 airlines that offer nearly 500 daily departures to more than 130 destinations worldwide . Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and is the largest airport in the state . It is the fifth-largest hub for American Airlines , and also serves as its primary Northeast hub and European gateway . Additionally , the airport is a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines and a focus city for the ultra low-cost airline Frontier Airlines . The airport has service to cities in the United States , Canada , the Caribbean , Latin America , Europe , and the Middle East . As of summer 2019 , there are flights from the airport to 140 destinations , 102 domestic and 38 international . Most of the airport property is in Philadelphia proper . The international terminal and the western end of the airfield are in Tinicum Township , Delaware County . PHL covers 2,302 acres ( 932 ha ) and has 4 runways ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Terminals E & F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport_stations', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport is a set of four train stations that serve the airport 's six terminals , serviced by SEPTA Regional Rail via the Airport Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Airport Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Airport Line ( formerly the R1 Airport ) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station . In practice , however , only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple ; most are through routed with lines to the north , primarily the Warminster Line , with some through-routed trains originating and terminating at Glenside . The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 AM to midnight with trains every 30 minutes . The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes . The line is fully grade-separated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport', 'summary': "Philadelphia International Airport ( IATA : PHL , ICAO : KPHL , FAA LID : PHL ) is the primary airport serving Philadelphia . The airport serves 31.7 million passengers annually , making it the 20th busiest airport in the United States . In 2019 , PHL served 33,018,886 passengers , the most in the airport 's history . The airport , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) from downtown Philadelphia , has 25 airlines that offer nearly 500 daily departures to more than 130 destinations worldwide . Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and is the largest airport in the state . It is the fifth-largest hub for American Airlines , and also serves as its primary Northeast hub and European gateway . Additionally , the airport is a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines and a focus city for the ultra low-cost airline Frontier Airlines . The airport has service to cities in the United States , Canada , the Caribbean , Latin America , Europe , and the Middle East . As of summer 2019 , there are flights from the airport to 140 destinations , 102 domestic and 38 international . Most of the airport property is in Philadelphia proper . The international terminal and the western end of the airfield are in Tinicum Township , Delaware County . PHL covers 2,302 acres ( 932 ha ) and has 4 runways ."}]}, {'value': 'Allegheny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegheny_station_(SEPTA_Regional_Rail)', 'summary': "Allegheny station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station located along the Manayunk/Norristown Line located at 22nd Street and Allegheny Avenue in the Swampoodle neighborhood of North Philadelphia . It has also been known in Reading and early SEPTA timetables as 22nd Street or Twenty-Second Street , a name also shared by a former Pennsylvania Railroad station on the Trenton and Chestnut Hill lines . Allegheny station is the first station along SEPTA 's Manayunk/Norristown Line not to be shared with any other line . In FY 2013 , Allegheny station had a weekday average of 76 boardings and 102 alightings ."}]}, {'value': 'Manayunk/\u200bNorristown Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manayunk/Norristown_Line', 'summary': "The Manayunk/Norristown Line is a commuter rail line in Southeastern Pennsylvania , and one of the 13 lines in SEPTA 's Regional Rail network ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Swampoodle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swampoodle,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'Swampoodle is an older neighborhood in North Philadelphia . Swampoodle was defined as the vicinity of the junction of three railroad lines near Lehigh Avenue and 22nd Streets .'}]}, {'value': 'Allen Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Lane_station', 'summary': 'Allen Lane station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia . It is located at 200 West Allens Lane in the Mount Airy neighborhood and serves the Chestnut Hill West Line . The station building was built circa 1880 , according to the Philadelphia Architects and Buildings project . Like many in Philadelphia , it retains much of its Victorian/Edwardian appearance . The former station building now houses a coffee shop , the High Point Cafe . The station is in zone 2 on the Chestnut Hill West Line , on former Pennsylvania Railroad tracks , and is 10.1 track miles from Suburban Station . In fiscal 2012 , this station saw 307 boardings on an average weekday .'}]}, {'value': 'Chestnut Hill West Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_West_Line', 'summary': 'The Chestnut Hill West Line is a commuter rail line in the SEPTA Regional Rail network . It connects Northwest Philadelphia , including the eponymous neighborhood of Chestnut Hill , as well as West Mount Airy and Germantown , to Center City .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( West Mount Airy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'Mount Airy is a neighborhood of Northwest Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Ambler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambler_station', 'summary': 'Ambler station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Ambler , Pennsylvania . It was originally built by the Reading Company as Wissahickon , until being renamed in 1869 after Mary Johnson Ambler , who helped direct the aftermath of the Great Train Wreck of 1856 . The station serves the Lansdale/Doylestown Line . Its official address is at Butler Avenue and Main Street ; however , the actual location is a block west on Butler Avenue and Short Race Street . The station provides connections to SEPTA Bus Routes 94 and 95 . In FY 2013 , Ambler station had a weekday average of 1017 boardings and 816 alightings . The station includes a 496-space parking lot . The station was briefly featured in the 1966 Hayley Mills movie The Trouble with Angels , although subsequent station scenes were shot at the Glendale Transportation Center in California .'}]}, {'value': 'Lansdale/\u200bDoylestown Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line', 'summary': "The Lansdale/Doylestown Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line connecting Center City Philadelphia to Doylestown in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . Until 1981 , diesel-powered trains continued on the Bethlehem Branch from Lansdale to Quakertown , Bethlehem , and Allentown . Restored service has been proposed , but is not planned by SEPTA . The line is currently used by the East Penn Railroad , serving Quakertown 's industrial complexes and distribution centers ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambler,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Ambler is a borough in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is located approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) north of the city center of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Angora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angora_station', 'summary': "Angora station is a SEPTA railway station in Philadelphia . It serves the Media/Elwyn Line and is officially located at 58th Street near Baltimore Avenue in Southwest Philadelphia 's Angora neighborhood , however the actual location is south of Baltimore Avenue . Part of Cobbs Creek Parkway runs along 58th Street from Baltimore Avenue , over the railroad bridge , to nearby Hoffman Avenue . In 2013 , this station saw 36 boardings and 37 alightings on an average weekday , making it SEPTA 's least used regional rail station . Angora station lies several blocks southeast of the Angora Loop station , which is the western terminus of Route 34 on the SEPTA Subway-Surface Trolley Lines , a line that runs along Baltimore Avenue , three blocks north of the station ."}]}, {'value': 'Media/Elwyn Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Media/Elwyn_Line', 'summary': 'The Media/Elwyn Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line that runs from Center City Philadelphia west to Elwyn in Delaware County . The line , originally known as the Media/West Chester Branch , offered service to West Chester . On September 19 , 1986 , service was truncated to the current terminus at Elwyn . SEPTA still calls the infrastructure along the line , but not the train service itself , the West Chester Branch . As of August 2019 [ update ] , most inbound Media-Elwyn line trains continue onto the West Trenton and Manayunk/Norristown lines . At the end of 2021 , service is to expand westward to a new station in Wawa . Planning officials , rail proponents and SEPTA have also discussed a resumption to the original terminus in West Chester without success . Since 1997 , the heritage railway West Chester Railroad has operated on the tracks between Glen Mills and West Chester , where SEPTA no longer runs trains ; this is the only such operation on a SEPTA-owned line . Amtrak maintenance trains also collect track ballast from a quarry near Glen Mills station . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Route 34 Trolley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SEPTA_Route_34', 'summary': "SEPTA 's Subway-Surface Trolley Route 34 , also called the Baltimore Avenue-Subway Line , is a trolley line operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) that connects the 13th Street station in downtown Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , to the Angora Loop station in the Angora neighborhood of West Philadelphia . At 10.1 miles ( 16.3 km ) , it is the shortest of SEPTA 's five Subway-Surface Trolley Lines , which operate on street-level tracks in West Philadelphia and Delaware County , Pennsylvania , and in a shared subway with rapid transit trains in Center City ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Angora )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angora,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'Angora is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Although its boundaries are not precise , West Philadelphia is to its north , Kingsessing is to the south , Cedar Park is to the east , and Cobbs Creek is to the west . The Angora Commuter Rail Station on the Media/Elwyn Line , two bus lines ( routes 46 and G ) , and a trolley line ( SEPTA Route 34 ) all intersect around Baltimore Avenue and 58th Street , which is unofficially the nexus of the neighborhood . Angora was certified as blighted by the City Planning Commission on May 12 , 2005 , yet Angora Terrace and other portions of the neighborhood are well-kept .'}]}, {'value': 'Ardmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardmore_station_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': "Ardmore station is a train station in Ardmore , Pennsylvania served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail . It is on Amtrak 's Keystone Corridor Main Line and serves most Keystone Service trains , as well as most SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line trains . One Sunday eastbound Pennsylvanian trip formerly stopped in Ardmore , but this service ended on November 7 , 2011 , with the consolidation of the Monday-Saturday and Sunday eastbound Pennsylvanian trip into a daily trip . It is located at Station Road and Anderson Avenue in Ardmore and serves the western suburbs of Philadelphia . The station is a one-story brick building with a flat roof built in the 1950s , which replaced an 1870 building that burned down . There are plans to build a new transit-oriented development in the area , including a new station building ."}]}, {'value': 'Paoli/\u200bThorndale Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line', 'summary': "The Paoli/Thorndale Line , formerly known as the R5 , is a SEPTA Regional Rail service running from Center City Philadelphia to Thorndale in Chester County on Amtrak 's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line which is part of the Keystone Corridor which in turn was once the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Amtrak : Keystone Corridor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amtrak', 'summary': "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation , doing business as Amtrak ( reporting marks AMTK , AMTZ ) , is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian cities . Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail services , it receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization . Amtrak 's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington , D.C. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces , operating more than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles ( 34,000 km ) of track . Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track . Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . In fiscal year 2018 , Amtrak served 31.7 million passengers and had $ 3.4 billion in revenue , while employing more than 20,000 people . Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains on a daily basis . Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas ; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles ( 645 km ) . The name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak , the latter itself a sensational spelling of track ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keystone_Corridor', 'summary': "The Keystone Corridor is a 349-mile ( 562 km ) railroad corridor between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , that consists of two rail lines : Amtrak 's Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line , which also hosts SEPTA 's Paoli/Thorndale Line commuter rail service ; and the Norfolk Southern Pittsburgh Line . The corridor was originally the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad . Since 2006 , the line has been one of the high-speed corridors designated by the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) . The track from Lancaster to Parkesburg permits trains of up to 110 miles per hour ( 180 km/h ) , while the section between Paoli and Philadelphia allows 75 to 90 miles per hour ( 121 to 145 km/h ) . Amtrak runs two intercity rail services along the Keystone Corridor : the Harrisburg-to-New York City Keystone Service and the Pittsburgh-to-New York City Pennsylvanian . SEPTA operates daily Paoli/Thorndale commuter rail service between Philadelphia and Thorndale on the Philadelphia-to-Harrisburg main line . The towns along this stretch form a socio-cultural region called the Philadelphia Main Line . The tracks from Pittsburgh to Harrisburg are owned and maintained by Norfolk Southern , which acquired them from Conrail . They include the Horseshoe Curve west of Altoona . The tracks between Harrisburg and Philadelphia are owned and maintained by Amtrak , and are the only part of the Keystone Corridor that is electrified . The tracks join the Northeast Corridor at Zoo Interlocking near the Philadelphia Zoo and 30th Street Station ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardmore,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Ardmore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Delaware and Montgomery counties in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 12,455 at the 2010 census . Ardmore is a suburb on the west side of Philadelphia , within Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County and Haverford Township in Delaware County . Originally named Athensville in 1853 , the community and its railroad station were renamed Ardmore in 1873 by the Pennsylvania Railroad , on whose Main Line , west out of Philadelphia , Ardmore sits at Milepost 8.5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ardsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardsley_station', 'summary': 'Ardsley station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Ardsley , Pennsylvania . It serves the Warminster Line and is located at the intersection of Jenkintown Road and Edge Hill Road . In FY 2013 , Ardsley station had a weekday average of 175 boardings and 175 alightings . The station has a parking lot with 45 spaces . Ardsley station is the last stop inbound before Glenside station in Glenside , Pennsylvania , where it merges with the Lansdale/Doylestown Line which runs between Philadelphia and Doylestown . This station is wheelchair/ADA accessible .'}]}, {'value': 'Warminster Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warminster_Line', 'summary': 'The Warminster Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system . It serves stations between its namesake town , Warminster , and Center City , Philadelphia . Half of the route is shared by other lines , including the Lansdale/Doylestown Line , West Trenton Line , Fox Chase Line , Chestnut Hill East Line , and Manayunk/Norristown Line . The great majority of trains continue as part of the Airport Line .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardsley,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Ardsley is an unincorporated community located in Abington Township , as well as Upper Dublin Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is a neighbor of Glenside . A large portion of this neighborhood is composed of the historic cemeteries Hillside Cemetery and Ardsley Burial Park . It is the location of the Ardsley SEPTA station . On December 7 , 1777 , the Battle of Edge Hill was fought in the area . British forces attacked American troops posted on Edge Hill , which runs from southwest to northeast along the present-day Willow Grove Avenue and Edge Hill Road . Near where Limekiln Pike crosses Edge Hill , British and Hessian light infantry routed a force of Pennsylvania militia and the 2nd Connecticut Regiment led by Joseph Reed . Farther to the northeast on Edge Hill , riflemen and Maryland militia commanded by Daniel Morgan put up a tougher fight before falling back to join the main army at Camp Hill and Fort Washington . In 2001 , the area was heavily damaged by Tropical Storm Allison . A township project was undertaken to stop future flooding . This project included the re-creation of a drainage basin known locally as Floaties Pond , which has worked well in that not much more flooding has occurred .'}]}, {'value': 'Bala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bala_station_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'Bala station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Bala Cynwyd , Pennsylvania . Located near the intersection of Bala Avenue and City Avenue ( US 1 ) , it serves the Cynwyd Line . The station includes a 76-space parking lot at the northwest corner of the City Avenue bridge over the railroad tracks .'}]}, {'value': 'Cynwyd Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynwyd_Line', 'summary': 'The Cynwyd Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line running from Center City Philadelphia to Cynwyd in Montgomery County . Originally known as the Ivy Ridge Line , service was truncated on May 27 , 1986 , at its current terminus at Cynwyd . Track between Cynwyd and Ivy Ridge was dismantled between 2008 and 2010 for conversion as an interim rail trail , preventing service restoration for the foreseeable future . The Cynwyd line is the shortest of the SEPTA regional rail lines , and is the second shortest regional rail line in the United States , with only the New Jersey Transit Princeton Branch being shorter [ citation needed ] . It is by far the least ridden and least trafficked SEPTA Regional Rail Line . It is fully grade-separated .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bala Cynwyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Bala Cynwyd ( /ˈbælə ˈkɪnwʊd/ BAL-ə-KIN-wuud ) is a community in Lower Merion Township , Pennsylvania , US . It is located on the Main Line in southeastern Pennsylvania , bordering the western edge of Philadelphia at US Route 1 ( City Avenue ) . It was originally two separate towns , Bala and Cynwyd , but is commonly treated as a single community . This came about when a single US Post Office served both towns ( the Bala Cynwyd Branch ) using ZIP code 19004 . The community was long known as hyphenated Bala-Cynwyd . Bala and Cynwyd are currently served by separate stations on SEPTA 's Cynwyd Line of Regional Rail ."}]}, {'value': 'Berwyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berwyn_station_(SEPTA)', 'summary': "Berwyn station is a commuter rail station in Berwyn , Pennsylvania , served by SEPTA Regional Rail . Located at Cassatt Avenue and Lancaster Pike , it provides service to the western suburbs of Philadelphia . Most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains run through the station . The station was built in 1884 by the Pennsylvania Railroad , and currently houses The Frame Station Gallery , a full service gallery and framing design center . The station , platforms , and canopy were recently restored . A bridge over the tracks that formerly carried cars on Cassatt Avenue was converted into a pedestrian-only bridge . The ticket office at this station is open weekdays from 5:45 a.m. to 1:10 p.m. excluding holidays . There are 140 parking spaces including SEPTA permit parking at the station . This station is wheelchair-accessible with short lengths of high-level platforms on both sides of the tracks . The platforms have bridge plates which allow a wheelchair to cross the gap between the platform and the train when it is stopped at the platform . This station is 17.5 track miles from Philadelphia 's Suburban Station . In 2011 , the average total weekday boardings at this station was 261 , and the average total weekday alightings was 223 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paoli/\u200bThorndale Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line', 'summary': "The Paoli/Thorndale Line , formerly known as the R5 , is a SEPTA Regional Rail service running from Center City Philadelphia to Thorndale in Chester County on Amtrak 's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line which is part of the Keystone Corridor which in turn was once the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berwyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berwyn,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Berwyn is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Chester County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,631 at the 2010 census . The area is part of Philadelphia 's Main Line suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'Bethayres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethayres_station', 'summary': 'Bethayres station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Bethayres , Pennsylvania . It is located at Station Avenue and Old Welsh Road and serves the West Trenton Line to Ewing , New Jersey . Bethayres station was originally built in 1876 by the Reading Railroad . The station has off-street parking and a ticket office . There is also a handicapped-accessible platform . In FY 2013 , Bethyares station had a weekday average of 578 boardings and 553 alightings . Bethayres is the last boarding stop for AM peak service express trains to Philadelphia and the first discharge stop for PM peak service express trains from Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'West Trenton Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The West Trenton Line is a SEPTA Regional Rail line connecting Center City Philadelphia to the West Trenton section of Ewing Township , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethayres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethayres,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Bethayres is an unincorporated community in Lower Moreland Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is named for Elizabeth Ayres , who lived at 2410 Huntingdon Pike , in a house now owned by Huntingdon Valley Presbyterian Church . As an unincorporated place , it is served by the Huntingdon Valley post office ; for this reason , it is often said to be a section of Huntingdon Valley . Bethayres has a station on the SEPTA West Trenton Regional Rail line , providing access to Philadelphia and New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridesburg_station', 'summary': 'Bridesburg station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Located at Bridge Street and Harbison Avenue in the Bridesburg neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia , it serves the Trenton Line . The station is in zone 2 on the SEPTA Trenton Line , on the Amtrak Northeast Corridor , and is 10.2 track miles from Suburban Station . In 2005 , this station saw 162 boardings on an average weekday . Amtrak does not stop at this station .'}]}, {'value': 'Trenton Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Trenton Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail ( commuter rail ) system . The route serves the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania with service in Bucks County along the Delaware River to Trenton , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( Bridesburg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridesburg,_Philadelphia', 'summary': "Bridesburg , the northernmost of Philadelphia 's River Wards , is a river-front neighborhood in the Northeast section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Bridesburg is an historically German and Irish community , with a significant community of Polish immigrants who arrived mostly in the early- to mid-twentieth century . The community is home to two Catholic churches : All Saints Church , designed by Edwin Forrest Durang , built in 1889 ; and Saint John Cantius Church , built some time after 1892 in Polish Cathedral style ."}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_station_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'Bristol station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Bristol , Pennsylvania . It is located at Beaver and Garden Streets , and serves the Trenton Line . It was built in 1911 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a replacement for an earlier station on Pond and Market Streets . As with many Pennsylvania Railroad stations , the station became a Penn Central station once the New York Central & Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968 . Amtrak took over intercity railroad service in 1971 , but Penn Central continued to serve commuters between Philadelphia and Trenton . Conrail took over commuter service in 1976 , and turned the Trenton Line over to SEPTA Regional Rail in 1983 . The station is in zone 4 on the SEPTA Trenton Line , on the Amtrak Northeast Corridor and at one time was an Amtrak station as well . In 2004 , this station saw 277 boardings on an average weekday . Amtrak does not stop at this station .'}]}, {'value': 'Trenton Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trenton_Line_(SEPTA)', 'summary': 'The Trenton Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail ( commuter rail ) system . The route serves the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania with service in Bucks County along the Delaware River to Trenton , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Bristol Borough is a borough in Bucks County , Pennsylvania , 23 miles ( 37 km ) northeast of Center City Philadelphia , opposite Burlington , New Jersey on the Delaware River . Bristol Borough predates Philadelphia , being settled in 1681 and first incorporated in 1720 . After 1834 , the town became very important to the development of the American Industrial Revolution as the terminus city of the Delaware Canal providing greater Philadelphia with the days High Tech Anthracite fuels from the Lehigh Canal via Easton . The canal and a short trip on the Delaware also gave the town access to the mineral resources available in Connecticut , New Jersey and New York via each of the Morris Canal , the Delaware and Hudson Canal , and the Delaware and Raritan Canal , and connected the community to those markets and trade from New York City . These were among the factors spurring development of Bristol and nearby towns , explaining in part the industries which developed in the region . Although its charter was revised in 1905 , the original charter remains in effect , making Bristol Borough the third oldest borough in Pennsylvania after Chester and Germantown . Bristol Borough had 7,104 residents in 1900 ; 9,256 in 1910 ; 10,273 in 1920 ; and 11,895 in 1940 . The most recent census has the population at 9,631 2017 census . The current mayor is Joseph A. Saxton . Bristol Borough is served by SEPTA 's Trenton Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryn Mawr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_station_(SEPTA_Regional_Rail)', 'summary': 'Bryn Mawr station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania . It is located in the western suburbs of Philadelphia at Morris and Bryn Mawr Avenues . It is served by most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains with the exception of a few limited and express trains . The ticket office at this station is open weekdays 6:05 a.m. to 6:05 p.m. excluding holidays . There are 254 parking spaces at the station . This station is in fare zone 3 and is 10.1 track miles from Suburban Station . In 2011 , the average total weekday boardings at this station was 831 and the average total weekday alightings was 757 . The original station was designed by Joseph M. Wilson and built in 1869 by the Pennsylvania Railroad . It was demolished in 1963 , and replaced by a mid-20th Century mock-colonial style structure . The former freight house on the south side of the tracks , which dates back to 1870 , is currently a local restaurant .'}]}, {'value': 'Paoli/\u200bThorndale Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line', 'summary': "The Paoli/Thorndale Line , formerly known as the R5 , is a SEPTA Regional Rail service running from Center City Philadelphia to Thorndale in Chester County on Amtrak 's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line which is part of the Keystone Corridor which in turn was once the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryn Mawr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryn_Mawr,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Bryn Mawr ( pronounced /ˌbrɪnˈmɑːr/ ; from Welsh for big hill ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) , located entirely in Lower Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , just west of Philadelphia along Lancaster Avenue ( US-30 ) and the border with Delaware County . There are also areas not in the census-designated place but which have Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania postal addresses located in Radnor and Haverford Townships in Delaware County . Bryn Mawr is located toward the center of what is known as the Main Line , a group of affluent Philadelphia suburban villages stretching from the city limits to Malvern . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 3,779 . Bryn Mawr is home to Bryn Mawr College .'}]}, {'value': 'Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_station', 'summary': 'Carpenter station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Located at 201 Carpenter Lane , it serves the Chestnut Hill West Line . The historic station building has been listed in the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places since August 6 , 1981 . It is in zone 2 on the Chestnut Hill West Line , on former Pennsylvania Railroad tracks , and is 9.8 track miles from Suburban Station . In fiscal 2012 , this station saw 371 boardings on an average weekday .'}]}, {'value': 'Chestnut Hill West Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_West_Line', 'summary': 'The Chestnut Hill West Line is a commuter rail line in the SEPTA Regional Rail network . It connects Northwest Philadelphia , including the eponymous neighborhood of Chestnut Hill , as well as West Mount Airy and Germantown , to Center City .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( West Mount Airy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Philadelphia', 'summary': 'Mount Airy is a neighborhood of Northwest Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Stations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_SEPTA_Regional_Rail_stations_1', 'intro': "SEPTA Regional Rail is the commuter rail system serving Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States and its metropolitan region, known as the Delaware Valley. The system is operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) and serves five counties in Pennsylvania - Bucks, Delaware, Montgomery, Chester, and Philadelphia - as well as Mercer County in New Jersey and New Castle County in Delaware. The system covers a total route length of 223 miles (359 km), 98 miles (158 km) of which are owned by SEPTA, with the remainder owned by Amtrak, CSX Transportation, and the City of Philadelphia. In the 2019 fiscal year, SEPTA Regional Rail had an annual ridership of 34.2 million, with an average weekday ridership of 118,800. There are 13 lines within the Regional Rail system, with 155 active stations. Six fare zones in the system determine the ticket price, based on the distance traveled. Fare zones are designated as Zones 1 through 4, based on the station's distance from Center City Philadelphia, with additional zones for stations in the Center City area (CCP zone) and stations in New Jersey (NJ zone). Despite its close proximity to Center City, the four Airport Terminal stations are located within Zone 4. The Regional Rail system was built in the early 20th century and originally consisted of two separate systems, operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Company, respectively. SEPTA was formed in 1963, and the Pennsylvania Railroad merged into the Penn Central Transportation Company in 1968. Penn Central and the Reading Company operated the railroads until they were taken over by Conrail in 1976, which operated the system through 1982. SEPTA commenced operation of the Regional Rail Division on January 1, 1983, which gave SEPTA complete operational control of its railroads."} | null | null | Which company operates this line that passes through this station opened to serve as an alternate parking ? | East Penn Railroad |
0b38c295cc7cc7cb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Italy', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Italy', 'header': ['Club', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'AlbinoLeffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.C._AlbinoLeffe', 'summary': 'Unione Calcio AlbinoLeffe is an Italian association football club representing Albino and Leffe , two small towns located in Val Seriana . The club played in Serie B for nine consecutive years and narrowly missed promotion in Serie A at the end of the 2007-08 season . It currently plays in Serie C and has been in the Italian third tier since its relegation in 2011-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Albino and Leffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albino,_Italy', 'summary': 'Albino ( Bergamasque : Albì ) is a comune in the province of Bergamo , in Lombardy , northern Italy . It is located northeast of Bergamo and is situated in the valley of the river Serio ( Val Seriana ) . The population continues to increase .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leffe,_Italy', 'summary': 'Leffe ( Bergamasque : Léf ) is a town and comune near the Alps in Lombardy , Italy . It is located in the Val Gandino , nearly 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Milan , and administratively part of the province of Bergamo . The town is a center of textile industry .'}]}, {'value': "Atleti Azzurri d'Italia ( Bergamo )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stadio_Atleti_Azzurri_d'Italia", 'summary': "The Atleti Azzurri d'Italia , known for sponsorship reasons as the Gewiss Stadium since July 2019 , is a stadium in Bergamo , Italy . It is the home of Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio and has a capacity of 21,300 seats . The field is 120 m ( 130 yd ) long , and 70 m ( 77 yd ) wide . The stadium has undergone a series of renovations since 2010 due to its age and features that were seen to be outdated compared to other Serie A facilities . Most of the seats in the stadium lack weather protection . Projects for a new stadium have been put forward , though issues with funding and location have stifled these plans . As a result , the stadium will be gradually redeveloped , with the first phase of improvements completed prior to the 2015-16 season , with future work to be carried out if a 99-year lease can be agreed with the city council . The first stage improvements included the removal of the pitch side barrier , one of the first Serie A clubs to make this change , along with improved bench facilities for players and the introduction of luxury boxes atop the grandstand . New seating areas for disabled spectators were also added . At the same time , the press box has been lowered and moved towards the pitch . These improvements came with a reduction in overall capacity by around 3,000 seats . Atalanta officially acquired the stadium on 8 August 2017 , completing an €8.6 million transaction with the city government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bergamo', 'summary': 'Bergamo ( /ˈbɜːrɡəmoʊ/ , also UK : /ˈbɛər-/ ; Italian : [ ˈbɛrɡamo ] ( listen ) ; Eastern Lombard : Bèrghem [ ˈbɛrɡɛm ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Bergŏmum ) [ a ] is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) northeast of Milan , and approximately 30 km ( 19 mi ) from Switzerland , the alpine lakes Como and Iseo , and 70 km ( 43 mi ) from Garda and Maggiore . The Bergamo Alps ( Alpi Orobie ) begin immediately north of the city . With a population of approximately 122,000 , Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy . Bergamo is the seat of the Province of Bergamo . The metropolitan area of Bergamo extends beyond the administrative city limits , spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly fewer than 500,000 inhabitants . The Bergamo metropolitan area is part of the broader Milan metropolitan area , home to more than eight million people . The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core , known as Città Alta ( Upper Town ) , nestled within a system of hills constituting a regional park , and the modern expansion in the plains below . The upper town is encircled by massive Venetian defensive systems that are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017 . Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy , thanks to the motorway A4 stretching on the axis between Turin , Milan , Verona , Venice , and Trieste . The city is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport , the third-busiest airport in Italy with 12.3 million passengers in 2017 . Bergamo is the second most visited city in Lombardy after Milan .'}]}, {'value': '21,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma_Juventus_Fano_1906', 'summary': 'Alma Juventus Fano 1906 , commonly known as Fano , is an Italian association football club located in Fano , Marche . The club currently plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Fano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fano', 'summary': 'Fano [ ˈfaːno ] is a town and comune of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region of Italy . It is a beach resort 12 kilometres ( 7 miles ) southeast of Pesaro , located where the Via Flaminia reaches the Adriatic Sea . It is the third city in the region by population after Ancona and Pesaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Raffaele Mancini', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FeralpiSalò', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FeralpiSalò', 'summary': 'Feralpisalò is an Italian association football club located in Salò , Lombardy , and representing also the nearby town of Lonato del Garda , Lombardy . The club currently play in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Salò', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salò', 'summary': 'Salò ( Italian : [ saˈlɔ ] ; Latin : Salodium ) is a town and comune in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy ( northern Italy ) on the banks of Lake Garda , on which it has the longest promenade . The city was the seat of government of the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945 , with the ISR often being referred to as the Salò Republic ( Repubblica di Salò in Italian ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lino Turina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Lino_Turina', 'summary': 'Stadio Lino Turina is a multi-use stadium in Salò , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FeralpiSalò . The stadium holds 2,364 .'}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fermana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fermana_F.C.', 'summary': 'Fermana Football Club is an Italian association football club based in Fermo , Marche . The club currently play in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football after achieving promotion by winning Group F in the 2016-17 Serie D season .'}]}, {'value': 'Fermo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fermo', 'summary': 'Fermo [ ˈfermo ] listen ( help·info ) ( ancient : Firmum Picenum ) is a town and comune of the Marche , Italy , in the Province of Fermo . Fermo is on a hill , the Sabulo , elevation 319 metres ( 1,047 ft ) , on a branch from Porto San Giorgio on the Adriatic coast railway .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruno Recchioni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Bruno_Recchioni', 'summary': 'Stadio Bruno Recchioni is a multi-use stadium in Fermo , Italy . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Fermana Calcio . The stadium holds 9,500 .'}]}, {'value': '9,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giana Erminio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Giana_Erminio', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Giana Erminio S.r.l . is an Italian football club based in Gorgonzola , Lombardy . The team currently plays in Italy 's Serie C ."}]}, {'value': 'Gorgonzola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorgonzola,_Milan', 'summary': 'Gorgonzola ( Lombard : Gorgonzoeula [ ɡurɡũˈzøːla ] ) is an Italian town of c. 20,000 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Milan , Lombardy . It is part of the territory of the Martesana , north-east of Milan . The town gives its name to the famous cheese gorgonzola .'}]}, {'value': 'Città di Gorgonzola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Città_di_Gorgonzola', 'summary': 'Stadio Città di Gorgonzola is a multi-use stadium in Gorgonzola , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Giana Erminio . The stadium holds 3,766 .'}]}, {'value': '3,766', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gubbio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Gubbio_1910', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Gubbio 1910 is an Italian association football club , based in Gubbio , Umbria . The club play in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Gubbio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gubbio', 'summary': 'Gubbio ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈgubbjo ] ) is a town and comune in the far northeastern part of the Italian [ province of Umbria . It is located on the lowest slope of Mt . Ingino , a small mountain of the Apennines .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Barbetti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Pietro_Barbetti', 'summary': 'Stadio Comunale Pietro Barbetti , is a multi-purpose stadium in Gubbio , Italy . It is mainly used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of A.S. Gubbio 1910 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione . The stadium has a capacity of 5,300 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '5,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imolese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imolese_Calcio_1919', 'summary': "Imolese Calcio 1919 is an Italian football club based in Imola , Emilia-Romagna . Currently it plays in Italy 's Serie C ."}]}, {'value': 'Imola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imola', 'summary': 'Imola ( Italian : [ ˈiːmola ] ; Emilian : Iommla , Romagnol : Jômla or Jemula ) is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Bologna , located on the river Santerno , in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy . The city is traditionally considered the western entrance to the historical region Romagna . The city is most noted as the home of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari which formerly hosted the Formula One San Marino Grand Prix ( the race was named after the nearby independent republic of San Marino , as Monza already hosted the Italian Grand Prix ) , and the deaths of Formula One drivers Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at the circuit during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix . The death of Senna ( three-times world champion ) was an event that shocked the sporting world and led to heightened Formula One safety standards .'}]}, {'value': 'Romeo Galli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L.R . Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L.R._Vicenza_Virtus', 'summary': "L.R . Vicenza Virtus , commonly referred to as Vicenza , is an Italian football club based in Vicenza , Veneto . Founded in 1902 as Associazione del Calcio in Vicenza , they became Lanerossi Vicenza in 1953 , then Vicenza Calcio from 1990 to 2018 , a year which saw the club going bankrupt and being put under controlled administration in order to preserve the Serie C spot at the end of the 2017-18 season . Renzo Rosso , owner of Diesel , merged its Bassano Virtus and some of the assets of Vicenza Calcio into one team , which will play in Vicenza , while the two sides will preserve their distinct youth teams . Vicenza is the oldest team in Veneto ; officially founded on 9 March 1902 by the then dean of Liceo Lioy , Tito Buy , and the physical education teacher of the same school , Libero Antonio Scarpa . The club currently plays in Italy 's Serie C , having spent the entire 1960s , most of the 1970s and a large part of the 1990s in Serie A ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicenza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicenza', 'summary': "Vicenza ( /vɪˈtʃɛntsə/ vih-CHENT-sə , Italian : [ viˈtʃɛntsa ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Vicensa [ viˈtʃeŋsa ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy . It is in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico , where it straddles the Bacchiglione River . Vicenza is approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) west of Venice and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) east of Milan . Vicenza is a thriving and cosmopolitan city , with a rich history and culture , and many museums , art galleries , piazzas , villas , churches and elegant Renaissance palazzi . With the Palladian Villas of the Veneto in the surrounding area , and his renowned Teatro Olimpico ( Olympic Theater ) , the city of Palladio has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994 . In December 2008 , Vicenza had an estimated population of 115,927 and a metropolitan area of 270,000 . Vicenza is the third-largest Italian industrial centre as measured by the value of its exports , and is one of the country 's wealthiest cities , in large part due to its textile and steel industries , which employ tens of thousands . Additionally , about one fifth of the country 's gold and jewelry is made in Vicenza , greatly contributing to the city 's economy . Another important sector is the engineering/computer components industry ( Federico Faggin , the microprocessor 's co-inventor , was born in Vicenza ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Romeo Menti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Romeo_Menti', 'summary': 'Stadio Romeo Menti is a football stadium in Vicenza , Italy , named after Romeo Menti . It is currently the home of Vicenza Calcio . The stadium holds 12,000 .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Monza_1912', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Monza ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmontsa ] ( listen ) ) is an Italian professional association football club based in Monza , Lombardy . Re-founded in 2015 as S.S.D . Monza 1912 , it is the successor to the club founded on 1 September 1912 as Monza Foot Ball Club . The team went through various re-foundations and mergers , the last of which being Associazione Calcio Monza Brianza 1912 , declared bankrupt and expelled from professional football at the end of the 2014-15 season . Monza is among the Italian teams with the most appearances in Serie B , taking part in 38 editions , with the last time being during the 2000-01 season . In its history , the club has never reached the Serie A , making it the team that has participated in the most Italian second division seasons without ever achieving promotion to the first division . Monza holds the record of victories in the Coppa Italia Serie C , winning it four times . They also won six Serie C championships , [ a ] an Anglo-Italian Cup and a Coppa delle Alpi . [ b ] Known as i Bagai ( the Boys ) , Monza 's kit colours have traditionally been red and white . They have played at the Stadio Brianteo since 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Monza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monza', 'summary': 'Monza ( US : /ˈmɒnzə , ˈmoʊnzə , ˈmoʊntsɑː/ , Italian : [ ˈmontsa ] ( listen ) ; Monzese : Monscia [ ˈmũːʃa ] ; Latin : Modoetia ) is a city and comune on the River Lambro , a tributary of the Po in the Lombardy region of Italy , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) north-northeast of Milan . It is the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza . Monza is best known for its Grand Prix motor racing circuit , the Autodromo Nazionale Monza , which hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix with a massive Italian support tifosi for the Ferrari team . On 11 June 2004 Monza was designated the capital of the new province of Monza and Brianza . The new administrative arrangement came fully into effect in summer 2009 ; previously , Monza was a comune within the province of Milan . Monza is the third-largest city of Lombardy and is the most important economic , industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area , supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade . Monza also hosts a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca , a Court of Justice and several offices of regional administration . Monza Park is one of the largest urban parks in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Brianteo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Brianteo', 'summary': 'Stadio Brianteo is a multi-purpose stadium in Monza , Italy , and the home of A.C. Monza . Mostly used for football matches , the stadium was built in 1988 and has a capacity of 18,568 , though only 7,499 are fully operational . The stadium is also used for rugby matches , concerts and other events .'}]}, {'value': '18,568', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pordenone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pordenone_Calcio', 'summary': 'Pordenone Calcio , commonly referred to as Pordenone , is an Italian football club based in Pordenone , Friuli-Venezia Giulia . It currently plays in Serie B .'}]}, {'value': 'Pordenone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pordenone', 'summary': "Pordenone ( Italian : [ pordeˈnoːne ] ( listen ) ; Venetian and Friulian : Pordenon ) is the main comune of Pordenone province of northeast Italy in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region . The name comes from Latin Portus Naonis , meaning 'port on the Noncello ( Latin Naon ) River ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottavio Bottecchia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ravenna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ravenna_F.C.', 'summary': 'Ravenna Football Club is an Italian association football club , based in Ravenna , Emilia-Romagna . It currently plays in Serie C after achieving promotion as Group D champions in the 2016-17 Serie D season . The club was founded in 1913 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ravenna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ravenna', 'summary': 'Ravenna ( /rəˈvɛnə/ rə-VEN-ə , Italian : [ raˈvenna ] , also locally [ raˈvɛnna ] ( listen ) ; Romagnol : Ravèna ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna , in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy . It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476 . It then served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom until it was re-conquered in 540 by the Byzantine Empire . Afterwards , the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Lombards in 751 , after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards . Although it is an inland city , Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal . It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture , with eight buildings comprising the UNESCO World Heritage Site Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruno Benelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Bruno_Benelli', 'summary': 'Stadio Bruno Benelli is a multi-use stadium in Ravenna , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Ravenna Calcio . The stadium holds 12,020 and was opened in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '12,020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Renate', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Renate is an Italian association football club based in Renate , Lombardy . It currently plays in Serie C. The club plays their home games at the Stadio Città di Meda in Meda instead of their home field , Stadio Mario Riboldi in Renate , to comply with Lega Pro stadium criteria .'}]}, {'value': 'Renate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renate', 'summary': 'Renate is a comune in the region of Lombardy within the province of Monza and Brianza .'}]}, {'value': 'Città di Meda ( Meda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meda,_Lombardy', 'summary': 'Meda is a city and comune in the province of Monza and Brianza , located in the northern Italian region of Lombardy , close to Milan and Como . It is a center of furniture production . Meda is served by Meda railway station .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rimini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rimini_F.C._1912', 'summary': 'Rimini Football Club 1912 is an Italian association football club based in Rimini , Emilia-Romagna . The club was founded in 1912 and in the 2019-20 season will play in Serie C. Their home ground is the 9786-seat Stadio Romeo Neri .'}]}, {'value': 'Rimini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rimini', 'summary': "Rimini ( /ˈrɪmɪni/ RIM-in-ee , Italian : [ ˈriːmini ] ( listen ) ; Romagnol : Rémin ; Latin : Ariminum ) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini . It sprawls along the Adriatic Sea , on the coast between the rivers Marecchia ( the ancient Ariminus ) and Ausa ( ancient Aprusa ) . It is one of the most notable seaside resorts in Europe with revenue from both internal and international tourism forming a significant portion of the city 's economy . The first bathing establishment opened in 1843 . An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments , Rimini is also the birthplace of the famous film director Federico Fellini . The city was founded by the Romans in 268 BC . Throughout Roman times , Rimini was a key communications link between the north and south of the peninsula . On its soil , Roman emperors erected monuments such as the Arch of Augustus and the Tiberius Bridge to mark the beginning and the end of the Decumanus of Rimini . During the Renaissance , the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta , which hosted artists like Leonardo da Vinci and produced works such as the Tempio Malatestiano . The main monuments in Rimini are the Tiberius Bridge and the Arch of Augustus . In the 19th century , Rimini was one of the most active cities on the revolutionary front , hosting many of the movements seeking to achieve Italian unification . In the course of World War II , the city was the scene of numerous clashes and bombings , but also of a fierce partisan resistance that earned it the honour of a gold medal for civic valour ."}]}, {'value': 'Romeo Neri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Romeo_Neri', 'summary': 'Stadio Romeo Neri is a multi-use stadium in Rimini , Italy . The stadium has a capacity of 9,768 and is largely used for football as the home of A.C. Rimini 1912 . The stadium itself was named after Italian gymnast Romeo Neri , the first citizen of Rimini to participate in the Olympic Games - in both Amsterdam ( 1928 ) and Los Angeles ( 1932 ) .'}]}, {'value': '7,442', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sambenedettese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Sambenedettese_1923', 'summary': 'S.S. Sambenedettese S.r.l . is an Italian association football club , based in San Benedetto del Tronto , Marche . Sambenedettese currently plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'San Benedetto del Tronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Benedetto_del_Tronto', 'summary': 'San Benedetto del Tronto is a city and comune in Marche , Italy . Part of an urban area with 100,000 inhabitants , it is one of the most densely populated areas along the Adriatic Sea coast . Its port is one of the biggest on the Adriatic ; it is the most important centre of Riviera of the Palms , with over 8,000 Phoenix canariensis , Washingtonia and P. sylvestris plants .'}]}, {'value': 'Riviera delle Palme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Riviera_delle_Palme', 'summary': "The Stadio Riviera delle Palme is a multi-use stadium in San Benedetto del Tronto , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio . The stadium holds 22,000 and lies between San Benedetto and its civil parrish Porto d'Ascoli ."}]}, {'value': '14,995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Südtirol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Südtirol', 'summary': 'F.C . Südtirol , known as Südtirol in Italy , less popularly as Alto Adige inside Italy and South Tyrol outside Italy , is an Italian association football club , based in the city of Bolzano , in the autonomous province South Tyrol . The club was formerly known as its bilingual name F.C . Südtirol - Alto Adige . The club currently plays in Serie C .'}]}, {'value': 'Bolzano / Bozen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolzano', 'summary': "Bolzano ( Italian : [ bolˈtsaːno ] ( listen ) or [ bolˈdzaːno ] ; German : Bozen ( formerly Botzen ) , pronounced [ ˈboːtsn̩ ] ; Austro-Bavarian : Bozn ; Ladin : Balsan or Bulsan ) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy . With a population of 107,436 , Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third largest in Tyrol . The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centers within the Alps . Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , where lectures and seminars are held in English , German , and Italian . The city is also home to the Italian Army 's Alpini High Command ( COMALP ) and some of its combat and support units . In the 2014 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities , Bolzano was ranked as the best . Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol , Bolzano engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention . The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc . Consequently , Bolzano was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2009 . Bolzano is considered as a bridge between North and South due to the three spoken languages in South Tyrol ( Italian , German , and Ladin ) and the confluence of Italian and German-Austrian culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bozen', 'summary': "Bolzano ( Italian : [ bolˈtsaːno ] ( listen ) or [ bolˈdzaːno ] ; German : Bozen ( formerly Botzen ) , pronounced [ ˈboːtsn̩ ] ; Austro-Bavarian : Bozn ; Ladin : Balsan or Bulsan ) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy . With a population of 107,436 , Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third largest in Tyrol . The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centers within the Alps . Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , where lectures and seminars are held in English , German , and Italian . The city is also home to the Italian Army 's Alpini High Command ( COMALP ) and some of its combat and support units . In the 2014 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities , Bolzano was ranked as the best . Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol , Bolzano engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention . The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc . Consequently , Bolzano was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2009 . Bolzano is considered as a bridge between North and South due to the three spoken languages in South Tyrol ( Italian , German , and Ladin ) and the confluence of Italian and German-Austrian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Druso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Druso', 'summary': 'Stadio Druso ( German : Drusus-Stadion ) is an arena in Bolzano , Italy . It is primarily used for football , and is the home to F.C . Südtirol and F.C . Bolzano 1996 . It opened in 1930 and holds 4,500 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teramo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Teramo_Calcio', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Teramo Calcio is an Italian association football club based in Teramo , Abruzzo . Since the 2014-15 season , the club has played in Serie C , the 3rd tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Teramo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teramo', 'summary': "Teramo ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈtɛːramo ] ( listen ) ; Abruzzese : Tèreme [ ˈtɛːrəmə ] ) is a city and comune in the Italian region of Abruzzo , the capital of the province of Teramo . The city , 150 kilometres ( 93 miles ) from Rome , is situated between the highest mountains of the Apennines ( Gran Sasso d'Italia ) and the Adriatic coast . The town is located by the confluence of the Vezzola and Tordino rivers , on a hillside area where the terrain features along with the Mediterranean climate make the territory rich in vineyards and olive groves . The economy of the town is mostly based on activities connected with agriculture and commerce , as well as a sound industrial sector : textiles , foods , engineering , building materials and ceramics . Teramo can be reached from the A14 and the A24 motorways ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaetano Bonolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Gaetano_Bonolis', 'summary': "Stadio Gaetano Bonolis ( also known as Stadio di Piano d'Accio ) is a multi-use stadium in Teramo , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and concerts . It is the home ground of Teramo Calcio . The stadium holds 7,498 ."}]}, {'value': '7,498', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ternana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ternana_Calcio', 'summary': 'Ternana Calcio , commonly referred to as Ternana , is an Italian football club based in Terni , Umbria . In 2017 the club was bought by Unicusano , thus adding the name of the private university to the club . The word Unicusano was also added to the crest in 2017-18 season , but was removed in May 2018 . The club was founded in 1925 and refounded in 1993 . In its history , Ternana have twice played in Serie A ( seasons 1972-73 and 1974-75 ) and 27 times in Serie B . The club is currently playing in Serie C. The first team from Umbria to reach Serie A , Ternana enjoy a local rivalry with Perugia , and play their home matches at the Stadio Libero Liberati .'}]}, {'value': 'Terni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terni', 'summary': 'Terni ( /ˈtɛərni/ TAIR-nee , Italian : [ ˈtɛrni ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Interamna Nahars ) is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria in central Italy . The city is the capital of the province of Terni , located in the plain of the Nera river . It is 104 kilometres ( 65 miles ) northeast of Rome . It was founded as an Ancient Roman town . During the 19th century , steel mills were introduced and led the city to have a role in the second industrial revolution in Italy . Because of its industrial importance , the city was heavily bombed during World War II by the Allies . It still remains an industrial hub and has been nicknamed The Steel City . Terni is also known as the City of Lovers , as its patron saint , Saint Valentine , was born and became a bishop here , and the remains are preserved in the basilica-sanctuary in his honour .'}]}, {'value': 'Libero Liberati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Libero_Liberati', 'summary': 'The Stadio Libero Liberati is a multi-use stadium in Terni , Italy . It is currently used mostly for football matches and the home of Ternana Unicusano Calcio . The stadium was built in 1969 and holds 17,460 .'}]}, {'value': '17,460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triestina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Triestina_Calcio_1918', 'summary': 'Unione Sportiva Triestina Calcio 1918 , commonly referred to as Triestina , is an Italian football club based in Trieste , Friuli-Venezia Giulia . Originally founded in 1918 , the club folded and was re-established several times in its history . As of the 2019-20 season , it plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Trieste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trieste', 'summary': 'Trieste ( /triˈɛst/ tree-EST , Italian : [ triˈɛste ] ( listen ) ; Slovene : Trst [ tə́ɾst ] ) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy . It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia , which lies approximately 10-15 km ( 6.2-9.3 mi ) south and east of the city . Croatia is some 30 km ( 19 mi ) to the south . Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Latin , Slavic , and Germanic cultures . In 2018 , it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia . The metropolitan population of Trieste is 410,000 , with the city comprising about 240,000 inhabitants . Trieste was one of the oldest parts of the Habsburg Monarchy , belonging to it from 1382 until 1918 . In the 19th century the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport . As a prosperous seaport in the Mediterranean region , Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( after Vienna , Budapest , and Prague ) . In the fin de siècle period at the end of the 19th century it emerged as an important hub for literature and music . Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s , and Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': 'Nereo Rocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Nereo_Rocco', 'summary': "Stadio Nereo Rocco is a football stadium in Trieste , Italy . It is currently the home of Triestina , named after former player and manager Nereo Rocco . The stadium holds 21,000 . Cagliari played their final home games of the 2011-12 Serie A season at the ground , due to restoration of their Stadio Sant'Elia ."}]}, {'value': '32,454', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virtus Verona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virtus_Verona', 'summary': 'Virtus Verona ( formerly known as Unione Sportiva Virtus Borgo Venezia ) , sometimes referred to as Virtus Vecomp Verona for sponsorship reasons , is an Italian association football club located in Borgo Venezia , a district of Verona , Veneto . It currently plays in Serie C .'}]}, {'value': 'Verona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Verona', 'summary': "Verona ( /vəˈroʊnə/ və-ROH-nə , Italian : [ veˈroːna ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Verona or Veròna ; historical German : Bern , Welschbern , or Dietrichsbern ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto , Italy , with 258,108 inhabitants . It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region . It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third largest in northeast Italy . The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of 1,426 km2 ( 550.58 sq mi ) and has a population of 714,274 inhabitants . It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy because of its artistic heritage and several annual fairs , shows , and operas , such as the lyrical season in the Arena , an ancient Roman amphitheater . Two of William Shakespeare 's plays are set in Verona : Romeo and Juliet and The Two Gentlemen of Verona . It is unknown if Shakespeare ever visited Verona or Italy , but his plays have lured many visitors to Verona and surrounding cities . The city has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its urban structure and architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Gavagnin Nocini', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vis Pesaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vis_Pesaro_dal_1898', 'summary': 'Vis Pesaro dal 1898 S.r.l. , commonly referred to as simply Vis Pesaro , is an Italian association football club located in Pesaro , Marche . The club currently plays in Serie C .'}]}, {'value': 'Pesaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pesaro', 'summary': "Pesaro ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈpeːzaro ] ( listen ) ) is a city and comune in the Italian region of Marche , capital of the Province of Pesaro e Urbino , on the Adriatic Sea . According to the 2011 census , its population was 95,011 , making it the second most populous city in the Marche , after Ancona . Pesaro was dubbed Cycling City ( Città della Bicicletta ) by Italian environmentalist association Legambiente in recognition of its extensive network of bicycle paths and promotion of cycling . It is also known as City of Music as it is the birthplace of the composer Gioacchino Rossini . In 2015 the Italian Government applied for Pesaro to be declared a Creative City in UNESCO 's World Heritage sites . In 2017 Pesaro received the European City of Sport award together with Aosta , Cagliari and Vicenza . Local industries include fishing , furniture making and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Tonino Benelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Tonino_Benelli', 'summary': 'Stadio Tonino Benelli is an arena in Pesaro , Italy . It is primarily used for football , and is the home to A.S.D . Vis Pesaro 1898 of Serie D. It opened in 1927 and holds 4,898 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,898', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs by division -- Serie C ( formerly Lega Pro )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Italy_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of football clubs located in Italy, sorted by division, then alphabetically, and including geographical locations, home stadium information and club positions in the prior season.'} | null | null | In what year did the arena in Bolzano open ? | 1930 |
0b3a0151a54b28f2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)', 'title': 'List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)', 'header': ['Call letters', 'Channel', 'Network ( s )', 'City and state', 'Meaning or notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'KHAW-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHAW-TV', 'summary': "KHON-TV , virtual channel 2 ( VHF digital channel 8 ) , is a dual Fox/CW-affiliated television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate KHII-TV ( channel 9 ) . The two stations share studios at the Haiwaiki Tower on Piikoi and Waimanu Streets in downtown Honolulu ( between the Kaka'ako and Ala Moana districts ) ; KHON 's main transmitter is also located downtown at the Century Center condominium/business complex ( near Kalakaua Avenue and Kapiolani Boulevard , just northwest of the Hawaii Convention Center ) . On cable , KHON-TV is carried on Oceanic Spectrum channel 3 on Oahu and the Big Island , and channel 2 on Maui and Kauai . The station is also available on Hawaiian Telcom channel 2 statewide ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Hilo , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii', 'summary': "Hilo ( /ˈhiːloʊ/ ; Hawaiian pronunciation : [ ˈhilo ] ) is the largest town and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Hawaii County , Hawaii , United States , which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi . The population was 43,263 according to the 2010 census . Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaiʻi and is in the District of South Hilo . The town overlooks Hilo Bay , at the base of two shield volcanoes , Mauna Loa , an active volcano , and Mauna Kea , a dormant volcano . Mauna Kea is the site of some of the world 's most important ground-based astronomical observatories . Much of the city is at risk from lava flows from Mauna Loa , and the bayfront was twice destroyed by tsunamis . The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka , on the flanks of the volcanoes . Hilo is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo , ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaiʻi , as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival , a week-long celebration of ancient and modern hula that takes place annually after Easter . Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation , one of the world 's leading producers of macadamia nuts . The town is served by Hilo International Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Hilo is located on the Big Island of Haw aii ; rebroadcasts KHON Honolulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii_(island)', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian pronunciation : [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) anglicized Hawaii ( /həˈwaɪ.i/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ) is the largest island located in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi . It is the largest and the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean . With an area of 4,028 square miles ( 10,430 km2 ) , it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago 's combined landmass , and is the largest island in the United States . However , it has only 13% of Hawaiʻi 's people . The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia , behind the two main islands of New Zealand . The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi , the Big Island , or Hawaiʻi Island to distinguish it from the state . Administratively , the whole island encompasses Hawaiʻi County . As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079 . The county seat and largest city is Hilo . There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County ( see List of counties in Hawaii ) ."}]}, {'value': 'KHBC-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHBC-TV', 'summary': "KHBC-TV , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is a dual NBC/CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Hilo , Hawaii , United States and serving the Big Island of Hawaii . It is a full-time satellite of Honolulu-licensed NBC affiliate KHNL ( channel 13 ) and CBS affiliate KGMB ( channel 5 ) which are owned by Gray Television . KHBC-TV 's transmitter is located atop the Hilo Hawaiian Hotel ; its parent stations share studios on Waiakamilo Road in downtown Honolulu ."}]}, {'value': '22 PSIP 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1 NBC 22.2 CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Hilo , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii', 'summary': "Hilo ( /ˈhiːloʊ/ ; Hawaiian pronunciation : [ ˈhilo ] ) is the largest town and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Hawaii County , Hawaii , United States , which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi . The population was 43,263 according to the 2010 census . Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaiʻi and is in the District of South Hilo . The town overlooks Hilo Bay , at the base of two shield volcanoes , Mauna Loa , an active volcano , and Mauna Kea , a dormant volcano . Mauna Kea is the site of some of the world 's most important ground-based astronomical observatories . Much of the city is at risk from lava flows from Mauna Loa , and the bayfront was twice destroyed by tsunamis . The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka , on the flanks of the volcanoes . Hilo is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo , ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaiʻi , as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival , a week-long celebration of ancient and modern hula that takes place annually after Easter . Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation , one of the world 's leading producers of macadamia nuts . The town is served by Hilo International Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'H awaiian B roadcasting C ompany , the original owners before it was purchased by KHNL . Digital subchannel 22.2 rebroadcasts KGMB Honolulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHNL', 'summary': "KHNL , virtual channel 13 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television , as part of a duopoly with CBS affiliate KGMB ( channel 5 ) . The two stations share studios on Waiakamilo Road in downtown Honolulu ; KHNL 's transmitter is located in Akupu , Hawaii . On cable , the station is carried on Oceanic Spectrum channel 8 and Hawaiian Telcom channel 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'KHBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHBS', 'summary': "KHBS , virtual channel 40 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Fort Smith , Arkansas , United States . The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications . KHBS ' studios are located on Ajax Avenue in Rogers , with a secondary studio and news bureau on North Albert Pike Avenue/North 42nd Street ( south of Kelley Highway ) in Fort Smith ; its transmitter is located on Cavanal Hill in northwestern Le Flore County , Oklahoma ( northwest of Poteau ) . The station 's brand name , 40/29 , comes from KHBS and satellite station KHOG-TV ( virtual channel 29 , UHF digital channel 15 ) in Fayetteville , which relays KHBS ' programming to areas of far northwestern Arkansas and southwestern Missouri that are not covered by the primary station 's signal . ( The broad coverage area of the Fort Smith-Fayetteville DMA precludes stations with transmitters closer to Fort Smith from reaching northern portions of the market ) . KHOG-TV 's transmitter is located near Ed Edwards Road ( southeast of the Fayetteville city limits ) in rural northeastern Washington County . On cable , KHBS/KHOG is available on Cox Communications channel 7 in Fort Smith and Fayetteville ."}]}, {'value': '21 PSIP 40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.1 ABC 21.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Smith , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 86,209 . With an estimated population of 88,037 in 2017 , it is the principal city of the Fort Smith , Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area , a region of 298,592 residents that encompasses the Arkansas counties of Crawford , Franklin , and Sebastian , and the Oklahoma counties of Le Flore and Sequoyah . Fort Smith has a sister city relationship with Cisterna , Italy , site of the World War II Battle of Cisterna , fought by United States Army Rangers commanded by Fort Smith native William O. Darby . The city also has a mutual friendship-city relationship with Jining , China . Fort Smith lies on the Arkansas-Oklahoma state border , situated at the confluence of the Arkansas and Poteau rivers , also known as Belle Point . Fort Smith was established as a western frontier military post in 1817 , when it was also a center of fur trading . The city developed there . It became well known as a base for migrants ' settling of the Wild West and for its law enforcement heritage . In 2007 , the city of Fort Smith was selected by the United States Department of the Interior as the site of the new United States Marshals Service National Museum , slated to open in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'H ernreich B roadcasting S ystem ( previous owners )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHCE-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHCE-TV', 'summary': "KHCE-TV , virtual channel 23 ( UHF digital channel 16 ) , is a TBN owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Antonio , Texas , United States . The station is owned by the Community Educational Television subsidiary of the Trinity Broadcasting Network , which manages TBN-owned stations in Texas and Florida on channels allocated for non-commercial educational broadcasting . KHCE-TV 's studios are located on Capital Port Drive in northwest San Antonio , and its transmitter is located off Route 181 in northwest Wilson County ( northeast of Elmendorf ) . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channels 22 and 1233 , Grande Communications channel 22 , and AT & T U-verse channel 23 ."}]}, {'value': '16 PSIP 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network', 'summary': "The Trinity Broadcasting Network ( TBN ) is an international Christian-based broadcast television network and the world 's largest religious television network . TBN was headquartered in Costa Mesa , California until March 3 , 2017 when it sold its highly visible office park . The broadcaster will retain its Tustin , California facilities . Auxiliary studio facilities are located in Irving , Texas ; Hendersonville , Tennessee ; Gadsden , Alabama ; Decatur , Georgia ; Miami , Florida ; Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Orlando , Florida ; and New York City . TBN broadcasts programs hosted by a diverse group of ministries from Evangelical , traditional Protestant and Catholic denominations , non-profit charities , Messianic Jewish and Christian media personalities . TBN also offers a wide range of original programming , and faith-based films from various distributors . TBN owns and operates six broadcast networks , each reaching separate demographics ; in addition to the main TBN network , TBN owns Hillsong Channel , Smile , TBN Enlace , TBN Salsa and JUCE TV . It also owns several other religious networks outside the United States , including international versions of its five U.S. networks . Matt Crouch currently serves as TBN 's president and head of operations ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHET', 'summary': "KHET , virtual and VHF digital channel 11 , branded as PBS Hawai ' i , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by the Hawaii Public Television Foundation , which is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors . For almost 50 years , KHET 's studios were located on Dole Street on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu . In 2016 , the station moved to its current location on Sand Island Access Road , in a renovated and expanded facility and former site of KFVE ( channel 9 ) and KHNL ( channel 13 ) . KHET 's main transmitter is located on Palehua Ridge , north of Makakilo . The station 's signal is relayed across the rest of the state outside Oahu and metropolitan Honolulu on full-powered satellite KMEB ( virtual and VHF digital channel 10 ) in Wailuku on Maui ( with transmitter on the summit of Haleakala ) and through a network of low-powered translators on the other Hawaiian Islands . It can also be seen statewide on Oceanic Spectrum channel 11 ( 10 on Oahu ) and digital channel 1010 in high definition , and on Hawaiian Telcom channel 11 ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'H awaiian E ducational T elevision', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHGI-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHGI-TV', 'summary': "KHGI-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Kearney , Nebraska , United States , serving most of central and western Nebraska and the northern third of Kansas . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group as part of a duopoly with Lincoln-licensed Fox affiliate KFXL-TV ( channel 51 ) . The two stations share studios on Nebraska Highway 44 in Axtell , about 14 miles ( 23 km ) south of Kearney , with a secondary studio and news bureau at the Conestoga Mall in Grand Island . KHGI-TV 's transmitter is located near Lowell , Nebraska ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.1 ABC 13.2 Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Kearney , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Kearney /ˈkɑːrni/ is a city in and the county seat of Buffalo County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 30,787 at the 2010 census . It is home to the University of Nebraska at Kearney . The westward push of the railroad as the Civil War ended gave birth to the community .'}]}, {'value': 'Digital subchannel 13.1 rebroadcast on Channel 13 in North Platte ; digital subchannel 13.2 rebroadcasts KFXL Lincoln', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHII-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHII-TV', 'summary': "KHII-TV , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Fox affiliate KHON-TV ( channel 2 ) . The two stations share studios at the Haiwaiki Tower on Piikoi and Waimanu Streets in downtown Honolulu ( between the Kaka'ako and Ala Moana districts ) ; KHII 's main transmitter is located in Akupu , Hawaii . On cable , the station is available on Oceanic Spectrum and Hawaiian Telcom channel 5 ."}]}, {'value': '22 PSIP/cable 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MyNetworkTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MyNetworkTV', 'summary': "MyNetworkTV ( unofficially abbreviated as MyTV , MyNet , MNT or MNTV ) , is an American television network/syndication service that is owned by Fox Corporation , operated by its Fox Television Stations division , and distributed through the syndication structure of 20th Television . MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5 , 2006 with an initial affiliate lineup covering about 96% of the country , most of which consisted of stations that were former affiliates of The WB and UPN that did not join the successor of those two networks , The CW . Under the ownership structure of Fox Corporation , the service is incorporated as a subsidiary company known as Master Distribution Service , Inc. On September 28 , 2009 , following disappointment with the network 's results , MyNetworkTV dropped its status as a television network and transitioned into a programming service , similar to Ion Television , relying mainly on repeats of recent broadcast and cable series . Fox Corporation retained MyNetworkTV after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company was completed on March 20 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': "' H awa ii", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHIN', 'summary': "Iowa PBS , formerly Iowa Public Television ( IPTV ) , is a network of Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is owned by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board , an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state . Iowa PBS ' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston , Iowa , a suburb of Des Moines ."}]}, {'value': '35 PSIP 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Oak , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Oak,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Red Oak is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County , Iowa , United States , located along the East Nishnabotna River . The population was 5,742 in the 2010 census , a decline from the 6,197 population in the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHME', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHME', 'summary': "KHME , virtual channel 23 ( VHF digital channel 2 ) , is a MeTV-affiliated television station licensed to Rapid City , South Dakota , United States . The station is owned by Legacy Broadcasting . KHME 's studios are located on St. Joseph Street in downtown Rapid City , and its transmitter is located on Skyline Drive . KHME also operates a full-power satellite in Lead , South Dakota , KQME ( virtual and VHF digital channel 10 ) , which can also be seen over-the-air in Rapid City . KQME 's transmitter is located atop Terry Peak ."}]}, {'value': '2 PSIP/cable 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Rapid City , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Rapid City ( Lakota : Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe ; Swift Water City ) is the second most populous city in South Dakota in the USA and the county seat of Pennington County . Named after Rapid Creek , where the settlement developed , it is in the western part of the state , located on the eastern slope of the Black Hills mountain range . The population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census . Known as the Gateway to the Black Hills due to its location and the City of Presidents because of the life-size bronze president statues located downtown , Rapid City is split by a low mountain ridge that divides the western and eastern parts of the city . Ellsworth Air Force Base is located on the outskirts of the city . Camp Rapid , a part of the South Dakota Army National Guard , is located in the western part of the city . Rapid City is home to such popular attractions as Art Alley , Dinosaur Park , the City of Presidents walking tour , Chapel in the Hills , Storybook Island , Main Street Square , and more . The historic Old West town of Deadwood is nearby . In the neighboring Black Hills are the tourist attractions of Mount Rushmore , the Crazy Horse Memorial , Custer State Park , Wind Cave National Park , Jewel Cave National Monument , the museum at the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research , and to the east of the city is Badlands National Park .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHMT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHMT', 'summary': "KHMT , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station serving Billings , Montana , United States that is licensed to Hardin . The station is owned by Mission Broadcasting ; Nexstar Media Group , which owns Billings-licensed ABC affiliate KSVI ( channel 6 ) , operates KHMT under joint sales and shared services agreements . The two stations share studios on South 24th Street West in Billings ; KHMT 's transmitter is located in unincorporated southeastern Yellowstone County ( southeast of Indian Arrow ) . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channel 4 in both standard and high definition ."}]}, {'value': '22 PSIP/cable 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox / Jewelry TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jewelry_TV', 'summary': "Jewelry Television ( commonly initialized as JTV ) is an American television network . It was formerly called the America 's Collectibles Network . The company sells both women 's and men 's jewelry . It has an estimated reach of more than 80 million U.S. households , through cable and satellite providers , online streaming and limited over-the-air broadcasters . The headquarters of Jewelry Television are located in Knoxville , Tennessee . It has manufacturing facilities in Sri Lanka , Hong Kong , and Thailand ."}]}, {'value': 'Hardin , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardin,_Montana', 'summary': 'Hardin is a city in and the county seat of Big Horn County , Montana , United States . The population was 3,505 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHNE-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHNE-TV', 'summary': 'Nebraska Educational Telecommunications ( NET ) is a state network of public radio and television stations in the U.S. state of Nebraska and is based in Lincoln . It is operated by the Nebraska Educational Telecommunications Commission . The television stations are all members of PBS , while the radio stations are members of NPR . The network is headquartered in the Terry M. Carpenter & Jack G. McBride Nebraska Educational Telecommunications Center which is located at 1800 N. 33rd Street on the East campus of the University of Nebraska in Lincoln , and has a satellite studio in Omaha .'}]}, {'value': '28 PSIP 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Hastings , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Hastings is a city and county seat of Adams County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 24,907 at the 2010 census . It is known as the town where Kool-Aid was invented by Edwin Perkins in 1927 , and celebrates that event with the Kool-Aid Days festival every August . Hastings is also known for Fisher Fountain , and during World War II operated the largest Naval Ammunition Depot in the United States . It was chosen because of its centralized location from North to South and East and West in the country . This made it quicker to send ammunition by train to wherever needed .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHNL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHNL', 'summary': "KHNL , virtual channel 13 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television , as part of a duopoly with CBS affiliate KGMB ( channel 5 ) . The two stations share studios on Waiakamilo Road in downtown Honolulu ; KHNL 's transmitter is located in Akupu , Hawaii . On cable , the station is carried on Oceanic Spectrum channel 8 and Hawaiian Telcom channel 13 ."}]}, {'value': '35 PSIP 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'H o n o l ulu ; HNL is also the airport designation for Honolulu International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport', 'summary': "Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ( IATA : HNL , ICAO : PHNL , FAA LID : HNL ) , also known as Honolulu International Airport , is the principal aviation gateway of the City and County of Honolulu on Oahu of the State of Hawaii . It is identified as one of the 30 busiest airports in the United States , with traffic now exceeding 21 million passengers a year and rising . The airport is named after the U.S . Senator and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel K. Inouye , who represented Hawaii from 1963 until his death in 2012 . The airport is located in the Honolulu census-designated place three miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Honolulu 's central business district . Main roads leading to the airport are Nimitz Highway and the Queen Liliuokalani Freeway of Interstate H-1 . Daniel K. Inouye International Airport serves as the principal hub of Hawaiian Airlines , the largest Hawaii-based airline , and is host to major United States and international airlines , with nonstop flights to North American , Asian , and Oceania destinations . It offers services to the various airports of the Hawaiian Islands as well as most major western U.S. cities and many smaller gateways , especially in California ; the airport has also succeeded in attracting long-haul services to the East Coast including the recently added destinations of Boston and Washington-Dulles , which have joined established services to Atlanta , New York-JFK , and Newark . It is also the base for Aloha Air Cargo , which previously offered both passenger and cargo services under the name Aloha Airlines . This airline ceased passenger flights on March 31 , 2008 , and sold off its cargo services to Seattle-based Saltchuk Resources , Inc. ( also owners of inter-island sea-based shipping company Young Brothers and Hawaiian Tug & Barge ) . In 2012 , the airport handled 19,291,412 passengers , 278,145 aircraft movements and processed 412,270 metric tons of cargo . It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017-2021 , in which it is categorized as a large-hub primary commercial service facility ."}]}, {'value': 'KHOG-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHOG-TV', 'summary': "KHBS , virtual channel 40 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Fort Smith , Arkansas , United States . The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications . KHBS ' studios are located on Ajax Avenue in Rogers , with a secondary studio and news bureau on North Albert Pike Avenue/North 42nd Street ( south of Kelley Highway ) in Fort Smith ; its transmitter is located on Cavanal Hill in northwestern Le Flore County , Oklahoma ( northwest of Poteau ) . The station 's brand name , 40/29 , comes from KHBS and satellite station KHOG-TV ( virtual channel 29 , UHF digital channel 15 ) in Fayetteville , which relays KHBS ' programming to areas of far northwestern Arkansas and southwestern Missouri that are not covered by the primary station 's signal . ( The broad coverage area of the Fort Smith-Fayetteville DMA precludes stations with transmitters closer to Fort Smith from reaching northern portions of the market ) . KHOG-TV 's transmitter is located near Ed Edwards Road ( southeast of the Fayetteville city limits ) in rural northeastern Washington County . On cable , KHBS/KHOG is available on Cox Communications channel 7 in Fort Smith and Fayetteville ."}]}, {'value': '15 PSIP 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29.1 ABC 15.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Fayetteville is the third-largest city in Arkansas and county seat of Washington County . The city is centrally located within the county and has been home of the University of Arkansas since the institution 's founding in 1871 . Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains , deep within the Ozarks . Known as Washington until 1829 , the city was named after Fayetteville , Tennessee , from which many of the settlers had come . It was incorporated on November 3 , 1836 and was rechartered in 1867 . The four-county Northwest Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area is ranked 105th in terms of population in the United States with 463,204 in 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau . The city had a population of 73,580 at the 2010 Census . Fayetteville is home to the University of Arkansas , the state 's largest university . When classes are in session , thousands of students on campus dramatically change the city 's demographics . Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football , basketball , and baseball games . The University 's men 's track and field program has won 41 national championships to date . Fayetteville was named the third best place to live in the United States in the 2016 U.S. News Best Places To Live Rankings , and one of the best places to retire in the South ."}]}, {'value': 'Hog for the University of Arkansas ( at Fayetteville ) Razorbacks , commonly known locally as The Hogs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHON-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHON-TV', 'summary': "KHON-TV , virtual channel 2 ( VHF digital channel 8 ) , is a dual Fox/CW-affiliated television station licensed to Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate KHII-TV ( channel 9 ) . The two stations share studios at the Haiwaiki Tower on Piikoi and Waimanu Streets in downtown Honolulu ( between the Kaka'ako and Ala Moana districts ) ; KHON 's main transmitter is also located downtown at the Century Center condominium/business complex ( near Kalakaua Avenue and Kapiolani Boulevard , just northwest of the Hawaii Convention Center ) . On cable , KHON-TV is carried on Oceanic Spectrum channel 3 on Oahu and the Big Island , and channel 2 on Maui and Kauai . The station is also available on Hawaiian Telcom channel 2 statewide ."}]}, {'value': '8 PSIP 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1 Fox 8.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu , Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'Hon olulu ; digital subchannel 8.2 brands by its cable channel number , 93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHOU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHOU', 'summary': "KHOU , virtual and VHF digital channel 11 , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Houston , Texas , United States . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. KHOU 's studios are located at 5718 Westheimer Road near Uptown Houston , and its transmitter is located near Missouri City , in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County . During the 2016-17 television season , KHOU became the second-largest ( after sister station and Tegna flagship WUSA in Washington , D.C. ) CBS affiliate ( not owned by the network ) station by market size , after passing Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': '11 PSIP 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hou ston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHQ-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHQ-TV', 'summary': "KHQ-TV , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 15 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Spokane , Washington , United States and also serving Coeur d'Alene , Idaho . The station is the flagship and namesake of the KHQ Television Group , a subsidiary of the locally based Cowles Company , which also owns The Spokesman-Review newspaper . KHQ-TV 's studios are located on West Sprague Avenue in downtown Spokane , and its transmitter is located on Krell Hill southeast of the city . The station also operates a 24-hour sports and weather channel called SWX Right Now on digital subchannel 6.2 . On cable and satellite , KHQ-TV is available in high definition on Comcast Xfinity channel 106 in the Spokane area , Charter Spectrum channel 1203 in the Coeur d'Alene area and the Palouse , and channel 6 ( in both standard and high definition ) on Dish Network and DirecTV . The station is also carried on cable systems in Calgary and Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , both of which are double the size of KHQ 's American coverage area . One result of this is that stations in Calgary and Edmonton air American shows on Pacific Time , even though Calgary and Edmonton are both on Mountain Time . It is one of five local Spokane area television stations seen in Canada on the Shaw Direct satellite service . It can also been seen on local cable systems in eastern British Columbia . KHQ-TV also handles master control and some internal operations for sister stations and fellow NBC affiliates KNDO and KNDU in the Yakima-Tri-Cities market ."}]}, {'value': '15 PSIP 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.1 NBC 15.2 SWX Right Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SWX_Right_Now', 'summary': "SWX Right Now ( Sports and Weather Right Now ) is a regional digital subchannel network broadcasting high school and college sports , and automated weather and news on Cowles Company-owned stations throughout Eastern Washington state , the Idaho Panhandle , and Montana . The channel airs over the secondary signal of Cowles ' three NBC affiliated channels in Eastern Washington , including Spokane 's KHQ , KNDO in Yakima and Richland 's KNDU , as well as the third signal of Billings ' KULR in Montana , and on most cable systems throughout the markets they serve . Normal programming on SWX Right Now includes 3-minute weather briefs called The Weather Authority and sports segments titled SWX Sports Update . Programming carried includes Gonzaga University men 's basketball ; local high school and college football ; Spokane Chiefs hockey ; Spokane Empire indoor football ; and a sports commentary show from a studio located in The Q bar at the Northern Quest Resort & Casino in suburban Airway Heights ."}]}, {'value': 'Spokane , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spokane,_Washington', 'summary': "Spokane ( /ˌspoʊˈkæn/ ( listen ) spoh-KAN ) is a city in Spokane County in the state of Washington in the northwestern United States . It is located in eastern Washington along the Spokane River adjacent to the Selkirk Mountains and west of the Rocky Mountain foothills - 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of the Canada-US border , 18 miles ( 30 km ) west of the Washington-Idaho border , and 279 miles ( 449 km ) east of Seattle along Interstate 90 . Known as the birthplace of Father 's Day , Spokane 's official nickname is the Lilac City . A pink , double flower cultivar of the common lilac , known as Syringa vulgaris 'Spokane ' , is named for the city . It is the seat of Spokane County and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane metropolitan area , the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area , and the Inland Northwest . The city , along with the whole Inland Northwest , is served by Spokane International Airport , 5 miles ( 8 km ) west of downtown Spokane . According to the 2010 Census , Spokane had a population of 208,916 , making it the second-largest city in Washington , and the 100th-largest city in the United States . In 2018 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 219,190 and the population of the Spokane Metropolitan Area at 573,493 . The first people to live in the area , the Spokane tribe ( their name meaning children of the sun in Salishan ) , lived off plentiful game . David Thompson explored the area with the westward expansion and establishment of the North West Company 's Spokane House in 1810 . This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington . Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHQA-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHQA-TV', 'summary': "KHQA-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is a dual CBS/ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Hannibal , Missouri , United States , serving the Tri-State area of northeastern Missouri , western Illinois , and extreme southeastern Iowa . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . KHQA-TV 's studios are located on South 36th Street in Quincy , Illinois , and its transmitter is located northeast of Quincy on Cannonball Road near I-172 ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 CBS 7.2 ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Hannibal , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Hannibal is a city in Marion and Ralls counties in the U.S. state of Missouri . Interstate 72 and U.S . Routes 24 , 36 , and 61 intersect in the city , which is located along the Mississippi River across from East Hannibal , Illinois . Hannibal is approximately 210 miles ( 340 km ) east of Kansas City , 100 miles ( 160 km ) northwest of St. Louis , and approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of Springfield , Illinois . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 17,606 , making it the largest city in Marion County . The bulk of the city is in Marion County , with a tiny sliver in the south extending into Ralls County . Hannibal is not the county seat , but it has one of two county courthouses . There is also one in Palmyra , the county seat , which is located more centrally in the county . Hannibal is the principal city of the Hannibal , Missouri micropolitan area , which consists of both Marion and Ralls counties .'}]}, {'value': 'K eokuk- H annibal- Q uincy A rea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHRR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHRR', 'summary': "KHRR , virtual channel 40 ( UHF digital channel 16 ) , is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station licensed to Tucson , Arizona , United States . The station is owned by the Telemundo Station Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) . KHRR 's studios are located on North Stone Avenue in downtown Tucson , and its transmitter is located atop the Tucson Mountains . Although identifying as a separate station in its own right , KHRR is considered a semi-satellite of KTAZ ( channel 39 ) in Phoenix . As such , it simulcasts all Telemundo programming as provided through its parent , but airs separate commercial inserts and legal identifications , and has its own website . Local newscasts , produced by KTAZ and branded as Noticiero Telemundo Arizona , are simulcast on both stations . Although KHRR maintains its own facilities , master control and most internal operations are based at KTAZ 's studios on South 33rd Place in Phoenix ."}]}, {'value': '16 PSIP 40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telemundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telemundo', 'summary': "Telemundo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ teleˈmundo ] ( listen ) ; formerly NetSpan ) is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by Comcast through NBCUniversal . It is the second-largest provider of Spanish-language content nationally behind American competitor Univision , with programming syndicated worldwide to more than 100 countries in over 35 languages . The channel broadcasts programs and original content aimed at Latin American audiences in the United States and worldwide , consisting of telenovelas , sports , reality television , news programming and films - either imported or Spanish-dubbed . In addition , Telemundo operates NBC Universo , a separate channel directed towards young Hispanic audiences ; Telemundo Digital Media , which distributes original programming content across mass media , the Telemundo and NBC Universo websites ; Puerto Rico free-to-air station WKAQ-TV ; and international distribution arm Telemundo Internacional . Telemundo is headquartered in Miami and operates a studio and productions facility in the Miami suburb of Beacon Lakes , and has 1,900 employees worldwide . The majority of Telemundo 's programs are filmed at an operated studio facility in Miami , where 85% of the network 's telenovelas were filmed during 2011 . The average hourly primetime drama costs $ 70K to produce ."}]}, {'value': 'Tucson , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona', 'summary': "Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn , tuːˈsɒn/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and is home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second most-populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles ( 174 km ) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of the U.S.-Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 58th largest metropolitan area in the United States ( 2014 ) . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south . Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón . It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 . The United States acquired Tucson via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8 , 1854 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHSD-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHSD-TV', 'summary': "KOTA-TV , virtual channel 3 ( VHF digital channel 7 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Rapid City , South Dakota , United States . Owned by Gray Television , it is a sister station to low-powered Fox affiliate KEVN-LD , channel 7 ( which is simulcast on KOTA-TV 's second digital subchannel ) . The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on Skyline Drive in Rapid City . KOTA-TV operates two full-power satellite stations : KHSD-TV ( virtual channel 11 , VHF digital channel 5 ) in Lead , South Dakota ( which can also be seen over the air in Rapid City ) , with transmitter atop Terry Peak , and KSGW-TV ( virtual channel 12 , VHF digital channel 13 ) in Sheridan , Wyoming , with transmitter on Bosin Rock . KOTA serves a large area in western South Dakota , eastern Montana , eastern Wyoming and the Nebraska panhandle . It calls its vast coverage area KOTA Territory ."}]}, {'value': '5 PSIP 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Lead , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lead,_South_Dakota', 'summary': "Lead ( /ˈliːd/ LEED ) is a city in Lawrence County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 3,124 at the 2010 census . Lead is located in western South Dakota , in the Black Hills near the Wyoming state line . Lead 's proximity to Deadwood , South Dakota , often leads to the two cities being collectively named Lead-Deadwood . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcasts KOTA-TV Rapid City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KHSL-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KHSL-TV', 'summary': "KHSL-TV , virtual channel 12 ( UHF digital channel 36 ) , is a dual CBS/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Chico , California , United States and also serving Redding . The station is owned by Allen Media Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Los Angeles-based Entertainment Studios , which also operates NBC affiliate KNVN ( channel 24 , also licensed to Chico ) under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) with owner Maxair Media . The two stations share studios at the corner of Eaton and Silverbell Road on the northwest side of Chico ; KHSL 's transmitter is located along Cohasset Road in rural Butte County northwest of Paradise ."}]}, {'value': '36 PSIP 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.1 CBS 43.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Chico , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico,_California', 'summary': "Chico ( /ˈtʃiːkoʊ/ CHEE-koh ) is the most populous city in Butte County , California , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 86,187 , reflecting an increase of 26,233 from the 59,954 counted in the 2000 Census . Following the 2018 Camp Fire that destroyed much of the neighboring town of Paradise , the population of Chico surged as many people who lost their homes in the fire moved to Chico . In 2018 , the California Department of Finance estimated the population of Chico is 111,706 , an increase of more than 20% from the 2018 population estimate . Chico is now the largest city in California north of Sacramento . The city is the cultural , economic , and educational center of the northern Sacramento Valley and home to both California State University , Chico and Bidwell Park , the country 's 26th largest municipal park and the 13th largest municipally-owned park . Bidwell Park makes up over 17% of the city . Other cities in close proximity to the Chico Metropolitan Area ( population 212,000 ) include Paradise and Oroville , while local towns and villages ( unincorporated areas ) include Durham , Cohasset , Dayton , Nord , and Forest Ranch . The Chico Metropolitan Area is the 14th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in California . The nickname City of Roses appears on the Seal of the City of Chico . The city has been designated a Tree City USA for 31 years by the National Arbor Day Foundation ."}]}, {'value': 'Digital subchannel 43.2 by its cable channel number , 10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'KH', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of full-power television stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letter K. Low-power TV stations, those with designations such as KAGN-LP or K11XQ, have not been included in this list. See also the list of TV stations beginning with W and the list of TV stations beginning with X.'} | null | null | What is the extremity in direction of the city of KHET within the United States ? | westernmost and southernmost |
0b3e9226d48761d6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Byways', 'title': 'List of Virginia Byways', 'header': ['County', 'Route', 'Endpoints', 'Designated', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fairfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax_County,_VA', 'summary': "Fairfax County , officially the County of Fairfax is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . Part of Northern Virginia , Fairfax County borders both the City of Alexandria and Arlington County and forms part of the suburban ring of Washington , D.C . The county is thus predominantly suburban in character , with some urban and rural pockets . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,081,726 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 1,150,795 , making it the Commonwealth 's most populous jurisdiction , with around 13% of Virginia 's population . The county is also the most populous jurisdiction in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , with around 20% of the MSA population , as well as the larger Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area , with around 13% of the CSA population . The county seat is the City of Fairfax , though because it is an independent city under Virginia law , the city of Fairfax is not part of Fairfax County . Fairfax was the first U.S. county to reach a six-figure median household income and has the second-highest median household income of any county-level local jurisdiction in the United States after neighbor Loudoun County . The county is home to the headquarters of intelligence agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency , National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency , and National Reconnaissance Office , as well as the National Counterterrorism Center and Office of the Director of National Intelligence . The county is also home to seven Fortune 500 companies , including three with Falls Church addresses ; although Falls Church is its own independent municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 193 ( Georgetown Pike )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_193', 'summary': 'State Route 193 ( SR 193 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Georgetown Pike , the state highway runs 11.79 mi ( 18.97 km ) from SR 7 in Dranesville east to SR 123 in Langley . SR 193 passes through Great Falls and meets Interstate 495 ( I-495 ) in McLean . The state highway was designated the first Virginia Byway for its scenic value in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 7 ( Leesburg Pike ) at Dranesville to SR 123 ( Dolley Madison Boulevard ) at Langley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_7_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 7 ( SR 7 ) is a major primary state highway and busy commuter route in northern Virginia , United States . It travels southeast from downtown Winchester to SR 400 ( Washington Street ) in downtown Alexandria . Its route largely parallels those of the Washington & Old Dominion Trail ( W & OD Trail ) and the Potomac River . Between its western terminus and I-395 , SR 7 is part of the National Highway System .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dranesville,_VA', 'summary': "Dranesville is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . Dranesville is located on the Leesburg Pike ( State Route 7 ) at its intersection with Georgetown Pike ( State Route 193 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau defines Dranesville as a census-designated place ( CDP ) with a population of 11,921 as of 2010 . The town is named for Washington Drane , a settler who moved there from the District of Columbia in 1810 and began the operation of Drane 's Tavern . The Dranesville Tavern is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_123_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 123 ( SR 123 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 29.27 miles ( 47.11 km ) from U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Woodbridge north to the Chain Bridge across the Potomac River into Washington from Arlington . It goes by three local names . From its southern terminus to the Occoquan River Bridge , it is known as Gordon Boulevard . From the Occoquan River Bridge to the city of Fairfax it is known as Ox Road . From Fairfax to its intersection with I-495 in Tysons Corner it is known as Chain Bridge Road . East of Tysons , it is known as Dolley Madison Boulevard . SR 123 is a partial circumferential highway in Northern Virginia that connects Woodbridge in eastern Prince William County with the independent city of Fairfax and the Fairfax County communities of Vienna , Tysons Corner , and McLean , the last being the home of the National Counterterrorism Center and the Central Intelligence Agency . The state highway also connects all of the major highways that radiate from Washington , including Interstate 95 , I-66 , US 29 , US 50 , SR 267 , and the George Washington Memorial Parkway . Furthermore , SR 123 crosses another pair of circumferential highways , I-495 and the Fairfax County Parkway , and SR 7 , a major northwest-southeast highway through Northern Virginia . The state highway is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Langley,_VA', 'summary': "Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . Langley is often used as a metonym for the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , as it is home to its headquarters , the George Bush Center for Intelligence . The land which makes up Langley today once belonged to Thomas Lee , former Crown Governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1749 to 1750 . Lees land was named Langley in honor of Langley Hall , which was part of the Lee home estate in Shropshire , England . In 1839 , 700 acres ( 283 ha ) of land was purchased by Benjamin Mackall from the Lee family , while keeping the name . [ citation needed ] The community was essentially absorbed into McLean many years ago , although there is still a Langley High School . In addition to being a bedroom community for Washington , D.C. and home to the CIA 's headquarters , the area is the site of the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center of the Federal Highway Administration and the Claude Moore Colonial Farm of the National Park Service ."}]}, {'value': 'June 20 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Very winding , highly used commuter route', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles City / Henrico / James City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_City_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Charles City County is a historic county located in the U.S. commonwealth of Virginia . The county is situated southeast of Richmond and west of Jamestown . It is bounded on the south by the James River and on the east by the Chickahominy River . The area that would become Charles City County was first established as Charles Cittie by the Virginia Company in 1619 . It was one of the first four boroughs of Virginia , and was named in honor of Prince Charles , who would later become King Charles I of England . After Virginia became a royal colony , the borough was changed to Charles City Shire in 1634 , as one of the five original Shires of Virginia . It acquired the present name of Charles City County in 1643 . In the 21st century , Charles City County is part of the Greater Richmond Region of the state of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the county population was 7,256 ; it is still relatively rural and one of smaller counties in Virginia by population . Its county seat is the community of Charles City . Notable natives include the 9th and 10th Presidents of the United States , William Henry Harrison and John Tyler .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrico_County,_VA', 'summary': "Henrico County ( formerly Henrico Shire ) /hɛnˈraɪkoʊ/ , officially the County of Henrico , is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 306,935 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 329,261 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Virginia and the sixth-most populous county-equivalent in Virginia . Henrico County is included in the Greater Richmond Region . There is no incorporated community within Henrico County , therefore , there is no incorporated county seat either . Laurel , an unincorporated CDP , serves this function . Named after the Citie of Henricus , Henrico was organized in 1634 as one of the eight original Shires of Virginia . It is one of the United States ' oldest counties . The City of Richmond was officially part of Henrico County until 1842 , when it became a fully independent city . The present-day Henrico County curves around the City of Richmond , surrounding it to the west , the north , and the east . The county is bounded by the Chickahominy River to the north and the James River and Richmond to the south . Richmond Raceway is in the central portion of Henrico County near Mechanicsville , just north of the Richmond city limits ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_City_County,_VA', 'summary': "James City County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 67,009 . Although politically separate from the county , the county seat is the adjacent independent city of Williamsburg . Located on the Virginia Peninsula , James City County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is often associated with Williamsburg , an independent city , and Jamestown which is within the county . As of 2007 [ update ] , the median household income was $ 70,487 . First settled by the English colonists in 1607 at Jamestown in the Virginia Colony , the County was formally created in 1634 as James City Shire by order of King Charles I. James City County is considered one of only five original shires of Virginia to still be extant today in essentially the same political form . The Jamestown 2007 celebration marked the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown . James City County is home to the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park , the Kingsmill Resort , and the Williamsburg Pottery Factory . The Historic Jamestowne and Jamestown Settlement attractions combine with Colonial Williamsburg , and are linked to Yorktown by the National Park Service 's Colonial Parkway . Tourism is a major part of the region 's economy , as is high technology . The College of William and Mary is nearby , as well as NASA , Jefferson Laboratory , and numerous defense contractors , giving the region the highest concentration of scientists and engineers per capita in the nation ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 5 ( New Market Road / John Tyler Highway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_5', 'summary': "State Route 5 ( SR 5 ) runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg in the U.S. state of Virginia . Between Charles City County and James City County , it crosses the Chickahominy River via the Judith Stewart Dresser Bridge , a fixed-span bridge which replaced historic Barrett 's Ferry and the former drawbridge . The entire length of SR 5 outside Richmond and Williamsburg is a Virginia Byway ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond to Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_VA', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871 . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 204,214 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 228,783 , making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state . Richmond is at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles ( 71 km ) west of Williamsburg , 66 miles ( 106 km ) east of Charlottesville , 91 miles ( 146 km ) east of Lynchburg and 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of Washington , D.C . Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Chesterfield to the south , Varina to the southeast , Sandston to the east , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast . The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 , replacing Williamsburg . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Williamsburg,_VA', 'summary': "Williamsburg is a city in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 14,068 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 14,896 . Located on the Virginia Peninsula , Williamsburg is in the northern part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . It is bordered by James City County and York County . Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation , a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers . The city served as the capital of the Colony and Commonwealth of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution . The College of William & Mary , established in 1693 , is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South ; its alumni include three U.S. Presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation 's early history . The city 's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg , the restored Historic Area of the city . Along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown , Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle , which attracts more than four million tourists each year . Modern Williamsburg is also a college town , inhabited in large part by William & Mary students and staff ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21 , 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of U.S. Bike Route 76 east of SR 156', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Bike_Route_76', 'summary': 'U.S . Bicycle Route 76 ( USBR 76 ) is a cross-country bicycle route east of Kansas in the United States . It is one of the two original U.S . Bicycle Routes , the other being U.S . Bicycle Route 1 . U.S . Bicycle Route 76 runs from the Midwestern state of Missouri to the eastern seaboard state of Virginia . It is also known as the TransAmerica Bike Route and is contained within the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail . A spur , U.S . Bicycle Route 176 , was established in Virginia in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_156_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 156 ( SR 156 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 57.38 miles ( 92.34 km ) from U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) and SR 35 in Templeton north to US 360 Business in Mechanicsville . SR 156 follows a circuitous route through the eastern part of the Richmond-Petersburg metropolitan area . South of the James River , the state highway connects Templeton in Prince George County with Hopewell , which is directly served by SR 156 Business . SR 156 crosses the James River on the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge and briefly passes through Charles City County . For most of its length in Henrico and Hanover , the state highway is a rural road that provides access to several units of Richmond National Battlefield Park . However , SR 156 provides access to Richmond International Airport , Interstate 64 , and I-295 as it passes through the Richmond suburbs of Sandston and Highland Springs as a major highway .'}]}, {'value': 'Albemarle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 20 ( Scottsville Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_20', 'summary': 'State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 89.79 miles ( 144.50 km ) from U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) in Dillwyn north to SR 3 in Wilderness . SR 20 is a C-shaped route that connects Charlottesville with Farmville ( via US 15 ) in Southside Virginia . The state highway also links Charlottesville to Fredericksburg ( via SR 3 ) by way of Orange County , within which SR 20 is the main east-west highway and intersects US 15 again in the county seat of Orange . SR 20 is a Virginia Byway from Scottsville to Orange .'}]}, {'value': 'I-64 south of Charlottesville to James River in Scottsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I-64_(VA)', 'summary': 'Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia runs east-west through the middle of the state from West Virginia to the Hampton Roads region , for a total of 299 miles ( 481 km ) . It is notable for crossing the mouth of the harbor of Hampton Roads on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel , the first bridge-tunnel to incorporate artificial islands . ( Concurrent with US Route 60 ) . Also noteworthy is a section through Rockfish Gap , a wind gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains , which was equipped with an innovative system of airport-style runway lighting embedded into the pavement to aid motorists during periods of poor visibility due to fog or other conditions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_VA', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_River', 'summary': "The James River is a river in the U.S. state of Virginia that begins in the Appalachian Mountains and flows 348 miles ( 560 km ) to Chesapeake Bay . The river length extends to 444 miles ( 715 km ) if one includes the Jackson River , the longer of its two source tributaries . It is the longest river in Virginia and the 12th longest river in the United States that remains entirely within a single state . Jamestown and Williamsburg , Virginias first colonial capitals , and Richmond , Virginia 's current capital , lie on the James River ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottsville,_VA', 'summary': 'Scottsville is a town in Albemarle and Fluvanna counties in the U.S. state of Virginia . The population was 566 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway ( designated October 16 , 2009 ) north of SR 53', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway', 'summary': "A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation for one or more of six intrinsic qualities : archeological , cultural , historic , natural , recreational , and scenic . The program was established by Congress in 1991 to preserve and protect the nation 's scenic but often less-traveled roads and promote tourism and economic development . The National Scenic Byways Program ( NSBP ) is administered by the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) . The most scenic byways are designated All-American Roads , which must meet two out of the six intrinsic qualities . The designation means they have features that do not exist elsewhere in the United States and are unique and important enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves . As of November 2010 , there are 120 National Scenic Byways and 31 All-American Roads , located in 46 states ( all except Hawaii , Nebraska , Rhode Island , and Texas ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_53_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 53 ( SR 53 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Thomas Jefferson Parkway , the state highway runs 18.32 miles ( 29.48 km ) from SR 20 near Charlottesville east to U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) in Palmyra . SR 53 connects the county seats of Albemarle and Fluvanna counties . The state highway also provides access to the community of Lake Monticello and Monticello , the estate of Thomas Jefferson . The route of SR 53 became a state highway in 1930 ; the highway receives its present designation in 1947 .'}]}, {'value': 'Albemarle / Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelson_County,_VA', 'summary': "Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was estimated to be 15,020 . Its county seat is Lovingston . Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nelson County is home to Wintergreen Resort , a local ski area ; Swannanoa mansion and is the location of Walton 's Mountain made famous by the television show , The Waltons . Nelson County is also home to ten wineries , five craft breweries , two cideries , two distilleries , many fruit orchards and Crabtree Falls ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 6 / SR 151 ( Irish Road / River Road / Rockfish Valley Highway / Critzers Shop Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_6', 'summary': "State Route 6 ( SR 6 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known for most of its length as River Road , the state highway runs 102.26 miles ( 164.57 km ) from U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) in Afton east to SR 161 in Richmond . SR 6 is one of the main highways of mountainous Nelson County , where the highway runs north-south from its beginning to US 29 . From Scottsville to Richmond , the state highway parallels the James River . SR 6 is a major suburban highway through southwestern Henrico County and the main street of Richmond 's West End . SR 6 is a Virginia Byway from SR 151 at Avon to SR 650 near Manakin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_151', 'summary': 'State Route 151 ( SR 151 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 35.22 miles ( 56.68 km ) from U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) at Buffalo Hill north to US 250 at Critzers Shop . SR 151 traverses the Blue Ridge foothills of western Nelson County , where the highway provides access to the Wintergreen Resort .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 20 in Scottsville to US 250 near Critzers Shop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_20_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 89.79 miles ( 144.50 km ) from U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) in Dillwyn north to SR 3 in Wilderness . SR 20 is a C-shaped route that connects Charlottesville with Farmville ( via US 15 ) in Southside Virginia . The state highway also links Charlottesville to Fredericksburg ( via SR 3 ) by way of Orange County , within which SR 20 is the main east-west highway and intersects US 15 again in the county seat of Orange . SR 20 is a Virginia Byway from Scottsville to Orange .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottsville,_VA', 'summary': 'Scottsville is a town in Albemarle and Fluvanna counties in the U.S. state of Virginia . The population was 566 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_250_(VA)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the highway runs 166.74 miles ( 268.34 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond . US 250 is the main east-west highway of Highland County , which is known as Virginia 's Little Switzerland ; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike . From Staunton east to Richmond , the highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) , roughly following the 18th century Three Notch 'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley , its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap , and the Piedmont . In the Richmond metropolitan area , US 250 is known as Broad Street , a major thoroughfare through the city 's West End and downtown areas ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_County,_VA', 'summary': "Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was estimated to be 15,020 . Its county seat is Lovingston . Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nelson County is home to Wintergreen Resort , a local ski area ; Swannanoa mansion and is the location of Walton 's Mountain made famous by the television show , The Waltons . Nelson County is also home to ten wineries , five craft breweries , two cideries , two distilleries , many fruit orchards and Crabtree Falls ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 56 ( Crabtree Falls Highway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_56', 'summary': 'State Route 56 ( SR 56 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 60.87 miles ( 97.96 km ) from U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) at Steeles Tavern east to US 60 near Buckingham . SR 56 is the main east-west highway of Nelson County . The state highway connects the county seat of Lovingston with Buckingham to the east and the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah Valley to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Ridge Parkway at Tye River Gap to SR 151 near Roseland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway', 'summary': "The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All-American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . Both Skyline Drive and the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway are part of Virginia State Route 48 , though this designation is not signed . The parkway has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except three ( 1949 , 2013 , and 2016 ) . Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , and in many places parkway land is bordered by United States Forest Service property . The parkway was on North Carolina 's version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_151_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 151 ( SR 151 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 35.22 miles ( 56.68 km ) from U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) at Buffalo Hill north to US 250 at Critzers Shop . SR 151 traverses the Blue Ridge foothills of western Nelson County , where the highway provides access to the Wintergreen Resort .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roseland,_VA', 'summary': 'Roseland is an unincorporated community in Nelson County , Virginia , United States . It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Robert Rose was the founder and planted roses all across the area . Roseland is home to the Devils Backbone Brewing Company .'}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_County,_VA', 'summary': "Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was estimated to be 15,020 . Its county seat is Lovingston . Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nelson County is home to Wintergreen Resort , a local ski area ; Swannanoa mansion and is the location of Walton 's Mountain made famous by the television show , The Waltons . Nelson County is also home to ten wineries , five craft breweries , two cideries , two distilleries , many fruit orchards and Crabtree Falls ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 151 ( Patrick Henry Highway / Rockfish Valley Highway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_151', 'summary': 'State Route 151 ( SR 151 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 35.22 miles ( 56.68 km ) from U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) at Buffalo Hill north to US 250 at Critzers Shop . SR 151 traverses the Blue Ridge foothills of western Nelson County , where the highway provides access to the Wintergreen Resort .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 56 near Roseland to SR 6 at Martins Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_56_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 56 ( SR 56 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 60.87 miles ( 97.96 km ) from U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) at Steeles Tavern east to US 60 near Buckingham . SR 56 is the main east-west highway of Nelson County . The state highway connects the county seat of Lovingston with Buckingham to the east and the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah Valley to the west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roseland,_VA', 'summary': 'Roseland is an unincorporated community in Nelson County , Virginia , United States . It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Robert Rose was the founder and planted roses all across the area . Roseland is home to the Devils Backbone Brewing Company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_6_(VA)', 'summary': "State Route 6 ( SR 6 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known for most of its length as River Road , the state highway runs 102.26 miles ( 164.57 km ) from U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) in Afton east to SR 161 in Richmond . SR 6 is one of the main highways of mountainous Nelson County , where the highway runs north-south from its beginning to US 29 . From Scottsville to Richmond , the state highway parallels the James River . SR 6 is a major suburban highway through southwestern Henrico County and the main street of Richmond 's West End . SR 6 is a Virginia Byway from SR 151 at Avon to SR 650 near Manakin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martins_Store,_VA', 'summary': 'Martins Store is an unincorporated community in Nelson County , Virginia , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_VA', 'summary': "Rockbridge County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 22,307 . Its county seat is Lexington . The independent cities of Buena Vista ( 6,680 ) and Lexington ( 7,170 ) are both enclaved within the county 's geographical borders ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 39 ( Maury River Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_39', 'summary': 'State Route 39 ( SR 39 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 59.17 miles ( 95.22 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Mountain Grove , where the highway continues as West Virginia Route 39 ( WV 39 ) , east to U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in East Lexington . SR 39 connects Lexington with several communities formed around hot springs in Bath County . In Rockbridge County , the state highway passes through the town of Goshen and Goshen Pass , a gorge formed by the Maury River . All of SR 39 is a Virginia Byway .'}]}, {'value': 'US 11 near East Lexington to SR 42 in Goshen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a north-south United States highway that traverses through western Virginia , parallel to Interstate 81 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Lexington,_VA', 'summary': 'East Lexington is a census-designated place in Rockbridge County , Virginia . The population at the 2010 Census was 1,463 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_42_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 42 ( SR 42 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Running parallel to and west of Interstate 81 , SR 42 consists of three sections with gaps filled by secondary routes in between . Some of SR 42 lies along the old Fincastle Turnpike . Another major piece , from near Clifton Forge to Buffalo Gap , parallels the old Virginia Central Railroad .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Goshen,_VA', 'summary': 'Goshen is a town in Rockbridge County , Virginia , United States . The population was 361 in the 2010 census . The town is known for hosting Goshen Scout Reservation , one of the largest Boy Scout camps in America .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarke / Frederick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarke_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Clarke County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 14,034 . Its county seat is Berryville . Clarke County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frederick_County,_VA', 'summary': "Frederick County is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 78,305 . Its county seat is Winchester . The county was formed in 1743 by the splitting of Orange County . It is Virginia 's northernmost county . Frederick County is included in the Winchester , VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 723 ( Millwood Road / Carpers Valley Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_723', 'summary': 'State Route 723 ( SR 723 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 723 .'}]}, {'value': 'US 17 / US 50 near Berrys to US 17 / US 50 southeast of Winchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_17_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Punta Gorda , Florida to Winchester , Virginia . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 255.83 miles ( 411.72 km ) from the North Carolina state line in Chesapeake north to its northern terminus at US 11 , US 50 , and US 522 in Winchester . US 17 is a major highway in the eastern half of Virginia . The U.S. Highway connects the Albemarle Region of North Carolina with the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . Within the urban area , US 17 passes through the South Hampton Roads cities of Chesapeake , Portsmouth , and Suffolk and the Virginia Peninsula city of Newport News . Between Yorktown and Fredericksburg , the U.S. Highway serves as the primary highway of the Middle Peninsula . At Fredericksburg , US 17 leaves the Atlantic coastal plain ; the highway passes through the Piedmont town of Warrenton and crosses the Blue Ridge Mountains on its way to Winchester in the Shenandoah Valley.The route from Tappahannock to Winchester roughly follows the Confederate March during the Civil War to Gettysburg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_50_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) is a transcontinental highway which stretches from Ocean City , Maryland to West Sacramento , California . In the U.S. state of Virginia , US 50 extends 86 miles ( 138 km ) from the border with Washington DC at a Potomac River crossing at Rosslyn in Arlington County to the West Virginia state line near Gore in Frederick County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Berrys,_VA', 'summary': "Berrys is an unincorporated community on the Shenandoah River in Clarke County , Virginia . Berrys was originally known as Berry 's Ferry for the ferry operated there . Today , Harry Flood Byrd Bridge spans the Shenandoah at Berrys carrying U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 17 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winchester,_VA', 'summary': "Winchester is an independent city located in the northern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia , United States . It is the county seat of Frederick County , although the two are separate jurisdictions . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Winchester with surrounding Frederick County for statistical purposes . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 26,203 . As of 2018 , its population is an estimated 28,108 . Winchester is the principal city of the Winchester , Virginia-West Virginia , metropolitan statistical area , which is a part of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . Winchester is home to Shenandoah University and the Museum of the Shenandoah Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former alignment of US 50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bath / Rockbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_County,_VA', 'summary': "Bath County is a United States county located on the central western border of the Commonwealth of Virginia , on the West Virginia state line . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,731 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated at 4,292 , it the second-least populous county in Virginia . Bath 's county seat is Warm Springs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_VA', 'summary': "Rockbridge County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 22,307 . Its county seat is Lexington . The independent cities of Buena Vista ( 6,680 ) and Lexington ( 7,170 ) are both enclaved within the county 's geographical borders ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 39 ( Mountain Valley Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_39', 'summary': 'State Route 39 ( SR 39 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 59.17 miles ( 95.22 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Mountain Grove , where the highway continues as West Virginia Route 39 ( WV 39 ) , east to U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in East Lexington . SR 39 connects Lexington with several communities formed around hot springs in Bath County . In Rockbridge County , the state highway passes through the town of Goshen and Goshen Pass , a gorge formed by the Maury River . All of SR 39 is a Virginia Byway .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 42 in Goshen to West Virginia state line at Ryder Gap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_42_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 42 ( SR 42 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Running parallel to and west of Interstate 81 , SR 42 consists of three sections with gaps filled by secondary routes in between . Some of SR 42 lies along the old Fincastle Turnpike . Another major piece , from near Clifton Forge to Buffalo Gap , parallels the old Virginia Central Railroad .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Goshen,_VA', 'summary': 'Goshen is a town in Rockbridge County , Virginia , United States . The population was 361 in the 2010 census . The town is known for hosting Goshen Scout Reservation , one of the largest Boy Scout camps in America .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'October 27 , 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tazewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tazewell_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Tazewell County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 45,078 . Its county seat is Tazewell . Tazewell County is part of the Bluefield , WV-VA Micropolitan Statistical Area . Its economy was dependent on coal and iron of the Pocahontas Fields from the late 19th into the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 623 ( Burkes Garden Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_623_(Tazewell_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 623 ( SR 623 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 623 .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 61 at Gratton to SR 667 in Burkes Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_61_(VA)', 'summary': "State Route 61 ( SR 61 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 48.16 miles ( 77.51 km ) from SR 16 in Tazewell east to U.S. Route 460 ( US 460 ) in Narrows . SR 61 passes through several narrow creek valleys as it parallels the West Virginia state line through Tazewell , Bland , and Giles counties . The only sizeable community between the highway 's endpoints is Rocky Gap , where the highway meets US 52 and Interstate 77 ( I-77 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gratton,_VA', 'summary': 'Gratton is a census-designated place in Tazewell County , Virginia . The population as of the 2010 census was 937 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Burkes_Garden', 'summary': "Burke 's Garden is an upland valley and unincorporated community in Tazewell County , Virginia , USA ."}]}, {'value': 'June 22 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albemarle / Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelson_County,_VA', 'summary': "Nelson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was estimated to be 15,020 . Its county seat is Lovingston . Nelson County is part of the Charlottesville , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nelson County is home to Wintergreen Resort , a local ski area ; Swannanoa mansion and is the location of Walton 's Mountain made famous by the television show , The Waltons . Nelson County is also home to ten wineries , five craft breweries , two cideries , two distilleries , many fruit orchards and Crabtree Falls ."}]}, {'value': 'US 250 ( Ivy Road / Rockfish Gap Turnpike )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_250_in_Virginia', 'summary': "U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the highway runs 166.74 miles ( 268.34 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond . US 250 is the main east-west highway of Highland County , which is known as Virginia 's Little Switzerland ; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike . From Staunton east to Richmond , the highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) , roughly following the 18th century Three Notch 'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley , its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap , and the Piedmont . In the Richmond metropolitan area , US 250 is known as Broad Street , a major thoroughfare through the city 's West End and downtown areas ."}]}, {'value': 'US 29 near Charlottesville to Blue Ridge Parkway / Skyline Drive at Rockfish Gap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_29_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) is a major north-south route in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It covers 248 miles ( 399 km ) from the North Carolina border at the city of Danville to the Key Bridge in Washington , D.C . US 29 roughly bisects Virginia into eastern and western halves , and along with Interstate 81 in western Virginia , and 85/95 farther east , provides one of the major north-south routes through the Commonwealth . Since 1928 , when Virginia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 64 , much of US 29 in Virginia is known as the Seminole Trail . Through Northern Virginia , it is known as Lee Highway , except in Falls Church , where it acts as the east/west divider for city streets and is called North or South Washington Street . On April 7 , 1993 the Virginia General Assembly officially designated the entire length of US 29 from the North Carolina border to the Potomac River as the 29th Infantry Division Memorial Highway in honor of that Army unit , which , along with the 1st Infantry Division , formed the spearhead of the American infantry that landed on the morning of June 6 , 1944 on Omaha Beach in Normandy as part of the invasion of France to liberate that country during World War II . These divisions next fought their way across France , and into Germany . In addition , the name of this highway serves to honor many members of the Virginia Army National Guard who serve as part of this National Guard Division today . Signs indicating this designation have been placed periodically on both sides of US 29 . For most of its route through Virginia , US 29 has been constructed to be at least four lanes along its route , with the two short exceptions being where the highway passes through Manassas National Battlefield Park , where it is two lanes wide for approximately three miles , and through Fairfax and Arlington counties , where it is sometimes wider .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_VA', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway', 'summary': "The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All-American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . Both Skyline Drive and the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway are part of Virginia State Route 48 , though this designation is not signed . The parkway has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except three ( 1949 , 2013 , and 2016 ) . Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , and in many places parkway land is bordered by United States Forest Service property . The parkway was on North Carolina 's version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Skyline_Drive', 'summary': "Skyline Drive is a 105-mile ( 169 km ) road that runs the entire length of the National Park Service 's Shenandoah National Park in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia , generally along the ridge of the mountains . The drive 's northern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 340 ( US 340 ) near Front Royal , and the southern terminus is at an interchange with US 250 near Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) in Rockfish Gap , where the road continues south as the Blue Ridge Parkway . The road has intermediate interchanges with US 211 in Thornton Gap and US 33 in Swift Run Gap . Skyline Drive is part of Virginia State Route 48 , which also includes the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway , but this designation is not signed . A park entrance fee is charged at the four access points to the drive . Skyline Drive is a two-lane road that has 75 overlooks providing views of the Shenandoah Valley to the west and the Piedmont to the east . The drive provides access to numerous trails , including the Appalachian Trail , and it is also used for biking and horseback riding . Skyline Drive is the main road through Shenandoah National Park and has access to campgrounds , visitor centers , and resorts such as Skyland Resort and Big Meadows . The scenic drive is particularly popular in the fall for leaf peeping when the leaves are changing colors . Skyline Drive is designated a National Scenic Byway and a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Plans for the road date back to 1924 when a national park was planned in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and the main feature was to be a sky-line drive providing views of the surrounding land . President Herbert Hoover , who had a summer home at Rapidan Camp , called for the construction of the road ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockfish_Gap', 'summary': 'Rockfish Gap is a wind gap located in the Blue Ridge Mountains between Charlottesville and Waynesboro , Virginia , United States , through Afton Mountain , which is frequently used to refer to the gap . Joining the Shenandoah Valley to the Piedmont region of the state , it is the site of the mountain crossing of Interstate 64 , U.S. Route 250 , and the former Blue Ridge Railroad which later became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and is currently part of the CSX line . With an elevation of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) , it is one of the lowest gaps between Manassas Gap and the James River . Rockfish Gap lies along a drainage divide between southeast-flowing streams that drain to the James River and northwest-flowing streams in the Shenandoah River system . The scenic Skyline Drive , which runs north through Shenandoah National Park to Front Royal , and the Blue Ridge Parkway , which runs south to a point near Cherokee , North Carolina , each generally following the mountain ridgetops , meet a short distance north of Rockfish Gap ( such that the roadway on the bridge over the gap is actually part of the Blue Ridge Parkway ) . The Appalachian Trail also passes through the gap .'}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Culpeper / Fauquier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culpeper_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Culpeper County is a county in the central region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 46,689 . Its county seat and only incorporated community is Culpeper . Culpeper County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fauquier_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Fauquier /fɔːˈkɪər/ is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 65,203 . The county seat is Warrenton . Fauquier County is in Northern Virginia and is a part of the Washington metropolitan area . The county is one of the fastest-growing and highest-income counties in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 802 ( Springs Road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SR 229 near Jeffersonton to US 17 Bus . / US 29 Bus . in Warrenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_229_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 229 ( SR 229 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known for most of its length as Rixeyville Road , the state highway runs 14.66 miles ( 23.59 km ) from U.S. Route 15 Business and US 29 Business in Culpeper north to US 211 near Waterloo . SR 229 connects Culpeper with Catalpa and Rixeyville in northern Culpeper County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeffersonton,_VA', 'summary': 'Jeffersonton is an unincorporated community in Culpeper County , Virginia , United States . Jeffersonton is 12.2 miles ( 19.6 km ) north-northeast of Culpeper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_17_Business_(Warrenton,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'A total of at least twenty-three special routes of U.S. Route 17 have existed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Warrenton,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Several special routes of U.S. Route 29 exist . In order from south to north they are as follows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Warrenton,_VA', 'summary': 'Warrenton is a town in Fauquier County , Virginia , United States . The population was 9,611 at the 2010 census , up from 6,670 at the 2000 census . The estimated population in 2018 was 9,937 . Warrenton is the county seat of Fauquier County . It is at the junction of U.S. Route 15 , U.S. Route 17 , U.S. Route 29 , and U.S. Route 211 . The town is in the Piedmont region of Virginia , east of the Blue Ridge Mountains . The well-known Airlie Conference Center is 3 miles ( 5 km ) north of Warrenton , and the historic Vint Hill Farms military facility is 9 miles ( 14 km ) east . Fauquier Hospital is located in the town . Surrounded by Virginia wine and horse country , Warrenton is a popular destination outside Washington , D.C. Warrenton shares some services with the county , such as schools and the county landfill . The area was home to Bethel Military Academy .'}]}, {'value': 'September 15 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fauquier / Loudoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fauquier_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Fauquier /fɔːˈkɪər/ is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 65,203 . The county seat is Warrenton . Fauquier County is in Northern Virginia and is a part of the Washington metropolitan area . The county is one of the fastest-growing and highest-income counties in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Loudoun_County,_VA', 'summary': "Loudoun County ( /ˈlaʊdən/ ) is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . In 2018 , the population was estimated at 406,850 , making it Virginia 's third-most populous county . Loudoun County 's seat is Leesburg . Loudoun County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of 2015 [ update ] , Loudoun County had a median household income of $ 125,900 . Since 2008 , the county has been ranked first in the U.S. in median household income among jurisdictions with a population of 65,000 or more ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 245 ( Old Tavern Road ) / SR 626 ( Halfway Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_245', 'summary': 'State Route 245 ( SR 245 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known for most of its length as Old Tavern Road , the state highway runs 3.27 miles ( 5.26 km ) from U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) at Old Tavern north to SR 55 in The Plains in northern Fauquier County . SR 245 is a Virginia Byway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_626_(Fauquier_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 626 ( SR 626 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 626 .'}]}, {'value': 'US 17 at Old Tavern to Middleburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_17_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Punta Gorda , Florida to Winchester , Virginia . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 255.83 miles ( 411.72 km ) from the North Carolina state line in Chesapeake north to its northern terminus at US 11 , US 50 , and US 522 in Winchester . US 17 is a major highway in the eastern half of Virginia . The U.S. Highway connects the Albemarle Region of North Carolina with the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . Within the urban area , US 17 passes through the South Hampton Roads cities of Chesapeake , Portsmouth , and Suffolk and the Virginia Peninsula city of Newport News . Between Yorktown and Fredericksburg , the U.S. Highway serves as the primary highway of the Middle Peninsula . At Fredericksburg , US 17 leaves the Atlantic coastal plain ; the highway passes through the Piedmont town of Warrenton and crosses the Blue Ridge Mountains on its way to Winchester in the Shenandoah Valley.The route from Tappahannock to Winchester roughly follows the Confederate March during the Civil War to Gettysburg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Tavern,_VA', 'summary': 'Old Tavern is an unincorporated community in Fauquier County , in the U.S. state of Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Middleburg,_VA', 'summary': 'Middleburg is the southernmost town in Loudoun County , Virginia , United States , near the Fauquier County line . The population was 673 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'September 15 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former alignment of US 15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_15_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Walterboro , South Carolina to Painted Post , New York . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 230.37 miles ( 370.74 km ) from the North Carolina state line near Clarksville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River near Lucketts . US 15 is a major north-south highway through the Piedmont of Virginia , connecting Clarksville and Farmville in Southside Virginia with Culpeper , Warrenton , and Leesburg in Northern Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery / Roanoke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_County,_VA', 'summary': "Montgomery County is a county located in the Valley and Ridge area of the U.S. state of Virginia . As population in the area increased , Montgomery County was formed in 1777 from Fincastle County , which in turn had been taken from Botetourt County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 94,392 . Its county seat is Christiansburg . Montgomery County is part of the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is dominated economically by the presence of Virginia Tech , Virginia 's second largest public university , which is the county 's largest employer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roanoke_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Roanoke County is a county located in the U.S. state of the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 92,376 . Its county seat is Salem . Roanoke County is part of the Roanoke , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area and located within the Roanoke Region of Virginia . The independent cities of Roanoke and Salem ( incorporated as such in 1884 and 1968 respectively ) are located within the boundaries of Roanoke County , but are not a part of the county . The town of Vinton is the only municipality within the county . While significant areas of the county are rural and mountainous , most residents live in the suburbs near Roanoke and Salem in the Roanoke Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 785 ( Catawba Road / Blacksburg Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_785', 'summary': 'State Route 785 ( SR 785 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 785 .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 723 at Lusters Gate to SR 311 near Catawba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SR_311_(VA)', 'summary': 'Virginia State Route 311 ( SR 311 ) and West Virginia Route 311 ( WV 311 ) are adjoining state highways in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia . The two state highways together run 58.7 miles ( 94.5 km ) from U.S. Route 11 in Salem , Virginia north to Interstate 64 and U.S. Route 60 near White Sulphur Springs , West Virginia . The two Virginia portions of Route 311 are maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation , with the exception of the city-maintained portion within Salem . The West Virginia segments are maintained by the West Virginia Division of Highways . SR 311 is a Virginia Byway north of SR 419 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catawba,_VA', 'summary': 'Catawba is an unincorporated community in the northern section of Roanoke County , Virginia , United States . Catawba occupies the Catawba Valley bound on the south by the north slope of Catawba Mountain and on the north by several mountains which form the border between Roanoke County and Craig County . The primary road through Catawba is State Route 311 . Catawba has a post office with the zip code of 24070 . Catawba is known as a rural enclave of the Roanoke Valley with its farms , bed and breakfasts , and the Homeplace Restaurant . The Catawba Hospital , a mental health facility operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia , is near Route 311 and traces its history back to a resort established in 1857 to take advantage of the believed healing properties of a sulfur and limestone spring . Route 311 intersects State Route 785 , which connects to Blacksburg , and State Route 779 , which connects to Daleville , in Catawba .'}]}, {'value': 'May 15 , 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of U.S. Bike Route 76 ; former SR 114', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Bike_Route_76', 'summary': 'U.S . Bicycle Route 76 ( USBR 76 ) is a cross-country bicycle route east of Kansas in the United States . It is one of the two original U.S . Bicycle Routes , the other being U.S . Bicycle Route 1 . U.S . Bicycle Route 76 runs from the Midwestern state of Missouri to the eastern seaboard state of Virginia . It is also known as the TransAmerica Bike Route and is contained within the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail . A spur , U.S . Bicycle Route 176 , was established in Virginia in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_114_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 114 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Peppers Ferry Road , the state highway runs 10.32 miles ( 16.61 km ) from U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Fairlawn east to US 460 in Christiansburg . SR 114 is the northernmost of three east-west highways between Radford and Christiansburg and the most direct highway between Radford and Blacksburg . The state highway also connects those cities with the Radford Army Ammunition Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Fluvanna / Goochland / Henrico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Fluvanna County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 25,691 . Its county seat is Palmyra . Fluvanna County is part of the Charlottesville , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Goochland_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Goochland County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its southern border is formed by the James River . As of the 2010 census , the population was 21,717 . Its county seat is Goochland . Goochland County is included in the Greater Richmond Region .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrico_County,_VA', 'summary': "Henrico County ( formerly Henrico Shire ) /hɛnˈraɪkoʊ/ , officially the County of Henrico , is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 306,935 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 329,261 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Virginia and the sixth-most populous county-equivalent in Virginia . Henrico County is included in the Greater Richmond Region . There is no incorporated community within Henrico County , therefore , there is no incorporated county seat either . Laurel , an unincorporated CDP , serves this function . Named after the Citie of Henricus , Henrico was organized in 1634 as one of the eight original Shires of Virginia . It is one of the United States ' oldest counties . The City of Richmond was officially part of Henrico County until 1842 , when it became a fully independent city . The present-day Henrico County curves around the City of Richmond , surrounding it to the west , the north , and the east . The county is bounded by the Chickahominy River to the north and the James River and Richmond to the south . Richmond Raceway is in the central portion of Henrico County near Mechanicsville , just north of the Richmond city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 6 / SR 650 ( River Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_6', 'summary': "State Route 6 ( SR 6 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known for most of its length as River Road , the state highway runs 102.26 miles ( 164.57 km ) from U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) in Afton east to SR 161 in Richmond . SR 6 is one of the main highways of mountainous Nelson County , where the highway runs north-south from its beginning to US 29 . From Scottsville to Richmond , the state highway parallels the James River . SR 6 is a major suburban highway through southwestern Henrico County and the main street of Richmond 's West End . SR 6 is a Virginia Byway from SR 151 at Avon to SR 650 near Manakin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_650_(Goochland_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 650 ( SR 650 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 650 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottsville to SR 150 near Tuckahoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottsville,_VA', 'summary': 'Scottsville is a town in Albemarle and Fluvanna counties in the U.S. state of Virginia . The population was 566 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SR_150_(VA)', 'summary': 'State Route 150 ( SR 150 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Chippenham Parkway , the state highway runs 15.19 miles ( 24.45 km ) from Interstate 95 ( I-95 ) and SR 895 in Bensley north to Parham Road and River Road near Tuckahoe in Henrico County . SR 150 is a four- to six-lane circumferential highway that connects the Chesterfield County suburbs of Richmond with western Henrico County and , via SR 895 , eastern Henrico County and Richmond International Airport . The highway is a freeway except for a short stretch east of SR 147 in Richmond . SR 150 has junctions with all of the radial highways south of the James River , including I-95 , U.S. Route 1 , US 301 , US 360 , US 60 , and SR 76 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tuckahoe,_VA', 'summary': "Tuckahoe is a census-designated place in Henrico County , Virginia , United States . It is an upper middle class suburb to the west of Richmond and home to some of the most expensive homes in the Richmond area along with the neighboring sections of Richmond City and Goochland County . The population of Tuckahoe was 44,990 at the 2010 census. , It is named after the area 's history as the site of Thomas Randolph 's Tuckahoe Plantation which still stands along the James River ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amherst / Rockbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amherst_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Amherst County is a county , located in the Piedmont region and near the center of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . The county is part of the Lynchburg , VA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and its county seat is also named Amherst . Amherst County was created in 1761 out of Albemarle County , and it was named in honor of Lord Jeffery Amherst , the so-called Conqueror of Canada . In 1807 as population increased , the county was reduced in size in order to form Nelson County . Tobacco was the major cash crop of the county during its early years . The labor-intensive crop was worked and processed by enslaved Africans and African Americans before the American Civil War . As of the 2010 census , the population of the rural county was 32,353 , a small increase from the 31,894 people reported in the 2000 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_VA', 'summary': "Rockbridge County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 22,307 . Its county seat is Lexington . The independent cities of Buena Vista ( 6,680 ) and Lexington ( 7,170 ) are both enclaved within the county 's geographical borders ."}]}, {'value': 'SR 130 ( Elon Road / Wert Faulkner Highway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_130', 'summary': 'State Route 130 ( SR 130 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 34.69 miles ( 55.83 km ) from U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) at Natural Bridge east to SR 669 and SR 670 east of US 29 near Madison Heights . SR 130 runs concurrently with US 501 from Glasgow through the James River gorge through the Blue Ridge Mountains , connecting eastern Rockbridge County with western and southern Amherst County near Lynchburg . SR 130 is a Virginia Byway west of US 29 Business near Madison Heights .'}]}, {'value': 'US 29 Bus . near Madison Heights to US 11 at Natural Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Madison_Heights,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Several special routes of U.S. Route 29 exist . In order from south to north they are as follows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Madison_Heights,_VA', 'summary': 'Madison Heights is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Amherst County , Virginia , United States . The population was 11,285 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Lynchburg Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_11_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a north-south United States highway that traverses through western Virginia , parallel to Interstate 81 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natural_Bridge,_VA', 'summary': 'Natural Bridge is an unincorporated community in Rockbridge County , Virginia , United States . The community is the site of Natural Bridge , a natural arch which gives the town its name . Natural Bridge is located at the junction of U.S. Route 11 and State Route 130 . Natural Bridge has a post office with ZIP code 24578 , which opened on June 1 , 1800 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 15 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albemarle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 601 / SR 676 / SR 614 ( Garth Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_601_(Albemarle_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 601 ( SR 601 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 601 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_676_(Albemarle_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 676 ( SR 676 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 676 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_614_(Albemarle_County)', 'summary': 'State Route 614 ( SR 614 ) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties . The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 614 .'}]}, {'value': 'US 29 / US 250 near Charlottesville to SR 810 at White Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_29_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) is a major north-south route in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It covers 248 miles ( 399 km ) from the North Carolina border at the city of Danville to the Key Bridge in Washington , D.C . US 29 roughly bisects Virginia into eastern and western halves , and along with Interstate 81 in western Virginia , and 85/95 farther east , provides one of the major north-south routes through the Commonwealth . Since 1928 , when Virginia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 64 , much of US 29 in Virginia is known as the Seminole Trail . Through Northern Virginia , it is known as Lee Highway , except in Falls Church , where it acts as the east/west divider for city streets and is called North or South Washington Street . On April 7 , 1993 the Virginia General Assembly officially designated the entire length of US 29 from the North Carolina border to the Potomac River as the 29th Infantry Division Memorial Highway in honor of that Army unit , which , along with the 1st Infantry Division , formed the spearhead of the American infantry that landed on the morning of June 6 , 1944 on Omaha Beach in Normandy as part of the invasion of France to liberate that country during World War II . These divisions next fought their way across France , and into Germany . In addition , the name of this highway serves to honor many members of the Virginia Army National Guard who serve as part of this National Guard Division today . Signs indicating this designation have been placed periodically on both sides of US 29 . For most of its route through Virginia , US 29 has been constructed to be at least four lanes along its route , with the two short exceptions being where the highway passes through Manassas National Battlefield Park , where it is two lanes wide for approximately three miles , and through Fairfax and Arlington counties , where it is sometimes wider .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_250_(VA)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the highway runs 166.74 miles ( 268.34 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond . US 250 is the main east-west highway of Highland County , which is known as Virginia 's Little Switzerland ; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike . From Staunton east to Richmond , the highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) , roughly following the 18th century Three Notch 'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley , its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap , and the Piedmont . In the Richmond metropolitan area , US 250 is known as Broad Street , a major thoroughfare through the city 's West End and downtown areas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_VA', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_Hall,_Albemarle_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "White Hall is an unincorporated community in Albemarle County , Virginia . Whitehall , in the northwestern portion of the county , was an election precinct known as Glenn 's Store , William Maupin 's Store , Maupin 's Tavern , Miller 's Store , Shumate 's Tavern , until 1835 . Then , it was named Whitehall for a White family living in the community . Pop . 55 ; elev . 722 . Whitehall was an election district , and was also previously named Glenn 's Store ; William Maupin 's Store ; Maupin 's Tavern ; Miller 's Tavern ; Shumate 's Tavern , until the present name was established in 1835 . The Virginia house of Delegates passed Bill 111 on December 19 , 1849 for a survey of a road from Shumate 's Tavern to Covington , Virginia in Alleghany County , Virginia . In January 1849 a grant in aid was proposed to intersect the turnpike from Vance 's on the Huntersville and Warm Springs Turnpike to the Jackson 's River Turnpike at John Shumate 's Tavern , a distance of about 15 miles ."}]}, {'value': 'July 16 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of U.S. Bike Route 76', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Bike_Route_76', 'summary': 'U.S . Bicycle Route 76 ( USBR 76 ) is a cross-country bicycle route east of Kansas in the United States . It is one of the two original U.S . Bicycle Routes , the other being U.S . Bicycle Route 1 . U.S . Bicycle Route 76 runs from the Midwestern state of Missouri to the eastern seaboard state of Virginia . It is also known as the TransAmerica Bike Route and is contained within the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail . A spur , U.S . Bicycle Route 176 , was established in Virginia in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Albemarle / Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Orange County is a county located in the Central Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . At the 2010 census , the population was 33,481 . Its county seat is Orange . Orange County includes Montpelier , the 2,700-acre ( 1,100 ha ) estate of James Madison , the 4th President of the United States and often known as the Father of the Constitution . The county celebrated its 275th anniversary in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 20 ( Stony Point Road / Constitution Highway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_20', 'summary': 'State Route 20 ( SR 20 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 89.79 miles ( 144.50 km ) from U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) in Dillwyn north to SR 3 in Wilderness . SR 20 is a C-shaped route that connects Charlottesville with Farmville ( via US 15 ) in Southside Virginia . The state highway also links Charlottesville to Fredericksburg ( via SR 3 ) by way of Orange County , within which SR 20 is the main east-west highway and intersects US 15 again in the county seat of Orange . SR 20 is a Virginia Byway from Scottsville to Orange .'}]}, {'value': 'US 250 east of Charlottesville to US 15 in Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_250_(VA)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the highway runs 166.74 miles ( 268.34 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond . US 250 is the main east-west highway of Highland County , which is known as Virginia 's Little Switzerland ; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike . From Staunton east to Richmond , the highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) , roughly following the 18th century Three Notch 'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley , its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap , and the Piedmont . In the Richmond metropolitan area , US 250 is known as Broad Street , a major thoroughfare through the city 's West End and downtown areas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_VA', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/US_15_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Walterboro , South Carolina to Painted Post , New York . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 230.37 miles ( 370.74 km ) from the North Carolina state line near Clarksville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River near Lucketts . US 15 is a major north-south highway through the Piedmont of Virginia , connecting Clarksville and Farmville in Southside Virginia with Culpeper , Warrenton , and Leesburg in Northern Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orange,_VA', 'summary': "Orange is a town in , and county seat of , Orange County , Virginia , United States . The population was 4,721 at the 2010 census , representing a 14.5% increase since the 2000 census . Orange is 28 miles ( 45 km ) northeast of Charlottesville , 88 miles ( 142 km ) southwest of Washington , D.C. , and 4 miles ( 6 km ) east of James Madison 's plantation of Montpelier ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway ( designated October 16 , 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway', 'summary': "A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation for one or more of six intrinsic qualities : archeological , cultural , historic , natural , recreational , and scenic . The program was established by Congress in 1991 to preserve and protect the nation 's scenic but often less-traveled roads and promote tourism and economic development . The National Scenic Byways Program ( NSBP ) is administered by the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) . The most scenic byways are designated All-American Roads , which must meet two out of the six intrinsic qualities . The designation means they have features that do not exist elsewhere in the United States and are unique and important enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves . As of November 2010 , there are 120 National Scenic Byways and 31 All-American Roads , located in 46 states ( all except Hawaii , Nebraska , Rhode Island , and Texas ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Albemarle / Louisa / Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albemarle_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Albemarle County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Its county seat is Charlottesville , which is an independent city and enclave entirely surrounded by the county . Albemarle County is part of the Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,970 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 108,718 . Albemarle County was created in 1744 from the western portion of Goochland County , though portions of Albemarle were later carved out to create other counties . Albemarle County was named in honor of Willem Anne van Keppel , 2nd Earl of Albemarle . However , its most famous inhabitant was Thomas Jefferson , who built his estate home , Monticello , in the county .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisa_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Louisa County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 33,153 . The county seat is Louisa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orange_County,_VA', 'summary': 'Orange County is a county located in the Central Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia . At the 2010 census , the population was 33,481 . Its county seat is Orange . Orange County includes Montpelier , the 2,700-acre ( 1,100 ha ) estate of James Madison , the 4th President of the United States and often known as the Father of the Constitution . The county celebrated its 275th anniversary in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 22 ( Louisa Road ) / SR 231 ( Gordonsville Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_22', 'summary': 'State Route 22 ( SR 22 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 29.81 miles ( 47.97 km ) from U.S. Route 250 in Shadwell east to US 522 and SR 208 in Mineral . SR 22 is one of two primary east-west highways in Louisa County , connecting the county seat of Louisa with Charlottesville and Mineral . The state highway runs concurrently with US 33 through Louisa and with SR 208 between Louisa and Mineral .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_231', 'summary': 'State Route 231 ( SR 231 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . The state highway runs 49.82 miles ( 80.18 km ) from SR 22 in Cismont north to U.S. Route 522 ( US 522 ) near Sperryville . SR 231 forms part of the connection between Charlottesville and Gordonsville , where the highway meets US 15 and US 33 . The state highway also serves as the main north-south highway of Madison County , connecting the county seat of Madison , where the highway intersects US 29 , with Gordonsville to the south and passing through the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the north . Almost all of SR 231 is a Virginia Byway .'}]}, {'value': 'US 250 at Shadwell to US 15 / US 33 in Gordonsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_250_(VA)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 250 ( US 250 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Sandusky , Ohio to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the highway runs 166.74 miles ( 268.34 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond . US 250 is the main east-west highway of Highland County , which is known as Virginia 's Little Switzerland ; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike . From Staunton east to Richmond , the highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 ( I-64 ) , roughly following the 18th century Three Notch 'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley , its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap , and the Piedmont . In the Richmond metropolitan area , US 250 is known as Broad Street , a major thoroughfare through the city 's West End and downtown areas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shadwell,_VA', 'summary': 'Shadwell is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Albemarle County , Virginia , United States , located by the Rivanna River near Charlottesville . The site today is marked by a Virginia Historical Marker to mark the birthplace of President Thomas Jefferson . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with Clifton . Before early colonists moved into the Shadwell area , Monacan people had trails that traversed what became Shadwell . Peter Jefferson , the father of President Thomas Jefferson established and named the Shadwell plantation in the mid-18th century . Four generations of the Jefferson family lived at Shadwell . Initially , it was a plantation worked by enslaved and free people and grew tobacco , grain , and clover . Then , a grist mill , sawmill , and carding factory expanded the Shadwell economy . Canals and locks were constructed in the Rivanna River to transport goods , including lumber , flour , grain , and cotton-yard . After the carding factory burned down in the 1850s and the Louisa Railroad was completed , Shadwell began to decline economically . After that , the Shadwell estate became a farm , operated by Downing Smith . In 1991 , an archaeological study found remnants of foundations and cellars of two houses , one of which is believed to be the original Jefferson house .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_15_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Walterboro , South Carolina to Painted Post , New York . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 230.37 miles ( 370.74 km ) from the North Carolina state line near Clarksville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River near Lucketts . US 15 is a major north-south highway through the Piedmont of Virginia , connecting Clarksville and Farmville in Southside Virginia with Culpeper , Warrenton , and Leesburg in Northern Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/US_33_(VA)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 33 ( US 33 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Elkhart , Indiana to Richmond , Virginia . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 135.60 miles ( 218.23 km ) from the West Virginia state line near Rawley Springs east to its eastern terminus at SR 33 in Richmond . US 33 is the primary east-west highway of Rockingham County , which lies in the Shenandoah Valley . The highway connects the independent city of Harrisonburg ( which also serves as the seat of Rockingham County ) , the town of Elkton , and an entrance to Shenandoah National Park . East of the Blue Ridge Mountains , US 33 connects the Piedmont communities of Stanardsville , Gordonsville , and Louisa . The U.S. Highway is a major suburban and urban route in the Richmond metropolitan area . Within Richmond , US 33 runs concurrently with US 250 . SR 33 continues from US 33 's eastern terminus as a state-numbered extension of the U.S. Highway that connects Richmond with Virginia 's Middle Peninsula ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordonsville,_VA', 'summary': "Gordonsville is a town in Orange County in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . Located about 19 miles northeast of Charlottesville and 65 miles northwest of Richmond , the population was 1,496 at the 2010 census . The town celebrated its bicentennial in 2013 , two hundred years after local innkeeper Nathaniel Gordon was appointed the area 's first postmaster , thus officially creating the area known as Gordonsville . It was strategically important during the Civil War , due to its location on the Virginia Central Railroad ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway ( designated October 16 , 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway', 'summary': "A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation for one or more of six intrinsic qualities : archeological , cultural , historic , natural , recreational , and scenic . The program was established by Congress in 1991 to preserve and protect the nation 's scenic but often less-traveled roads and promote tourism and economic development . The National Scenic Byways Program ( NSBP ) is administered by the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) . The most scenic byways are designated All-American Roads , which must meet two out of the six intrinsic qualities . The designation means they have features that do not exist elsewhere in the United States and are unique and important enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves . As of November 2010 , there are 120 National Scenic Byways and 31 All-American Roads , located in 46 states ( all except Hawaii , Nebraska , Rhode Island , and Texas ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Loudoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loudoun_County,_VA', 'summary': "Loudoun County ( /ˈlaʊdən/ ) is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . In 2018 , the population was estimated at 406,850 , making it Virginia 's third-most populous county . Loudoun County 's seat is Leesburg . Loudoun County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of 2015 [ update ] , Loudoun County had a median household income of $ 125,900 . Since 2008 , the county has been ranked first in the U.S. in median household income among jurisdictions with a population of 65,000 or more ."}]}, {'value': 'US 15 / US 15 Bus . ( James Monroe Highway / King Street )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_15_in_Virginia', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 15 ( US 15 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from Walterboro , South Carolina to Painted Post , New York . In Virginia , the U.S. Highway runs 230.37 miles ( 370.74 km ) from the North Carolina state line near Clarksville north to the Maryland state line at the Potomac River near Lucketts . US 15 is a major north-south highway through the Piedmont of Virginia , connecting Clarksville and Farmville in Southside Virginia with Culpeper , Warrenton , and Leesburg in Northern Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_15_Business_(Leesburg,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Several special routes of U.S. Route 15 exist . In order from south to north they are as follows .'}]}, {'value': 'US 50 at Gilberts Corner to Potomac River at Point of Rocks , MD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_50_(VA)', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) is a transcontinental highway which stretches from Ocean City , Maryland to West Sacramento , California . In the U.S. state of Virginia , US 50 extends 86 miles ( 138 km ) from the border with Washington DC at a Potomac River crossing at Rosslyn in Arlington County to the West Virginia state line near Gore in Frederick County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilberts_Corner,_VA', 'summary': 'Gilberts Corner is an unincorporated area at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 15 in Loudoun County , Virginia located in Aldie , east of the historic Village of Aldie . There are no residences at this intersection , however , its name is attributed to the surrounding area . Gilberts Corner is named after the gas station/restaurant that sits at the northeast quadrant of the crossroads . It gained prominence in the 1920s when the Carolina Road ( now Watson Road ) was a toll road and U.S. Route 15 was extended south from Leesburg to U.S. Route 50 . Due to increased traffic from toll evaders , U.S. Route 15 eventually was extended even farther south . The gas station/restaurant closed in the 1980s and is currently in the process of being renovated . Due to heavy traffic in the area , many commuters avoided the intersection altogether by going through Lenah and taking U.S. Route 15 south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Potomac_River', 'summary': "The Potomac River ( /pəˈtoʊmək/ ( listen ) ) is found within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands into the Chesapeake Bay . The river ( main stem and North Branch ) is approximately 405 miles ( 652 km ) long , with a drainage area of about 14,700 square miles ( 38,000 km2 ) . In terms of area , this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the 21st largest in the United States . Over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed . The river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington , D.C. , on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the river 's right descending bank . The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of Maryland . Exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia , and the border with Virginia being delineated from point to point ( thus various bays and shoreline indentations lie in Virginia ) . Except for a small portion of its headwaters in West Virginia , the North Branch Potomac River is considered part of Maryland to the low water mark on the opposite bank . The South Branch Potomac River lies completely within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters , which lie in Virginia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Point_of_Rocks,_MD', 'summary': 'Point of Rocks is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Frederick County , Maryland , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,466 . It is named for the striking rock formation on the adjacent Catoctin Mountain , which was formed by the Potomac River cutting through the ridge in a water gap , a typical formation in the Appalachian Mountains . The formation is not visible from the town and can only be seen from boats on the river , or from the southern bank of the river in Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'part of the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway ( designated October 16 , 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway', 'summary': "A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation for one or more of six intrinsic qualities : archeological , cultural , historic , natural , recreational , and scenic . The program was established by Congress in 1991 to preserve and protect the nation 's scenic but often less-traveled roads and promote tourism and economic development . The National Scenic Byways Program ( NSBP ) is administered by the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) . The most scenic byways are designated All-American Roads , which must meet two out of the six intrinsic qualities . The designation means they have features that do not exist elsewhere in the United States and are unique and important enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves . As of November 2010 , there are 120 National Scenic Byways and 31 All-American Roads , located in 46 states ( all except Hawaii , Nebraska , Rhode Island , and Texas ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of Virginia Byways', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Virginia_Byway_0', 'intro': "A Virginia Byway is a scenic road designated by the Commonwealth of Virginia as one that can introduce tourists to alternate destinations. According to the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), there are over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of scenic roads in Virginia, many of which have been designated as Virginia Byways. The sign design, which features a cardinal, Virginia's state bird, was adopted in January 1975."} | null | null | This route designated in 1977 in a county where the county seat is Berryville ? | SR 723 |
0b3ee6dc685d7d71 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Atari_arcade_games', 'title': 'List of Atari arcade games', 'header': ['Name', 'Year', 'Max Players', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Badlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badlands_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Badlands is a 1989 arcade game published by Atari Games . It was ported by Domark under the Tengen label to a number of home computers . It is set in the aftermath of a nuclear war and races around abandoned wastelands with many hazards . Three gun-equipped cars race around a track to win prizes .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_video_gaming', 'summary': "1989 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Phantasy Star II , Golden Axe and Bonk 's Adventure , and Super Mario Land"}]}, {'value': '2 , simultaneous', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An auto racing game with guns set in a post-apocalyptic world', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_game', 'summary': 'The racing video game genre is the genre of video games , either in the first-person or third-person perspective , in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land , water , air or space vehicles . They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings . In general , they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations , and simpler arcade racing games . Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction', 'summary': "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of science fiction , science fantasy , dystopian or horror in which the Earth 's technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed . The apocalypse event may be climatic , such as runaway climate change ; natural , such as an impact event ; man-made , such as nuclear holocaust or resource depletion ; medical , such as a pandemic , whether natural or man-made ; eschatological , such as the Last Judgment , Second Coming or Ragnarök ; or imaginative , such as a zombie apocalypse , cybernetic revolt , technological singularity , dysgenics or alien invasion . The story may involve attempts to prevent an apocalypse event , deal with the impact and consequences of the event itself , or it may be post-apocalyptic , set after the event . The time may be right after the catastrophe , focusing on the psychology of survivors , the way to maintain the human race alive and together as one , or considerably later , often including that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been mythologized . After apocalyptic stories often take place in a non-technological future world or a world where only scattered elements of society and technology remain . Various ancient societies , including the Babylonian and Judaic , produced apocalyptic literature and mythology which dealt with the end of the world and of human society , such as the Epic of Gilgamesh , written c. 2000-1500 BC . Recognizable modern apocalyptic novels had existed since at least the first third of the 19th century , when Mary Shelley 's The Last Man ( 1826 ) was published . However , this form of literature gained widespread popularity after World War II , when the possibility of global annihilation by nuclear weapons entered the public consciousness ."}]}, {'value': 'Batman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman_(1990_arcade_game)', 'summary': "Batman is a horizontally scrolling beat 'em up arcade game released by Atari Games in 1990 . The storyline is based on the eponymous 1989 movie . It features stages based on locations in the film , including first-person control of the Batmobile and the Batwing . The game features audio clips of Batman ( Michael Keaton ) and the Joker ( Jack Nicholson ) as well as digitized photos from the movie . Batman can use various weapons , such as batarangs and gas grenades , as he takes on various goons and the Joker ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1990 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Metal Gear 2 : Solid Snake , Fire Emblem : Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light , Dr. Mario , and Super Mario World .'}]}, {'value': '2 , alternating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The player takes on the role of the Caped Crusader participating in scenes taken from the 1989 film of the same name . Scenes are varied and include a final confrontation with The Joker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)', 'summary': "Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . It is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson as the Joker and Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman , alongside Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film takes place early in the title character 's war on crime , and depicts a battle with the Joker . After Burton was hired as director in 1986 , Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay . Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast . Keaton 's casting caused a controversy since , by 1988 , he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role . Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film 's earnings ( including associated merchandise ) , and his own shooting schedule . The tone and themes of the film were influenced in part by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts the Red Hood origin story for the Joker , in which Batman inadvertently creates the Joker by causing him to fall into Axis Chemical acid , resulting in his transformation into a psychopath , but it adds a unique twist in presenting him specifically as a gangster named Jack Napier . Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joker_(character)', 'summary': "The Joker is a supervillain created by Bill Finger , Bob Kane , and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman ( April 25 , 1940 ) , published by DC Comics . Credit for the Joker 's creation is disputed ; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker 's design while acknowledging Finger 's writing contribution . Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance , he was spared by editorial intervention , allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman . In his comic book appearances , the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind . Introduced as a psychopath with a warped , sadistic sense of humor ; the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in response to regulation by the Comics Code Authority , before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s . As Batman 's nemesis , the Joker has been part of the superhero 's defining stories , including the murder of Jason Todd - the second Robin and Batman 's ward - and the paralysis of one of Batman 's allies , Barbara Gordon . The Joker has had various possible origin stories during his decades of appearances . The most common story involves him falling into a tank of chemical waste that bleaches his skin white and turns his hair green and lips bright red ; the resulting disfigurement drives him insane . The antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance , the Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary . The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities , instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry , including razor-tipped playing cards , deadly joy buzzers , and acid-spraying lapel flowers . The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains , such as the Penguin and Two-Face , and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League , but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker 's desire for unbridled chaos . The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist , Harley Quinn , who becomes his villainous sidekick ."}]}, {'value': 'Battlezone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battlezone_(1980_video_game)', 'summary': 'Battlezone is a first-person shooter tank combat arcade game from Atari , Inc. released in November 1980 . The player controls a tank which is attacked by other tanks and missiles .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1980 saw the release of a number games with influential concepts , including Pac-Man , Battlezone , Crazy Climber , Mystery House , Missile Command , Space Panic , Zork I , and Olympic Decathlon . The Atari VCS ( later the Atari 2600 ) grew in popularity with a port of Space Invaders and support from new developer Activision .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A big hit for Atari , the player controls a tank from the point-of-view from inside the tank . Novel controls , game cabinet and graphics made this a standout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Video_game_arcade_cabinet', 'summary': "An arcade cabinet , also known as an arcade/coin-op machine , is the housing within which an arcade game 's electronic hardware resides . Most cabinets designed since the mid-1980s conform to the Japanese Amusement Machine Manufacturers Association ( JAMMA ) wiring standard . Some include additional connectors for features not included in the standard ."}]}, {'value': 'Beat Head', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1993 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Star Fox , Virtua Fighter and Ridge Racer .'}]}, {'value': '2 , simultaneous', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A competitive rhythm game . Never released into full production', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhythm_game', 'summary': "Rhythm game or rhythm action is a genre of music-themed action video game that challenges a player 's sense of rhythm . Games in the genre typically focus on dance or the simulated performance of musical instruments , and require players to press buttons in a sequence dictated on the screen . Many rhythm games include multiplayer modes in which players compete for the highest score or cooperate as a simulated musical ensemble . While conventional control pads may be used as input devices , rhythm games often feature novel game controllers that emulate musical instruments . Certain dance-based games require the player to physically dance on a mat , with pressure-sensitive pads acting as the input device . The 1996 title PaRappa the Rapper has been deemed the first influential rhythm game , whose basic template formed the core of subsequent games in the genre . In 1997 , Konami 's Beatmania sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan . The company 's music division , Bemani , released a series of music-based games over the next several years . The most successful of these was the 1998 dance mat game Dance Dance Revolution , which was the only Bemani title to achieve large-scale success outside Japan , and would see numerous imitations of the game from other publishers . Other Japanese games , particularly Guitar Freaks , led to development of Guitar Hero and Rock Band series that used instrument-shaped controllers to mimic the playing of actual instruments . Spurred by the inclusion of popular rock music , the two series revitalized the rhythm genre in the Western Market , significantly expanded the console video game market and its demographics . The games provided a new source of revenue for the artists whose music appeared on the soundtracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Beavis and Butt-Head', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1996 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Blazing Heroes , Super Mario 64 , NiGHTS into Dreams. , Crash Bandicoot , Resident Evil , Dead or Alive , Duke Nukem 3D and Tomb Raider .'}]}, {'value': '2 , simultaneous', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A prototype of a game based on the animated TV series ; never released', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prototype', 'summary': "A prototype is an early sample , model , or release of a product built to test a concept or process . It is a term used in a variety of contexts , including semantics , design , electronics , and software programming . A prototype is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users . Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real , working system rather than a theoretical one . In some design workflow models , creating a prototype ( a process sometimes called materialization ) is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea . A prototype can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation 'prototypical ' . This is a useful term in identifying objects , behaviours and concepts which are considered the accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as stereotypes and archetypes . The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon , primitive form , neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos , original , primitive , from πρῶτος protos , first and τύπος typos , impression ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-head', 'summary': 'Beavis and Butt-Head is an American adult animated sitcom created by Mike Judge . The series originated from Frog Baseball , a 1992 short film by Judge originally aired on Liquid Television . After seeing the short , MTV signed Judge to develop the short into a full series . The series originally ran for seven seasons from March 8 , 1993 to November 28 , 1997 . During its initial run , Beavis and Butt-Head received widespread critical acclaim , particularly for its satirical , scathing commentary on society . It was a subject of controversy for its violent content . Fourteen years following the end of the series , the series was revived for an eighth season airing from October 27 to December 29 , 2011 . A theatrical feature-length film based on the series titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America was released in 1996 by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Widow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Widow_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Black Widow is a vector arcade game developed by Atari , Inc. released in 1982 . The player takes the role of a black widow spider defending a web from invading bugs . The player must move the spider around the web while simultaneously shooting/avoiding various bugs and collecting the bonuses that appear after the enemies are eliminated . The game is a twin-stick shooter in the vein of Robotron : 2084 by Williams , but with fewer enemies on-screen . Black Widow was offered as a conversion kit for Gravitar , which was not a successful title . [ citation needed ] The kit used the original Gravitar PCB with a few small modifications and a new set of ROM chips . Many factory-built Black Widows were produced using unsold Gravitar cabinets with Black Widow sideart applied over the Gravitar sideart . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1982 was the peak year of arcade and console games during the Golden age of arcade video games . Troubles at Atari , Inc. late in the year triggered the North American video game crash of 1983 . Many games were released that would spawn franchises , or at least sequels , including Dig Dug , Pole Position , Mr . Do ! , Pitfall ! , Q*bert , and Xevious . Additional consoles add to a crowded market . The new Commodore 64 goes on to eventually dominate the 8-bit home computer market .'}]}, {'value': '2 , alternating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The player is a spider at the middle of a web , trying to defend it from enemies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blasteroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blasteroids', 'summary': "Blasteroids is the third official sequel to the 1979 shoot 'em up video game Asteroids . It was developed by Atari Games and released as a coin-operated game in 1987 . Unlike the previous games , Blasteroids uses raster graphics , not vector graphics . Home computer ports of Blasteroids were released by Image Works for the Amiga , Amstrad CPC , Atari ST , Commodore 64 , MSX , MS-DOS , and ZX Spectrum . Additionally , though it had not appeared in a Midway Arcade compilation prior , an emulated version of Blasteroids was included in Lego Dimensions as an unlockable mini-game . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1987 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as The Legend of Zelda , Contra , Street Fighter and Metal Gear .'}]}, {'value': '2 , simultaneous', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Players blast asteroids and other targets and try to catch powerups to upgrade their weapons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerup', 'summary': "In video games , a power-up is an object that adds temporary benefits or extra abilities to the player character as a game mechanic . This is in contrast to an item , which may or may not have a permanent benefit that can be used at any time chosen by the player . Although often collected directly through touch , power-ups can sometimes only be gained by collecting several related items , such as the floating letters of the word 'EXTEND ' in Bubble Bobble . Well known examples of power-ups that have entered popular culture include the power pellets from Pac-Man ( regarded as the first power-up ) and the Super Mushroom from Super Mario Bros. , which ranked first in UGO Networks ' Top 11 Video Game Powerups . Items that confer power-ups are usually pre-placed in the game world , spawned randomly , dropped by beaten enemies or picked up from opened or smashed containers . They can be differentiated from items in other games , such as role-playing video games , by the fact that they take effect immediately , feature designs that do not necessarily fit into the game world ( often used letters or symbols emblazoned on a design ) , and are found in specific genres of games . Power-ups are mostly found in action-oriented games such as maze games , run and guns , shoot 'em ups , first-person shooters , and platform games ."}]}, {'value': 'BMX Heat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1991 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Mega Man 4 , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past and Sonic the Hedgehog .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An unreleased motorcycle racing game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorcycle_racing', 'summary': 'Motorcycle racing ( also called moto racing and motorbike racing ) is the motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles . Major varieties include motorcycle road racing and off-road racing , both either on circuits or open courses , and track racing . Other categories include hill climbs , drag racing and land speed record trials .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1977 has several new titles such as Space Wars .'}]}, {'value': '2 , simultaneous', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An unreleased black and white prototype of a boxing game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_and_white', 'summary': 'Black-and-white ( B/W or B & W ) images combine black and white in a continuous spectrum , producing a range of shades of gray .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prototype', 'summary': "A prototype is an early sample , model , or release of a product built to test a concept or process . It is a term used in a variety of contexts , including semantics , design , electronics , and software programming . A prototype is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users . Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real , working system rather than a theoretical one . In some design workflow models , creating a prototype ( a process sometimes called materialization ) is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea . A prototype can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation 'prototypical ' . This is a useful term in identifying objects , behaviours and concepts which are considered the accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as stereotypes and archetypes . The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon , primitive form , neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos , original , primitive , from πρῶτος protos , first and τύπος typos , impression ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradley Trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1980 saw the release of a number games with influential concepts , including Pac-Man , Battlezone , Crazy Climber , Mystery House , Missile Command , Space Panic , Zork I , and Olympic Decathlon . The Atari VCS ( later the Atari 2600 ) grew in popularity with a port of Space Invaders and support from new developer Activision .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A special-purpose version of Battlezone for the U.S. military . Players do not control the tank as in the original game , only the tank turret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battlezone_(1980_video_game)', 'summary': 'Battlezone is a first-person shooter tank combat arcade game from Atari , Inc. released in November 1980 . The player controls a tank which is attacked by other tanks and missiles .'}]}, {'value': 'Breakout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakout_(video_game)', 'summary': "Breakout is an arcade game developed and published by Atari , Inc. , and released on May 13 , 1976 . It was conceptualized by Nolan Bushnell and Steve Bristow , influenced by the seminal 1972 Atari arcade game Pong , and built by Steve Wozniak , aided by Steve Jobs . Breakout was the basis and inspiration for certain aspects of the Apple II personal computer . In 1978 , the game was ported to the Atari 2600 and a sequel was made , Super Breakout , which four years later became the pack-in game for the Atari 5200 console . Breakout spawned an entire genre of Breakout clones , and the concept found new legs with Taito 's 1986 Arkanoid , which itself spawned dozens of imitators . In Breakout , a layer of bricks lines the top third of the screen and the goal is to destroy them all . A ball moves straight around the screen , bouncing off the top and two sides of the screen . When a brick is hit , the ball bounces back and the brick is destroyed . The player loses a turn when the ball touches the bottom of the screen ; to prevent this from happening , the player has a horizontally movable paddle to bounce the ball upward , keeping it in play ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_in_video_gaming', 'summary': '1976 has several new titles such as Road Race , Night Driver ( video game ) and Heavyweight Champ .'}]}, {'value': '2 , alternating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Players break down a wall at the top of the screen with a ball and paddle', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Atari_arcade_games_2', 'intro': 'Atari was an early pioneer in the video game industry, in fact, they virtually created the industry with their introduction of the arcade game Pong. The brand name Atari was used for many years and applied to several other entities that developed products ranging from arcade video games to home video game consoles to home computers to video games for personal computers. Below is a list of arcade video games produced by Atari. These games were produced by Atari, Inc. from 1972 to 1984 starting with Pong and Atari Games from 1984 to 2000. Atari no longer manufacturers arcade games and, in fact, the entity that now owns the brand name (French company, Infogrames) never has. For a full list of games developed or published by Atari from 1972 to 1984, see List of Atari, Inc. games.'} | null | null | What is the release year of the game in which the player controls a tank which is attacked by other tanks and missiles ? | 1980 |
0b3f0706f8589062 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.', 'title': 'West Bromwich Albion F.C.', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Apps', 'Goals', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': 'Billy Bassett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bassett', 'summary': 'William Isiah Bassett ( 27 January 1869 - 8 April 1937 ) was an English association footballer , director and club chairman who served West Bromwich Albion for over half a century .'}]}, {'value': '1886-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '311', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outside right', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outside_right', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jesse Pennington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Pennington', 'summary': "Jesse Pennington ( 23 August 1883 - 5 September 1970 ) was an English football player in the early part of the 20th century . He was nicknamed Peerless Pennington . Born in West Bromwich , Pennington was a left-back for West Bromwich Albion for 19 years , from March 1903 to May 1922 . Although his career was interrupted by World War I , Pennington made 455 league appearances for the club , captaining them to the league title in 1919-1920 . He had also been a part of the team promoted from the Second Division in 1911 and had received an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1912 . During World War I , with regular league play suspended , Pennington was employed in Coventry to work in a munitions factory . While in the city he made a number of guest appearances for Coventry City F.C . in the 1918-19 Football League Midland Section , a temporary wartime division operating while the main league was suspended . On the international front , Pennington earned 25 caps for England between 18 March 1907 and 10 April 1920 , captaining the side in his last two matches . At the time of his final cap he was , at 36 years and 231 days , England 's oldest capped outfield player . This record has since been exceeded by Stanley Matthews , Leslie Compton and Stuart Pearce . After retiring , he worked as a scout for West Bromwich Albion from 1950 to 1960 and was made a life member of the club in 1969 , a year before he died in Kidderminster ."}]}, {'value': '1903-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '496', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'W. G. Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._G._Richardson', 'summary': "William Ginger Richardson ( 29 May 1909 - 29 March 1959 ) often referred to as W.G . Richardson and by the nickname 'Ginger ' to avoid confusion with teammate Bill Richardson , was an English professional footballer , who played as a centre forward . He scored four goals in five minutes for West Bromwich Albion against West Ham United at Upton Park on 7 November 1931 , a record that is still in Guinness World Records . [ citation needed ] He scored both of West Brom 's goals when they won the 1931 FA Cup Final , beating Midlands rivals Birmingham 2-1 . In the 1935-36 season , he scored 39 goals , which is still the West Brom record for top scorer in the top division of the English football league system . Richardson was the nephew of English cricketer , Tom Richardson . In 2004 , he was named as one of West Bromwich Albion 's 16 greatest players , in a poll organised as part of the club 's 125th anniversary celebrations ."}]}, {'value': '1929-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '228', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Striker_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Barlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Barlow', 'summary': 'Raymond John Barlow ( 17 August 1926 - 14 March 2012 ) was an England international footballer who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League , most of which were for West Bromwich Albion .'}]}, {'value': '1944-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '482', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left-half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_half', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronnie Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Allen', 'summary': 'Ronald Allen ( 15 January 1929 - 9 June 2001 ) was an English international football player and manager . He was a professional footballer for nineteen years , between 1946 and 1964 , making 638 appearances in the Football League , and scoring 276 goals . He also won five caps for England national team . He later became a manager at clubs in England , Spain , Portugal , and Greece . His son , Russell , also played professional football throughout the 1970s . Starting his career in 1946 with Port Vale , he spent four years with the club , before making a record breaking transfer to West Bromwich Albion . He was one of the best strikers of the 1950s , playing over 400 games , with a ratio of a goal every two games . He lifted the FA Cup in 1954 , and helped the club to the FA Charity Shield in 1954 , and a second-place finish in the First Division in 1953-54 . In 1961 he signed with Crystal Palace , where he spent the final four years of his playing career . He helped Palace win promotion out of the Third Division in 1963-64 . His management career began in 1966 with Wolverhampton Wanderers , as he led Wolves out of the Second Division in 1966-67 . In 1969 , he took up the reins at Spanish club Athletic Bilbao , leading the club to a second-place finish in La Liga in 1969-70 .'}]}, {'value': '1950-61', 'urls': []}, {'value': '458', 'urls': []}, {'value': '234', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Striker_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Howe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Howe', 'summary': 'Donald Howe ( 12 October 1935 - 23 December 2015 ) was an English football player , coach , manager and pundit . As a right back Howe featured for clubs West Bromwich Albion and Arsenal together with the English national football team in his playing career . He also went on to manage sides West Brom , Galatasaray , Queens Park Rangers and Coventry City . Howe was also a successful coach and has been described as one of the most influential figures of the English footballing game .'}]}, {'value': '1952-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '379', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Right back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Derek Kevan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Kevan', 'summary': 'Derek Tennyson Kevan ( 6 March 1935 - 4 January 2013 ) was an English footballer . He spent the majority of his club career playing as a centre-forward for West Bromwich Albion , where he earned the nickname The Tank . In 1961-62 he was joint leading scorer in Division One - alongside Ray Crawford of Ipswich Town - with 33 goals . He also won 14 caps for the England national football team , scoring a total of eight goals , including two in the 1958 FIFA World Cup Finals .'}]}, {'value': '1953-63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '157', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Striker_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Brown_(English_footballer)', 'summary': 'Anthony Brown ( born 3 October 1945 in Oldham , Lancashire ) is an English former footballer who played as a wing half and an inside forward . He was often referred to by his nickname Bomber or Bomber Brown and was known for his spectacular goals . He joined West Bromwich Albion as a youth in 1961 and turned professional in 1963 . In the late 1960s and early 1970s Brown was part of an Albion team that built a reputation as a successful cup side , winning the 1966 Football League Cup Final and the 1968 FA Cup Final and finishing as runners-up in the League Cup in 1967 and 1970 . He was the top scorer in Division One in 1970-71 and received his only England cap at the end of that season . After relegation in 1973 , he helped Albion to win promotion back to Division One in 1976 . He scored 279 goals in 720 competitive games for Albion , both club records . Brown finished his playing career playing for the New England Tea Men , Torquay United and non-league Stafford Rangers . Since retiring from playing he has worked as a coach and a commentator .'}]}, {'value': '1963-81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '720', 'urls': []}, {'value': '279', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wing half / Inside forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_half', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inside_forward', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Astle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Astle', 'summary': "Jeffrey Astle ( 13 May 1942 - 19 January 2002 ) was an English professional footballer who played the majority of his career as a centre forward for West Bromwich Albion . Nicknamed the King by the club 's fans , he played 361 games for them and scored 174 goals . He also won five caps for England without scoring ."}]}, {'value': '1964-74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '174', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Striker_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'John Osborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Osborne_(footballer)', 'summary': "John Osborne ( 1 December 1940 - 7 November 1998 ) was an English football goalkeeper . He played for Chesterfield , West Bromwich Albion and Shamrock Rovers . Osborne was a member of Albion 's great cup side of the late 1960s which played in 5 cup finals from 1966 to 1970 , including the 1968 FA Cup final . His nickname was Bionic due to the plastic joint inserted in his finger . He made his Rovers debut at Milltown under his old teammate Johnny Giles on 10 September 1978 . He played 3 games in the 1978-79 European Cup Winners ' Cup keeping 2 clean sheets giving him a total of 4 appearances for the Hoops . In 2004 , he was named as one of West Bromwich Albion 's 16 greatest players , in a poll organised as part of the club 's 125th anniversary celebrations . Osborne was the commercial manager of Worcestershire County Cricket Club from 1986 to 1995 , and played a significant part in the county 's signing of long-time major sponsor MEB ."}]}, {'value': '1967-72 1973-78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Wile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wile', 'summary': "John David Wile ( born 9 March 1947 ) is an English former footballer and manager . Wile played as a central defender for Sunderland , although he did not play a Football League match for them . In 1967-68 he signed for Peterborough United , having had a trial there first . He made 130 senior appearances for The Posh between 1967 and 1970 . Wile then joined West Bromwich Albion in December 1970 . He spent more than 12 years at Albion , and was club captain during and after Ron Atkinsons spell as manager . Wile made a total of 619 senior appearances for Albion . His most famous moment came when he played with blood pouring from a headwound during the 1978 FA Cup semi-final against Ipswich at Highbury . After leaving Albion in June 1983 , Wile returned to Peterborough as player-manager after missing out on a similar post at Bolton Wanderers a year earlier . He later returned to West Bromwich as managing director , a position he occupied from 1997 through to 2002 . In 2004 , he was named as one of West Bromwich Albion 's 16 greatest players , in a poll organised as part of the club 's 125th anniversary celebrations ."}]}, {'value': '1970-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': '619', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre-half', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Willie Johnston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Johnston', 'summary': 'William McClure Johnston ( born 19 December 1946 ) is a Scottish former professional footballer , best remembered for his time at Rangers and West Bromwich Albion . He made 22 international appearances for Scotland and was selected for their 1978 FIFA World Cup squad , but was sent home from the tournament after failing a drugs test .'}]}, {'value': '1972-79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '261', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outside left', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outside_left', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Robson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Robson', 'summary': "Bryan Robson OBE ( born 11 January 1957 ) is an English football manager and former player . Born in Chester-le-Street , County Durham , he began his career with West Bromwich Albion in 1972 before moving to Manchester United in 1981 , where he became the longest serving captain in the club 's history and won two Premier League winners ' medals , three FA Cups , two FA Charity Shields and a European Cup Winners ' Cup . In August 2011 , Robson was voted as the greatest ever Manchester United player in a poll of the club 's former players as part of a new book , 19 , released to celebrate the club 's record-breaking 19th league title . Robson represented England on 90 occasions between 1980 and 1991 , making him , at the time , the fifth most capped England player . His goalscoring tally of 26 placed him eighth on the list at the time . Robson captained his country 65 times , with only Bobby Moore and Billy Wright having captained England on more occasions . Robson is also known by the nicknames Robbo and Captain Marvel . Bobby Robson stated that Robson was , along with Alan Shearer and Kevin Beattie , the best British player he ever worked with . Robson began his management career as a player-manager with Middlesbrough in 1994 , retiring from playing in 1997 . In seven years as Middlesbrough manager , he guided them to three Wembley finals , which were all lost , and earned them promotion to the Premier League on two occasions . Between 1994 and 1996 , he also served as assistant coach to England manager Terry Venables , which included Euro 96 . He later returned to West Bromwich Albion for two years as manager , helping them become the first top division team in 14 years to avoid relegation after being bottom of the league table on Christmas Day ."}]}, {'value': '1974-81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '249', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Statham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Statham', 'summary': 'Derek James Statham ( born 24 March 1959 ) is an English former footballer who played at defensive left-back . He played for West Bromwich Albion , Southampton , Walsall and Stoke City . Statham won three international caps for England in 1983 under the management of Bobby Robson .'}]}, {'value': '1976-87', 'urls': []}, {'value': '373', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurie Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurie_Cunningham', 'summary': 'Laurence Paul Cunningham ( 8 March 1956 - 15 July 1989 ) was an England international footballer . Cunningham was the first Englishman to play football for Real Madrid . Cunningham was reported to be the first black player to represent England at any level ( having played at under 21 level ) . However , in May 2013 , The Football Association amended their records , so that now Benjamin Odeje holds this record , having represented England seven years earlier at schoolboy level . As the England Schoolboys team is selected by the English Schools Football Association , and can include non-England qualified players attending schools in England , Cunningham remains the first black footballer to represent an England international team organised by the national governing body , the Football Association .'}]}, {'value': '1977-79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winger_(sport)', 'summary': 'In certain sports , such as football , field hockey , ice hockey , handball , rugby union , lacrosse and rugby league , winger is a position . It refers to positions on the extreme left and right sides of the pitch , or playing field ( the wings ) . In American football and Canadian football , the analogous position is the wide receiver . Wingers often try to use pace to exploit extra space available on the flanks that can be made available by their teammates dominating the centre ground . They must be wary however of not crossing the touchline , or sidelines , and going out of play . In sports where the main method of scoring involves attacking a small goal ( by whatever name ) in the centre of the field , a common tactic is to cross the ball to a central teammate .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyrille Regis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyrille_Regis', 'summary': 'Cyrille Regis , MBE ( 9 February 1958 - 14 January 2018 ) was an English international footballer who played as a forward . His professional playing career spanned 19 years , where he made 614 league appearances and scored 158 league goals , most prolifically at West Bromwich Albion and Coventry City . Regis also won five caps with the England national team .'}]}, {'value': '1977-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': '302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centre forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Striker_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Russell Hoult', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Hoult', 'summary': 'Russell Hoult ( born 22 November 1972 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He notably spent time playing in the Premier League and played for Leicester City , Derby County and West Bromwich Albion . He also played in the Football League for Lincoln City , Blackpool , Bolton Wanderers , Portsmouth , Nottingham Forest , Stoke City , Notts County and Darlington .'}]}, {'value': '2001-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '213', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable former players', 'section_text': "See also : Category : West Bromwich Albion F.C . players Further information : List of West Bromwich Albion F.C . players As part of the club 's 125th anniversary celebrations in 2004 , a survey was commissioned via the official West Bromwich Albion website and the Express & Star newspaper to determine the greatest West Brom players of all time . A modern-day , 16-man squad was compiled from the results ; all selected players are depicted on a commemorative mural displayed at the Hawthorns . Fourteen of the sixteen players are English-born , with a fifteenth , Cyrille Regis , despite being born in French Guiana also a full England international . The list of 16 is as follows : [ 152 ] The Jeff Astle gates at the Hawthorns . Sillouette of the Tony Brown statue outside The Hawthorns .", 'uid': 'West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._0', 'intro': "West Bromwich Albion Football Club (/ˈbrɒmɪdʒ, -ɪtʃ/) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich, West Midlands, England. They currently play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground, The Hawthorns, since 1900. Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888, the first professional football league in the world, and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football. They have been champions of England once, in 1919-20, and have been runners-up twice. Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals, winning the Cup on five occasions. The first win came in 1888, the year the league was founded, and the most recent in 1968, their last major trophy. They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966. The club's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973, and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division. The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club's history; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch. Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers. Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter."} | null | null | What are the years of the centre forward who was born in the month of January ? | 1950-61 |
0b3f89daff3fb346 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people', 'title': 'List of awards named after people', 'header': ['Award', 'Named after', 'Field', 'Achievement'], 'data': [{'value': 'Caccioppoli Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caccioppoli_Prize', 'summary': 'The Caccioppoli Prize is awarded by the Italian Mathematical Union to an Italian mathematician not exceeding the age of 38 who established a wide international reputation . The prize is entitled to the memory of the Italian mathematician Renato Caccioppoli and is awarded on the occasion of the Italian Mathematical Union conference every four years . In its early stages the prize was awarded every two years . The recipient currently receives 10,000 euros . Further prizes of the Italian Mathematical Union are the Bartolozzi Prize , the Stampacchia Medal and the Vinti Prize .'}]}, {'value': 'Renato Caccioppoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renato_Caccioppoli', 'summary': 'Renato Caccioppoli ( Italian : [ reˈnaːto katˈtʃɔppoli ] ; 20 January 1904 - 8 May 1959 ) was an Italian mathematician , known for his contributions to mathematical analysis , including the theory of functions of several complex variables , functional analysis , measure theory .'}]}, {'value': 'Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding achievement by an Italian mathematician no older than 38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caldecott Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caldecott_Medal', 'summary': "The Randolph Caldecott Medal annually recognizes the preceding year 's most distinguished American picture book for children , beginning with 1937 publications . It is awarded to the illustrator by the Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) , a division of the American Library Association ( ALA ) . The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are the most prestigious American children 's book awards . Beside the Caldecott Medal , the committee awards a variable number of citations to worthy runners-up , called the Caldecott Honors or Caldecott Honor Books . The Honor was introduced in 1971 , but some runners-up had been identified annually and all those runners-up were retroactively named Caldecott Honor Books . The number of Honors or runners-up had always been one to five , and it had been two to four since 1994 , until five were named in 2013 and six in 2015 . The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot , either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Randolph Caldecott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott', 'summary': "Randolph Caldecott ( /ˈkɔːldəˌkɑːt/ ; 22 March 1846 - 12 February 1886 ) was an English artist and illustrator , born in Chester . The Caldecott Medal was named in his honour . He exercised his art chiefly in book illustrations . His abilities as an artist were promptly and generously recognised by the Royal Academy . Caldecott greatly influenced illustration of children 's books during the nineteenth century . Two books illustrated by him , priced at a shilling each , were published every Christmas for eight years . Caldecott also illustrated novels and accounts of foreign travel , made humorous drawings depicting hunting and fashionable life , drew cartoons and he made sketches of the Houses of Parliament inside and out , and exhibited sculptures and paintings in oil and watercolour in the Royal Academy and galleries ."}]}, {'value': 'Literature', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Most distinguished American picture book for children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Picture_book', 'summary': "A picture book combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format , most often aimed at young children . With the narrative told primarily through text , they are distinct from comics , which do so primarily through sequential images . The images in picture books are commonly produced in a range of media , such as oil paints , acrylics , watercolor , and pencil , among others . Two of the earliest works in the format of modern picture books are Heinrich Hoffmann 's Struwwelpeter from 1845 and Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Peter Rabbit from 1902 . Some of the best-known picture books are Robert McCloskey 's Make Way for Ducklings , Dr. Seuss ' The Cat In The Hat , and Maurice Sendak 's Where the Wild Things Are . The Caldecott Medal ( established 1938 ) and Kate Greenaway Medal ( established 1955 ) are awarded annually for illustrations in children 's literature . Since the mid-1960s , several children 's literature awards have included a category for picture books ."}]}, {'value': 'Calder Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Cup', 'summary': "The Calder Cup is the trophy awarded annually to the playoff champions of the American Hockey League . It is the oldest continuously awarded professional ice hockey playoff trophy , as it has been annually presented since the 1936-37 season . [ N 1 ] The Calder Cup was first presented in 1937 to the Syracuse Stars . [ N 2 ] The trophy is named after Frank Calder , who was the first president of the National Hockey League . The Calder Memorial Trophy , which is awarded annually to the Rookie of the Year in the National Hockey League , was also named after Calder . The cup is made of sterling silver mounted on a base of Brazilian mahogany . In its current shape , the trophy has a two-tiered square base with commemorative plaques for each of the AHL 's 20 most recent champions - 12 on the bottom tier and 8 on the top tier . Each time a new championship plaque is added , the oldest plaque is retired and joins a display at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto . The Hershey Bears have won the Cup more times than any other team , with eleven victories in franchise history . The Cleveland Barons come in second with nine ; the Springfield Indians/Kings are third with seven . Eight teams have won back-to-back championships ; the Springfield Indians of 1960-62 is the only team to have won three straight Calder Cup championships . On three occasions an AHL club has won the Calder Cup coincidentally with its NHL affiliate winning the Stanley Cup : in 1976 and 1977 when the Montreal Canadiens and their AHL affiliate , the Nova Scotia Voyageurs both won , and in 1995 , when the New Jersey Devils and Albany River Rats both won ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Calder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Calder', 'summary': "Frank Sellick Calder ( November 17 , 1877 - February 4 , 1943 ) was a British-born Canadian ice hockey executive , journalist , and athlete . Calder was the first president of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , from 1917 until his death in 1943 . He was the last president of the NHL 's predecessor league , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , and was instrumental in the transition from the NHA to the NHL , a transition made to expel a franchise owner . He presided over the expansion of the NHL from Canada into the United States , while at the same time fending off rivals to the NHL 's status as the premier North American ice hockey league ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Hockey League championship trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The American Hockey League ( AHL ) is a professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Since the 2010-11 season , every team in the league has an affiliation agreement with one NHL team . When NHL teams do not have an AHL affiliate , players are assigned to AHL teams affiliated with other NHL teams . Twenty-seven AHL teams are located in the United States and the remaining four are in Canada . The league offices are located in Springfield , Massachusetts , and its current president is David Andrews . In general , a player must be at least 18 years of age to play in the AHL or not currently be beholden to a junior ice hockey team . The league limits the number of experienced professional players on a team 's active roster during any given game ; only five skaters can have accumulated four full seasons of play or more at the professional level ( goaltenders are exempt from this rule and can stay in the AHL indefinitely without being subject to this cap ) . The AHL allows for practice squad contracts . The annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup , named for Frank Calder , the first President ( 1917-1943 ) of the NHL . The reigning champions are the Charlotte Checkers ."}]}, {'value': 'Calder Memorial Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Memorial_Trophy', 'summary': "The Calder Memorial Trophy is an annual award given to the player selected as the most proficient in his first year of competition in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . It is named after Frank Calder , the first president of the NHL . Serving as the NHL 's Rookie of the Year award , this version of the trophy has been awarded since its creation for the 1936-37 NHL season . The voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association at the conclusion of each regular season to determine the winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Calder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Calder', 'summary': "Frank Sellick Calder ( November 17 , 1877 - February 4 , 1943 ) was a British-born Canadian ice hockey executive , journalist , and athlete . Calder was the first president of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , from 1917 until his death in 1943 . He was the last president of the NHL 's predecessor league , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , and was instrumental in the transition from the NHA to the NHL , a transition made to expel a franchise owner . He presided over the expansion of the NHL from Canada into the United States , while at the same time fending off rivals to the NHL 's status as the premier North American ice hockey league ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rookie of the year in the National Hockey League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The National Hockey League ( NHL ; French : Ligue nationale de hockey - LNH ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America , currently comprising 31 teams : 24 in the United States and 7 in Canada . The NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world , and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . The Stanley Cup , the oldest professional sports trophy in North America , is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season . The National Hockey League was organized on November 26 , 1917 , at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew , Ontario . The NHL immediately took the NHA 's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and foldings left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926 . At its inception , the NHL had four teams - all in Canada , thus the adjective National in the league 's name . The league expanded to the United States in 1924 , when the Boston Bruins joined , and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams . From 1942 to 1967 , the league had only six teams , collectively ( if not contemporaneously ) nicknamed the Original Six . The NHL added six new teams to double its size at the 1967 NHL expansion . The league then increased to 18 teams by 1974 and 21 teams in 1979 . Between 1991 and 2000 , the NHL further expanded to 30 teams . It added its 31st team in 2017 and has approved the addition of a 32nd team in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Camões Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camões_Prize', 'summary': 'The Camões Prize ( Portuguese , Prémio Camões , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpɾɛmju kaˈmõĩ̯ʃ ] ) , named after Luís de Camões , is the most important prize for literature in the Portuguese language . It is awarded annually by the Portuguese Direção-Geral do Livro , dos Arquivos e das Biblioteca ( National Book , Archive an Libraries Department ) and the Brazilian Fundação Biblioteca Nacional ( National Library Foundation ) to the author of an outstanding oeuvre of work written in Portuguese . The monetary award is of €100,000 , making it among the richest literary prizes in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Luís de Camões', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luís_de_Camões', 'summary': "Luís Vaz de Camões ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ luˈiʒ ˈvaʒ dɨ kaˈmõjʃ ] ; sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns , e.g . by Byron in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers , /ˈkæm oʊˌənz/ ; c. 1524 or 1525 - 20 June [ O.S . 10 June ] 1580 ) is considered Portugal 's and the Portuguese language 's greatest poet . His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare , Vondel , Homer , Virgil and Dante . He wrote a considerable amount of lyrical poetry and drama but is best remembered for his epic work Os Lusíadas ( The Lusiads ) . His collection of poetry The Parnasum of Luís de Camões was lost in his lifetime . The influence of his masterpiece Os Lusíadas is so profound that Portuguese is sometimes called the language of Camões ."}]}, {'value': 'Literature', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding work in the Portuguese language', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_language', 'summary': "Portuguese ( português or , in full , língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula . It is the sole official language of Portugal , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe . It also has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Chinese Macau . As the result of expansion during colonial times , a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa , Daman and Diu in India ; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka ; in the Indonesian island of Flores ; in the Malacca state of Malaysia ; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken , while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole . A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as Lusophone ( Lusófono ) . Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology and lexicon . With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 250 million total speakers , Portuguese is usually listed as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers , and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere . It is also the second-most spoken language , after Spanish , in South America and all of Latin America , one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa and is an official language of the European Union , Mercosur , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization made up of all of the world 's officially Lusophone nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence S. Campbell Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_S._Campbell_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Clarence S. Campbell Bowl , or simply the Campbell Bowl , is a National Hockey League trophy awarded to the Western Conference playoff champions . It is named after Clarence Campbell , who served as President of the NHL from 1946-47 to 1976-77 . The trophy itself is constructed of sterling silver , crafted in 1878 . The St. Louis Blues are the current holders of the trophy , after defeating the San Jose Sharks in the 2019 Western Conference Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Campbell', 'summary': "Clarence Sutherland Campbell , OBE QC ( July 9 , 1905 - June 24 , 1984 ) was the third president of the National Hockey League from 1946 to 1977 . The NHL 's Clarence S. Campbell Bowl is named for him ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL Western Conference championship trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Conference_(NHL)', 'summary': "The Western Conference ( French : Conférence de l'Ouest ) is one of two conferences in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) used to divide teams . Its counterpart is the Eastern Conference . Previously known as the Clarence Campbell Conference ( or Campbell Conference for short ) , it was created in 1974 when the NHL realigned its teams into two conferences and four divisions . Because the new conferences and divisions had little to do with North American geography , geographical references were removed . The conferences and divisions were re-aligned in 1981 to better reflect the geographical locations of the teams , but the existing names were retained with the Campbell Conference becoming the conference for the NHL 's westernmost teams . The names of conferences and divisions were changed in 1993 to reflect their geographic locations . Then-new NHL commissioner Gary Bettman made the change to help non-hockey fans better understand the game , as the National Basketball Association , National Football League , and Major League Baseball all use geographic-based names for their conferences and divisions . However , the trophy awarded to the conference champion , the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl , retains some connection to the heritage of the league . In 2005 , following the lockout , the league changed the Western Conference logo ( along with the Eastern Conference and NHL logos ) to its current form ."}]}, {'value': 'John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science', 'summary': 'The John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for noteworthy and distinguished accomplishments in any field of science within the charter of the Academy . Established by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company ( AT & T ) and first awarded in 1932 , the medal has been awarded in specific fields since 1961 . The recipient is awarded a $ 25,000 prize . It is named after John J. Carty , an American electrical engineer who worked at AT & T .'}]}, {'value': 'John J. Carty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Carty', 'summary': 'John Joseph Carty ( April 14 , 1861 - December 27 , 1932 ) was an American electrical engineer and a major contributor to the development of telephone wires and related technology . He was a recipient of the Edison Medal . As Chief Engineer of AT & T , he was instrumental in the development of the first transcontinental telephone line . Carty was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1915 to 1916 .'}]}, {'value': 'Science', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noteworthy and distinguished accomplishments in any field of science within the charter of the Academy ( i.e. , the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences', 'summary': "The National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) is a United States nonprofit , non-governmental organization . NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine , along with the National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) and the National Academy of Medicine ( NAM ) . As a national academy , new members of the organization are elected annually by current members , based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field . Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science , engineering , and medicine . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln , the NAS is charged with providing independent , objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology . … to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon ' by any government department . The Academy receives no compensation from the government for its services ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel de Cervantes Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize', 'summary': 'The Miguel de Cervantes Prize ( Spanish : Premio de Literatura en Lengua Castellana Miguel de Cervantes ) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel de Cervantes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes', 'summary': "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra [ b ] ( /sɜːrˈvæntiːz/ sur-VAN-teez , Spanish : [ miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa ] ; 29 September 1547 ( assumed ) - 22 April 1616 NS ) was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world 's pre-eminent novelists . His novel Don Quixote has been translated into over 140 languages and dialects ; it is , after the Bible , the most-translated book in the world . Don Quixote , a classic of Western literature , is sometimes considered both the first modern novel and the best work of fiction ever written . Cervantes ' influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ( the language of Cervantes ) . He has also been dubbed El príncipe de los ingenios ( The Prince of Wits ) . In 1569 , in forced exile from Castile , Cervantes moved to Rome , where he worked as chamber assistant of a cardinal . Then he enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until 1575 , when he was captured by Barbary pirates . After five years of captivity , he was released on payment of a ransom by his parents and the Trinitarians , a Catholic religious order , and he returned to his family in Madrid . In 1585 , Cervantes published La Galatea , a pastoral novel . He worked as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and later as a tax collector for the government . In 1597 , discrepancies in his accounts for three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville . In 1605 , Cervantes was in Valladolid when the immediate success of the first part of his Don Quixote , published in Madrid , signalled his return to the literary world ."}]}, {'value': 'Literature', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding lifetime achievement by a Spanish-language writer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Chappell-Hadlee Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chappell–Hadlee_Trophy', 'summary': "The Chappell-Hadlee Trophy in cricket is a One Day International cricket series between Australia and New Zealand . It is named after legendary cricketing families from the two countries : the Chappell brothers ( Ian , Gregory , and Trevor ) of Australia and Walter Hadlee and his three sons ( Barry , Dayle and Sir Richard ) of New Zealand . The trophy is currently held by New Zealand , after they defeated Australia 2-0 in the 2016-17 Chappell-Hadlee Trophy . Australia have recorded five series wins to New Zealand 's four . The trophy was contested annually from 2004-05 until 2009-10 as a three- or five-match series , and as a one-match series during the group stage of the World Cups in 2011 and 2015 . Although the 2015 Cricket World Cup Final was also contested between the same teams , that game was not considered to be a part of this trophy . The 2017-18 edition was replaced with the 2017-18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series , but the series is expected to go ahead as planned in New Zealand in 2018-19 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Chappell brothers ( Ian , Gregory , and Trevor ) and the Hadlee family ( father Walter and sons Barry , Dayle , and Sir Richard )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Chappell', 'summary': "Ian Michael Chappell ( born 26 September 1943 ) is a former cricketer who played for South Australia and Australia . He captained Australia between 1971 and 1975 before taking a central role in the breakaway World Series Cricket organisation . Born into a cricketing family - his grandfather and brother also captained Australia - Chappell made a hesitant start to international cricket playing as a right-hand middle-order batsman and spin bowler . He found his niche when promoted to bat at number three . Known as Chappelli , he earned a reputation as one of the greatest captains the game has seen . Chappell 's blunt verbal manner led to a series of confrontations with opposition players and cricket administrators ; the issue of sledging first arose during his tenure as captain , and he was a driving force behind the professionalisation of Australian cricket in the 1970s . John Arlott called him a cricketer of effect rather than the graces . An animated presence at the batting crease , he constantly adjusted his equipment and clothing , and restlessly tapped his bat on the ground as the bowler ran in . Basing his game on a sound defence learned during many hours of childhood lessons , Chappell employed the drive and square cut to full effect . He had an idiosyncratic method of playing back and across to a ball of full length and driving wide of mid-on , but his trademark shot was the hook , famously saying three bouncers an over should be worth 12 runs to me . A specialist slip fielder , he was the fourth player to take one hundred Test catches . Since his retirement in 1980 , he has pursued a high-profile career as a sports journalist and cricket commentator , predominantly with Channel Nine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greg_Chappell', 'summary': "Gregory Stephen Chappell MBE ( born 7 August 1948 ) is a former cricketer who represented Australia at international level in both Tests and One-Day Internationals ( ODI ) . The second of three brothers to play Test cricket , Chappell was the pre-eminent Australian batsman of his time who allied elegant stroke making to fierce concentration . An exceptional all round player who bowled medium pace and , at his retirement , held the world record for the most catches in Test cricket , Chappell 's career straddled two eras as the game moved toward a greater level of professionalism after the WSC schism . Since his retirement as a player in 1984 , Chappell has pursued various business and media interests as well as maintaining connections to professional cricket ; he has been a selector for national and Queensland teams , a member of the Australian Cricket Board , and a coach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Chappell', 'summary': 'Trevor Martin Chappell ( born 12 October 1952 , Glenelg , South Australia ) is a former Australian cricketer , a member of the South Australian Chappell family which excelled at cricket . He played 3 tests and 20 One Day Internationals for Australia . He won the Sheffield Shield with New South Wales twice , and scored a century for Australia against India in the 1983 World Cup . His career was overshadowed , however , by an incident in 1981 in which he bowled an underarm delivery to New Zealand cricketer Brian McKechnie to stop the batsman from hitting a six . After retiring from first class cricket in 1986 , Chappell went on to become fielding coach for the Sri Lanka cricket team in 1996 , and in 2001 became coach of the Bangladesh cricket team . He used to be the national coach of the Singapore cricket team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hadlee', 'summary': "Walter Arnold Hadlee CBE ( 4 June 1915 - 29 September 2006 ) was a New Zealand cricketer and Test match captain . He played domestic first-class cricket for Canterbury and Otago . Three of his five sons , Sir Richard , Dayle and Barry played cricket for New Zealand . The Chappell-Hadlee Trophy , which is competed for by Test teams from New Zealand and Australia is named in honour of the Hadlee family and the Australian Chappell family . Hadlee captained one of New Zealand 's most highly regarded teams , the 1949 side which toured England in an era when New Zealand had yet to win a Test . As an administrator , he guided New Zealand cricket in the mid-1970s during years of increasing professionalism , the Kerry Packer threat and the sporting boycott of South Africa . He was awarded the Bert Sutcliffe Medal in 2001 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barry_Hadlee', 'summary': 'Barry George Hadlee ( born 14 December 1941 ) is a former cricketer from New Zealand . He was a right-handed opening batsman . In a first-class career lasting from 1961-62 to 1980-81 , he represented Canterbury 84 times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dayle_Hadlee', 'summary': 'Dayle Robert Hadlee ( born 6 January 1948 ) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played in 26 Tests and 11 ODIs from 1969 to 1978 . He is the son of Walter Hadlee , the older brother of Sir Richard Hadlee and the younger brother of Barry Hadlee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Hadlee', 'summary': 'Sir Richard John Hadlee MBE ( born 3 July 1951 ) is a New Zealand former cricketer , regarded as one of the greatest fast bowlers and all-rounders in cricketing history . Hadlee was appointed MBE in 1980 and knighted in 1990 for services to cricket . He is a former chairman of the New Zealand board of selectors . In December 2002 , he was chosen by Wisden as the second greatest Test bowler of all time . In March 2009 , Hadlee was commemorated as one of the Twelve Local Heroes , and a bronze bust of him was unveiled outside the Christchurch Arts Centre . On 3 April 2009 , Sir Richard Hadlee was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . Sir Richard is the most prominent member of the Hadlee cricket playing family .'}]}, {'value': 'Cricket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Challenge trophy contested in annual ODI series between Australia and New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Day_International', 'summary': "A One Day International ( ODI ) is a form of limited overs cricket , played between two teams with international status , in which each team faces a fixed number of overs , usually 50 . The Cricket World Cup , generally held every four years , is played in this format . One Day International matches are also called Limited Overs Internationals ( LOI ) , although this generic term may also refer to Twenty20 International matches . They are major matches and considered the highest standard of List A , limited overs competition . The international one day game is a late-twentieth-century development . The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and , instead , play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side . Australia won the game by 5 wickets . ODIs were played in white coloured kits with a red coloured ball . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket competition , and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on-screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . This led not only to Packer 's Channel 9 getting the TV rights to cricket in Australia but also led to players worldwide being paid to play , and becoming international professionals , no longer needing jobs outside cricket ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Australian men 's national cricket team represents Australia in men 's international cricket . As one of the oldest teams in Test cricket history , playing in the first ever Test match in 1877 , the team also plays One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) cricket , participating in both the first ODI , against England in the 1970-71 season and the first T20I , against New Zealand in the 2004-05 season , winning both games . The team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions - the Sheffield Shield , the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League . The national team has played 830 Test matches , winning 393 , losing 224 , drawing 211 and tying 2 . As of February 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked second in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points . Australia is the most successful team in Test cricket history , in terms of overall wins , win-loss ratio and wins percentage . The Australian cricket team has played 942 ODI matches , winning 573 , losing 326 , tying 9 and with 34 ending in a no-result . As of January 2020 [ update ] , Australia is ranked fifth in the ICC ODI Championship on 110 rating points , though have been ranked first for 141 of 185 months since its introduction in 2002 . Australia is the most successful team in ODI cricket history , winning more than 60 per cent of their matches . Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 ) and have won the World Cup a record five times : 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and 2015 . Australia is the first team to appear in four consecutive World Cup finals ( 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) , surpassing the old record of three consecutive World Cup appearances by the West Indies ( 1975 , 1979 and 1983 ) and the first team to win 3 consecutive World Cups ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) . The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets in the Quarter-final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national cricket team represents New Zealand in men 's international cricket . Nicknamed the Black Caps , they played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch , becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket . From 1930 New Zealand had to wait until 1956 , more than 26 years , for its first Test victory , against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland . They played their first ODI in the 1972-73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch . The current captain in all formats of the game is Kane Williamson , who replaced Brendon McCullum after the latter 's retirement in December 2015 . The national team is organised by New Zealand Cricket . The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998 , after its sponsor at the time , Clear Communications , held a competition to choose a name for the team . This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks . As of 8 September 2019 , New Zealand have played 1324 international matches , winning 505 , losing 599 , tying 12 and drawing 165 matches while 43 matches ended as no result . The team is ranked 2nd in Tests , 3rd in ODIs and 6th in T20Is by the ICC . New Zealand defeated South Africa in the semi final of the 2015 World Cup , which was their first win in the a world cup semi final and hence they made their maiden appearance in a World Cup Final , but they ultimately lost to Trans-Tasman rivals Australia . In the next World Cup in 2019 , New Zealand again reached the final which they lost to the hosts England on boundary count after the match and the subsequent Super Over both ended as ties ."}]}, {'value': 'R. K. Cho Economics Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._K._Cho_Economics_Prize', 'summary': "The R. K. Cho Economics Prize is awarded by Yonsei University in Seoul , South Korea to scholars in the field of economics who have contributed to the development of scholarship and education . As of 2018 , the prize includes a plaque , a medal , and a monetary award of ₩100 million . It was established in 2007 with an endowment from R. K. Cho , the president of Samryoong Co. ( KRX : 014970 ) and an alumnus of Yonsei University 's economics department . Cho was motivated to create the award after seeing the results of his prior humanities-focused donations to Yonsei University , and hoped the prize could help to connect students of his alma mater and famous South Korean economists overseas . Originally awarded only to South Korean citizens , in 2015 the prize was opened to foreign scholars as well ."}]}, {'value': 'R. K. Cho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contributions to the development of scholarship and education', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agatha Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agatha_Award', 'summary': "The Agatha Awards , named for Agatha Christie , are literary awards for mystery and crime writers who write in the cozy mystery subgenre ( i.e . closed setting , no sex or violence , amateur detective ) . At an annual convention in Washington , D.C. , the Agatha Awards are handed out by Malice Domestic Ltd , in six categories : Best Novel ; Best First Mystery ; Best Historical Novel ; Best Short Story ; Best Non-Fiction ; Best Children's/Young Adult Mystery . Additionally , in some years the Poirot Award is presented to honor individuals other than writers who have made outstanding contributions to the mystery genre , but it is not an annual award . Malice Domestic Ltd was established in 1989 , and was incorporated in 1992 . It is governed by a volunteer board of directors ."}]}, {'value': 'Agatha Christie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agatha_Christie', 'summary': "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie , Lady Mallowan , DBE ( née Miller ; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976 ) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections , particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple . She also wrote the world 's longest-running play The Mousetrap and six romances under the pen name Mary Westmacott . In 1971 , she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for her contribution to literature . Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay , Devon . She served in a Devon hospital during the First World War , tending to troops coming back from the trenches . She was initially an unsuccessful writer with six consecutive rejections , but this changed when The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot . During the Second World War , she worked as a pharmacy assistant at University College Hospital , London , acquiring a good knowledge of poisons which feature in many of her novels . Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time . Her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies , and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world 's most-widely published books , behind only Shakespeare 's works and the Bible . According to Index Translationum , she remains the most-translated individual author , having been translated into at least 103 languages . And Then There Were None is Christie 's best-selling novel , with 100 million sales to date , making it the world 's best-selling mystery ever and one of the best-selling books of all time . Christie 's stage play The Mousetrap holds the world record for longest initial run ."}]}, {'value': 'Mystery fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agatha Christie Award ( Japan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agatha_Christie_Award_(Japan)', 'summary': "The Agatha Christie Award ( アガサ・クリスティー賞 ) is a Japanese literary award established in 2010 in commemoration of the 120th anniversary of Agatha Christie 's birth . The award is presented by Hayakawa Publishing Corporation in association with the Agatha Christie Society , which is chaired by Mathew Pritchard , the grandson of Agatha Christie . It is the literary award for unpublished mystery novels . The winning work , which is selected from more than 100 entries , is published by Hayakawa Publishing Corporation and the winner receives a prize of 1,000,000 yen ."}]}, {'value': 'Agatha Christie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agatha_Christie', 'summary': "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie , Lady Mallowan , DBE ( née Miller ; 15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976 ) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections , particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple . She also wrote the world 's longest-running play The Mousetrap and six romances under the pen name Mary Westmacott . In 1971 , she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for her contribution to literature . Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay , Devon . She served in a Devon hospital during the First World War , tending to troops coming back from the trenches . She was initially an unsuccessful writer with six consecutive rejections , but this changed when The Mysterious Affair at Styles was published in 1920 featuring Hercule Poirot . During the Second World War , she worked as a pharmacy assistant at University College Hospital , London , acquiring a good knowledge of poisons which feature in many of her novels . Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time . Her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies , and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world 's most-widely published books , behind only Shakespeare 's works and the Bible . According to Index Translationum , she remains the most-translated individual author , having been translated into at least 103 languages . And Then There Were None is Christie 's best-selling novel , with 100 million sales to date , making it the world 's best-selling mystery ever and one of the best-selling books of all time . Christie 's stage play The Mousetrap holds the world record for longest initial run ."}]}, {'value': 'Mystery fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clive Churchill Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clive_Churchill_Medal', 'summary': "The Clive Churchill Medal is the award given to the player judged to be man-of-the-match in the National Rugby League 's annual Grand Final . The award was created to honour Clive Churchill , one of the greatest rugby league players in Australian history , following his death in 1985 . A prestigious honour in the NRL , the medal 's recipient is chosen by the selectors of the Australian national team and announced and awarded to the player judged best and fairest on the ground at every post-grand final ceremony . The Clive Churchill Medal has been awarded ever since the 1986 NSWRL season when its first recipient was Parramatta 's Peter Sterling . It was initially presented in a case until 2000 where it is presented separately with a ribbon being worn around the neck . The only two players to have won the award more than once are Canberra 's Bradley Clyde ( 1989 and 1991 ) and Melbourne Storm 's Billy Slater ( 2009 and 2017 ) . In 2010 , the Melbourne Storm were stripped of the 2007 and 2009 premierships due to salary cap breaches exposed by the NRL , however the Clive Churchill Medallists from those years still continue to be recognised . The medal has only been awarded to a member of the losing grand final team on four occasions . Bradley Clyde in 1991 , Brad Mackay ( St George ) in 1993 , Daly Cherry-Evans ( Manly ) in 2013 , and Jack Wighton ( Canberra Raiders ) in 2019 . Churchill , who the medal was named after , played for and later coached the South Sydney Rabbitohs , played interstate football for both New South Wales and Queensland , and also played for , captained and coached the Australian Kangaroos ."}]}, {'value': 'Clive Churchill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clive_Churchill', 'summary': "Clive Bernard Churchill AM ( 21 January 1927 - 9 August 1985 ) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer and coach in the mid-20th century . An Australian international and New South Wales and Queensland interstate representative fullback , he played the majority of his club football with and later coached the South Sydney Rabbitohs . He won five premierships with the club as a player and three more as coach . Retiring as the most capped Australian Kangaroos player ever , Churchill is thus considered one of the game 's greatest ever players and the prestigious Clive Churchill Medal for man-of-the-match in the NRL grand final bears his name . Churchill 's attacking flair as a player is credited with having changed the role of the fullback ."}]}, {'value': 'Rugby league football', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Best and fairest player in the National Rugby League 's Grand Final", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Best_and_fairest', 'summary': "In Australian sport , the best and fairest , or fairest and best in some competitions e.g . West Australian Football League , recognises the player ( s ) adjudged to have had the best performance in a game or over a season for a given sporting club or competition . The awards are sometimes dependent on not receiving a suspension for misconduct or breaching the rules during that season . In the Australian Football League ( formerly the VFL ) , the Brownlow Medal is awarded to the player who , provided he has not been suspended during the season , receives the most votes from the umpires for being the Fairest and Best player in games during the home and away season . In each game , the umpires award three votes to the player they judge to be the best afield in that game , two votes to the second-best player and one vote to the third-best player . The votes are counted at a gala function on the Monday preceding the Grand Final . The eligibility of suspended or reprimanded players due to minor offences to win the award has frequently been questioned . Another best and fairest honour , the Leigh Matthews Trophy , is voted on by the AFL 's players and awarded by their trade union , the AFL Players Association . Unlike the Brownlow , players who have served disciplinary suspensions during the season are still eligible to win this award . The oldest such award is the Magarey Medal , awarded to the Fairest and most brilliant player in the South Australian National Football League . The award was created by William Ashley Magarey - then chairman of the league - and was first awarded in 1898 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Rugby_League', 'summary': "The National Rugby League ( NRL ) is a league of professional men 's rugby league teams in Australia . Run by the Australian Rugby League Commission , the NRL 's main competition is known as the Telstra Premiership due to sponsorship from Telstra and is contested by sixteen teams , fifteen of which are based in Australia with one based in New Zealand . It is the most viewed and attended rugby league club competition in the world . The National Rugby League is Australia 's top-level domestic men 's rugby-league club competition . It contains clubs from the original Sydney club Rugby League competition , which had been running continuously since 1908 . The NRL formed in the aftermath of the 1990s ' Super League war as a joint partnership between the Australian governing body , the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) and media giant News Corporation-controlled Super League , after both organisations ran premierships parallel to each other in 1997 . This partnership was dissolved in February 2012 , with control of the NRL going to the independently formed Australian Rugby League Commission . NRL matches are played in Australia and New Zealand from March to October . The season culminates in the premiership-deciding game , the NRL Grand Final , traditionally one of Australia 's most popular sporting events and one of the world 's largest attended sporting championship games [ citation needed ] . In addition , the NRL premiers also play in the World Club Challenge , a pre-season match against the champions of the Super League competition . The reigning premiers are the Sydney Roosters winning their fifteenth premiership and becoming the first team to win back-to-back titles since the inception of the unified league ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Final', 'summary': "A grand final is a game that decides a sports league 's championship ( or premiership ) winning team , i.e . the conclusive game of a finals ( or play-off ) series . Synonymous with a championship game in North American sports , grand finals have become a significant part of Australian culture . The earliest leagues to feature a grand final were in Australian rules football , followed soon after by rugby league . Currently the largest grand finals are in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) and National Rugby League ( NRL ) . Their popularity influenced other competitions such as soccers A-League , the National Basketball League , Suncorp Super Netball and European rugby league 's Super League to adopt grand finals as well . Most grand finals involve a prestigious award for the player voted best on field ."}]}, {'value': 'King Clancy Memorial Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Clancy_Memorial_Trophy', 'summary': "The King Clancy Memorial Trophy is a sports award given annually to the National Hockey League ( NHL ) player who best exemplifies leadership qualities on and off the ice and who has made a significant humanitarian contribution to his community . The winner is chosen by a special panel of representatives from the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association and the NHL Broadcasters ' Association . The trophy is named in honour of Francis M. King Clancy , a former player for the Ottawa Senators and Toronto Maple Leafs who later went on to become a coach , referee , and team executive . The trophy was first awarded in 1988 and was presented to the NHL by Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard , who called Clancy one of the greatest humanitarians that ever lived . It honours similar community service as the Charlie Conacher Humanitarian Award , which was retired in 1984 . Five teams have had more than one player win the award . Three members of the Vancouver Canucks , Edmonton Oilers , Calgary Flames , and Boston Bruins have each won the award , with Ray Bourque and Dave Poulin winning the award in consecutive years for the same team for the only time in the history of the award . Two New York Islanders and Detroit Red Wings have also won the award . Players from the seven different Canadian teams have won the trophy on 12 of the 28 occasions that it has been awarded . Three members each from the Edmonton Oilers , Calgary Flames , and Vancouver Canucks , as well as one each from the Montreal Canadiens , Minnesota Wild , Ottawa Senators , Toronto Maple Leafs , and the Winnipeg Jets have each won the award . Henrik Sedin is the only player who has won it more than once . Henrik and his brother Daniel are the only recipients to have won the trophy jointly ."}]}, {'value': 'King Clancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Clancy', 'summary': "Francis Michael King Clancy ( February 25 , 1903 - November 10 , 1986 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player , referee , coach and executive . Clancy played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Ottawa Senators and Toronto Maple Leafs . He was a member of three Stanley Cup championship teams and won All-Star honours . After he retired in 1937 , he remained in hockey , becoming a coach for the Montreal Maroons . Clancy next worked as a referee for the NHL . He joined the Maple Leafs organization and worked in the organization as a coach and team executive until his death in 1986 . In 2017 Clancy was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . Clancy 's nickname King originates from his father , who was the first 'King Clancy ' and played football for Ottawa . At the time the football was not snapped as is done today , but was 'heeled ' back from the line . Frank 's father was very good at this and was named 'King of the Heelers ' or 'King ' for short . This nickname was eventually transferred to Frank ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding leadership and exceptional humanitarian contributions by an NHL player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The National Hockey League ( NHL ; French : Ligue nationale de hockey - LNH ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America , currently comprising 31 teams : 24 in the United States and 7 in Canada . The NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world , and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . The Stanley Cup , the oldest professional sports trophy in North America , is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season . The National Hockey League was organized on November 26 , 1917 , at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew , Ontario . The NHL immediately took the NHA 's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and foldings left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926 . At its inception , the NHL had four teams - all in Canada , thus the adjective National in the league 's name . The league expanded to the United States in 1924 , when the Boston Bruins joined , and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams . From 1942 to 1967 , the league had only six teams , collectively ( if not contemporaneously ) nicknamed the Original Six . The NHL added six new teams to double its size at the 1967 NHL expansion . The league then increased to 18 teams by 1974 and 21 teams in 1979 . Between 1991 and 2000 , the NHL further expanded to 30 teams . It added its 31st team in 2017 and has approved the addition of a 32nd team in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarkson_Cup', 'summary': "The Clarkson Cup ( French : La Coupe Clarkson ) is an ice hockey trophy , which since 2009 has been awarded to the winner of the Canadian Women 's Hockey Championship . Like the Stanley Cup , it was created by and named after a former Governor General of Canada : Adrienne Clarkson . Though initially awarded in 2006 to the Canadian national women 's hockey team , it was intended to be awarded to the top women 's club in Canada . From 2006 to 2008 , it was not awarded , owing to a number of rights issues between Clarkson , Hockey Canada , and the artists responsible for making the trophy . Beginning in 2009 , the Clarkson Cup has been awarded , as intended , to the top women 's club team . It is viewed as the Stanley Cup of women 's hockey ."}]}, {'value': 'Adrienne Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson', 'summary': "Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM DStJ CD ( Chinese : 伍冰枝 ; pinyin : Wǔ Bīngzhī ; née Poy ; born February 10 , 1939 ) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada , the 26th since Canadian Confederation . Clarkson arrived in Canada with her family in 1941 , as a refugee from Japanese-occupied Hong Kong , and was raised in Ottawa . After receiving a number of university degrees , Clarkson worked as a producer and broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) and a journalist for various magazines . Her first diplomatic posting came in the early 1980s , when she promoted Ontarian culture in France and other European countries . She was in 1999 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II , on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien , to replace Roméo LeBlanc as viceroy and she occupied the post until succeeded by Michaëlle Jean in 2005 . While Clarkson 's appointment as the Canadian vicereine was generally welcomed at first , she caused some controversy during her time serving as the Queen 's representative , mostly due to costs incurred in the operation of her office , as well as a somewhat anti-monarchist attitude toward the position . On October 3 , 2005 , Clarkson was sworn into the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada . She subsequently published her memoirs , founded the Institute for Canadian Citizenship , and became Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Canadian National Women 's Hockey Championship trophy", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Clemens Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Clemens_Award', 'summary': 'The Roger Clemens Award was an award that honored the top NCAA Division I college baseball pitcher of the year . The award was created prior to the 2004 season and succeeded the Rotary Smith Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Clemens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Clemens', 'summary': 'William Roger Clemens ( born August 4 , 1962 ) , nicknamed Rocket , is an American former baseball pitcher who played 24 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for four teams , most notably the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Clemens was one of the most dominant pitchers in major league history , tallying 354 wins , a 3.12 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 4,672 strikeouts , the third-most all time . An 11-time All-Star and two-time World Series champion , he won seven Cy Young Awards during his career , more than any other pitcher in history . Clemens was known for his fierce competitive nature and hard-throwing pitching style , which he used to intimidate batters . Clemens debuted in the major leagues in 1984 with the Red Sox , whose pitching staff he anchored for 12 years . In 1986 , he won the American League ( AL ) Cy Young Award , the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award , and the All-Star Game MVP Award , and he struck out an MLB-record 20 batters in a single game ( Clemens repeated the 20-strikeout feat 10 years later ) . After the 1996 season , Clemens left Boston via free agency and joined the Toronto Blue Jays . In each of his two seasons with Toronto , Clemens won a Cy Young Award , as well as the pitching triple crown by leading the league in wins , ERA , and strikeouts . Prior to the 1999 season , Clemens was traded to the Yankees where he won his two World Series titles . In 2001 , Clemens became the first pitcher in major league history to start a season with a win-loss record of 20-1 . In 2003 , he reached his 300th win and 4,000th strikeout in the same game . Clemens left for the Houston Astros in 2004 , where he spent three seasons and won his seventh Cy Young Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding pitcher in NCAA Division I baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I', 'summary': "NCAA Division I ( D-I ) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States . D-I schools include the major collegiate athletic powers , with larger budgets , more elaborate facilities and more athletic scholarships than Divisions II and III as well as many smaller schools committed to the highest level of intercollegiate competition . This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA , in contrast to the lower level College Division ; these terms were replaced with numeric divisions in 1973 . The University Division was renamed Division I , while the College Division was split in two ; the College Division members that offered scholarships or wanted to compete against those who did became Division II , while those who did not want to offer scholarships became Division III . For college football only , D-I schools are further divided into the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , and those institutions that do not have any football program . FBS teams have higher game attendance requirements and more players receiving athletic scholarships than FCS teams . The FBS is named for its series of postseason bowl games , with various polls ranking teams after the conclusion of these games , while the FCS national champion is determined by a multi-team bracket tournament . For the 2014-15 school year , Division I contained 345 of the NCAA 's 1,066 member institutions , with 125 in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , 125 in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , and 95 non-football schools , with six additional schools in the transition from Division II to Division I . There was a moratorium on any additional movement up to D-I until 2012 , after which any school that wants to move to D-I must be accepted for membership by a conference and show the NCAA it has the financial ability to support a D-I program ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_baseball', 'summary': "College baseball is baseball that is played on the intercollegiate level at institutions of higher education . In comparison to football and basketball , college competition in the United States plays a smaller role in developing professional players , as baseball 's professional minor leagues are more extensive , with a greater history of supplying players to the top professional league . Moving directly from high school to the professional level is more common in baseball than in football or basketball . However , if players do opt to enroll at a four-year college to play baseball , they must complete three years to regain professional eligibility , unless they reach age 21 before starting their third year of college . Players who enroll at junior colleges ( i.e. , two-year institutions ) regain eligibility after one year at that level . In the most recently completed 2017 season , there were 298 NCAA Division I teams in the United States ( including schools transitioning from Division II to Division I ) . As with most other U.S. intercollegiate sports , competitive college baseball is played under the auspices of either the NCAA , the NAIA , or the NJCAA . The NCAA writes the rules of play , while each sanctioning body supervises season-ending tournaments . The final rounds of the NCAA tournaments are known as the College World Series ; one is held on each of the three levels of competition sanctioned by the NCAA . The College World Series for Division I takes place in Omaha , Nebraska in June , following the regular season . The playoff bracket for Division I consists of 64 teams , with four teams playing at each of 16 regional sites ( in a double-elimination format ) . The 16 winners advance to the Super Regionals at eight sites , played head-to-head in a best-of-three series ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Clemente Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_Award', 'summary': "The Roberto Clemente Award is given annually to the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who best exemplifies the game of baseball , sportsmanship , community involvement and the individual 's contribution to his team , as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media . It is named for Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente . Originally known as the Commissioner 's Award , it has been presented by the MLB since 1971 . In 1973 , the award was renamed after Clemente following his death in a plane crash while delivering supplies to victims of the Nicaragua earthquake . Each year , a panel of baseball dignitaries selects one player from among 30 nominees , one from each club . Teams choose their nominee during the regular season , and the winner is announced at the World Series . The player who receives the most votes online via MLB 's official website , MLB.com , gets one vote in addition to the votes cast by the panel . Since 2007 , the Roberto Clemente Award has been presented by Chevy . Chevy donates money and a Chevy vehicle to the recipient 's charity of choice and additional money is donated by Chevy to the Roberto Clemente Sports City , a non-profit organization in Carolina , Puerto Rico , that provides recreational sports activities for children . Chevy donates additional funds to the charity of choice of each of the 30 club nominees . The first recipient of the award was Willie Mays , and the most recent honoree is Carlos Carrasco . No player has received the award more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Clemente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Clemente', 'summary': "Roberto Enrique Clemente Walker [ a ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈβeɾto enˈrike kleˈmente ( g ) walˈkeɾ ] ; August 18 , 1934 - December 31 , 1972 ) was a Puerto Rican professional baseball right fielder who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Pittsburgh Pirates . He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973 , becoming both the first Latin American and Caribbean player to be enshrined . His untimely death established the precedent that , as an alternative to the five-year retirement period , a player who has been deceased for at least six months is eligible for entry into the Hall of Fame . Clemente was an All-Star for 12 seasons , playing in 15 All-Star Games . [ b ] He was the National League ( NL ) Most Valuable Player in 1966 , the NL batting leader in 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , and 1967 , and a Gold Glove Award winner for 12 consecutive seasons from 1961 through 1972 . His batting average was over .300 for 13 seasons and he had 3,000 hits during his major league career . He also played in two World Series championships . Clemente is the first Latin American and Caribbean player to help win a World Series as a starting position player ( 1960 ) , to receive an NL MVP Award ( 1966 ) , and to receive a World Series MVP Award ( 1971 ) . Clemente was involved in charity work in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the off-seasons , often delivering baseball equipment and food to those in need . On December 31 , 1972 , he died in a plane crash at the age of 38 while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in Nicaragua . The following season , the Pirates retired his uniform number 21 , and MLB renamed its annual Commissioner 's Award in his honor ; now known as the Roberto Clemente Award , it is given to the player who best exemplifies the game of baseball , sportsmanship , community involvement and the individual 's contribution to his team ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Major League Baseball player who best exemplifies the game of baseball , sportsmanship , community involvement and the individual 's contribution to his team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'David Cohen Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cohen_Prize', 'summary': 'The David Cohen Prize for Literature ( est . 1993 ) is a biennial British literary award given to a writer , novelist , short-story writer , poet , essayist or dramatist in recognition of an entire body of work , written in the English language . The prize is funded by the John S. Cohen Foundation and administered by Arts Council England . The writer must be a British or Irish citizen . The winner is chosen by nomination and entries are not required . The prize is valued at £40,000 . In 2005 , The David Cohen Prize incorporated the Clarissa Luard Award . The winner of the David Cohen Prize chooses the recipient of the Clarissa Luard Award , valued at £12,500 ( funded by the Arts Council of England ) , and given to a writer under the age of 35 or an organisation that supports young writers . In 2017 Arts Council England launched the Clarissa Luard Award for Independent Publishing , managed by New Writing North , to recognise and celebrate the adventurousness , innovative spirit and creativity of independent literary publishing in the UK and Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'David and Victoria Cohen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Literature', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outstanding body of work by a British citizen writing in English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Conacher Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Conacher_Award', 'summary': "The Lionel Conacher Award is an annual award given to Canada 's male athlete of the year . The sports writers of the Canadian Press ( CP ) first conducted a poll to determine the nation 's top athlete , of either gender , in 1932 . Separate polls for the best male and female athletes were conducted beginning the following year . The CP formalized the poll into an award in 1978 , presenting their winner a plaque . It was named after Lionel Conacher , a multi-sport champion whom the news organization had named its top athlete of the half-century in 1950 . The award is separate from the Lou Marsh Trophy , in which a select panel of sports writers vote for their top overall athlete . The poll was suspended for four years during the Second World War after the CP decided it could not name a sporting hero at a time when Canadian soldiers were fighting in Europe . Football player Joe Krol became the first repeat winner following the war , earning top spot in both 1946 and 1947 . Hockey star Maurice Richard was the first three-time winner in 1958 , and baseball pitcher Ferguson Jenkins the first four-time winner in 1974 . Hockey Hall of Famer Wayne Gretzky has won the most Lionel Conacher Awards , finishing top of the poll six times in the 1980s , and in 1999 was named the Canadian Press Athlete of the Century . The most recent winner is freestyle skier , Mikael Kingsbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionel Conacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Conacher', 'summary': "Lionel Pretoria Conacher , MP ( /ˈkɒnəkər/ ; May 24 , 1901 - May 26 , 1954 ) , nicknamed The Big Train , was a Canadian athlete and politician . Voted the country 's top athlete of the first half of the 20th century , he won championships in numerous sports . His first passion was football ; he was a member of the 1921 Grey Cup champion Toronto Argonauts . He was a member of the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team that won the International League championship in 1926 . In hockey , he won a Memorial Cup in 1920 , and the Stanley Cup twice : with the Chicago Black Hawks in 1934 and the Montreal Maroons in 1935 . Additionally , he won wrestling , boxing and lacrosse championships during his playing career . He and Carl Voss are the only players to have their names engraved on both the Grey Cup and Stanley Cup . Conacher retired as an athlete in 1937 to enter politics . He won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1937 , and in 1949 won a seat in the House of Commons . Many of his political positions revolved around sports . He worked to eliminate corruption in boxing while serving as a Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) in Ontario , also serving as the chairman of the Ontario Athletic Commission . Additionally , he served a term as director of recreation and entertainment for the Royal Canadian Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian male athlete of the year throughout all sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Conigliaro Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Conigliaro_Award', 'summary': "The Tony Conigliaro Award is a national recognition instituted in 1990 by the Boston Red Sox to honor the memory of Tony Conigliaro . It is given annually to a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who best overcomes an obstacle and adversity through the attributes of spirit , determination , and courage that were trademarks of Conigliaro . Conigliaro debuted with the Red Sox in 1964 , and was selected to the MLB All-Star Game in the 1967 season . Subsequently , he was hit in the face by a pitch at Fenway Park on August 18 , 1967 . After missing the rest of the year and all of 1968 , he made a comeback in 1969 , homering on opening day . He then hit 20 home runs in that season , winning The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award . In 1970 , he posted career highs in home runs with 36 and RBIs with 116 , but vision problems continued to persist ; his performance fell off , and he was never the same player . After a final comeback attempt in 1975 , Conigliaro retired at age 30 . Conigliaro died in 1990 , and the Red Sox instituted the award in his honor . A panel is composed of the media , representatives of the commissioner , and the two leagues ' offices . The selection is made by a panel of voters and the award is presented at the annual dinner of the Boston chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , held in January , by members of the Conigliaro family ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Conigliaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Conigliaro', 'summary': "Anthony Richard Conigliaro ( January 7 , 1945 - February 24 , 1990 ) , nicknamed Tony C and Conig , was a Major League Baseball outfielder and right-handed batter who played for the Boston Red Sox ( 1964-67 , 1969-1970 , 1975 ) and California Angels ( 1971 ) . Born in Revere , Massachusetts , he was a 1962 graduate of St. Mary 's High School in Lynn , Massachusetts . Conigliaro started his MLB career as a teenager , hitting a home run in his first at-bat during his home field debut in 1964 , going on to set the still current ( as of 2019 ) record for home runs by a teenager , with 24 . During the Red Sox Impossible Dream season of 1967 , he was hit in the face by a pitch that caused a severe eye injury and derailed his career . Though he would make a comeback from the injury , his career was not the same afterwards ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Baseball player who best overcomes extreme physical or emotional adversity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}], 'section_title': 'C', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_prizes_named_after_people_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of awards that are named after people.'} | null | null | The award named after the last president of the NHA is a trophy made of what ? | sterling silver mounted on a base of Brazilian mahogany |
0b3fd4a5e670cc78 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clergy_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of clergy educated at Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wesley Carr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Carr', 'summary': 'Arthur Wesley Carr KCVO ( 26 July 1941 - 15 July 2017 ) was an Anglican priest who was the Dean of Westminster from 1997 to 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 2nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Westminster Abbey ( 1997-2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Abbey', 'summary': "Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , England , just to the west of the Palace of Westminster . It is one of the United Kingdom 's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and , later , British monarchs . The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539 . Between 1540 and 1556 , the abbey had the status of a cathedral . Since 1560 , the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar - a church responsible directly to the sovereign . According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site ( then known as Thorn Ey ( Thorn Island ) ) in the seventh century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London . Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III . Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066 , all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey . There have been 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 . As the burial site of more than 3,300 persons , usually of prominence in British history ( including at least sixteen monarchs , eight Prime Ministers , poets laureate , actors , scientists , military leaders , and the Unknown Warrior ) , Westminster Abbey is sometimes described as 'Britain 's Valhalla ' , after the iconic burial hall of Norse mythology ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Thomas Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Edwards_(priest)', 'summary': 'Henry Thomas Edwards ( September 6 , 1837 - May 24 , 1884 ) was a Welsh preacher .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Bangor ( 1876-1884 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}]}, {'value': 'Llewelyn Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llewelyn_Hughes', 'summary': 'Frederick Llewelyn Hughes CB CBE MC TD KHC ( 12 July 1894 - 4 June 1967 ) was an Anglican priest and British Army chaplain . He served as Chaplain-General from 1944 to 1951 and Dean of Ripon from 1951 to 1967 .'}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Ripon ( 1951-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral', 'summary': "The Cathedral Church of St Peter and St Wilfrid , commonly known as Ripon Cathedral , is a cathedral in the North Yorkshire city of Ripon . Founded as a monastery by Scottish monks in the 660s , it was refounded as a Benedictine monastery by St Wilfrid in 672 . The church became collegiate in the tenth century , and acted as a mother church within the large Diocese of York for the remainder of the Middle Ages . . The present church is the fourth , and was built between the 13th and 16th centuries . In 1836 the church became the cathedral for the Diocese of Ripon . In 2014 the Diocese was incorporated into the new Diocese of Leeds , and the church became one of three co-equal cathedrals of the Bishop of Leeds . The cathedral is notable architecturally for its gothic west front in the Early English style , considered one of the best of its type , as well as the Geometric east window . The seventh-century crypt of Wilfrid 's church is a significant example of early Christian architecture in England . The cathedral has Grade I listed building status ."}]}, {'value': 'Ungoed Jacob', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ungoed_Jacob', 'summary': 'William Ungoed Jacob ( 6 October 1910 - 18 December 1990 ) was an eminent Anglican priest and author in the 20th century . He was born on 6 October 1910 , educated at Llandovery College and Jesus College , Oxford and ordained in 1934 . After curacies in Aberystwyth and Lampeter he held incumbencies at Blaenau Ffestiniog and Hubberston after which he was Archdeacon of Carmarthen and then Dean of Brecon .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 2nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Brecon ( 1967-1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brecon_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Brecon Cathedral , ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Aberhonddu ) in the town of Brecon , Powys , is the cathedral of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon in the Church in Wales and seat of the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon . Previously the church of Brecon Priory and then the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist , it became Brecon Cathedral following the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920 and the creation of the diocese in 1923 .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_James_(priest)', 'summary': 'Henry Lewis James ( 18 March 1864 - 17 January 1949 ) was Dean of Bangor from 1934 to 1940 and an author of theological works in Welsh .'}]}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 2nd ) ( 1886 ) , MA ( 1891 ) , BD and DD ( 1924 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Bangor ( 1934-1940 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}]}, {'value': 'David Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Jones_(Dean_of_Llandaff)', 'summary': 'David John Jones ( 31 December 1870 - 14 March 1949 ) was a Welsh Anglican priest , who served as Dean of Llandaff from 1931 to 1948 .'}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Theology ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Llandaff ( 1931-1948 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'Dean of Llandaff is the title given to the head of the chapter of Llandaff Cathedral , which is located in Llandaff , Cardiff , Wales . It is not an ancient office - the head of the chapter was historically the Archdeacon who appears in this role in the Liber Landavensis and in the Chapter Acts preserved in the Glamorgan Records Office - but the office of a separate Dean was established by act of parliament in 1843 . A century later the Deanery was merged with the Vicarage of Llandaff . The Chapter forfeited its legal rights on Disestablishment in 1920 . The previous Dean was Janet Henderson .'}]}, {'value': 'William Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Jones_(British_priest,_died_1974)', 'summary': "William Edward Jones ( 11 December 1897 - 11 June 1974 ) was an eminent Welsh Anglican priest in the 20th century . He was born in 1897 , educated at Jesus College , Oxford , and ordained in 1922 . His first post was as a Minor Canon at Brecon Cathedral after which he Priest in Charge at Kondinin , Western Australia . Later he held Incumbencies at St Luke 's , Cottesloe and then St Mary 's ; West Perth . He was Dean of Brecon Cathedral from 1950 to 1964 then Vicar of Penally until retirement in 1969 . He died in 1974 in Pembrokeshire . His widow , Rachel Jones , was appointed BBC Governor for Wales , a post which caused controversy as she was a non-Welsh speaker ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Brecon ( 1950-1964 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brecon_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Brecon Cathedral , ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Aberhonddu ) in the town of Brecon , Powys , is the cathedral of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon in the Church in Wales and seat of the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon . Previously the church of Brecon Priory and then the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist , it became Brecon Cathedral following the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920 and the creation of the diocese in 1923 .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Le Marinel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Le_Marinel', 'summary': "Matthew Le Marinel ( 18 July 1883 - 22 January 1963 ) was a Jersey Anglican clergyman , who became Dean of Jersey . Le Marinel was born in Saint Helier and educated at Victoria College , Jersey , Elizabeth College , Guernsey and Jesus College , Oxford before training for ordination as an Anglican priest at St Stephen 's House , Oxford . After ordination , he served as vicar of St Mary Brookfield , Dartmouth Park ( 1909-1927 ) and St Matthew 's , Oakley Square , becoming Dean of Jersey ( head of the Anglican church in Jersey ) in 1937 and rector of the Parish Church of St Helier ( the civic church of Jersey ) in 1938 . He was made an honorary canon of Winchester Cathedral in 1944 . During the Second World War , when Jersey was occupied by Nazi forces , Le Marinel made a point of not resorting to the black market and lost a large amount of weight as a result . He stood down as Rector in 1958 and as Dean in 1959 . He died in Saint Helier in Jersey on 22 January 1963 , aged 79 ."}]}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Jersey ( 1937-1959 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_of_Jersey', 'summary': "The Dean of Jersey is the leader of the Church of England in Jersey . He is ex officio a member of the States of Jersey , although since the constitutional reforms of 1948 the Dean may not take part in parliamentary votes . The Dean acts as the chaplain of the States Assembly and may speak in debates on any matter . The Dean is appointed by the Crown by means of letters patent and sworn into that office by Jersey 's Royal Court . The Dean also serves as rector of one of the Parishes of Jersey and is instituted and inducted in that office by the Bishop of Winchester . Since 1784 it has been customary ( but not obligatory ) for the Dean to also be the rector of the Parish Church of St Helier , but this has not always been the case . For example , William Corbet Le Breton , father of Lillie Langtry , was rector of Saint Saviour at the time he became Dean , though transferred to St Helier in 1875 . Since 1661 , the Dean of Jersey has a seal of pointed ellipse type . The arms of the deanery impale those of each individual ( or alternatively a monogram ) . The Dean of Jersey presides over the ecclesiastical court ."}]}, {'value': 'Llewelyn Lewellin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llewelyn_Lewellin', 'summary': "The Very Rev . Llewelyn Lewellin ( 3 August 1798 - 25 November 1878 ) was a cleric and academic , the first principal of St David 's College , Lampeter and the first Dean of St David 's . Lewellin was born the third son of Richard and Maria Lewellin , near Bridgend , Glamorgan . He was educated at Cowbridge Grammar School and Jesus College , Oxford , graduating with a BA in 1822 , an MA in 1824 , a BCL in 1827 and a DCL in 1829 . Whilst studying at Oxford , he was ordained deacon in 1822 and priest in 1823 by the bishop of Oxford . Lewellin was , in 1826 , offered , and accepted , the headmastership of Bruton Grammar School , Somerset . Instead of taking this up , however , he went to Saint Davids College ( now the University of Wales , Trinity Saint David ) , as its first principal in 1827 and held the post until his death in Lampeter , where he is also buried ."}]}, {'value': '1818', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 1st , 1822 ) , MA ( 1824 ) , BCL ( 1827 ) , DCL ( 1829 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': "First Principal of St David 's College , Lampeter ( 1828-1878 ) , also Dean of St David 's ( 1843-1878 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_David's_College,_Lampeter", 'summary': "University of Wales , Lampeter ( Welsh : Prifysgol Cymru , Llanbedr Pont Steffan ) is a university in Lampeter , Wales . Founded in 1822 , and given its royal charter in 1828 , it is the oldest degree awarding institution in Wales , with degree awarding powers since 1822 , and the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in England and Wales after the universities of Oxford , Cambridge and Durham ( founded as a university in 1832 ) . St. David 's was a college . In 2010 it merged with Trinity University College ( under its 1822 charter ) to create the University of Wales Trinity Saint David . The university was founded as St David 's College ( Coleg Dewi Sant ) , becoming St David 's University College ( Coleg Prifysgol Dewi Sant ) in 1971 , when it became part of the federal University of Wales . With fewer than 2,000 students on campus , it is often claimed to be one of the smallest public universities in Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': "/wiki/St_David's_Cathedral", 'summary': 'St Davids Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Tyddewi ) is situated in St Davids in the county of Pembrokeshire , on the most westerly point of Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Evan Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evan_Lewis_(priest)', 'summary': 'Evan Lewis ( 16 November 1818 - 24 November 1901 ) was a Welsh clergyman who was Dean of Bangor Cathedral from 1884 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '1838', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1841 ) , MA ( 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Bangor ( 1884-1901 ) , and younger brother of David Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Lewis_(priest,_born_1814)', 'summary': 'David Lewis ( 1814-1895 ) was a Welsh Anglican priest and academic who converted to Roman Catholicism under the influence of John Henry Newman .'}]}, {'value': 'John Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lewis_(Dean_of_Llandaff)', 'summary': 'John Thomas Lewis ( 1947-2019 ) was Dean of Llandaff from 2000-2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1966 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1969 ) , Diploma in Applied Statistics ( 1970 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Llandaff since 2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'Dean of Llandaff is the title given to the head of the chapter of Llandaff Cathedral , which is located in Llandaff , Cardiff , Wales . It is not an ancient office - the head of the chapter was historically the Archdeacon who appears in this role in the Liber Landavensis and in the Chapter Acts preserved in the Glamorgan Records Office - but the office of a separate Dean was established by act of parliament in 1843 . A century later the Deanery was merged with the Vicarage of Llandaff . The Chapter forfeited its legal rights on Disestablishment in 1920 . The previous Dean was Janet Henderson .'}]}, {'value': 'John Pryce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Pryce', 'summary': 'John Pryce ( 1828 - 15 August 1903 ) was a Welsh clergyman and writer on church history , who became Dean of Bangor Cathedral .'}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Bangor ( 1902-1903 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Roberts_(priest)', 'summary': 'The Very Rev Edward Albert Trevillian Roberts ( 10 October 1877 - 2 May 1968 ) was an eminent Anglican Priest in the mid 20th century . He was educated at Llandovery College and Jesus College , Oxford and ordained in 1901 . After curacies in Neath and Cwmbach he was Rector of Llanelly until 1925 when he began a long association with Brecon Cathedral . He was Canon and Sub-Dean until 1939 and then Dean for a further decade . He resigned in 1949 and died on .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Brecon ( 1939-1949 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brecon_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Brecon Cathedral , ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Aberhonddu ) in the town of Brecon , Powys , is the cathedral of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon in the Church in Wales and seat of the Bishop of Swansea and Brecon . Previously the church of Brecon Priory and then the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist , it became Brecon Cathedral following the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920 and the creation of the diocese in 1923 .'}]}, {'value': 'George Stradling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Stradling', 'summary': 'George Stradling ( 1620 or 1621 - 19 April 1688 ) was Dean of Chichester Cathedral from 1672 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '1638', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1640', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Chichester ( 1672-1688 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral', 'summary': "Chichester Cathedral , formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester . It is located in Chichester , in Sussex , United Kingdom . It was founded as a cathedral in 1075 , when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey . Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles , and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as the most typical English Cathedral . Despite this , Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England 's medieval cathedrals - a free-standing medieval bell tower ( or campanile ) and double aisles . The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures , and many modern art works including tapestries , stained glass and sculpture , many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey ( Dean , 1955-77 ) . The city of Chichester , though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans , has always been small enough for the city 's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once , causing Daniel Defoe to comment :"}]}, {'value': 'James Vincent Vincent ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Vincent_(Dean_of_Bangor)', 'summary': 'James Vincent Vincent ( born James Vincent Jones ) ( 4 October 1792 - 22 March 1876 ) was a Welsh cleric who became Dean of Bangor Cathedral , holding the position for 14 years .'}]}, {'value': '1811', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1815', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1815 ) , MA ( 1817 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dean of Bangor ( 1862-1876 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Wedderspoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Wedderspoon', 'summary': 'Alexander Gillan Wedderspoon ( 3 April 1931 - 10 June 2014 ) was an Anglican priest , academic , and British Army officer . He was Dean of Guildford from 1987 to 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 2nd , 1954 ) , BD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean of Guildford ( 1987-2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral', 'summary': 'The Cathedral Church of the Holy Spirit , Guildford , commonly known as Guildford Cathedral , is the Anglican cathedral at Guildford , Surrey , England . Richard Onslow donated the first 6 acres of land on which the cathedral stands , with Viscount Bennett , a former Prime Minister of Canada , purchasing the remaining land and donating it to the cathedral in 1947 . Designed by Edward Maufe and built between 1936 and 1961 , it is the seat of the Bishop of Guildford .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Deans', 'section_text': 'At least five former students of Jesus College have become Dean of Bangor Cathedral . Guildford Cathedral , where Alex Wedderspoon was Dean from 1987 to 2001', 'uid': 'List_of_clergy_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford_1', 'intro': "Jesus College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I at the request of Hugh Price, a Welsh clergyman, who was Treasurer of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The college still has strong links with Wales, and about 15% of students are Welsh. There are 340 undergraduates and 190 students carrying out postgraduate studies. Women have been admitted since 1974, when the college was one of the first five men's colleges to become co-educational. Old members of Jesus College are sometimes known as Jesubites. Three Archbishops of Wales have studied at Jesus College. A. G. Edwards, the first archbishop of the Church in Wales after its disestablishment, read Literae Humaniores from 1871 to 1874, and was archbishop from 1920 to 1934. Glyn Simon, a student from 1922 to 1926, was Archbishop of Wales from 1968 to 1971. He was succeeded by Gwilym Williams, who was archbishop from 1971 to 1982. Other bishops to have held office in Wales include Francis Davies, Roy Davies, John Harris and Morgan Owen (who were all Bishops of Llandaff), Humphrey Humphreys, Daniel Lewis Lloyd and Humphrey Lloyd (who were Bishops of Bangor), William Lloyd and John Wynne (who were Bishops of St Asaph), and John Owen and William Thomas (who were Bishops of St David's). William Havard was a Welsh rugby international before becoming Bishop of St Asaph, then Bishop of St David's."} | null | null | When did the most recent person to study at Oxford die ? | 15 July 2017 |
0b4089b046d1e72a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UMTS_networks', 'title': 'List of UMTS networks', 'header': ['Operator', 'Country', 'Frequency ( MHz )', 'Band', 'Launch date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Mobility', 'summary': "Bell Mobility Inc. is a Canadian LTE and HSPA+ based wireless provider and the division of Bell Canada which offers wireless services across Canada . Bell Mobility and its affiliates combined have 9.5 million subscribers as of the end of Q3 2018 , making it Canada 's second largest wireless carrier . Bell-owned Virgin Mobile Canada as well as Loblaws prepaid PC Telecom , operate as MVNOs on the Bell Mobility network . Some of Bell Canada 's regional subsidiaries continue to operate their own wireless networks separate from ( but generally allowing for roaming with ) Bell Mobility ; these are Northwestel ( NMI Mobility and Latitude Wireless ) , Télébec ( Télébec Mobilité ) , and NorthernTel ( NorthernTel Mobility ) . In July 2006 , Bell Mobility assumed responsibility for the former Aliant wireless operations in Atlantic Canada as part of a larger restructuring of both Bell and Aliant , and continued to do business there as Aliant Mobility until re-branding as Bell in April 2008 . Bell Mobility is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association . In May 2017 , Bell completed the purchase of MTS , greatly enhancing Bell 's network coverage area . Prior to this purchase , Bell 's network covered only the Winnipeg to Brandon corridor , whereas MTS ' network was the largest in Manitoba , covering much of Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2009 / November 2010 / March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freedom Mobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedom_Mobile', 'summary': "Freedom Mobile Inc. is a Canadian wireless telecommunications provider owned by Shaw Communications . With 1,716,096 active subscribers ( as of the end of November 30 , 2019 ) in urban areas of Ontario , British Columbia and Alberta , it is Canada 's fourth largest mobile network operator with 5% market share . Founded in 2008 as Wind Mobile by the telecommunications company Globalive , Freedom was one of several new mobile carriers launched in Canada in 2008 after a government initiative to encourage competition in the wireless sector alongside Mobilicity ( later acquired by Rogers Communications ) and Public Mobile ( later acquired by Telus ) . It initially launched mobile data and voice services in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area , Ontario on December 16 , 2009 and two days later in Calgary , Alberta . Since then , Southern Ontario has been the main target of network expansion : first with Ottawa in Q1 2011 , and then with about half a dozen additional regions , the most recently being Cornwall , Cobourg , Belleville , Trenton , Brockville , and Pembroke on March 8 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobilicity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobilicity', 'summary': "Data and Audio-Visual Enterprises Wireless , d/b/a Mobilicity , was a Canadian mobile virtual network operator owned by Rogers Communications . Its name was a portmanteau of the words mobility and simplicity . Mobilicity was one of several new mobile network operators , along with Public Mobile ( later acquired by Telus ) and Wind Mobile ( later acquired by Shaw Communications ) , which launched in Canada after a government initiative to encourage competition in the wireless sector . The carrier had over 250,000 Mobilicity subscriptions on May 16 , 2013 , the day in which Telus announced its failed attempt to acquire Mobilicity . The subscription count decreased to 157,000 by April 2015 according to court documents filed by Mobilicity 's Chief Restructuring Officer in that month . On June 24 , 2015 , the Ontario Superior Court gave approval for the sale of Mobilicity to Rogers for $ 440 million CAD at which point Mobilicity became an MVNO operating on the Rogers network . In May 2016 , Rogers announced it planned to retire the Mobilicity brand and migrate subscribers to its Chatr brand by the end of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Wireless', 'summary': 'Rogers Wireless Inc. is a Canadian wireless telephone company headquartered in Toronto , providing service nationally throughout Canada . It is Canadas largest wireless carrier , with 10.8 million subscribers as of Q4 2018 , and revenues of just under $ 15.1 billion in 2018 . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rogers Communications .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2006 / September 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SaskTel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SaskTel', 'summary': 'Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation , operating as SaskTel , is a Canadian crown-owned telecommunications firm based in the province of Saskatchewan . Owned by the provincial government , it provides wireline and wireless communications services , including landline telephone , mobile networks , broadband internet ( including copper DSL , fibre to the home , and wireless broadband ) , IPTV , and security services . Through a subsidiary , SaskTel International , the company has also worked on telecom infrastructure projects in countries such as Argentina and the Bahamas . As of 2018 , SaskTel serves around 1.4 million customers , and has an annual revenue of around $ 1.2 billion .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2010 / ? 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telus', 'summary': "Telus Communications ( stylized as TELUS ) is a Canadian national telecommunications company that provides a wide range of telecommunications products and services including internet access , voice , entertainment , healthcare , video , and IPTV television . The company is based in the Vancouver , British Columbia area ; it was originally based in Edmonton , Alberta , before its merger with BC Tel in 1999 . Telus ' wireless division , Telus Mobility , offers HSPA+ , and LTE-based mobile phone networks . Telus is the incumbent local exchange carrier in British Columbia and Alberta . Telus ' primary competitors are Shaw Communications ( in the western provinces ) . It also competes in the mobile sector with Rogers Communications , Bell Canada and Vidéotron ( in Quebec ) . Telus is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2009 / March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vidéotron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vidéotron', 'summary': 'Vidéotron is a Canadian integrated telecommunications company active in cable television , interactive multimedia development , video on demand , cable telephony , wireless communication and Internet access services . Owned by Quebecor , it primarily serves Quebec , as well as the Francophone communities of New Brunswick and some parts of Eastern Ontario . Its principal competitors are Bell Canada and Telus Communications .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2010 / August 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DoCoMo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo', 'summary': "NTT Docomo Inc. is the predominant mobile phone operator in Japan . The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase , do communications over the mobile network , and is also from a compound word dokomo , meaning everywhere in Japanese . Docomo provides phone , video phone ( FOMA and Some PHS ) , i-mode ( internet ) , and mail ( i-mode mail , Short Mail , and SMS ) services . The company 's headquarters are in the Sanno Park Tower , Nagatachō , Chiyoda , Tokyo . Docomo was spun off from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ( NTT ) in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations . It provides 2G ( mova ) PDC cellular services , 3G ( FOMA ) W-CDMA services and 4G LTE services . Its businesses also included PHS ( Paldio ) , paging , and satellite . Docomo ceased offering a PHS service on January 7 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GTA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GTA_Teleguam', 'summary': 'GTA Teleguam ( GTA ) is the principal telecommunications company in Guam , providing telephone , cellular , internet and television services to residents of the island . The firm is based in Tamuning . [ citation needed ] The majority owner of GTA Telegaum is the Japanese firm Advantage Partners LLP , through its private equity investment funds . Advantage completed the purchase of GTA in 2011 following approval of the deal by the United States Federal Communications Commission and the Guam Public Utilities Commission . The President and Chief Executive Officer of GTA is Robert W. Haulbrook , Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iConnect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Instant_connect_telecommunications', 'summary': 'Choice Phone LLC ( also known as iConnect Guam , iCan GSM , and Wave Runner LLC ) is a telecommunications company . IConnect Guam also serves Saipan , Rota and Tinian .'}]}, {'value': 'Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? ) / Sep 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IT & E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IT & E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Mariana Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands', 'summary': 'The Northern Mariana Islands , officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ; Chamorro : Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas ; Refaluwasch or Carolinian : Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas ; formerly in Spanish : Islas Marianas del Norte , in German : Nördliche Marianen , and in Japanese : 北マリアナ諸島 ) , is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain , Guam , which is a separate U.S. territory . The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States . The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles ( 475.26 km2 ) . According to the 2010 United States Census , 53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time . The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan , Tinian , and Rota . The other islands of the Northern Marianas are sparsely inhabited ; the most notable among these is Pågan , which for various reasons over the centuries has experienced major population flux , but formerly had residents numbering in the thousands . The administrative center is Capitol Hill , a village in northwestern Saipan . However , most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality .'}]}, {'value': '850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Docomo Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo', 'summary': "NTT Docomo Inc. is the predominant mobile phone operator in Japan . The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase , do communications over the mobile network , and is also from a compound word dokomo , meaning everywhere in Japanese . Docomo provides phone , video phone ( FOMA and Some PHS ) , i-mode ( internet ) , and mail ( i-mode mail , Short Mail , and SMS ) services . The company 's headquarters are in the Sanno Park Tower , Nagatachō , Chiyoda , Tokyo . Docomo was spun off from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ( NTT ) in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations . It provides 2G ( mova ) PDC cellular services , 3G ( FOMA ) W-CDMA services and 4G LTE services . Its businesses also included PHS ( Paldio ) , paging , and satellite . Docomo ceased offering a PHS service on January 7 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Mariana Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands', 'summary': 'The Northern Mariana Islands , officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ; Chamorro : Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas ; Refaluwasch or Carolinian : Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas ; formerly in Spanish : Islas Marianas del Norte , in German : Nördliche Marianen , and in Japanese : 北マリアナ諸島 ) , is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain , Guam , which is a separate U.S. territory . The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States . The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles ( 475.26 km2 ) . According to the 2010 United States Census , 53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time . The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan , Tinian , and Rota . The other islands of the Northern Marianas are sparsely inhabited ; the most notable among these is Pågan , which for various reasons over the centuries has experienced major population flux , but formerly had residents numbering in the thousands . The administrative center is Capitol Hill , a village in northwestern Saipan . However , most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality .'}]}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AT & T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AT&T_Mobility', 'summary': "AT & T Mobility LLC or AT & T U.S. Mobility , also known as AT & T Wireless , marketed as simply AT & T , is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT & T Inc. that provides wireless services to 165.9 million subscribers in the United States , including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . AT & T Mobility is the largest wireless telecommunications provider in the United States and Puerto Rico ahead of Verizon Wireless and the largest wireless telecommunications provider in North America when including AT & T Mexico . Originally known as Cingular Wireless ( a joint venture between SBC Communications and BellSouth ) from 2000 to 2007 , the company acquired the old AT & T Wireless in 2004 ; SBC later acquired the original AT & T and adopted its name . Cingular became wholly owned by AT & T in December 2006 as a result of AT & T 's acquisition of BellSouth . In January 2007 , Cingular confirmed it would re-brand itself under the AT & T name . Although the legal corporate name change occurred immediately , for both regulatory and brand-awareness reasons both brands were used in the company 's signage and advertising during a transition period . The transition concluded in late June , just prior to the rollout of the Apple iPhone . On March 20 , 2011 , AT & T Mobility announced its intention to acquire T-Mobile USA from Deutsche Telekom for $ 39 billion . If it had received government and regulatory approval , AT & T would have had more than 130 million subscribers . However , the U.S. Department of Justice , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and AT & T Mobility 's competitors ( such as Sprint Corporation ) opposed the move on the grounds that it would substantially reduce competition in the cellular network market . In December 2011 , in the face of both governmental and widespread consumer opposition , AT & T withdrew its offer to complete the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Claro Puerto Rico is one of the largest telecommunications services company in Puerto Rico . It is headquartered in Guaynabo , Puerto Rico , and has operated for almost a century offering voice , data , long distance , broadband , directory publishing and wireless services for the island residents and businesses . It was founded by the brothers Behn , Sosthenes and Hernan . Originally , Puerto Rico Telephone Company eventually spawned ITT Corporation , which was founded by Sosthenes Behn . The company was a public corporation of the government of Puerto Rico for many years until the majority stakes were acquired by GTE in the mid-1990s . It was a subsidiary of Verizon Communications until it was fully acquired by América Móvil in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Mobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Mobile_US', 'summary': 'T-Mobile US , Inc. , commonly shortened to T-Mobile , is a United States-based wireless network operator ; its majority shareholder is the German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom ( DT ) . Its headquarters are located in Bellevue , Washington , in the Seattle metropolitan area . T-Mobile is the third-largest wireless carrier in the United States , with 86.0 million customers as of the end of Q4 2019 . T-Mobile US provides wireless voice and data services in the United States , Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T-Mobile and Metro by T-Mobile brands ( which it acquired via the purchase of Metro PCS in a reverse takeover in 2013 , resulting in T-Mobile going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange ) , and also serves as the host network for many mobile virtual network operators . The company has annual revenues of over $ 40 billion . In 2015 , Consumer Reports named T-Mobile the number one American wireless carrier .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alaska Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska_Communications', 'summary': 'Alaska Communications ( formerly Alaska Communications Systems or ACS ) is a telecommunications corporation headquartered in Anchorage , Alaska . It was the first telecommunications provider in the state of Alaska to maintain a third-generation wireless network and the only provider in Alaska that owned fully incorporated infrastructure for the major telecommunications platforms ; wireless communications , Internet networking , and local and long distance phone service . Alaska Communications wireline operations include advanced data networks and an underwater fiber optic system . The Alaska Communications wireless operations included a statewide 3G CDMA network , and coverage extended from the North Slope to Southeast Alaska .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AT & T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AT&T_Mobility', 'summary': "AT & T Mobility LLC or AT & T U.S. Mobility , also known as AT & T Wireless , marketed as simply AT & T , is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT & T Inc. that provides wireless services to 165.9 million subscribers in the United States , including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . AT & T Mobility is the largest wireless telecommunications provider in the United States and Puerto Rico ahead of Verizon Wireless and the largest wireless telecommunications provider in North America when including AT & T Mexico . Originally known as Cingular Wireless ( a joint venture between SBC Communications and BellSouth ) from 2000 to 2007 , the company acquired the old AT & T Wireless in 2004 ; SBC later acquired the original AT & T and adopted its name . Cingular became wholly owned by AT & T in December 2006 as a result of AT & T 's acquisition of BellSouth . In January 2007 , Cingular confirmed it would re-brand itself under the AT & T name . Although the legal corporate name change occurred immediately , for both regulatory and brand-awareness reasons both brands were used in the company 's signage and advertising during a transition period . The transition concluded in late June , just prior to the rollout of the Apple iPhone . On March 20 , 2011 , AT & T Mobility announced its intention to acquire T-Mobile USA from Deutsche Telekom for $ 39 billion . If it had received government and regulatory approval , AT & T would have had more than 130 million subscribers . However , the U.S. Department of Justice , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and AT & T Mobility 's competitors ( such as Sprint Corporation ) opposed the move on the grounds that it would substantially reduce competition in the cellular network market . In December 2011 , in the face of both governmental and widespread consumer opposition , AT & T withdrew its offer to complete the merger ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '850 / 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 / 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BendBroadband', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BendBroadband', 'summary': 'BendBroadband is a cable television and internet provider in the U.S. state of Oregon . Based in Bend , it serves Central Oregon and also owns several television stations and a data center . As of September 2014 , the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Telephone and Data Systems , Inc. [ NYSE : TDS ] , a Fortune 500 company .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell', 'summary': 'Cincinnati Bell is a regional telecommunications service provider based in Cincinnati , Ohio , United States . It provides landline telephone , fiber-optic Internet , and IPTV services through its subsidiaries Cincinnati Bell Telephone and Hawaiian Telcom , which are the incumbent local exchange carriers for the Cincinnati and Dayton metropolitan areas and Hawaii . Other subsidiaries provide enterprise information technology services and long distance calling . Cincinnati Bell was founded in 1873 as a telegraph company and for much of its history was a Bell System franchisee . In the 1990s , Cincinnati Bell expanded into Internet access and mobile phone services . The company divested its mobile phone service in 2014 to focus on enterprise and fiber-optic services .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( ? )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2011', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Americas -- USA , US Territories and Canada', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_UMTS_networks_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of mobile telecommunications networks using third-generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) technology. This list does not aim to cover all networks, but instead focuses on networks deployed on frequencies other than 2100 MHz which is commonly deployed around the globe and on Multiband deployments.'} | null | null | Where is the headquarters for the operator that launched in November 2011 ? | Sanno Park Tower , Nagatachō , Chiyoda , Tokyo |
0b40f62cbb33e186 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen's_Tribune_Tower_design", 'title': "Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design", 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Architect', 'Floors', 'Year', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'American Radiator Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Radiator_Building', 'summary': 'The American Radiator Building ( since renamed to the American Standard Building ) is a 338 ft ( 103 m ) , 23-story landmark skyscraper located at 40 West 40th Street , in midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was conceived by the architects John Howells and Raymond Hood , and built in 1924 for the American Radiator Company , five years before it merged with Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation which 38 years later , became simply known as American Standard .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Raymond Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Hood', 'summary': 'Raymond Mathewson Hood ( March 29 , 1881 - August 14 , 1934 ) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The American Radiator Building was the next commission by Raymond Hood following his success in the Tribune Tower competition . Hood quickly adapted Saarinen 's style and applied it to this design , which was finished with construction before the Tribune Tower was completed", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Hood', 'summary': 'Raymond Mathewson Hood ( March 29 , 1881 - August 14 , 1934 ) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tribune_Tower', 'summary': "The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic skyscraper located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago , Illinois , United States . Built between 1923 and 1925 , the international design competition for the tower became an historic event in 20th century architecture . The tower was the home of the Chicago Tribune , Tribune Media , and Tribune Publishing . WGN Radio ( 720 kHz ) originated broadcasts from the building until moving to 303 Wacker Drive in June , 2018 . The last WGN Radio broadcast emanated from the Tribune Tower on June 18 , 2018 . The ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood ( named for the building 's architects ) , whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue . CNN 's Chicago bureau was also located in the building . It is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan-Wacker Historic District . The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868 , but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 . In early 2018 , work began on converting the entire office building into condominiums , expected to be completed by 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '140 New Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/140_New_Montgomery', 'summary': "140 New Montgomery Street , originally known as The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building , and , after 1984 , as The Pacific Bell Building or The PacBell Building , in San Francisco 's South of Market district , is an Art Deco mixed-use office tower located close to the St. Regis Museum Tower and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . The 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. , and as a result , was designated as the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. Coast Division Offices by the company , though referred to colloquially as The Telephone Building . When it opened on May 30 , 1925 , The Pacific Telephone Building was San Francisco 's first significant skyscraper development , and was the tallest building in San Francisco , until the Russ Building matched its height in 1927 at the time of its completion . The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street , and along with the Russ Building , remained the city 's tallest until it was overtaken by 650 California Street in 1964 . It was the first high rise located on the west coast to be occupied solely by a single tenant . AT & T sold the building in 2007 , and as of 2013 , Internet company Yelp is the main tenant ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Timothy L. Pflueger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_L._Pflueger', 'summary': "Timothy Ludwig Pflueger ( September 26 , 1892 - November 20 , 1946 ) was a prominent architect , interior designer and architectural lighting designer in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of the 20th century . Together with James R. Miller , Pflueger designed some of the leading skyscrapers and movie theaters in San Francisco in the 1920s , and his works featured art by challenging new artists such as Ralph Stackpole and Diego Rivera . Rather than breaking new ground with his designs , Pflueger captured the spirit of the times and refined it , adding a distinct personal flair . His work influenced later architects such as Pietro Belluschi . Pflueger , who started as a working-class draftsman and never went to college , established his imprint on the development of Art Deco in California architecture yet demonstrated facility in many styles including Streamline Moderne , neo-Mayan , Beaux-Arts , Mission Revival , Neoclassical and International . His work as an interior designer resulted in an array of influential interior spaces , including luxurious cocktail lounges such as the Top of the Mark at the Mark Hopkins Hotel , the Patent Leather Bar at the St. Francis Hotel and the Cirque Room at The Fairmont , three of the most successful San Francisco bars in their day . Pflueger 's social and business connections spanned the city , including three private men 's clubs which he joined : the Bohemian Club , the Olympic Club and The Family . He designed buildings and interior architecture for the latter two . Pflueger was highly placed in several important planning organizations : He was the chairman of a committee of consulting architects on the Bay Bridge project and he served on the committee responsible for the design of the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939 . Pflueger was a board member of the San Francisco Art Association starting in 1930 , and served variously as chair and director . While on the board , Pflueger helped the organization found the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA ) ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Originally called the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Building , 140 New Montgomery was designed by San Francisco architect Timothy L. Pflueger in 1923-1924 to be the headquarters for Pacific Telephone & Telegraph . The 26-story building , completed in 1925 , was the tallest in San Francisco for 40 years , in a close tie with the Russ Building . Pflueger 's vision for the building lay in combining the vertical thrust of Saarinen with the reflective qualities of Sierra granite", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_L._Pflueger', 'summary': "Timothy Ludwig Pflueger ( September 26 , 1892 - November 20 , 1946 ) was a prominent architect , interior designer and architectural lighting designer in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of the 20th century . Together with James R. Miller , Pflueger designed some of the leading skyscrapers and movie theaters in San Francisco in the 1920s , and his works featured art by challenging new artists such as Ralph Stackpole and Diego Rivera . Rather than breaking new ground with his designs , Pflueger captured the spirit of the times and refined it , adding a distinct personal flair . His work influenced later architects such as Pietro Belluschi . Pflueger , who started as a working-class draftsman and never went to college , established his imprint on the development of Art Deco in California architecture yet demonstrated facility in many styles including Streamline Moderne , neo-Mayan , Beaux-Arts , Mission Revival , Neoclassical and International . His work as an interior designer resulted in an array of influential interior spaces , including luxurious cocktail lounges such as the Top of the Mark at the Mark Hopkins Hotel , the Patent Leather Bar at the St. Francis Hotel and the Cirque Room at The Fairmont , three of the most successful San Francisco bars in their day . Pflueger 's social and business connections spanned the city , including three private men 's clubs which he joined : the Bohemian Club , the Olympic Club and The Family . He designed buildings and interior architecture for the latter two . Pflueger was highly placed in several important planning organizations : He was the chairman of a committee of consulting architects on the Bay Bridge project and he served on the committee responsible for the design of the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939 . Pflueger was a board member of the San Francisco Art Association starting in 1930 , and served variously as chair and director . While on the board , Pflueger helped the organization found the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Telephone_&_Telegraph', 'summary': 'The Pacific Bell Telephone Company ( Pacific Bell ) is a telephone company that provides telephone service in California . The company is owned by AT & T Inc. through AT & T Teleholdings , and , though separate , is now marketed as AT & T . The company has been known by a number of names during which its service area has changed . The formal name of the company from the 1910s through the 1984 Bell System divestiture was The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company . As of 2002 , the name Pacific Bell is no longer used in marketing , Pacific Bell is still the holder of record for the infrastructure of cables and fiber through much of California .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russ_Building', 'summary': "The Russ Building is a Neo-Gothic office tower located in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 133-metre ( 436 ft ) building was completed in 1927 and had 32 floors as well as the city 's first indoor parking garage . It was the tallest building in San Francisco from 1927 to 1964 and one of the most prominent , along with its 133-metre ( 436 ft ) twin , the PacBell Building to the south . Upon completion , the building was iconic enough that Architect and Engineer wrote , In nearly every large city there is one building that because of its size , beauty of architectural design and character of its use and occupancy , has come to typify the city itself . Today the Russ Building takes this place in San Francisco . By its size and location and by the character of its tenants the building becomes indeed - 'The Center of Western Progress ' . However , Manhattanization from 1960 to 1990 has shrouded the tower in a shell of skyscrapers , removing the tower 's prominence . The San Francisco Chronicle 's architecture critic John King described the Russ Building as the embodiment of Jazz Age romance , a full block of ornate Gothic-flavored masonry that ascends in jagged stages from Montgomery Street with a leap and then a scramble to a central crown . The tower is a California Historical Landmark . Until the emergence of Sand Hill Road in the 1980s , many of the largest venture capital firms held offices in the Russ Building . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)', 'summary': 'The Sierra Nevada ( /siˌɛrə nɪˈvædə , -ˈvɑːdə/ , Spanish : [ ˈsjera neˈβaða ] , snowy range ) is a mountain range in the Western United States , between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin . The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California , although the Carson Range spur lies primarily in Nevada . The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges that consists of an almost continuous sequence of such ranges that form the western backbone of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . The Sierra runs 400 miles ( 640 km ) north-to-south , and is approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) across east-to-west . Notable Sierra features include the General Sherman ( tree ) , the largest tree in the world by volume ; Lake Tahoe , the largest alpine lake in North America ; Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft ( 4,421 m ) , the highest point in the contiguous United States ; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite , containing high waterfalls . The Sierra is home to three national parks , twenty wilderness areas , and two national monuments . These areas include Yosemite , Sequoia , and Kings Canyon National Parks ; and Devils Postpile National Monument . The character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology . More than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny , granite formed deep underground . The range started to uplift four million years ago , and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range . The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada , which are reflected by the presence of five life zones ( areas with similar plant and animal communities ) . Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces , creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra .'}]}, {'value': 'Russ Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russ_Building', 'summary': "The Russ Building is a Neo-Gothic office tower located in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 133-metre ( 436 ft ) building was completed in 1927 and had 32 floors as well as the city 's first indoor parking garage . It was the tallest building in San Francisco from 1927 to 1964 and one of the most prominent , along with its 133-metre ( 436 ft ) twin , the PacBell Building to the south . Upon completion , the building was iconic enough that Architect and Engineer wrote , In nearly every large city there is one building that because of its size , beauty of architectural design and character of its use and occupancy , has come to typify the city itself . Today the Russ Building takes this place in San Francisco . By its size and location and by the character of its tenants the building becomes indeed - 'The Center of Western Progress ' . However , Manhattanization from 1960 to 1990 has shrouded the tower in a shell of skyscrapers , removing the tower 's prominence . The San Francisco Chronicle 's architecture critic John King described the Russ Building as the embodiment of Jazz Age romance , a full block of ornate Gothic-flavored masonry that ascends in jagged stages from Montgomery Street with a leap and then a scramble to a central crown . The tower is a California Historical Landmark . Until the emergence of Sand Hill Road in the 1980s , many of the largest venture capital firms held offices in the Russ Building . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'George Kelham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Kelham', 'summary': "George William Kelham ( 1871-1936 ) was an American architect most active in the San Francisco area . Born in Manchester , Massachusetts , Kelham was educated at Harvard and graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1896 . As an employee of New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston , he was sent by the firm to San Francisco for the Palace Hotel in 1906 and remained there . Kelham was responsible for the master plan for the 1915 World 's Fair in San Francisco and at least five major buildings in the city , along with significant work in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles . He was also supervising architect for the University of California , Berkeley campus from 1927 to 1931 ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Russ Building was designed by architect George Kelham . The 32-story building , completed in 1927 , was the tallest in San Francisco for 38 years , in a close tie with 140 New Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russ_Building', 'summary': "The Russ Building is a Neo-Gothic office tower located in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 133-metre ( 436 ft ) building was completed in 1927 and had 32 floors as well as the city 's first indoor parking garage . It was the tallest building in San Francisco from 1927 to 1964 and one of the most prominent , along with its 133-metre ( 436 ft ) twin , the PacBell Building to the south . Upon completion , the building was iconic enough that Architect and Engineer wrote , In nearly every large city there is one building that because of its size , beauty of architectural design and character of its use and occupancy , has come to typify the city itself . Today the Russ Building takes this place in San Francisco . By its size and location and by the character of its tenants the building becomes indeed - 'The Center of Western Progress ' . However , Manhattanization from 1960 to 1990 has shrouded the tower in a shell of skyscrapers , removing the tower 's prominence . The San Francisco Chronicle 's architecture critic John King described the Russ Building as the embodiment of Jazz Age romance , a full block of ornate Gothic-flavored masonry that ascends in jagged stages from Montgomery Street with a leap and then a scramble to a central crown . The tower is a California Historical Landmark . Until the emergence of Sand Hill Road in the 1980s , many of the largest venture capital firms held offices in the Russ Building . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Kelham', 'summary': "George William Kelham ( 1871-1936 ) was an American architect most active in the San Francisco area . Born in Manchester , Massachusetts , Kelham was educated at Harvard and graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1896 . As an employee of New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston , he was sent by the firm to San Francisco for the Palace Hotel in 1906 and remained there . Kelham was responsible for the master plan for the 1915 World 's Fair in San Francisco and at least five major buildings in the city , along with significant work in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles . He was also supervising architect for the University of California , Berkeley campus from 1927 to 1931 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/140_New_Montgomery', 'summary': "140 New Montgomery Street , originally known as The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building , and , after 1984 , as The Pacific Bell Building or The PacBell Building , in San Francisco 's South of Market district , is an Art Deco mixed-use office tower located close to the St. Regis Museum Tower and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . The 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. , and as a result , was designated as the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. Coast Division Offices by the company , though referred to colloquially as The Telephone Building . When it opened on May 30 , 1925 , The Pacific Telephone Building was San Francisco 's first significant skyscraper development , and was the tallest building in San Francisco , until the Russ Building matched its height in 1927 at the time of its completion . The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street , and along with the Russ Building , remained the city 's tallest until it was overtaken by 650 California Street in 1964 . It was the first high rise located on the west coast to be occupied solely by a single tenant . AT & T sold the building in 2007 , and as of 2013 , Internet company Yelp is the main tenant ."}]}, {'value': 'AT & T Huron Road Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AT&T_Huron_Road_Building', 'summary': "The AT & T Huron Road Building ( formally known as the Ohio Bell Building ) is an art deco skyscraper located at 750 Huron Road in downtown Cleveland , Ohio . It serves as the corporate headquarters for Ohio Bell , a regional telephone company owned by AT & T . The building has 24 stories and rises to a height of 365 ft ( 111 m ) . It was designed by the firm of Hubbell and Benes , in what they called Modern American Perpendicular Gothic , a style influenced by Eliel Saarinen 's unrealized design for the Tribune Tower in Chicago . Work on the building began in 1925 and was completed in 1927 at a cost of $ 5 million . It was briefly the tallest building in Cleveland , surpassed in 1928 by the Terminal Tower ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': 'Hubbell and Benes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubbell_and_Benes', 'summary': "Hubbell & Benes was a prominent Cleveland , Ohio architectural firm formed by Benjamin Hubbell ( 1857-1935 ) and W. Dominick Benes ( 1867-1953 ) in 1897 after the pair departed from Coburn , Barnum , Benes & Hubbell . Their work included commercial and residential buildings as well as telephone exchange buildings , the West Side Market and Cleveland Museum of Art . Before teaming up they worked for Coburn and Barnum . Benes was Jeptha Wades personal architect and designed numerous public buildings , commercial buildings , and residences for him including the Wade Memorial Chapel . Hubbell retired in 1927 , but the firm continued and outlived both its original partners . In 1960 it was known as Hubbell , Benes & Hoff , with Benjamin Hubbell 's son Benjamin S. Hubbell ( 1897-1988 ) the senior partner . Many of the firm 's drawings are collected at the Western Reserve Historical Society . They designed the Plain Dealer building , also used by the Cleveland Public Library as well as the Ohio Bell Telephone Co. building , an important early Cleveland with modern architecture and Art Deco features . The firm was also known for its designs in Classical Revival architecture . A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Originally known as the Ohio Bell Building , the skyscraper served as offices and a regional switching center for telephone company Ohio Bell . The building was designed by Hubbell and Benes with a perpendicular modernist vision following Saarinen 's lead", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Bell', 'summary': "The Ohio Bell Telephone Company , now doing business as AT & T Ohio , is the Bell Operating Company serving most of Ohio and parts of West Virginia . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT & T . Its headquarters is the Ohio Bell Building at 750 Huron Road , Cleveland , Ohio , and formerly had a secondary headquarters at 150 East Gay Street , Columbus , Ohio . Ohio Bell is not affiliated with Cincinnati Bell , which serves Cincinnati and other surrounding communities . After the 1984 Bell System Divestiture , Ohio Bell became a subsidiary of Ameritech , one of the seven original Regional Bell Operating Companies . The Ohio Bell name continued to be used until January 1993 , when Ameritech dropped all of its individual Bell Operating Company names in favor of its corporate name for marketing purposes ; Ohio Bell then began doing business as Ameritech Ohio . After Ameritech was acquired by SBC in 1999 , Ohio Bell continued to retain the Ameritech brand until 2001 , when it began doing business as SBC Ameritech Ohio . A year later , in 2002 , SBC dropped the Ameritech name in favor of SBC as a national brand , resulting in the trade name of SBC Ohio . On January 15 , 2006 , after SBC 's acquisition of AT & T , Ohio Bell 's trade name was changed , again , to AT & T Ohio , a name which it continues to use today ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hubbell_and_Benes', 'summary': "Hubbell & Benes was a prominent Cleveland , Ohio architectural firm formed by Benjamin Hubbell ( 1857-1935 ) and W. Dominick Benes ( 1867-1953 ) in 1897 after the pair departed from Coburn , Barnum , Benes & Hubbell . Their work included commercial and residential buildings as well as telephone exchange buildings , the West Side Market and Cleveland Museum of Art . Before teaming up they worked for Coburn and Barnum . Benes was Jeptha Wades personal architect and designed numerous public buildings , commercial buildings , and residences for him including the Wade Memorial Chapel . Hubbell retired in 1927 , but the firm continued and outlived both its original partners . In 1960 it was known as Hubbell , Benes & Hoff , with Benjamin Hubbell 's son Benjamin S. Hubbell ( 1897-1988 ) the senior partner . Many of the firm 's drawings are collected at the Western Reserve Historical Society . They designed the Plain Dealer building , also used by the Cleveland Public Library as well as the Ohio Bell Telephone Co. building , an important early Cleveland with modern architecture and Art Deco features . The firm was also known for its designs in Classical Revival architecture . A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '333 North Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/333_North_Michigan', 'summary': "333 North Michigan is a skyscraper in the art deco style located in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois in the United States . Architecturally , it is noted for its dramatic upper-level setbacks that were inspired by the 1923 skyscraper zoning laws . Geographically , it is known as one of the four 1920s flanks of the Michigan Avenue Bridge ( along with the Wrigley Building , Tribune Tower and the London Guarantee Building ) that are contributing properties to the Michigan-Wacker Historic District , which is a U.S . Registered Historic District . Additionally , it is known as the geographic beneficiary of the jog in Michigan Avenue , which makes it visible along the Magnificent Mile as the building that seems to be in the middle of the road at the foot of this stretch of road ( pictured at left ) . The building was designed by Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root and completed in 1928 . It is 396 feet ( 120.7 m ) tall , and has 34 storeys . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 7 , 1997 . It is located on the short quarter mile stretch of Michigan Avenue between the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the Magnificent Mile . The building is managed and leased by MB Real Estate . Designed by John Wellborn Root , Jr. , the building 's long and narrow footprint and towering structure are a tribute to Root 's father John Wellborn Root 's earlier Chicago Monadnock Building ; Louis Sullivan 's tall-building canon ; and Eliel Saarinen 's second-prize entry in the Tribune Tower design contest . The building was such a success that Holabird and Root took commercial residence there ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Holabird & Root , John Wellborn Root , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holabird_&_Root', 'summary': "The architectural firm now known as Holabird & Root was founded in Chicago in 1880 . Over the years , the firm has changed its name several times and adapted to the architectural style then current - from Chicago School to Art Deco to Modern Architecture to Sustainable Architecture . Holabird & Root provides architectural , engineering , interior design , and planning services . It is Chicago 's oldest architecture firm . The firm remains a privately held partnership currently operating with five principals and four associate principals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Wellborn_Root,_Jr.', 'summary': "John Wellborn Root Jr. ( 1887-1963 ) was a significant United States architect based in Chicago . He was the son of architect John Wellborn Root . As a young man , he graduated from Cornell University and studied architecture at Paris ' École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts , where he became friends with John Augur Holabird , the son of another famous Chicago architect . Root returned to the States and joined his friend on the architectural staff at Holabird & Roche in 1919 . After the deaths of William Holabird in 1923 and Martin Roche in 1927 , the firm was reorganized under the new partnership of Holabird & Root . They worked on many dazzling projects in the late 1920s and early 1930s , before the Great Depression slowed new construction . These years are notable for the firm 's many impressive Art Deco buildings . The firm weathered the Depression and Root remained an active partner into old age ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': "John Wellborn Root , Jr. designed the exterior of this commercial skyscraper , keeping to the clean verticality of Saarinen 's design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wellborn_Root,_Jr.', 'summary': "John Wellborn Root Jr. ( 1887-1963 ) was a significant United States architect based in Chicago . He was the son of architect John Wellborn Root . As a young man , he graduated from Cornell University and studied architecture at Paris ' École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts , where he became friends with John Augur Holabird , the son of another famous Chicago architect . Root returned to the States and joined his friend on the architectural staff at Holabird & Roche in 1919 . After the deaths of William Holabird in 1923 and Martin Roche in 1927 , the firm was reorganized under the new partnership of Holabird & Root . They worked on many dazzling projects in the late 1920s and early 1930s , before the Great Depression slowed new construction . These years are notable for the firm 's many impressive Art Deco buildings . The firm weathered the Depression and Root remained an active partner into old age ."}]}, {'value': 'Fisher Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fisher_Building', 'summary': 'The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit , Michigan . The ornate 30-story building , completed in 1928 , is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn , and is designed in an Art Deco style , faced with limestone , granite , and several types of marble . The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors . It was designed to house office and retail space . The building , which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre , was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29 , 1989 . It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools and the studios of radio station WJR .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Albert Kahn Associates , Joseph Nathaniel French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_Associates', 'summary': "Albert Kahn Associates is an architectural design firm in Detroit , Michigan with a second office located in Miami , Florida . It was established in 1895 and is still active . Recent work includes being awarded third place in the Virtual Modeling Stage of NASAs 3D-Printed Habitat Competition ( as of July 2018 ) for their work on martian habitats , and also creating the world 's largest penguin conservation center , Polk Penguin Conservation Center . In earlier years , it introduced a new technology in industrial building involving a unique reinforced concrete method referred to as the Kahn System of construction using proprietary patented reinforcement steel manufactured by Trussed Concrete Steel Company . The building of automobile factories and other types of factories were revolutionized from wooden timber framing construction . Besides being an advanced technology in strength that led to wider open interior spaces , it featured a high degree of fire resistance and larger window space for light . The firm started by Albert Kahn built factories for Chrysler for over a decade , Ford Automobile for 30 years and Packard Automobile for 35 years . Other important clients of the firm were Republic Steel and General Motors . The firm was awarded a $ 40 million contract to build a tractor factory in Russia in 1928 . The firm 's output was over a million dollars worth of work per week by 1929 . By 1939 , the firm designed 19 percent of all industrial buildings in the United States and had designed some $ 800 million of buildings worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nathaniel_French', 'summary': 'Joseph Nathaniel French , Sr. ( October 24 , 1888 - February 28 , 1975 ) was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates from 1914 to 1967 . He was the chief architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Fisher Building was built across the street from the headquarters of General Motors ( GM ) to house the offices of Fisher Body which had been acquired in 1926 by GM . Joseph Nathaniel French of Albert Kahn Associates served as the chief architect . French 's hand is strongly evident , taking his inspiration from Saarinen 's clean vertical lines ; the building is unlike other Albert Kahn works", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fisher_Building', 'summary': 'The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit , Michigan . The ornate 30-story building , completed in 1928 , is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn , and is designed in an Art Deco style , faced with limestone , granite , and several types of marble . The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors . It was designed to house office and retail space . The building , which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre , was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29 , 1989 . It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools and the studios of radio station WJR .'}, {'url': '/wiki/General_Motors', 'summary': "General Motors Company , commonly referred to as General Motors ( GM ) , is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs , manufactures , markets , and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts , and sells financial services , with global headquarters in Detroit 's Renaissance Center . It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16 , 1908 as a holding company . The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer , and one of the world 's largest . As of 2019 , General Motors is ranked # 13 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . General Motors manufactures vehicles in 15 countries ; its core automobile brands include Chevrolet , Buick , GMC , and Cadillac . It also either owns or holds a significant stake in foreign brands such as Holden , Wuling , Baojun , and Jiefang . Annual worldwide sales volume reached a milestone of 10 million vehicles in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fisher_Body', 'summary': 'Fisher Body was an automobile coachbuilder founded by the Fisher brothers in 1908 in Detroit , Michigan ; it had been a division of General Motors for many years , but in 1984 was dissolved to form other General Motors divisions . Fisher & Company ( originally Alloy Metal Products ) continues to use the name . The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public , as General Motors vehicles displayed a Body by Fisher emblem on their door sill plates until the mid-1990s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nathaniel_French', 'summary': 'Joseph Nathaniel French , Sr. ( October 24 , 1888 - February 28 , 1975 ) was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates from 1914 to 1967 . He was the chief architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit , Michigan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_Associates', 'summary': "Albert Kahn Associates is an architectural design firm in Detroit , Michigan with a second office located in Miami , Florida . It was established in 1895 and is still active . Recent work includes being awarded third place in the Virtual Modeling Stage of NASAs 3D-Printed Habitat Competition ( as of July 2018 ) for their work on martian habitats , and also creating the world 's largest penguin conservation center , Polk Penguin Conservation Center . In earlier years , it introduced a new technology in industrial building involving a unique reinforced concrete method referred to as the Kahn System of construction using proprietary patented reinforcement steel manufactured by Trussed Concrete Steel Company . The building of automobile factories and other types of factories were revolutionized from wooden timber framing construction . Besides being an advanced technology in strength that led to wider open interior spaces , it featured a high degree of fire resistance and larger window space for light . The firm started by Albert Kahn built factories for Chrysler for over a decade , Ford Automobile for 30 years and Packard Automobile for 35 years . Other important clients of the firm were Republic Steel and General Motors . The firm was awarded a $ 40 million contract to build a tractor factory in Russia in 1928 . The firm 's output was over a million dollars worth of work per week by 1929 . By 1939 , the firm designed 19 percent of all industrial buildings in the United States and had designed some $ 800 million of buildings worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}]}, {'value': 'Beekman Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beekman_Tower', 'summary': "The Beekman Tower , also known as the Panhellenic Tower , is a 26-story Art Deco skyscraper situated at the corner of First Avenue and East 49th Street in Midtown Manhattan , in New York City . The building was constructed between 1927 and 1928 to a design by John Mead Howells . The Beekman Tower had been built for the Panhellenic Association 's New York chapter as a club and hotel for women in college sororities . However , due to a lack of patronage , it was opened up to non-sorority women and to men by the mid-1930s . It was later converted into a hotel and then corporate apartments . The Beekman Tower contains a design with numerous setbacks , chamfers at its corners , and a massing that abuts onto the boundaries of its lot . Its sculptural ornamentation was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan in the Art Deco style with Gothic influences ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'John Mead Howells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mead_Howells', 'summary': 'John Mead Howells , FAIA ( /ˈhaʊəlz/ ; August 14 , 1868 - September 22 , 1959 ) , was an American architect .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Beekman Tower was designed by John Mead Howells for the New York chapter of the Panhellenic Association . Its setbacks and massing were based on Saarinen 's design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mead_Howells', 'summary': 'John Mead Howells , FAIA ( /ˈhaʊəlz/ ; August 14 , 1868 - September 22 , 1959 ) , was an American architect .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Setback_(architecture)', 'summary': "A setback , sometimes called step-back , is a step-like recession in a wall . Setbacks were initially used for structural reasons , but now are often mandated by land use codes , or are used for aesthetic reasons . In densely built-up areas , setbacks also help get more daylight and fresh air to the street level . Importantly , a setback helps lower the building 's center of mass , making it more stable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massing', 'summary': 'Massing is a term in architecture which refers to the perception of the general shape and form as well as size of a building .'}]}, {'value': 'JPMorgan Chase Building ( Houston )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Building_(Houston)', 'summary': 'The JPMorgan Chase Building , formerly the Gulf Building , is a 37-story 130 m ( 430 ft ) Art Deco skyscraper in downtown Houston , Texas . Completed in 1929 , it remained the tallest building in Houston until 1963 , when the Exxon Building surpassed it in height . The building is the Houston headquarters of JPMorgan Chase Bank , and was formerly the headquarters of Texas Commerce Bank .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred C. Finn , Kenneth Franzheim , and J. E. R. Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_C._Finn', 'summary': 'Alfred Charles Finn ( July 2 , 1883 - June 26 , 1964 ) was an American architect . He started in the profession with no formal training in 1904 as an apprentice for Sanguinet & Staats . He worked in their offices in Dallas , Fort Worth , and Houston . His credits during his tenure residential structures , but firm was a leader in steel-frame construction of skyscrapers . Finn practiced independently between 1913 and 1953 , first subcontracting as a project manager for the Rice Hotel project . He collaborated on many projects in Houston with Jesse Jones as the pair changed the face of downtown Houston in the 1910s and 1920s . Meanwhile , Finn also supervised or designed buildings in various parts of Texas , including Brenham , Dallas , Galveston , Palestine , and Tyler . He continued architectural work for residential properties in the Houston area . During the 1930s , partly because of his relationship with Jones , Finn worked for the federal government , and later his firm performed contract work for federal agencies . His public buildings included federal buildings , a college administration building and a complex of dormitories , and he designed the San Jacinto Monument . He was one of the leaders in the development of the Art Deco style in Texas , though his work reflects a wide range of styles and syntheses . Along with Joseph Finger , Finn was one of the two leading architects in Houston during the first half of the twentieth century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Franzheim', 'summary': "Kenneth Franzheim was an architect in Chicago and Boston in the early 1920s with C. Howard Crane . He started an independent practice in New York in 1925 and specialized in the design of large commercial buildings and airports . Franzheim became the foremost commercial architect in mid-century Houston after moving his offices to the city in 1937 . [ citation needed ] [ dubious - discuss ] Franzheim was one of the architects involved designing Humble Tower , the Prudential Building ( Houston ) , Texas National Bank building ( Houston ) and Bank of the Southwest ( Houston ) building . His best-known building was the Foleys Department Store downtown location ( demolished ) . It had six floors before it was expanded to nine in 1957 , and included windowless retail space suspended at street level above a first-floor window-wall and canopy with a streamlined interior by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy . In 1950 the building received an Award of Merit from the AIA . John Zemanek and Eugene Werlin worked at the firm early in their careers . There are plans to add oral interviews with both Zemanek and Werlin in which they discuss Franzheims influence to the digital library at the University of Houston . One of Franzheim 's most enduring legacies is the development of Fairlington in Arlington , VA. Franzheim was the primary architect of this WW2-era housing development a few miles south of the Pentagon , which is today a high-end , private housing development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Edwin_Ruthven_Carpenter,_Jr.', 'summary': "James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. ( also known as J. E. R. Carpenter ) ( January 7 , 1867 - June 11 , 1932 ) was the leading architect of luxury residential high-rise buildings in New York City in the early 1900s . He studied at the University of Tennessee and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , from which he graduated in 1884 . He then studied at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris . Carpenter worked in Nashville , Tennessee , in 1888 ; in Norfolk , Virginia , in 1890 ; and later in New York City . In 1892 , he published an architecture book , Artistic Homes for City and Suburb . He designed the Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church at Norfolk ( 1894-1896 ) . Carpenter 's first commission , in 1909 , was for 116 East 58th Street , a nine-story apartment house , since demolished . His designs in Tennessee include the Columbia military arsenal ( later the Columbia Military Academy ) , the Maury County courthouse in Columbia , Tennessee , the Kirkland Tower at Vanderbilt University , the Hermitage Hotel , Lynmeade Mansion and the Stahlman Building in Nashville , the Hurt Building in Atlanta , the American National Bank Building ( Pensacola , Florida ) , and several noteworthy buildings in New York City , including 907 Fifth Avenue , 620 Park Avenue , 625 Park Avenue , 640 Park Avenue , 655 Park Avenue , 825 Fifth Avenue , 819 Park Avenue , 550 Park Avenue , completed in 1917 , the neo-Italianate 1030 Fifth Avenue , built in 1925 , and the Lincoln Building ( 42nd Street , Manhattan ) , completed in 1930 . One distinctive aspect of Mr. Carpenters work is his pairing of buildings : sibling structures facing each other across a side street , like 1115 and 1120 Fifth , at 93rd Street ; 1148 and 1150 Fifth , at 96th Street ; and 1165 and 1170 Fifth , at 98th Street . Carpenter 's work was described in a New York Times ad in 1930 as having a quiet , restful feeling about [ his ] apartments - in their large , high-ceiling rooms , the careful finish of detail , the skilled but unobtrusive service ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Originally known as the Gulf Building and built to house the offices of Gulf Oil , National Bank of Commerce , and the Sakowitz brothers , the building was commissioned by Texas politician and entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones . Its stepped profile was based on Saarinen 's 1922 design . Later it was known as the Texas Commerce Bank Building . It was the tallest building in Houston until 1963", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Oil', 'summary': "Gulf Oil was a major global oil company from 1901 until March 15 , 1985 . The eighth-largest American manufacturing company in 1941 and the ninth-largest in 1979 , Gulf Oil was one of the so-called Seven Sisters oil companies . Prior to its merger with Standard Oil of California , Gulf was one of the chief instruments of the Mellon family fortune ; both Gulf and Mellon Financial had their headquarters in Pittsburgh . Gulf 's former headquarters , originally referred to as the Gulf Building ( now the Gulf Tower office condos ) , is an Art Deco skyscraper . The tallest building in Pittsburgh until 1970 , when it was eclipsed by the U.S. Steel Tower , it is capped by a step pyramid structure several stories high . Until 1973 , the entire top was illuminated , changing color with changes in barometric pressure to provide a weather indicator that could be seen for many miles . After 1973 until the 2000s , only a beacon on top would change colors . Gulf Oil Corporation ( GOC ) ceased to exist as an independent company in 1985 , when it merged with Standard Oil of California ( SOCAL ) , with both re-branding as Chevron in the United States . Gulf Canada , Gulf 's main Canadian subsidiary , was sold the same year with retail outlets to Ultramar and Petro-Canada and what became Gulf Canada Resources to Olympia & York . However , the Gulf brand name and a number of the constituent business divisions of GOC survived . Gulf has experienced a significant revival since 1990 , emerging as a flexible network of allied business interests based on partnerships , franchises and agencies . Gulf , in its present incarnation , is a new economy business ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sakowitz', 'summary': 'Sakowitz was a chain of family-owned department stores based in Houston , Texas , United States . The store was founded by two brothers , Tobias and Simon Sakowitz , in Galveston , Texas in 1902 . Other family members were working in the cotton mills in Galveston . The two brothers , Simon and Tobias , began a peddler business , taking orders and delivering clothes on a bicycle to the many merchant seamen in Galveston at that time . Eventually , the chain expanded to thirteen locations , of which ten were in Texas . L. J. Hooker , an Australian retail development firm , purchased the Sakowitz chain in 1988 so that a location could be opened at Forest Fair Mall ( now Cincinnati Mall ) in Forest Park , Ohio and Fairfield , Ohio . Due , in part , to the fact that Cincinnati was an untested market , the mall straddled two counties ( Hamilton and Butler ) and that the Australian real estate market tanked , Forest Fair Mall failed . The location of the complex was also in a very middle-class area and having both high and low end stores reside in the same mall proved to be too much . The Sakowitz chain was liquidated in 1990 and its stores closed . The Sakowitz name has survived in the form of Sakowitz Furs , a fur dealer with one store in Houston , owned by Jerry Gronauer . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones', 'summary': "Jesse Holman Jones ( April 5 , 1874 - June 1 , 1956 ) was a Democratic politician and entrepreneur from Houston , Texas . Jones managed a Tennessee tobacco factory at age fourteen , and at nineteen , he was put in charge of his uncle 's lumberyards . Five years later , after his uncle , M. T. Jones , died , Jones moved to Houston to manage his uncle 's estate and opened a lumberyard company , which grew quickly . During this period , Jesse opened his own business , the South Texas Lumber Company . He also began to expand into real estate , commercial building , and banking . His commercial building activities in Houston included mid-rise and skyscraper office buildings , hotels and apartments , and movie theaters . He constructed the Foster Building , home to the Houston Chronicle , in exchange for a fifty percent share in the newspaper , which he acquired control of in 1926 . Jones 's participation in civic life and politics began with the Port of Houston and the Houston Ship Channel . He led a group of local bankers in buying public finance bonds and was later appointed to serve as the Chair of the Houston Harbor Board . He led a local fundraising effort on behalf of the American Red Cross in support of servicemen in World War I . President Wilson tapped Jones to head a division of American Red Cross , a duty he fulfilled between 1917 and 1919 . In 1928 , he initiated and organized Houston 's bid for the 1928 Democratic National Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stepped_profile', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'David Stott Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Stott_Building', 'summary': 'The David Stott Building is a 38 story high-rise apartment building with office space on floors 2-6 and retail space on the first floor . The Stott was originally built as a class-A office building located at 1150 Griswold Street ( corner of Griswold and State Streets ) in Downtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Capitol Park Historic District . It was designed in the Art Deco style by the architectural firm of Donaldson and Meier and completed in 1929 . Bedrock Detroit owns and manages the building which began leasing in late 2018 and includes 107 apartment homes and 5 floors of commercial office space .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Donaldson and Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The David Stott Building is the tallest ever designed by Donaldson and Meier . Verticality is emphasized by the near absence of ornamentation , and by a relatively small footprint which yields a slender profile . The building features a series of setbacks from the 23rd floor upward . Michigan architecture professor Eric J. Hill of the American Institute of Architects wrote that the David Stott Building is a classic example of modernism , and that few Detroit skyscrapers captured the ideal of Saarinen 's design so well", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Stott_Building', 'summary': 'The David Stott Building is a 38 story high-rise apartment building with office space on floors 2-6 and retail space on the first floor . The Stott was originally built as a class-A office building located at 1150 Griswold Street ( corner of Griswold and State Streets ) in Downtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Capitol Park Historic District . It was designed in the Art Deco style by the architectural firm of Donaldson and Meier and completed in 1929 . Bedrock Detroit owns and manages the building which began leasing in late 2018 and includes 107 apartment homes and 5 floors of commercial office space .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier', 'summary': 'Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_J._Hill', 'summary': "Eric J. Hill , Ph.D. , FAIA , is a Professor of Practice in Architecture at the University of Michigan . He earned his bachelor 's degree in Architecture in 1970 from the University of Pennsylvania , a Masters in Architecture from Harvard in 1972 , and a Ph.D in Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1976 . He was a Marshall Research Fellow at Denmark 's Royal Academy of Fine Arts from 1972 to 1973 . He is the co-author , along with John Gallagher , of AIA Detroit : The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture . He has served as a Director of Urban Planning and Design at the Detroit firm of Albert Kahn Associates . He has participated in projects such as the promenade on the Detroit International Riverfront , the Detroit Opera House restoration , and the Cadillac Place redevelopment . He has received numerous awards from the American Institute of Architects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects', 'summary': 'The American Institute of Architects was founded in New York City in 1857 by a group of 13 architects to promote the scientific and practical perfection of its members and elevate the standing of the profession . This initial group included Charles Babcock , Henry W. Cleaveland , Henry Dudley , Leopold Eidlitz , Edward Gardiner , Richard Morris Hunt , Fred A. Petersen , Jacob Wrey Mould , John Welch , Richard M. Upjohn and Joseph C. Wells , with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president . They met on February 23 , 1857 , and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them , including Alexander Jackson Davis , Thomas U. Walter , and Calvert Vaux . Prior to their establishment of the AIA , anyone could claim to be an architect , as there were no schools of architecture or architectural licensing laws in the United States . They drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10 , 1857 , under the name New York Society of Architects . Thomas U. Walter , of Philadelphia , later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects . The members signed the new constitution on April 15 , 1857 , having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier . The constitution was amended the following year with the mission to promote the artistic , scientific , and practical profession of its members ; to facilitate their intercourse and good fellowship ; to elevate the standing of the profession ; and to combine the efforts of those engaged in the practice of Architecture , for the general advancement of the Art . Architects in other cities were asking to join in the 1860s , by the 1880s chapters had been formed in Albany , Baltimore , Boston , Chicago , Cincinnati , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Rhode Island , San Francisco , St. Louis , and Washington , D.C. As of 2008 , AIA had more than 300 chapters . The AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue , NW in Washington , D.C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington . Mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts . The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative ( TAC ) to redesign the building .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Tower', 'summary': "The Seattle Tower , originally known as the Northern Life Tower , is a 27-story skyscraper in downtown Seattle , Washington . The building is located on 1218 Third Avenue and is known as Seattle 's first art-deco tower . Its distinctive , ziggurat exterior is clad in 33 shades of brick designed to effect a gradient which lightens from the bottom to the top of the building . This is said to have been inspired by local rock formations . According to the US National Park Service website :"}]}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Albertson , Wilson & Richardson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Seattle Tower was built as the Northern Life Tower , to serve as the headquarters for Northern Life Insurance Company . Architects Albertson , Wilson & Richardson took inspiration from Saarinen 's vertically oriented design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Tower', 'summary': "The Seattle Tower , originally known as the Northern Life Tower , is a 27-story skyscraper in downtown Seattle , Washington . The building is located on 1218 Third Avenue and is known as Seattle 's first art-deco tower . Its distinctive , ziggurat exterior is clad in 33 shades of brick designed to effect a gradient which lightens from the bottom to the top of the building . This is said to have been inspired by local rock formations . According to the US National Park Service website :"}]}, {'value': 'Shell Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shell_Building_(San_Francisco)', 'summary': 'The Shell Building is an office tower in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 28-story , 115.22 m ( 378.0 ft ) , building is located at 100 Bush Street , at Battery Street . It was designed by George W. Kelham and built in 1929 , in the architectural style of Gothic Moderne , Moderne and Art Deco . Shell Oil Company occupied the building until the 1960s . There are castings of shells that decorate the cornice on the upper levels as well as shell designs in the lobby floor and decorative grill at the front of the building .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'George Kelham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Kelham', 'summary': "George William Kelham ( 1871-1936 ) was an American architect most active in the San Francisco area . Born in Manchester , Massachusetts , Kelham was educated at Harvard and graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1896 . As an employee of New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston , he was sent by the firm to San Francisco for the Palace Hotel in 1906 and remained there . Kelham was responsible for the master plan for the 1915 World 's Fair in San Francisco and at least five major buildings in the city , along with significant work in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles . He was also supervising architect for the University of California , Berkeley campus from 1927 to 1931 ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Shell Building in San Francisco was designed by George Kelham . The 28-story building was completed in 1929 . Kelham emphasized Gothic verticality ; the top of the building is especially like Saarinen 's design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shell_Building_(San_Francisco)', 'summary': 'The Shell Building is an office tower in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 28-story , 115.22 m ( 378.0 ft ) , building is located at 100 Bush Street , at Battery Street . It was designed by George W. Kelham and built in 1929 , in the architectural style of Gothic Moderne , Moderne and Art Deco . Shell Oil Company occupied the building until the 1960s . There are castings of shells that decorate the cornice on the upper levels as well as shell designs in the lobby floor and decorative grill at the front of the building .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Kelham', 'summary': "George William Kelham ( 1871-1936 ) was an American architect most active in the San Francisco area . Born in Manchester , Massachusetts , Kelham was educated at Harvard and graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1896 . As an employee of New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston , he was sent by the firm to San Francisco for the Palace Hotel in 1906 and remained there . Kelham was responsible for the master plan for the 1915 World 's Fair in San Francisco and at least five major buildings in the city , along with significant work in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles . He was also supervising architect for the University of California , Berkeley campus from 1927 to 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Powhatan Apartments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powhatan_Apartments', 'summary': "The Powhatan or Powhatan Apartments is a 22-story luxury apartment building overlooking Lake Michigan and adjacent to Burnham Park in the Kenwood neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois . The building was designed by architects Robert De Golyer and Charles L. Morgan . Much of the Art Deco detailing is attributed to Morgan who was associated with Frank Lloyd Wright . The exterior of the luxury-apartment highrise reflects Eliel Saarinen 's second place design for the Tribune Tower competition of 1922 . The building 's terra-cotta ornamental panels feature conventionalized scenes based upon Native American culture . This housing cooperative is a residential high-rise on Chicago 's South Side . The building also hosts the only 24-hour elevator operators in Chicago . Since it and many of the neighboring high-rise apartment buildings are named for Native American tribes ( such as the Algonquin , The Chippewa and the Narragansett ) , the area has been given the tongue-in-cheek name Indian Village . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on January 12 , 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Leichenko & Esser , Charles L. Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Powhatan is one of five apartment buildings financed in the late 1920s by the Garard Trust , designed by the architectural firm Leichenko & Esser , with Charles L. Morgan responsible for appearance . He was influenced largely by Saarinen 's stripped-down exterior design incorporating unbroken vertical piers", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daily News Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daily_News_Building', 'summary': 'The Daily News Building , also known as The News Building , is a 476-foot ( 145 m ) skyscraper located at 220 East 42nd Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The building has 36 floors . It is owned by SL Green Realty Corp .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'John Mead Howells , Raymond Hood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mead_Howells', 'summary': 'John Mead Howells , FAIA ( /ˈhaʊəlz/ ; August 14 , 1868 - September 22 , 1959 ) , was an American architect .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Hood', 'summary': 'Raymond Mathewson Hood ( March 29 , 1881 - August 14 , 1934 ) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The New York Daily News headquarters is a modernist stepback building designed by Howells and Hood , the winners of the Tribune Tower competition . Though the exterior is mostly free from ornament , Howells and Hood embraced a more expressive Art Deco -style in their design of the interior , especially the lobby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': 'McAllister Tower Apartments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McAllister_Tower_Apartments', 'summary': "McAllister Tower Apartments is a 28-story , 94 m ( 308 ft ) residential apartment skyscraper at 100 McAllister Street in San Francisco , California . The property is owned and operated by the University of California , Hastings College of the Law . The tower includes mixed-use offices on various floors , and the Art Deco-styled Sky Room with a panoramic view on the 24th floor . Conceived as an unusual combination of a large church surmounted by a hotel , construction of the building brought architectural dispute . Initially designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the Gothic Revival style , the investors fired his firm and hired Lewis P. Hobart , who changed little of Pflueger 's design . In a resulting lawsuit , Pflueger won nearly half the damages he asked for . The building opened in 1930 as the William Taylor Hotel and Temple Methodist Episcopal Church . However , extra construction expenses had put the congregation at greater financial risk , and the church-hotel concept did not prove popular . No profit was made in six years , and the church left , losing their investment . In the late 1930s the building housed the Empire Hotel , known for its Sky Room lounge , then from World War II to the 1970s , 100 McAllister served as U.S. government offices . Reopening as university housing and offices in 1981 , McAllister Tower is home to some 300 law students and their families . The Tower is sited one block from the administrative and scholastic center of Hastings College of the Law , and is the most prominent building in the district ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Timothy L. Pflueger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_L._Pflueger', 'summary': "Timothy Ludwig Pflueger ( September 26 , 1892 - November 20 , 1946 ) was a prominent architect , interior designer and architectural lighting designer in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of the 20th century . Together with James R. Miller , Pflueger designed some of the leading skyscrapers and movie theaters in San Francisco in the 1920s , and his works featured art by challenging new artists such as Ralph Stackpole and Diego Rivera . Rather than breaking new ground with his designs , Pflueger captured the spirit of the times and refined it , adding a distinct personal flair . His work influenced later architects such as Pietro Belluschi . Pflueger , who started as a working-class draftsman and never went to college , established his imprint on the development of Art Deco in California architecture yet demonstrated facility in many styles including Streamline Moderne , neo-Mayan , Beaux-Arts , Mission Revival , Neoclassical and International . His work as an interior designer resulted in an array of influential interior spaces , including luxurious cocktail lounges such as the Top of the Mark at the Mark Hopkins Hotel , the Patent Leather Bar at the St. Francis Hotel and the Cirque Room at The Fairmont , three of the most successful San Francisco bars in their day . Pflueger 's social and business connections spanned the city , including three private men 's clubs which he joined : the Bohemian Club , the Olympic Club and The Family . He designed buildings and interior architecture for the latter two . Pflueger was highly placed in several important planning organizations : He was the chairman of a committee of consulting architects on the Bay Bridge project and he served on the committee responsible for the design of the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939 . Pflueger was a board member of the San Francisco Art Association starting in 1930 , and served variously as chair and director . While on the board , Pflueger helped the organization found the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA ) ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The McAllister Tower Apartments , originally the William Taylor Hotel , was designed by Timothy L. Pflueger for a church congregation . The 28-story building , completed in 1930 , was initially an unusual combination of church at street level and hotel above it', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McAllister_Tower_Apartments', 'summary': "McAllister Tower Apartments is a 28-story , 94 m ( 308 ft ) residential apartment skyscraper at 100 McAllister Street in San Francisco , California . The property is owned and operated by the University of California , Hastings College of the Law . The tower includes mixed-use offices on various floors , and the Art Deco-styled Sky Room with a panoramic view on the 24th floor . Conceived as an unusual combination of a large church surmounted by a hotel , construction of the building brought architectural dispute . Initially designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the Gothic Revival style , the investors fired his firm and hired Lewis P. Hobart , who changed little of Pflueger 's design . In a resulting lawsuit , Pflueger won nearly half the damages he asked for . The building opened in 1930 as the William Taylor Hotel and Temple Methodist Episcopal Church . However , extra construction expenses had put the congregation at greater financial risk , and the church-hotel concept did not prove popular . No profit was made in six years , and the church left , losing their investment . In the late 1930s the building housed the Empire Hotel , known for its Sky Room lounge , then from World War II to the 1970s , 100 McAllister served as U.S. government offices . Reopening as university housing and offices in 1981 , McAllister Tower is home to some 300 law students and their families . The Tower is sited one block from the administrative and scholastic center of Hastings College of the Law , and is the most prominent building in the district ."}]}, {'value': 'Tower Petroleum Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_Petroleum_Building', 'summary': 'The Tower Petroleum Building ( also known as The Tower Building ) is a historic Art Deco Skyscraper located at 1907 Elm Street in the City Center District of Downtown Dallas . The tower , a contributing property in the Dallas Downtown Historic District and the Harwood Street Historic District , features Zig-zag Moderne styling and was designed by architect Mark Lemmon .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Lemmon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Lemmon', 'summary': 'Mark Lemmon ( 1889-1975 ) was an American architect from Dallas , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Architect Mark Lemmon hewed closely to Saarinen 's vision by implementing two setbacks", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Lemmon', 'summary': 'Mark Lemmon ( 1889-1975 ) was an American architect from Dallas , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '181 West Madison Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/181_West_Madison_Street', 'summary': "181 West Madison Street is a skyscraper located in Chicago managed and leased by MB Real Estate . Built in 1990 , the building is 680 feet ( 207 m ) tall and contains 50 floors . It is architect Cesar Pelli 's first and only completed tower in the city . The glassy office tower 's most distinctive feature is its recessed crown . The top of the building is illuminated white at the corners , as well as other various colors depending on the holiday . In 1989 , the same combination of developer ( The Beitler Company ) and architect envisioned the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle nearby . The 2,000 foot ( 610 m ) and 125-story building would have been the tallest skyscraper in the world if completed , but plans were scrapped because of a sluggish real estate market ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'César Pelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/César_Pelli', 'summary': "César Pelli ( October 12 , 1926 - July 19 , 2019 ) was an Argentine architect who designed some of the world 's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks . Two of his most notable buildings are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the World Financial Center in New York City . The American Institute of Architects named him one of the ten most influential living American architects in 1991 and awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1995 . In 2008 , the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat presented him with The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Early in his career , César Pelli was a project designer under Eero Saarinen , the architect son of Eliel Saarinen . The strong verticality of 181 West Madison Street is emphasized by setbacks in the manner of the elder Saarinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/César_Pelli', 'summary': "César Pelli ( October 12 , 1926 - July 19 , 2019 ) was an Argentine architect who designed some of the world 's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks . Two of his most notable buildings are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the World Financial Center in New York City . The American Institute of Architects named him one of the ten most influential living American architects in 1991 and awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1995 . In 2008 , the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat presented him with The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eero_Saarinen', 'summary': 'Eero Saarinen ( /ˈeɪroʊ ˈsɑːrɪnən , ˈɛəroʊ -/ , Finnish : [ ˈeːro ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1910 - September 1 , 1961 ) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style . Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington , D.C. , the TWA Flight Center in New York City , and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Missouri . He was the son of noted Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Buildings influenced', 'section_text': "The following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinen 's 1922 design .", 'uid': "Eliel_Saarinen's_Tribune_Tower_design_0", 'intro': "Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design or the Saarinen tower are terms used to describe the unnamed and unbuilt design for a modernist skyscraper, created by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and submitted in 1922 for the Chicago Tribune's architectural competition for a new headquarters. The winning entry, the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower, was built in 1925. Saarinen's entry came in second place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings."} | null | null | How tall is this building designed by the architect who passed away on August 14 , 1934 ? | 338 ft |
0b4170cb01e352b7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Horsley', 'title': 'Lee Horsley', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Sword and the Sorcerer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sword_and_the_Sorcerer', 'summary': 'The Sword and the Sorcerer is a 1982 American sword and sorcery fantasy film directed by Albert Pyun and starring Lee Horsley , Simon McCorkindale , Richard Lynch , and Richard Moll . The screenplay concerns a mercenary with a three-bladed sword who rediscovers his royal heritage when he is recruited to help a princess foil the designs of a brutal tyrant , and a powerful sorcerer , in conquering the land .'}]}, {'value': 'Prince Talon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_in_film', 'summary': 'This is a list of films released in 1994 . The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King , becoming the highest-grossing Walt Disney Feature Animation film of all-time , although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump , which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Unlawful Passage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Browning', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick 's final film Eyes Wide Shut , Pedro Almodóvar 's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother , the science-fiction hit The Matrix , the Deep Canvas-pioneering Disney animated feature Tarzan and Best Picture-winner American Beauty and the well-received The Green Mile , as well as the animated works Toy Story 2 , Stuart Little , The Iron Giant and South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . Other noteworthy releases included Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman 's breakout film Being John Malkovich and M. Night Shyamalan 's breakout film The Sixth Sense , the controversial Fight Club and Paul Thomas Anderson 's Magnolia . The year also featured George Lucas ' top-grossing Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nightmare Man', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Cody', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2003 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Dismembered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Kenny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_film', 'summary': '2005 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , a list of country-specific lists of films released , notable deaths and film debuts .'}]}, {'value': 'Jasper : The Story of a Mule', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narrator', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , which was just ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century . As of 2019 , this was the last year in which no film grossed at least $ 1 billion at the worldwide box office ."}]}, {'value': 'Showdown at Area 51', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showdown_at_Area_51', 'summary': 'Showdown at Area 51 is a 2007 Sci-Fi TV film directed by C. Roma and starring Jason London and Gigi Edgley . The screenplay concerns two aliens that crash on Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamond Joe Carson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tales of an Ancient Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_of_an_Ancient_Empire', 'summary': "Tales of an Ancient Empire is a 2010 American fantasy-sword and sorcery film directed by Albert Pyun and starring Kevin Sorbo , Michael Paré , Whitney Able , Melissa Ordway , Ralf Moeller , Lee Horsley and Victoria Maurette . It is a sequel to Pyun 's directorial debut , The Sword and the Sorcerer ."}]}, {'value': 'Talon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2012 . Most notably , the two oldest surviving American film studios , Universal and Paramount both celebrated their centennial anniversaries , marking the first time that two major film studios celebrate 100 years , and the Dolby Atmos sound format was launched for the premiere of Brave . The James Bond film series celebrated its 50th anniversary and released its 23rd film , Skyfall . Six box-office blockbusters from previous years ( Beauty and the Beast , Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace , Titanic , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Finding Nemo , and Monsters , Inc. ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX . Also 2012 in film marked the debut for high frame rate technology . The first film using 48 fps , a higher frame rate than the film industry standard 24 fps , was The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey .'}]}, {'value': 'Django Unchained', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Django_Unchained', 'summary': "Django Unchained ( /ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ ) is a 2012 American revisionist Western film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino , starring Jamie Foxx , Christoph Waltz , Leonardo DiCaprio , Kerry Washington , and Samuel L. Jackson , with Walton Goggins , Dennis Christopher , James Remar , Michael Parks , and Don Johnson in supporting roles . Set in the Old West and Antebellum South , it is a highly stylized tribute to Spaghetti Westerns using an obvious revisionist history , in particular the 1966 Italian film Django by Sergio Corbucci , whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance . Development of Django Unchained began in 2007 when Tarantino was writing a book on Corbucci . By April 2011 , Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company . Casting began in the summer of 2011 , with Michael K. Williams and Will Smith being considered for the role of the title character before Foxx was cast . Principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California , Wyoming , and Louisiana . Django Unchained premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2012 and was theatrically released on December 25 , 2012 in the United States , grossing over $ 425 million worldwide against its $ 100 million budget , becoming Tarantino 's highest-grossing movie to date . The film received numerous awards and nominations , as well as five nominations at the 85th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Waltz won several awards for his performance , among them Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards , Golden Globes and BAFTAs . For his screenplay , Tarantino won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and a BAFTA ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheriff Gus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_in_film', 'summary': '2015 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hateful Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight', 'summary': "The Hateful Eight ( sometimes marketed as The H8ful Eight ) is a 2015 American western thriller film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino . It stars Samuel L. Jackson , Kurt Russell , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Walton Goggins , Demián Bichir , Tim Roth , Michael Madsen , and Bruce Dern as eight strangers who seek refuge from a blizzard in a stagecoach stopover some time after the American Civil War . Tarantino announced The Hateful Eight in November 2013 . He conceived it as a novel and sequel to his previous film Django Unchained ( 2012 ) before deciding to make it a standalone film . After the script leaked in January 2014 , he cancelled the film and instead directed a live reading at the United Artists Theater in Los Angeles , before reconsidering and resuming progress on the project . Filming began on December 8 , 2014 , near Telluride , Colorado . The original score was Italian composer Ennio Morricone 's first for a Tarantino film , his first complete Western score in 34 years , and his first for a high-profile Hollywood production since Brian De Palma 's Mission to Mars in 2000 . Distributed by The Weinstein Company in the United States , The Hateful Eight was released on December 25 , 2015 , in a limited roadshow release on 70 mm film , before expanding wide theatrically on December 30 , 2015 . It received positive reviews from critics , particularly for Leigh 's performance and Morricone 's score . It grossed $ 155.8 million against a $ 45 million budget . For his work on the score , Morricone won his first Academy Award for Best Original Score , as well as the Golden Globe . The film also earned Oscar nominations for Best Supporting Actress ( Leigh ) and Best Cinematography ( Robert Richardson ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lee_Horsley_0', 'intro': 'Lee Arthur Horsley (born May 15, 1955) is an American film, television, and theater actor known for starring roles in the television series Nero Wolfe (1981), Matt Houston (1982-85), and Paradise (1988-91). He starred in the 1982 film, The Sword and the Sorcerer, and recorded the audiobook edition of Lonesome Dove.'} | null | null | For the film with a role of Ed , what did the director win for the movie ? | Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and a BAFTA |
0b423b88c0d39d25 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_the_British_Virgin_Islands_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for the British Virgin Islands at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Kelly_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Ashley Natasha Kelly ( born 25 March 1991 ) is a sprinter from British Virgin Islands specialising in the 400 metres . She represented her country at the 2016 World Indoor Championships without advancing from the first round . She represented the British Virgin Islands at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the 200 m event . She finished 5th in her heat with a time of 23.61 seconds and did not qualify for the semifinals . She was the flag bearer during the opening ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games , from 12-21 August 2016 , at the Olympic Stadium . The sport of athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics was made into three distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Crook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Crook', 'summary': 'Peter Crook ( born January 9 , 1993 in Tortola , British Virgin Islands ) is a British Virgin Islander freestyle skier who has competed since 2009 in the halfpipe discipline . Crook has qualified to compete for the British Virgin Islands at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , becoming the second ever Winter Olympian to represent the country . Crook and his family moved to Wisconsin , United States in 2001 , where he picked up skiing . In 2008 , he moved to Colorado and became a professional freestyle skier .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Extreme Park near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia . The ten events took place between 6-21 February 2014 . In April 2011 the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of the halfpipe event for both , men and women . In July 2011 , slopestyle was also added to the program , therefore a total of four new events were added to the freestyle skiing program .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tahesia Harrigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tahesia_Harrigan', 'summary': "Tahesia Gaynell Harrigan-Scott ( born 15 February 1982 ) is a sprinter from the British Virgin Islands . Harrigan was born in the Virgin Islands to Doris Harrigan . Harrigan 's illustrious track and field career began in Tallahassee , Florida . As a 14-year-old 9th grader , she carried Florida A & M University 's Developmental and Research High School female track team to its first Class 1-A Florida High School Athletic Association state track and field championship win in over ten years by sweeping the 100 metres , 200 metres , the long jump and triple jump . Some other highlights of her prep career include 13 FHSAA State Championship Track and Field victories as an individual or part of a relay team in high school ( 8 of those victories being going undefeated all four years in the 100 and 200 metres , 3 in the long jump , 2 in the triple jump , ) . After graduating from high school as salutatorian in the spring of 2000 , she was approached by several reputable Florida collegiate track and field programs , but chose the University of Minnesota for its medical program . She red shirted her first year due to a fractured tibia , Harrigan exploded on to the university 's conference scene setting school and conference records in the women 's 60 m , 100 m , 200 m , and the long jump in 2002 . She went on that year to compete as a representative of her country ( BVI ) in the Central American and Caribbean Games where she had a very good first showing . In 2004 , Harrigan transferred to the University of Alabama where she honed her athletic prowess even further becoming a SEC powerhouse and a NCAA finalist . She earned a bachelor 's degree in Psychology in 2005 and a Masters in Speech Pathology in 2007 from Alabama . She was an All American at the University of Alabama and the University of Minnesota . She won the 100 metres race at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games , and finished fifth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tahesia Harrigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tahesia_Harrigan', 'summary': "Tahesia Gaynell Harrigan-Scott ( born 15 February 1982 ) is a sprinter from the British Virgin Islands . Harrigan was born in the Virgin Islands to Doris Harrigan . Harrigan 's illustrious track and field career began in Tallahassee , Florida . As a 14-year-old 9th grader , she carried Florida A & M University 's Developmental and Research High School female track team to its first Class 1-A Florida High School Athletic Association state track and field championship win in over ten years by sweeping the 100 metres , 200 metres , the long jump and triple jump . Some other highlights of her prep career include 13 FHSAA State Championship Track and Field victories as an individual or part of a relay team in high school ( 8 of those victories being going undefeated all four years in the 100 and 200 metres , 3 in the long jump , 2 in the triple jump , ) . After graduating from high school as salutatorian in the spring of 2000 , she was approached by several reputable Florida collegiate track and field programs , but chose the University of Minnesota for its medical program . She red shirted her first year due to a fractured tibia , Harrigan exploded on to the university 's conference scene setting school and conference records in the women 's 60 m , 100 m , 200 m , and the long jump in 2002 . She went on that year to compete as a representative of her country ( BVI ) in the Central American and Caribbean Games where she had a very good first showing . In 2004 , Harrigan transferred to the University of Alabama where she honed her athletic prowess even further becoming a SEC powerhouse and a NCAA finalist . She earned a bachelor 's degree in Psychology in 2005 and a Masters in Speech Pathology in 2007 from Alabama . She was an All American at the University of Alabama and the University of Minnesota . She won the 100 metres race at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games , and finished fifth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dion Crabbe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dion_Crabbe', 'summary': 'Dion Kwasi Crabbe ( born March 10 , 1977 ) is a sprinter from the British Virgin Islands . He won the 100 metres race at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games . Born in Tortola , Crabbe won the bronze medal over 200 metres at the 1999 Central American and Caribbean Championships . He finished sixth at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keita Cline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keita_Cline', 'summary': "Keita Cline ( born 29 November 1974 in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands ) is an athlete who represented the British Virgin Islands . Cline competed in two Olympics in three different events , at the 1996 Summer Olympics he entered the long jump where he finished 40th and the 4 × 100 metres relay the team finished 7th in the heat so did n't qualify for the next round , four years later at the 2000 Summer Olympics he was the only competitor from his country , he entered the 200 metres and finished 7th in his heat ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keita Cline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keita_Cline', 'summary': "Keita Cline ( born 29 November 1974 in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands ) is an athlete who represented the British Virgin Islands . Cline competed in two Olympics in three different events , at the 1996 Summer Olympics he entered the long jump where he finished 40th and the 4 × 100 metres relay the team finished 7th in the heat so did n't qualify for the next round , four years later at the 2000 Summer Olympics he was the only competitor from his country , he entered the 200 metres and finished 7th in his heat ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , 44 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl Scatliffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Scatliffe', 'summary': "Karl Scatliffe ( born 4 May 1967 , Road Town , Tortola ) is an athlete who represented the British Virgin Islands . Scatliffe competed in the high jump at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , he jumped 2.10 metres in the qualifying round and finished 21st in his pool and 39th overall so did n't qualify for the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , 43 events in athletics were contested , 24 events by men and 19 by women . The competition ran from July 31 , 1992 , to August 9 , 1992 . Fourteen world record-holders ( eight men and six women ) were among the contenders . Thirty former Olympic champions competed , and a total number of 1725 athletes from 156 countries .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willis Todman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willis_Todman', 'summary': "Willis Todman ( born 14 January 1966 in Road Town , Tortola ) is a sprinter who represented the British Virgin Islands . Todman represented British Virgin Islands at the Summer Olympics when he competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , he entered the 400 metres where he finished 7th in his heat so did n't qualify for the next round , eight years later he competed in Atlanta at the 1996 Summer Olympics , where in the 4x100 metres relay the team finished 7th in the heat so did n't qualify for the next round . His younger brother Mario also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the relays ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul a total number of 42 events in athletics were contested : 24 by men and 18 by women . There were a total number of 1617 participating athletes from 149 countries .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lindel Hodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindel_Hodge', 'summary': "Lindel Hodge ( born 5 April 1959 , in Road Town , Tortola ) is a sprinter from the British Virgin Islands . Hodge was part of the first ever team to represent British Virgin Islands at the Summer Olympics when he competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics , he entered the 200 metres and in his heat he ran a time of 22.28 seconds and finished 5th out of eight runners so did n't qualify for the next round , he also entered the 4x400 metres relay they finished 6th in the heat so did n't qualify for the next round . Four years later he was at the 1988 Summer Olympics and this time he ran in the 100 metres and 200 metres in the 100 metres he ran in a time of 10.79 seconds and finished 6th in his heat and the 200 metres he finished 5th so did n't qualify for the next round in either event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , 41 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 1273 participating athletes from 124 countries . Womens marathon and womens 3000 meters were contested for the first time at these Games .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1984 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : XIVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Serbo-Croatian : XIV . zimske olimpijske igre / XIV Зимске олимпијске игре ; Macedonian : XIV Зимски олимписки игри ; Slovene : XIV olimpijske zimske igre ) , was a winter multi-sport event which took place from 8-19 February 1984 in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina . Other candidate cities were Sapporo , Japan ; and Gothenburg , Sweden . It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a socialist state and in a Slavic language-speaking country . It was also the second Olympics overall , as well as the second consecutive Olympics , to be held in a socialist and in a Slavic language-speaking country after the 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow , Soviet Union . Furthermore , it was the first Olympics held in the Balkans after the first modern Games in Athens . The Sarajevo games have also been the only Olympics so far to be hosted by a Non-Aligned Movement member ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erroll Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erroll_Fraser', 'summary': "Erroll Canute Fraser ( July 30 , 1950 - December 24 , 2002 ) was an ice speed skater from the British Virgin Islands , who represented his native country at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia at the age of 33 . There he finished in 40th ( 500 m ) and 42nd place ( 1.000 m ) , in the nation 's first ever appearance at the Winter Olympics . Fraser is believed to be the only black speed skater in the twentieth century to compete at the Winter Games . The first black speed skater to win an Olympic medal was Shani Davis in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held from 9 to 18 February . Nine events were contested at Zetra Ice Rink .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'British Virgin Islands at theOlympicsFlag of the British Virgin IslandsIOC codeIVBNOCBritish Virgin Islands Olympic CommitteeMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances19841988–201020142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented British Virgin Islands at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_the_British_Virgin_Islands_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented British Virgin Islands at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'} | null | null | What was the host country when Willis Todman was the flag bearer for the British Virgin Islands at the Olympics ? | South Korea |
0b434d9e9ed1bab7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '9th United States Congress', 'header': ['District', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Connecticut At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Connecticut's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'During the first twenty-four Congresses ( March 4 , 1789 until March 3 , 1837 ) Connecticut elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member Connecticut at-large congressional district . Connecticut elected a varying number of representatives during this period . From its inception in 1789 through the first reapportionment in 1793 , there were five seats . From 1793 through 1823 , there were seven seats . In 1823 the seats were reduced to six and in 1837 the system of at-large members was replaced with districts . From 1903 to 1913 and from 1933 to 1965 , Connecticut had a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the state at-large , in addition to the members who represented distinct districts . This practice was prohibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calvin Goddard ( F ) resigned before the beginning of this Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Goddard_(politician)', 'summary': 'Calvin Goddard ( July 17 , 1768 - May 2 , 1842 ) was a United States Representative from Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Pitkin ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Pitkin', 'summary': "Timothy Pitkin ( January 21 , 1766 in Farmington , Connecticut - December 18 , 1847 in New Haven , Connecticut ) was an American lawyer , politician , and historian . He graduated from Yale in 1785 , taught in the academy at Plainfield , Connecticut for a year , studied law , and was admitted to the bar in 1788 . He served in the State Legislature of Connecticut in 1790 , 1792 , and 1794 - 1805 , serving as Clerk of the House 1800 - 1802 and as Speaker 1803 - 1805 . He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Congress in the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold ; and was reëlected to the Tenth and to the five succeeding Congresses , thus serving from September 16 , 1805 , to March 3 , 1819 . Pitkin was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815 . He was not a candidate for renomination to the Federal Congress in 1818 , but was a delegate to the convention which framed the new State constitution in that year . Resuming his private law practice , he also returned to serve as a member of the Connecticut State House of Representatives from 1819 to 1830 . His writing on and gathering of statistical materials are the accomplishments which accord him a special place in the history of the United States . Written with great care , A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of America ( 1816 ) and Political and Civil History of the United States from 1763 to the Close of Washington 's Administration ( 2 volumes , 1828 ) are valuable reference works for students of American history . He is buried in New Haven , in Grove Street Cemetery . He was the maternal uncle of Roger Sherman Baldwin 's wife Emily Pitkin Perkins ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated September 16 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Connecticut's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'During the first twenty-four Congresses ( March 4 , 1789 until March 3 , 1837 ) Connecticut elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member Connecticut at-large congressional district . Connecticut elected a varying number of representatives during this period . From its inception in 1789 through the first reapportionment in 1793 , there were five seats . From 1793 through 1823 , there were seven seats . In 1823 the seats were reduced to six and in 1837 the system of at-large members was replaced with districts . From 1903 to 1913 and from 1933 to 1965 , Connecticut had a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the state at-large , in addition to the members who represented distinct districts . This practice was prohibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Griswold ( F ) resigned before the beginning of this Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Griswold', 'summary': 'Roger Griswold ( /ˈɡrɪzwɔːld , -wəld/ ; May 21 , 1762 - October 25 , 1812 ) was a nineteenth-century lawyer , politician and judge from Connecticut . He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court and the 22nd Governor of Connecticut , serving as a Federalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Lewis B. Sturges ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_B._Sturges', 'summary': 'Lewis Burr Sturges ( March 15 , 1763 - March 30 , 1844 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut from 1805 to 1817 . He was born in Fairfield , Conn. , the son of Jonathan Sturges , who also served in the House . Sturges graduated from Yale College in 1782 , engaged in mercantile pursuits in New Haven , and returned to Fairfield , Conn. , in 1786 . He served as clerk of the probate court for the district of Fairfield from 1787 to 1791 , and was a member of the State house of representatives from 1794 to 1803 . Sturges was elected as a Federalist to the Ninth Congress to fill in part the vacancies caused by the resignations of Calvin Goddard and Roger Griswold . He was reelected to the Tenth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from September 16 , 1805 , to March 3 , 1817 . He later moved to Norwalk , Ohio , where he died in 1844 . He is buried in St. Pauls Episcopal Churchyard there .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated September 16 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania 11th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pennsylvania's_11th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Pennsylvania 's 11th congressional district is located in the southeast-central part of the state . It includes Lancaster County and portions of York County south and east of but not including York . Republican Lloyd Smucker represents the district . Prior to 2018 , the 11th district was located in the east-central part of the state . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania redrew the district in February 2018 after ruling the previous map unconstitutional , centering it around Pottsville and renumbering it as the ninth district . The new 11th district is essentially the successor to the old 16th District , with representation per the elections of 2018 onward . Republican Lou Barletta represented the 11th district within its former boundaries from 2011 to 2019 , the first Republican to do so in almost 30 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John B. C. Lucas ( DR ) resigned before the beginning of this Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Baptiste_Charles_Lucas', 'summary': "John Baptiste Charles Lucas ( August 14 , 1758 - August 17 , 1842 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . John B. C. Lucas was born in Pont-Audemer , Normandy , France . He attended the Honfleur and Paris Law Schools , and graduated from the law department of the University of Caen in 1782 . He practiced law in France until 1784 , when he immigrated to the United States , settled near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He engaged in agricultural pursuits . Lucas was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1792 to 1798 . He served as judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1794 . In the early 1800s , newly-elected president Thomas Jefferson appointed Lucas to a secret mission to St. Louis and New Orleans . Lucas reported directly to the president on the sentiments of the Spaniards in those cities toward the United States , in preparation for Jefferson 's efforts at westward expansion . With strong support from President Jefferson , Lucas was elected as a Republican to the Eighth and Ninth Congresses and served until his resignation in 1805 , before the assembling of the Ninth Congress . He moved to St. Louis ( then part of the Louisiana Territory ) , having been appointed district judge for the District of Louisiana ( which became Missouri Territory in 1812 ) , and served from 1805 until 1820 , when he resigned . He also served as commissioner of land claims of northern Louisiana from 1805 to 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Smith ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': "Samuel Smith ( before 1780 - fl . 1815 ) was an early 19th-century member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania 's 11th congressional district . Smith was a Democratic-Republican who served as an associate judge of Erie County , Pennsylvania , from 1803 to 1805 . In 1805 he was elected to the Ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Representative John Baptiste Charles Lucas . He was reelected in 1806 and 1808 to the Tenth and Eleventh Congresses , but was defeated in his bid for reelection to the Twelfth Congress in 1810 . He was later receiver of public moneys at the land office at St Stephens , Mississippi Territory circa 1815 . Despite his nearly five-and-a-half years in Congress , remarkably little , if any , historical documentation survives regarding Samuel Smith 's life , including the years of his birth and death ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 7 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania 4th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pennsylvania's_4th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Pennsylvania 's fourth congressional district , effective January 3 , 2019 , encompasses the majority of Montgomery County and a small sliver of Berks County in southeastern Pennsylvania , and is represented by Democrat Madeleine Dean . From 2013 to 2018 , the district was in the south-central part of the state , covering all of Adams and York counties , as well as parts of Cumberland and Dauphin counties , with representation by Republican Scott Perry ."}]}, {'value': 'John A. Hanna ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_A._Hanna', 'summary': 'John Andre Hanna ( 1762 - July 23 , 1805 ) was a United States Representative from Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Died July 23 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Whitehill ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Whitehill_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Robert Whitehill ( July 21 , 1738 - April 8 , 1813 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Robert Whitehill ( brother of John Whitehill , uncle of James Whitehill , and great-great-grandfather of John Crain Kunkel ) was born in Pequea , Pennsylvania . He settled in Cumberland County , Pennsylvania . He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Constitutional Convention in July 1776 that approved the Declaration of Independence . He was a member of the council of safety in 1777 , and a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1790 . He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1797 to 1800 . He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1801 to 1804 and was speaker of the Senate in 1804 during the impeachment trials of the judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania . Whitehill was elected to the Ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John A. Hanna . He was reelected to the Tenth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served until his death at Lauther Manor , Cumberland County , Pennsylvania . He was interred in Silver Spring Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Hampden Township , near Camp Hill , Pennsylvania . Notable writings include the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , which he helped draft , and the Minority Dissent to the ratification of the US Constitution by Pennsylvania . This dissent included a number of proposed amendments to the US Constitution and is thought to have been used by James Madison when he drafted the United States Bill of Rights .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 7 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina 10th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/North_Carolina's_10th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 10th Congressional District of North Carolina is a congressional district in central and western North Carolina . It currently includes all of Cleveland , Gaston , Lincoln , Polk , and Rutherford counties , and part of Catawba , Iredell , and Buncombe counties . Republicans have won the district continuously since 1969 . Republican Patrick McHenry has represented the district since 2005 . Jeff Gregory ( D ) was defeated in the 2010 election to represent this district . The 10th district was part of the controversial statewide redistricting by the Republican-led state legislature in 2011 . The district 's northwest border was redrawn to include most of heavily Democratic Asheville , long the heart of the 11th District . At the same time , some heavily Republican areas in the 10th were shifted to the 11th . While this made the 10th approximately seven points more Democratic , it was not nearly enough to overcome the heavy Republican tilt in the western Charlotte suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'Nathaniel Alexander ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Alexander_(governor)', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Alexander ( March 5 , 1756 - March 7 , 1808 ) was a physician and the 13th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1805 to 1807 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November , 1805 after being elected Governor of North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'The governor of North Carolina is the head of state and head of government of the U.S. state of North Carolina . The governor directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander in chief of the military forces of the state . The current governor , Democrat Roy Cooper took office on January 1 , 2017 , and had a public swearing-in ceremony on January 7 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Evan S. Alexander ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evan_Shelby_Alexander', 'summary': 'Evan Shelby Alexander ( c. 1767-October 28 , 1809 ) was a lawyer , legislator from the Salisbury District of North Carolina , and United States Democratic-Republican Party Congressman from North Carolina between 1806 and 1809 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated February 24 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Territory', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Indiana_Territory's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': "The Indiana Territory 's at-large congressional district encompassed the entire area of the Indiana Territory . A delegate to the United States Congress was elected from this district . The territory was created from portions of the Northwest Territory leading up to the State of Ohio achieving statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Territory elected delegate to Congress for first time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Parke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Parke', 'summary': "Benjamin Parke ( September 2 , 1777 - July 12 , 1835 ) was an American lawyer , politician , militia officer , businessman , treaty negotiator in the Indiana Territory who also served as a United States federal judge in Indiana after it attained statehood in 1816 . Parke was the Indiana Territory 's attorney general ( 1804-1808 ) ; a representative to the territory 's first general assembly ( 1805 ) ; its first territorial delegate to the United States House of Representatives ( 1805-1808 ) ; one of the five Knox County delegates to the Indiana constitutional convention of 1816 ; and a territorial court judge ( 1808-1816 ) . After Indiana attained statehood , Parke served as the first United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Indiana ( 1817-1835 ) . In addition to his service in Indiana 's territorial and state government , Parke participated in the local militia , attaining the rank of colonel under the command of William Henry Harrison , and participated in the Battle of Tippecanoe during the War of 1812 . Parke was also active in civic and educational affairs . He was a founder of the public library at Vincennes , Indiana , and a founder and member of the board of trustees of Vincennes University . In 1816 , he helped select the township in what became Monroe County , Indiana , for the use of a state seminary , which later became Indiana University in Bloomington . Parke also served as the first President of the Indiana Historical Society ( 1830-1835 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Elected December 12 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'From 1793 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1845 , Georgia elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member at-large congressional district .'}]}, {'value': 'Cowles Mead ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowles_Mead', 'summary': 'Cowles Mead ( October 18 , 1776 - September 12 , 1844 ) was a United States Representative from Georgia . He was born in Virginia . He received an English education and then became a private practice lawyer . Mead had a controversial stay in the United States Congress . He presented credentials as a Member-elect to the 9th United States Congress ( March 4 , 1805 - December 24 , 1805 ) , but was replaced by Thomas Spalding , who contested his election . He then served as Secretary of the Mississippi Territory , 1806-1807 ; Acting Governor of Mississippi , 1806-1807 ; and member of the Mississippi House of Representatives , 1807 and 1822-23 . He was unsuccessful candidate for election to the 13th United States Congress in 1812 . He was a delegate to the first constitutional convention of Mississippi in 1817 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the 16th United States Congress in 1818 . He served in the Mississippi Senate , 1821 . He was an unsuccessful candidate for election as Governor of Mississippi in 1825 . He died in 1844 on his plantation , Greenwood , in Hinds County , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election December 24 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Spalding ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Spalding', 'summary': 'Thomas Spalding ( March 25 , 1774 - January 5 , 1851 ) was a United States Representative from Georgia . He was born in Frederica , Georgia , St. Simons Island , Glynn County , Georgia . He attended the common schools of Georgia and Florida and a private school in Massachusetts . He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1795 , but did not practice . He engaged extensively in agricultural pursuits . Spalding served as a member of the state constitutional convention in 1798 . He was a member of the Georgia Senate in 1799 . After traveling for 18 months in England and France , he moved to McIntosh County , Georgia , in 1803 and then again served in the Georgia Senate . He successfully contested , as a Democratic-Republican candidate , the election of Federalist party candidate Cowles Mead to the Ninth Congress and served from December 24 , 1805 , until his resignation in 1806 . He served as a trustee of the McIntosh County Academy in 1807 and was one of the founders of the Bank of Darien and of the branch in Milledgeville , Georgia , and president for many years . Spalding engaged in cultivation of Sea Island Cotton as a commodity crop on Sapelo Island , Georgia . According to the New Georgia Encyclopedia , he owned 350 slaves .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 24 , 1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'From 1793 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1845 , Georgia elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member at-large congressional district .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Bryan ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Bryan', 'summary': 'Joseph Bryan ( August 18 , 1773 - September 12 , 1812 ) was a United States Representative from Georgia . He was born Savannah , Georgia . He was educated by private tutors and attended Oxford University in England . He traveled in France during the American Revolutionary War . He engaged in agricultural pursuits on Wilmington Island , Georgia . Bryan was elected as a Republican to the 8th and 9th United States Congresses and served from March 4 , 1803 , until his resignation in 1806 . He engaged in planting and died on his estate , Nonchalance , Wilmington Island , near Savannah in 1812 . He was buried in the family burial ground on his estate .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned sometime in 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Smelt ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Smelt', 'summary': 'Dennis Smelt ( November 23 , 1763 - October 22 , 1818 ) was a doctor and United States Representative from Georgia . He was born to the Reverend John Smelt , an Oxford-educated Episcopal clergyman , in Essex County , Virginia . Smelt attended William and Mary College before travelling to England for three years to study medicine . He returned to America , settling in Augusta , Georgia , in 1789 . He married Mary Cooper , the third of five daughters of merchant Annanias Cooper , in 1798 . Smelt was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 9th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Representative Joseph Bryan . He was reelected to the 10th and 11th Congresses ( September 1 , 1806 - March 3 , 1811 ) . He was not a candidate for reelection to the Twelfth Congress . His died on October 22 , 1818 in Augusta , Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'From 1793 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1845 , Georgia elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member at-large congressional district .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Spalding ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Spalding', 'summary': 'Thomas Spalding ( March 25 , 1774 - January 5 , 1851 ) was a United States Representative from Georgia . He was born in Frederica , Georgia , St. Simons Island , Glynn County , Georgia . He attended the common schools of Georgia and Florida and a private school in Massachusetts . He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1795 , but did not practice . He engaged extensively in agricultural pursuits . Spalding served as a member of the state constitutional convention in 1798 . He was a member of the Georgia Senate in 1799 . After traveling for 18 months in England and France , he moved to McIntosh County , Georgia , in 1803 and then again served in the Georgia Senate . He successfully contested , as a Democratic-Republican candidate , the election of Federalist party candidate Cowles Mead to the Ninth Congress and served from December 24 , 1805 , until his resignation in 1806 . He served as a trustee of the McIntosh County Academy in 1807 and was one of the founders of the Bank of Darien and of the branch in Milledgeville , Georgia , and president for many years . Spalding engaged in cultivation of Sea Island Cotton as a commodity crop on Sapelo Island , Georgia . According to the New Georgia Encyclopedia , he owned 350 slaves .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned sometime in 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William W. Bibb ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Wyatt_Bibb', 'summary': 'William Wyatt Bibb ( October 2 , 1781 - July 10 , 1820 ) was a United States Senator from Georgia and the first Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama . Bibb County , Alabama , and Bibb County , Georgia , are named for him . He was a member of the Democratic-Republican political party . Bibb served as governor of the Alabama Territory from August 1817 to December 1819 , and as the first elected governor of the state of Alabama from December 1819 to his death on July 10 , 1820 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated January 26 , 1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pennsylvania's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Pennsylvania 's first congressional district includes all of Bucks County and a sliver of Montgomery County in southeastern Pennsylvania . It has been represented by Brian Fitzpatrick since 2019 . The state congressional district map was redrawn by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in February 2018 after ruling the previous map unconstitutional due to partisan gerrymandering ; the previous 1st district was geographically succeeded by the newly redrawn 2nd district which on November 6 , 2018 elected Brendan Boyle , the incumbent from the 13th district . The new first district is similar to the previous eighth district , with the new boundaries going into effect for the 2018 elections and representation thereafter . Brian Fitzpatrick , the incumbent from the previous 8th district , was elected on November 6 , 2018 to the newly redrawn 1st district ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Leib ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Leib', 'summary': 'Michael Leib ( January 8 , 1760 - December 8 , 1822 ) was an American physician , politician , scientist , inventor , statesman , and philosopher from Pennsylvania . He served Pennsylvania in both houses of the state legislature and represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and the United States Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned February 14 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Porter ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Porter_(Pennsylvania_politician)', 'summary': 'John Porter was a U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from December 8 , 1806 , to March 4 , 1811 . He was born in Pennsylvania , but his birth date is unknown . He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Michael Leib . He was then re-elected to the Tenth and Eleventh Congresses . He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1801 to 1805 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 8 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland 7th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maryland's_7th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Maryland 's 7th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives encompasses just over half of Baltimore City , some sections of Baltimore County , and the majority of Howard County . The district was created following the census of 1950 , which gave Maryland one additional representative in the House . It has been drawn as a majority-African American district since 1973 . The seat is currently vacant , following the death of incumbent Democratic Representative Elijah Cummings in October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph H. Nicholson ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Hopper_Nicholson', 'summary': 'Joseph Hopper Nicholson ( May 15 , 1770 - March 4 , 1817 ) was an American lawyer , jurist , and politician from Maryland . Born in Chestertown , Kent County , Maryland , Nicholson graduated from Washington College in 1787 and studied law . He was admitted to the bar and practiced , and also served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1796 to 1798 . He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from March 4 , 1799 until his resignation on March 1 , 1806 . In Congress , Nicholson was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in January 1804 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against John Pickering , judge of the United States District Court for New Hampshire , and in December of the same year against Samuel Chase , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Nicholson was significantly ill in February 1801 when the House decided the Election of 1800 , yet was carried on a stretcher to the Capitol to vote for Jefferson . During the War of 1812 , Nicholson participated in the defense of Fort McHenry . He served as chief justice of the sixth judicial district of Maryland and associate justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals from March 26 , 1806 until his death at his home in Baltimore County , Maryland . He is interred in the family cemetery on the Lloyd estate of Wye House near Easton , Talbot County , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned March 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Lloyd ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Governor_of_Maryland)', 'summary': 'Edward Lloyd V ( July 22 , 1779 - June 2 , 1834 ) served as the 13th Governor of Maryland from 1809 to 1811 , and as a United States Senator from Maryland between 1819 and 1826 . He also served as a U.S . Congressman from the seventh district of Maryland from 1807 to 1809 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 3 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia 13th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Virginia's_13th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Virginia Congressional District 13 is an obsolete congressional district . Its last Congressman was Elbert S. Martin .'}]}, {'value': 'Christopher H. Clark ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_H._Clark', 'summary': 'Christopher Henderson Clark ( 1767 - November 21 , 1828 ) was a congressman and lawyer from Virginia . He was the brother of James Clark , the uncle of John Bullock Clark , Sr. and the great-uncle of John Bullock Clark , Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned July 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William A. Burwell ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Burwell', 'summary': 'William Armisted Burwell ( March 15 , 1780 - February 16 , 1821 ) was a nineteenth-century congressman and presidential secretary from Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Connecticut's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'During the first twenty-four Congresses ( March 4 , 1789 until March 3 , 1837 ) Connecticut elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member Connecticut at-large congressional district . Connecticut elected a varying number of representatives during this period . From its inception in 1789 through the first reapportionment in 1793 , there were five seats . From 1793 through 1823 , there were seven seats . In 1823 the seats were reduced to six and in 1837 the system of at-large members was replaced with districts . From 1903 to 1913 and from 1933 to 1965 , Connecticut had a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the state at-large , in addition to the members who represented distinct districts . This practice was prohibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cotton Smith ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cotton_Smith', 'summary': 'John Cotton Smith ( February 12 , 1765 - December 7 , 1845 ) was a nineteenth-century lawyer , judge and politician from Connecticut . He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut and as the 23rd Governor of Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned sometime in August , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theodore Dwight ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_(elder)', 'summary': 'Theodore Dwight ( December 15 , 1764 in Northampton , Massachusetts - June 12 , 1846 in New York City ) was an American lawyer and journalist . He was the brother of Timothy Dwight , president of Yale College , and the grandson of Jonathan Edwards . He was a distinguished lawyer , a leader of the Federalist Party , and a member of Congress in 1806-1807 , and was secretary of the Hartford Convention in 1814-1815 . His talent as a writer made him a brilliant editor at the Hartford Mirror , the Albany Daily Advertiser , and the New York City Daily Advertiser , which he founded in 1817 . Among his publications are Life and Character of Thomas Jefferson ( 1839 ) and History of the Hartford Convention ( 1833 ) . He was a cousin of Aaron Burr . He was admitted to the bar in 1787 and began practice in Haddam , Connecticut ; moved to Hartford , Connecticut in 1791 , and continued the practice of law . He was a member of the State council 1809-1815 ; elected as a Federalist to the Ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Cotton Smith and served from December 1 , 1806 , to March 3 , 1807 ; declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1806 ; secretary of the Hartford Convention in 1814-1815 ; moved to Albany , New York in 1815 and published the Albany Daily Advertiser 1815-1817 . He moved to New York City in 1817 and established the New York Daily Advertiser , with which he was connected until the great fire of 1835 ; returned to Hartford and resided there until about three years before his death , when he returned to New York City , where he died on June 12 , 1846 , aged 81 . He was interred in Greenwood Cemetery , Brooklyn , New York . In 1839 he published The Character of Thomas Jefferson as Exhibited in His Own Writings , which his law partner William Herndon claimed made Abraham Lincoln hate him as a man for his duplicitous character , affair with Sally Hemings et al .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Territory of Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Orleans_Territory's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The Territory of Orleans was the name given to most of what is now the state of Louisiana ( excluding that portion of the state which is west of the Sabine River ) . From 1806 until 1811 , the Territory sent one non-voting Delegate ( an at-large delegate ) to the United States House of Representatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Territory elected delegate to Congress for first time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(Louisiana_politician)', 'summary': "Daniel Clark ( c. 1766 - August 13 , 1813 ) was the first Delegate from the Territory of Orleans to the United States House of Representatives . Born in Sligo , Ireland , he was reportedly educated at Eton College in England . Clark emigrated to the United States in the early 1780s , living with family members in Germantown , Pennsylvania . In 1786 , at the invitation of his merchant uncle , Daniel J. Clark , Sr. of Clarksville , Mississippi , he moved to New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana . The younger Clark streaked into the New Orleans economy , conducting at least 64 notarized transactions , mostly the sale of slaves , that year - double the number of transactions ever conducted in New Orleans in a single year before then . However , Clark 's only appearance in the 1790s as a major businessman was reflected in his numerous formal protests for debts due him in 1793 . Although he was a Spanish citizen until the late 1790s , Clark worked assiduously in the interests of the U.S. government , providing first-hand , detailed responses to President Thomas Jefferson 's questions on Louisiana . Concerned about possible Spanish attempts to hold New Orleans despite the Louisiana Purchase , Clark sent vital military intelligence to Mississippi territorial governor Claiborne and American general Wilkinson , and offered to seize the city for American authorities . On the day of Louisiana 's annexation , according to a news account , Clark was everywhere and had an eye to everything . Clark engaged in land speculation , planting , ship-owning , and banking , but delegated most of the day-to-day business of the firm to the prominent merchants Chew & Relf , who usually worked with him as partners . He was appointed a member of the first Legislative Council for the Territory of Orleans , but declined . Clark was elected as the territorial representative to the U.S. House of Representatives and served from December 1 , 1806 , to March 3 , 1809 ."}]}, {'value': 'Elected December 1 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania 3rd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pennsylvania's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Pennsylvania 's third congressional district includes several areas of the city of Philadelphia , including West Philadelphia , most of Center City , and parts of North Philadelphia . It has been represented by Democrat Dwight Evans since 2019 . Prior to 2018 , the district was located in the northwestern part of the state and included the cities of Erie , Sharon , Hermitage , Butler and Meadville . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania redrew this district in February 2018 after ruling the previous map unconstitutional . The new third district is similar to the old second district and was heavily Democratic for the 2018 election and representation thereafter . Dwight Evans , the incumbent from the old 2nd district , ran for re-election in the new 3rd District . The district supported President George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 as well as John McCain in 2008 . Prior to redistricting in 2002 , the district was located in Northeast Philadelphia and was represented by Rep. Robert Borski . Most of the territory in the 2003-2019 3rd district had been the 21st district before 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Lower ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Lower', 'summary': 'Christian Lower ( January 7 , 1740 - December 19 , 1806 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 19 , 1806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled for remainder of term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina 6th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Carolina's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 6th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in central and eastern South Carolina . It includes all of Allendale , Bamberg , Clarendon , Colleton , Hampton , Jasper and Williamsburg counties and parts of Beaufort , Berkeley , Calhoun , Charleston , Dorchester , Orangeburg , Richland and Sumter counties . The district borders were shifted south in the 2012 redistricting . It lost its share of the North Carolina border , and now takes in part of the area near the South Carolina-Georgia border . The district 's current configuration dates from a deal struck in the early 1990s between state Republicans and Democrats in the South Carolina General Assembly to create a majority-black district . The rural counties of the historical black belt in South Carolina make up much of the district , but it sweeps south to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Charleston , and sweeps west to include most of the majority-black precincts in and around Columbia . In all of its configurations , its politics have been dominated by black voters in the Columbia and Charleston areas . Following the Reconstruction era , the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed Jim Crow laws , as well as a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised blacks , crippling the Republican Party in the state . For most of the next 60 years , South Carolina was essentially a one-party state dominated by the Democrats , and blacks were nearly excluded from the political system . Demographic and political changes have included the Great Migration of blacks out of the state during the Jim Crow era in the first half of the 20th century . At the same time , many white Democrats felt chagrin at the national party 's greater support of civil rights for blacks from the 1940s onward , and began splitting their tickets in federal elections . After successes of the Civil Rights Movement in gaining passage of federal legislation in the mid-1960s to enforce their constitutional rights and ability to vote , blacks in South Carolina supported national Democratic candidates ."}]}, {'value': 'Levi Casey ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levi_Casey_(politician)', 'summary': 'General Levi Casey ( c. 1752 - February 3 , 1807 ) was a United States Representative from South Carolina . He was born in South Carolina and served in the South Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War . Son of Abner Casey , he served in the American Revolutionary War along with his step brothers , brother ( s ) and nephews . One of his stepbrothers , Benjamin Casey was killed in action at Camp Middlebrook , New Jersey . He married Elizabeth Duckett in 1775 . He reached the rank of brigadier general in the South Carolina militia . After the war , he served as justice of Newberry County Court in 1785 . Casey was a member of the South Carolina Senate in 1781 and 1782 and 1800-1802 and a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives 1786-1788 , 1792-1795 and 1798-1799 . He was elected as a Republican to the Eighth and Ninth Congresses and served from March 4 , 1803 , until his death , before the close of the Ninth Congress . Prior to dying , he had been reelected to the Tenth Congress . He died in Washington , D.C. , February 3 , 1807 and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Died February 3 , 1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled for remainder of term', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives', 'uid': '9th_United_States_Congress_1', 'intro': "The Ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1805, to March 4, 1807, during the fifth and sixth years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority."} | null | null | Which university did this politician attend who represented this district that had seven seats from 1793 through 1823 ? | Yale |
0b46bc9430a52952 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_EBA', 'title': 'Liga EBA', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Autonomous community', 'Arena'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aloe Plus Lanzarote Conejeros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrecife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrecife', 'summary': "Arrecife ( /ˌærəˈsiːfeɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ areˈθife ] ; locally [ areˈsife ] ) is a city and municipality in the Canary Islands ( Spain ) situated in the centre-east of the island of Lanzarote , of which it has been the capital since 1852 . The city owes its name to the rock reef ( 'Arrecife ' is Spanish for 'reef ' ) which covers the beach located in the city . The city also gives its name to the nearby Arrecife Airport . The population of the municipality is 61351 ( 2018 ) , its area is 22.72 square kilometres ( 8.77 sq mi ) . It is south of Teguise , east of San Bartolomé and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its southeast . Arrecife is a port town on the east coast , served by ferries to the other islands and also Europe and mainland Africa . The LZ1 road connects Arrecife to the northeast of the island , the LZ2 road connects the capital to the island 's southwest , and the LZ3 road serves as the city 's beltway . The tallest building in Lanzarote is the Arrecife Gran Hotel , which is located on the seafront alongside the harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Canary Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'summary': 'The Canary Islands ( /kəˈnɛəri/ ; Spanish : Islas Canarias , pronounced [ ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas ] ) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean , in a region known as Macaronesia , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Morocco at the closest point . The Canary Islands , which are also known informally as the Canaries , are among the outermost regions ( OMR ) of the European Union proper . It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government . The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , the two on the African mainland . The eight main islands are ( from largest to smallest in area ) Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , El Hierro and La Graciosa . The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets : Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este . It also includes a series of adjacent roques ( those of Salmor , Fasnia , Bonanza , Garachico and Anaga ) . In ancient times , the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles . The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia . Historically , the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents : Africa , North America , South America and Europe . The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km² , being the eighth most populous autonomous community . The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands , around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Deportiva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baloncesto Alcalá', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alcalá de Henares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcalá_de_Henares', 'summary': "Alcalá de Henares ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alkaˈla ðe eˈnaɾes ] ) is a Spanish city in the Community of Madrid . Straddling the Henares River , it is located 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) to the northeast of the centre of Madrid . As of 2018 [ update ] , it has a population of 193,751 , making it the region 's third most populated municipality . Predated by earlier settlements ( oppida ) on the left bank of the Henares , the city has its origins in the Complutum [ es ] settlement founded in Roman times on the right bank ( North ) of the river , that became a bishopric seat in the 5th century . One of the several Muslim citadels in the Middle Mark of al-Andalus ( hence the name Alcalá , a derivative of the Arabic term for citadel ) was established on the left bank , while , after the Christian conquest culminated circa 1118 , the bulk of the urban nucleus returned to the right bank . For much of the late middle-ages and the early modern period before becoming part of the province of Madrid , Alcalá de Henares was a seigneurial estate of the archbishop of Toledo . Its historical centre is one of UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites . The city has a long university tradition . Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros founded the Complutense University in Alcalá de Henares in the late 15th century . The city currently hosts the ( refounded ) University of Alcalá . It is the native city of Miguel de Cervantes . As of 2019 [ update ] , the mayor is Javier Rodríguez Palacios [ es ] ( PSOE ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Deportiva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CB Agüimes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agüimes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agüimes', 'summary': 'Agüimes is a Spanish town and municipality in the eastern part of the island of Gran Canaria in the Las Palmas province in the Canary Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Canary Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'summary': 'The Canary Islands ( /kəˈnɛəri/ ; Spanish : Islas Canarias , pronounced [ ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas ] ) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean , in a region known as Macaronesia , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Morocco at the closest point . The Canary Islands , which are also known informally as the Canaries , are among the outermost regions ( OMR ) of the European Union proper . It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government . The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , the two on the African mainland . The eight main islands are ( from largest to smallest in area ) Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , El Hierro and La Graciosa . The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets : Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este . It also includes a series of adjacent roques ( those of Salmor , Fasnia , Bonanza , Garachico and Anaga ) . In ancient times , the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles . The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia . Historically , the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents : Africa , North America , South America and Europe . The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km² , being the eighth most populous autonomous community . The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands , around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria .'}]}, {'value': 'Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CB Pozuelo Arrabe Asesores', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pozuelo de Alarcón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pozuelo_de_Alarcón', 'summary': "Pozuelo has become a low-density residential area during recent decades , as new residential developments have spread over formerly agricultural lands . New transportation infrastructure is approved by the local government . Notable infrastructure developments include the M-40 ( the second , counting outwards , of Madrid 's ring motorways ) and the new 'Metro Ligero ' ( light rail ) line ML2 of the Madrid metro system , which was built in summer 2007 to connect Pozuelo with the Aluche district in the city of Madrid . Two stations also serve Pozuelo : 'Pozuelo ' and 'El Barrial-Centro Commercial Pozuelo ' of the Madrid area local train system , the 'Cercanias ' . Road access is also provided by the A6 and the M503 , with the Madrid orbital M40 running to the west . Pozuelo has one of the highest average per capita incomes in Madrid . According to a report by the Institute of Statistics of the Comunidad de Madrid , Pozuelo 's average income level ranks highest , by a notable margin , amongst the municipalities of the Region of Madrid . The standard of living in most of its neighborhoods is high , although some old town-center areas , where a growing economic immigrant population has moved in , are excluded from such wealth . Pozuelo has a number of urban parks , some of them elongated and serving to separate different areas of the town . The Avenida de Europa is an urban development designed around a wide boulevard . A distinct religious building in the municipality is the Catholic Church of Santa María de Caná [ es ] , a post-conciliar brick building by Fernando Higueras . A right-wing stronghold , the ayuntamiento ( the local government institution ) has been ruled by political conservatives since the first democratic elections of the modern Spanish democracy took place ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'El Torreón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Distrito Olímpico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'San Blas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estudio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Paco Hernández', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globalcaja Quintanar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quintanar del Rey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quintanar_del_Rey', 'summary': 'Quintanar del Rey is a municipality in Cuenca , Castile-La Mancha , Spain . It has a population of 8,043 . Coordinates : 39°20′N 1°56′W / 39.333°N 1.933°W / 39.333 ; -1.933'}]}, {'value': 'Castile-La Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castilla–La_Mancha', 'summary': "Castilla-La Mancha ( UK : /kæˌstiːjə læ ˈmæntʃə/ , US : /- lɑː ˈmɑːntʃə/ , Spanish : [ kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa ] ( listen ) ) , or Castile La Mancha , is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprised by the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it was created in 1982 . It is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain 's regions . Albacete is the largest and most populous city . The Government headquarters are in Toledo and the High Court headquarters are in Albacete . Castilla-La Mancha was formerly grouped with the province of Madrid into New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) , but with the advent of the modern Spanish system of autonomous communities ( Estado de las autonomías ) , it was separated due to great demographic disparity between the capital and the remaining New-Castilian provinces . Also , distinct from the former New Castile , Castilla-La Mancha added the province of Albacete , which had been part of Murcia ; adding Albacete placed all of the historic region of La Mancha within this single region . It is mostly in this region where the story of the famous Spanish novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is situated , due to which La Mancha is internationally well-known . Although La Mancha is a windswept , battered plateau , it remains a symbol of Spanish culture with its vineyards , sunflowers , mushrooms , olive plantations , windmills , Manchego cheese , and Don Quixote ."}]}, {'value': 'Ángel Lancho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isover Basket Azuqueca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basket_Azuqueca', 'summary': 'Basket Azuqueca , also known as Isover Basket Azuqueca for sponsorship reasons , is a professional basketball club based in Azuqueca de Henares , Castile-La Mancha , that currently plays in LEB Plata , the third tier of Spanish basketball .'}]}, {'value': 'Azuqueca de Henares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azuqueca_de_Henares', 'summary': 'Azuqueca de Henares is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara , Castile-La Mancha , Spain . According to the 2013 census ( INE ) , the municipality had a population of 34.685 inhabitants . The mayor of Azuqueca is José Luis Blanco .'}]}, {'value': 'Castile-La Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castilla–La_Mancha', 'summary': "Castilla-La Mancha ( UK : /kæˌstiːjə læ ˈmæntʃə/ , US : /- lɑː ˈmɑːntʃə/ , Spanish : [ kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa ] ( listen ) ) , or Castile La Mancha , is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprised by the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it was created in 1982 . It is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain 's regions . Albacete is the largest and most populous city . The Government headquarters are in Toledo and the High Court headquarters are in Albacete . Castilla-La Mancha was formerly grouped with the province of Madrid into New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) , but with the advent of the modern Spanish system of autonomous communities ( Estado de las autonomías ) , it was separated due to great demographic disparity between the capital and the remaining New-Castilian provinces . Also , distinct from the former New Castile , Castilla-La Mancha added the province of Albacete , which had been part of Murcia ; adding Albacete placed all of the historic region of La Mancha within this single region . It is mostly in this region where the story of the famous Spanish novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is situated , due to which La Mancha is internationally well-known . Although La Mancha is a windswept , battered plateau , it remains a symbol of Spanish culture with its vineyards , sunflowers , mushrooms , olive plantations , windmills , Manchego cheese , and Don Quixote ."}]}, {'value': 'La Paz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lujisa Guadalajara Basket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara,_Castilla-La_Mancha', 'summary': "Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ , Spanish : [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city in Castilla-La Mancha , the capital of the Province of Guadalajara . Located roughly 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) northeast of Madrid , the city straddles the Henares River . As of 2018 [ update ] it has a population of 86,222 which makes it the region 's second most populated municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Castile-La Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castilla–La_Mancha', 'summary': "Castilla-La Mancha ( UK : /kæˌstiːjə læ ˈmæntʃə/ , US : /- lɑː ˈmɑːntʃə/ , Spanish : [ kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa ] ( listen ) ) , or Castile La Mancha , is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprised by the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it was created in 1982 . It is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain 's regions . Albacete is the largest and most populous city . The Government headquarters are in Toledo and the High Court headquarters are in Albacete . Castilla-La Mancha was formerly grouped with the province of Madrid into New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) , but with the advent of the modern Spanish system of autonomous communities ( Estado de las autonomías ) , it was separated due to great demographic disparity between the capital and the remaining New-Castilian provinces . Also , distinct from the former New Castile , Castilla-La Mancha added the province of Albacete , which had been part of Murcia ; adding Albacete placed all of the historic region of La Mancha within this single region . It is mostly in this region where the story of the famous Spanish novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is situated , due to which La Mancha is internationally well-known . Although La Mancha is a windswept , battered plateau , it remains a symbol of Spanish culture with its vineyards , sunflowers , mushrooms , olive plantations , windmills , Manchego cheese , and Don Quixote ."}]}, {'value': 'San José', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Movistar Estudiantes B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CB_Estudiantes', 'summary': 'Club Estudiantes , S.A.D. , known as Movistar Estudiantes for sponsorship reasons , is a basketball team based in the city of Madrid , Spain . It is a member of the Asociación de Clubes de Baloncesto ( ACB ) . Founded in 1948 , it is one of the most recognized basketball teams in Spain . Some of its achievements include winning three Spanish Cups and reaching the ACB Finals in 2004 . The club is also particularly famous for its renowned youth programme that has produced many Spanish talents over the years such as Alberto Herreros , Nacho Azofra , Aíto García Reneses , Alfonso Reyes , Felipe Reyes , Carlos Jiménez , Iñaki de Miguel or Pepu Hernández .'}]}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Magariños', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Náutico Tenerife', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz de Tenerife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife', 'summary': "Santa Cruz de Tenerife , commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz ( /ˌsæntə ˈkruːz/ , Spanish : [ santa ˈkɾuθ ] ) , is a major city , capital of the island of Tenerife , Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , and capital ( jointly with Las Palmas ) of the Canary Islands . Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 ( 2013 ) within its administrative limits . The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area . It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife , with nearly half of the island 's population living in or around it . Santa Cruz is located in the northeast quadrant of Tenerife , 210 kilometres ( 130 mi ) off the northwestern coast of Africa within the Atlantic Ocean . The distance to the nearest point of mainland Spain is 1,300 kilometres ( 810 mi ) . Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands , until 1927 when a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared , as it remains at present . The port is of great importance and is the communications hub between Europe , Africa and Americas , with cruise ships arriving from many nations . The city is the focus for domestic and inter-island communications in the Canary Islands . The city is home to the Parliament of the Canary Islands , the Canarian Ministry of the Presidency ( shared on a four-year cycle with Las Palmas ) , one half of the Ministries and Boards of the Canarian Government , ( the other half being located in Gran Canaria ) , the Tenerife Provincial Courts and two courts of the Superior Court of Justice of the Canary Islands . There are several faculties of the La Laguna University in Santa Cruz , including the Fine Arts School and the Naval Sciences Faculty . Its harbour is one of Spain 's busiest ."}]}, {'value': 'Canary Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'summary': 'The Canary Islands ( /kəˈnɛəri/ ; Spanish : Islas Canarias , pronounced [ ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas ] ) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean , in a region known as Macaronesia , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Morocco at the closest point . The Canary Islands , which are also known informally as the Canaries , are among the outermost regions ( OMR ) of the European Union proper . It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government . The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , the two on the African mainland . The eight main islands are ( from largest to smallest in area ) Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , El Hierro and La Graciosa . The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets : Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este . It also includes a series of adjacent roques ( those of Salmor , Fasnia , Bonanza , Garachico and Anaga ) . In ancient times , the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles . The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia . Historically , the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents : Africa , North America , South America and Europe . The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km² , being the eighth most populous autonomous community . The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands , around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria .'}]}, {'value': 'RCNT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCS Alcobendas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alcobendas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcobendas', 'summary': 'Alcobendas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alkoˈβenðas ] ) is a city located in the Community of Madrid , central Spain . It is located roughly 13 kilometres ( 8 mi ) north of Madrid and 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Barajas International Airport . It includes a central urban zone , a recently built district known as Valdelasfuentes , La Moraleja and El Soto de la Moraleja residential zones , the Valdelatas nature reserve and a light industrial estate . A business park called Valdelacasa for high-tech firms is being built . It is the location of a basketball museum organised by the Pedro Ferrándiz Foundation where the FIBA Hall of Fame is located . Once a working class area , it has in more recent times become one of the most economically affluent areas of the Madrid metropolitan area and also contains the exclusive residential area of La Moraleja .'}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Antela Parada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto_B', 'summary': 'Real Madrid Baloncesto B ( English : Real Madrid Basketball B ) is the reserve team of Real Madrid . The team currently plays in the amateur level 4th tier level league of Spain , the Liga EBA .'}]}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_Real_Madrid', 'summary': "The Ciudad Real Madrid ( Real Madrid City ) is the name given to Real Madrid 's training complex , located outside Madrid in Valdebebas near Barajas airport . Also hosting the club 's youth academy , known conceptually as La Fábrica , the facility replaces the old Ciudad Deportiva ( Spanish : Sports City ) , which was in use until 2003 . The sale of Ciudad Deportiva , under the auspices of Real Madrid president Florentino Pérez , led to Real earning approximately €480 million . The complex has been nicknamed , and is known to the players , trainers and club staff as 'Valdebebas ' ( val-de-bay-bahs ) , and is named after the district of the city where the complex is located . Inaugurated in 2005 , the training centre consists of academy offices , equipment rooms , audio-visuals rooms , a strength and rehab centre , and medical ( which consist of examination rooms , treatment rooms , additional rehab facilities and equipment , and an hydrotherapy center that includes hot and cool pools , a cold plunge , and a long but narrow resistance wave pool ) and training facilities , as well as 12 and one third fields - three full size synthetic turf fields and four full size natural grass field for the youth , and for the first team , one third full size synthetic turf field and three full size natural grass fields . Ciudad Real Madrid also includes the Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium where Real Madrid Castilla ( Real Madrid 's reserve team ) plays its home matches . The Real Madrid first team residential building at Real Madrid Sports City is 8300 square meters in size , and has 57 rooms distributed across the first and second floors , each with their own lounge area and terrace . The building also has a cinema , a dining room capable of accommodating 54 people , a common rest area , a climate controlled pool , reception , two guest rooms , and several common terraces . The youth team residence is dedicated to accommodate life those players whose families do not reside in Madrid . It has 40 double rooms , each with a balcony and private bathroom , a common dining room , common rest areas , and classrooms for the academic education pertaining to the respective age groups that occurs in the afternoons . Players aged between 10 and 18 years reside in the youth team residential building . In the middle of the 2015-16 season , the Real Madrid basketball division was also provided with their own sports facilities at Valdebebas ."}]}, {'value': 'Tobarra Club de Baloncesto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobarra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobarra', 'summary': 'Tobarra is a municipality in the province of Albacete in Spain , with a population of c. 8,000 as of 2009 . The area is famous for its Moniquí variety of apricots , its drum processions ( tamboradas ) and its Holy Week observances , declared by the government to be of National Tourist Interest . It has a Dolorosa sculpture by Francisco Salzillo and an articulated statue of Jesus that gives the blessing on Good Friday on a local hilltop designated Mount Calvary , before a congregation normally numbering some 30,000 . After the trumpet sounds , the drums are silenced and the Mektub theme is sounded , while the Christ statue makes a gesture of blessing towards the four cardinal points . Other important events of the Tobarran Easter observances are the Descent from Paso Gordo from the Hermitage of the Incarnation on the afternoon of Good Thursday , and the Cierre del Tambor ( closing drum ceremony ) at midnight on Easter Sunday .'}]}, {'value': 'Castile-La Mancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castilla–La_Mancha', 'summary': "Castilla-La Mancha ( UK : /kæˌstiːjə læ ˈmæntʃə/ , US : /- lɑː ˈmɑːntʃə/ , Spanish : [ kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa ] ( listen ) ) , or Castile La Mancha , is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprised by the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it was created in 1982 . It is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain 's regions . Albacete is the largest and most populous city . The Government headquarters are in Toledo and the High Court headquarters are in Albacete . Castilla-La Mancha was formerly grouped with the province of Madrid into New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) , but with the advent of the modern Spanish system of autonomous communities ( Estado de las autonomías ) , it was separated due to great demographic disparity between the capital and the remaining New-Castilian provinces . Also , distinct from the former New Castile , Castilla-La Mancha added the province of Albacete , which had been part of Murcia ; adding Albacete placed all of the historic region of La Mancha within this single region . It is mostly in this region where the story of the famous Spanish novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is situated , due to which La Mancha is internationally well-known . Although La Mancha is a windswept , battered plateau , it remains a symbol of Spanish culture with its vineyards , sunflowers , mushrooms , olive plantations , windmills , Manchego cheese , and Don Quixote ."}]}, {'value': 'La Granja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uros de Rivas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rivas-Vaciamadrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rivas-Vaciamadrid', 'summary': 'Rivas-Vaciamadrid ( Spanish : [ ˈriβaz βaθjamaˈðɾið ] ) is the 15th most populated city in the Community of Madrid , Spain . It belongs to the Madrid metropolitan area and is located just 15 km from central Madrid , to the south-east . In the southern part of the municipality , the Manzanares river flows into the Jarama , which is part of the Lower Manzanares and Jarama Rivers Regional Park . Almost three quarters of the municipality form part of the park , making it an important ecological centre with numerous lakes and various species of wildlife and fauna . It has been one of the fastest growing municipalities in Spain in recent years , growing from 500 inhabitants in the 1980s to its current figure of 84,000 . It is bordered to the north by Madrid and San Fernando de Henares , to the south by Arganda del Rey and San Martín de la Vega , to the east by Mejorada del Campo and Velilla de San Antonio , and to the west by Getafe and Madrid ( the district of Villa de Vallecas . ) Rivas-Vaciamadrid municipality is the seventh richest in Spain , according to a 2014 list , and has the fourth lowest rate of population in risk of poverty , among municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants . It is the most populated city in Spain governed by United Left .'}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Cerro del Telégrafo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zentro Basket Madrid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Community of Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Díaz Miguel', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current clubs -- Group B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Liga_EBA_2', 'intro': 'Liga Española de Baloncesto Aficionado (EBA), commonly known as Liga EBA, is a Spanish basketball championship that is the fourth tier level in the Spanish basketball league system, after the Liga ACB, LEB Oro, and LEB Plata. It is administered by the FEB. It was previously the Spanish second tier level competition from 1994 to 1996, the third tier level from 1996 to 2000, and the fifth tier level, from 2007 to 2009. The Liga EBA is made up of five inter-regional groups. After the regular season, sixteen teams advance to the playoffs, where only four teams are promoted to the LEB Plata. The lowest ranked teams of each group, are relegated to the Primera División.'} | null | null | What is the team whose city straddles the Henares River ? | Lujisa Guadalajara Basket |
0b48f7bd0a9e026e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_18', 'title': 'Order of battle for Convoy PQ 18', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', 'Navy', 'commence patrol', 'end patrol'], 'data': [{'value': 'HMS Shakespeare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Shakespeare_(P221)', 'summary': 'HMS Shakespeare was an S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War , and part of the Third Group built of that class . She was built by Vickers-Armstrongs and launched on 8 December 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'S-class submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_S-class_submarine_(1931)', 'summary': 'The S-class submarines of the Royal Navy were originally designed and built during the modernisation of the submarine force in the early 1930s to meet the need for smaller boats to patrol the restricted waters of the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea , replacing the British H-class submarines . As part of the major naval construction for the Royal Navy during the Second World War , the S class became the single largest group of submarines ever built for the Royal Navy . A total of 62 were constructed over a period of 15 years , with fifty of the improved S class being launched between 1940 and 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '7 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Unrivalled', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Unrivalled_(P45)', 'summary': 'HMS Unrivalled ( P45 ) was a U-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II . The boat has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to ever bear the name Unrivalled . Completed in 1942 , the boat spent most of the war in the Mediterranean . She sank a number of small merchant ships and naval auxiliaries , but major success eluded her during the war . Too small and slow for the post-war environment , Unrivalled was scrapped in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'U-class submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_U-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The British U-class submarines ( officially War Emergency 1940 and 1941 programmes , short hull ) were a class of 49 small submarines built just before and during the Second World War . The class is sometimes known as the Undine class , after the first submarine built .'}]}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Unique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Unique_(N95)', 'summary': 'HMS Unique was a British U class submarine , of the second group of that class , built by Vickers Armstrong , Barrow-in-Furness . She was laid down on 30 October 1939 and was commissioned on 27 September 1940 .'}]}, {'value': 'U-class submarine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Tribune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Tribune_(N76)', 'summary': 'HMS Tribune was a British T class submarine built by Scotts , Greenock . She was laid down on 3 March 1937 and was commissioned on 17 October 1939 . HMS Tribune was part of the first group of T class submarines .'}]}, {'value': 'T-class submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_T-class_submarine', 'summary': "The Royal Navy 's T class ( or Triton class ) of diesel-electric submarines was designed in the 1930s to replace the O , P , and R classes . Fifty-three members of the class were built just before and during the Second World War , where they played a major role in the Royal Navy 's submarine operations . Four boats in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy were known as the Zwaardvisch class . In the decade following the war , the oldest surviving boats were scrapped and the remainder converted to anti-submarine vessels to counter the growing Soviet submarine threat . The Royal Navy disposed of its last operational boat in 1969 , although it retained one permanently moored as a static training submarine until 1974 . The last surviving boat , serving in the Israel Sea Corps , was scrapped in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Tigris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Tigris_(N63)', 'summary': 'HMS Tigris was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy . She was laid down at Chatham Dockyard and launched in October 1939 .'}]}, {'value': 'T-class submarine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Sturgeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Sturgeon_(73S)', 'summary': 'HMS Sturgeon was an S-class submarine that entered service with the Royal Navy in 1932 . Ordered in 1930 , she was laid down at Chatham Dockyard in January 1931 and launched on 8 January 1932 . Commissioned on 27 February 1933 , Sturgeon was assigned to the 2nd Submarine Flotilla . At the start of World War II , Sturgeon conducted patrols in the North Sea . On 6 September , she was mistakenly bombed by British aircraft . On her second patrol , she fired three torpedoes at an unidentified submarine , which was in fact her sister ship HMS Swordfish , but the torpedoes missed . On her third patrol , she missed the German U-boat U-23 and was damaged after hitting the bottom , requiring repairs . On 20 November , she sank the German armed trawler V-209 with torpedoes . The sinking was the first successful attack by a British submarine of the war , and was a morale boost for British submariners . During her next patrols in the North Sea , Sturgeon sighted and sank several ships , including the German troop transport Pionier and the Danish merchants SS Sigrun and SS Delfinus . Afterwards , Sturgeon patrolled in the Bay of Biscay , acted as a beacon during Operation Torch , then , after being again damaged by Allied aircraft , escorted the Arctic Convoys PQ 15 and PQ 17 . Sturgeon was transferred to the 8th Submarine Flotilla , which operated on the Mediterranean Sea , in October 1942 to support the Allied landings in North Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'S-class submarine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Unshaken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Unshaken_(P54)', 'summary': 'HMS Unshaken ( P54 ) was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness . She has been the only vessel of the Royal Navy to bear the name Unshaken .'}]}, {'value': 'U-class submarine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HNoMS Uredd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HNoMS_Uredd_(P-41)', 'summary': 'HMS P41 was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong . She was transferred to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy before completion and renamed HNoMS Uredd . She and one of the B-class in 1940 have so far been the only Norwegian submarine to have been sunk .'}]}, {'value': 'U-class submarine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Norwegian Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Norwegian Navy ( Norwegian : Sjøforsvaret , ( the ) sea defence ) is the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for naval operations of Norway . As of 2008 [ update ] , the RNoN consists of approximately 3,700 personnel ( 9,450 in mobilized state , 32,000 when fully mobilized ) and 70 vessels , including 4 heavy frigates , 6 submarines , 14 patrol boats , 4 minesweepers , 4 minehunters , 1 mine detection vessel , 4 support vessels and 2 training vessels . It also includes the Coast Guard . This navy has a history dating back to 955 . From 1509 to 1814 , it formed part of the navy of Denmark-Norway , also referred to as the Common Fleet . Since 1814 , the Royal Norwegian Navy has again existed as a separate navy . In Norwegian , all its naval vessels since 1946 bear ship prefix KNM , Kongelig Norske Marine ( which accurately translates to Royal Norwegian Navy/Naval vessel ) . In English , they are permitted still to be ascribed prefix HNoMS , meaning His/Her Norwegian Majesty 's Ship ( HNMS could be also used for the Royal Netherlands Navy , for which HNLMS is used instead ) . Coast Guard vessels are given the prefix KV for KystVakt ( Coast Watch ) in Norwegian and permissibly , and less ambiguously in English , are styled NoCGV , Norwegian Coast Guard Vessel ."}]}, {'value': '2 Sep 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Oct 42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French submarine Rubis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_submarine_Rubis_(1931)', 'summary': "The French submarine Rubis ( H4 , 202 , P15 ) was a Saphir-class minelaying submarine which first served in the French submarine pavilion , then the Free French Naval Forces ( FNFL ) during the Second World War and back with the French Navy . The boat was awarded numerous awards . Accordingly , as a result of Rubis 's service with the FNFL , the boat was made a companion of the Ordre de la Libération by a decree issued by General Charles de Gaulle on 14 October 1941 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saphir -class submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saphir-class_submarine_(1928)', 'summary': 'The Saphir-class submarines were a class of six submarines built in France between 1926 and 1935 for the French Navy . Most saw action during World War II for the Vichy French Navy or the Free French Naval Forces . Three were captured by Italian forces but not used .'}]}, {'value': 'Free French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FNFL', 'summary': 'The Free French Naval Forces ( French : Forces Navales Françaises Libres , or FNFL ) were the naval arm of the Free French Forces during the Second World War . They were commanded by Admiral Émile Muselier .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Allied forces -- Support forces', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_18_9', 'intro': 'Convoy PQ 18 was the last of the PQ/QP series of arctic convoys during World War II, bound from US and British ports via Reykjavík to the Barents Sea and White Sea ports of the Soviet Union, particularly Murmansk and Archangel. The convoy sailed on 2 September 1942 and arrived three weeks later on 21 September 1942. It was opposed by German sea and air forces based in occupied Norway. The convoy comprised 40 merchant ships and 4 naval auxiliaries, plus contingents to and from Iceland (48 in all) and was defended by a close escort and a Fighting Destroyer Escort, as well as local escort forces, and two distant escort forces (74 warships in total). These were supported by aircraft of the RAF based in the Soviet Union. The German forces comprised a U-boat group, code-named Ice Palace, of 12 U-Boats and a surface attack force of 8 warships, though in the event these were not engaged. These were assisted by the aircraft of Luftflotte 5.'} | null | null | Which submarine was laid down at Chatham Dockyard and launched in October 1939 ? | HMS Tigris |
0b498695212a9a67 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thobias Fredriksson Björn Lind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thobias_Fredriksson', 'summary': 'Thobias Fredriksson ( born 4 April 1975 in Dals Rostock , Dalsland ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed since 2000 . He won two medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin with a gold in the team sprint and a bronze in the individual sprint events . Fredriksson also won two medals in the individual sprint events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2003 and a bronze in 2005 . After the 2010 season , Fredriksson retired . Thobias has a brother , Mathias Fredriksson , at the same professional level .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Lind', 'summary': "Björn Johan Lind ( born March 22 , 1978 in Ljusterö , Uppland ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed since 2000 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won gold medals in both the Individual and Team sprint events at Turin in 2006 . Lind 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was a fourth in the individual sprint twice ( 2005 , 2007 ) . He has three World Cup victories in individual sprint events since 2005 . After the 2010-11 season , Lind retired ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The Men 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 14 February , at Pragelato . This was the first time the team sprint was contested in the Winter Olympics . Each race featured teams of two , with each skier completing 3 laps of a 1325-metre course . Norway , with Tore Ruud Hofstad and Tor Arne Hetland , had won the competition at the 2005 Nordic skiing World Championship , the only time it had been skied in the World Championship prior to the Turin games , but that was in free technique . The most recent team sprint event in classic technique had been in Canmore , Canada , on 18 December 2004 . Jens Arne Svartedal and Eldar Rønning won that race for Norway 's first team . However , despite this good Norwegian record , it was the Sweden 's Thobias Fredriksson and Björn Lind who pipped Norway to the title ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lina Andersson Anna Dahlberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lina_Andersson', 'summary': 'Lina Andersson ( born March 18 , 1981 in Malmberget ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 1998 . She won a gold medal in the Team sprint ( with Anna Dahlberg ) at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and also finished 11th in the Individual sprint in those same games . Andersson also won three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two silvers ( Individual sprint : 2005 , team sprint : 2009 ) and a bronze ( 4 × 5 km relay : 2009 ) . She also has nineteen individual victories at all levels at various distances since 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Dahlberg', 'summary': 'Anna Olsson ( born 1 May 1976 as Anna Dahlberg in Kramfors , Ångermanland ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who competed from 1996 to 2010 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , she won a gold medal in the team sprint ( with Lina Andersson ) at Turin in 2006 . Olsson also won a silver medal in the team sprint event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec . She also has twenty individual victories at all levels at various distances since 2000 . She married fellow skier Johan Olsson in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy was held on 14 February , at Pragelato . This was the first time the team sprint was contested in the Winter Olympics . Each race featured teams of two , with each skier completing 3 laps of a 1145 metre course . This event had been held once previously at the World Championships , but then as a free technique event , which Hilde G. Pedersen and Marit Bjørgen won for Norway . The last classical style team sprint in the World Cup was held in Canmore on 18 December 2005 and won by Germany , with Manuela Henkel and Viola Bauer ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Pärson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anja_Pärson', 'summary': 'Anja Sofia Tess Pärson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈânːja ˈpæ̌ːʂɔn ] ; born 25 April 1981 ) is a Swedish former alpine skier . She is an Olympic gold medalist , seven-time gold medalist at the World Championships , and two-time overall Alpine Skiing World Cup champion . She has won a total of 42 World Cup races .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's slalom was contested on Wednesday , 22 February . Janica Kostelić led in the slalom World Cup with 460 points , and was also defending World and Olympic champion , but she finished 0.15 seconds behind Marlies Schild for the 4th place . Anja Pärson got her first Olympic gold medal ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Björn Lind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Björn_Lind', 'summary': "Björn Johan Lind ( born March 22 , 1978 in Ljusterö , Uppland ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed since 2000 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he won gold medals in both the Individual and Team sprint events at Turin in 2006 . Lind 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was a fourth in the individual sprint twice ( 2005 , 2007 ) . He has three World Cup victories in individual sprint events since 2005 . After the 2010-11 season , Lind retired ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's sprint cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 22 February at Pragelato . Vasily Rochev was the defending world champion at this event , but he won in the classical style . The last free style sprint at the World Championships was won by Thobias Fredriksson in 2003 , while Tor Arne Hetland was defending Olympic champion . Swede Björn Lind won the two most recent World Cup events , and also won the Olympic race , beating Frenchman Roddy Darragon to the line . Darragon won France 's first cross-country skiing medal in the history of the Olympics , while Sweden took the bronze through Thobias Fredriksson ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulrika Bergman Cathrine Lindahl Eva Lund Anette Norberg Anna Svärd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulrika_Bergman', 'summary': "Ulrika Bergman ( born 11 June 1975 , in Östersund ) is a Swedish curler from Solna . She is currently the alternate for the World and Olympic Champion Anette Norberg team . She was the fourth player ( threw last rocks ) for Margaretha Lindahl in four straight world junior championships from 1993 to 1996 . Their best finish was in 1995 when they won the silver medal . In 1997 , she switched throwing positions with Lindhal for their debut at the European Championships where they won a silver . Bergman has been Norberg 's alternate since 2004 , winning an Olympic gold medal in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathrine_Lindahl', 'summary': 'Cathrine Lindahl ( born 26 February 1970 in Härnösand as Cathrine Norberg ) is a Swedish curler from Östersund .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Lund', 'summary': "Eva Lund ( born 1 May 1971 in Upplands Väsby ) is a Swedish curler . 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) , 146 lb ( 10 st 6 lb , 66 kg ) . Born in Stockholm , Sweden , as Eva Eriksson , she lives in Upplands Väsby , Stockholm , with her husband and Swedish national curling coach Stefan Lund and her son Adam and daughter Anna . Eva Lund trains with the Härnösands CK club , and when not curling is a regulatory affairs project manager . Eva Lund played third for Anette Norberg 's team , and has won many international titles , including two golds in the Olympic Winter Games 2006 in Turin and 2010 in Vancouver . In the world championships she has a gold from 2005 and 2006 , a silver from 2001 and a bronze from 2003 . She has won gold in the European championships in 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2007 . She also has a gold from 1993 as a reserve . And in the Elite series she has won gold in 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , with bronze from 1993 , 1998 , and 1999 . She recently retired . In 2003 she was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anette_Norberg', 'summary': "Anette Norberg ( born 12 November 1966 ) is a retired Swedish curler from Härnösand . She and her team were the Olympic women 's curling champions in 2006 and 2010 . After winning the 2006 Women 's Curling tournament in Turin over Mirjam Ott 's Swiss team , she led her team to victory for gold over Cheryl Bernard 's Canadian team in the 2010 Women 's Curling tournament in Vancouver ; becoming the first skip in the history of curling to successfully defend an Olympic title . Her team that retired after the 2010 Olympics ( although she herself continued until 2013 ) is regarded as one of the best women 's curling teams in history , and she is often regarded as one of the best female skips in history , particularly after adding yet another world title in 2011 with a new younger team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Le_Moine', 'summary': 'Anna Maria Le Moine ( born 30 October 1973 in Sveg as Anna Bergström ; also formerly known as Anna Svärd ) , is a Swedish curler . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , she was the lead for the Swedish team who won the gold-medal after a thrilling final game . She lives in Stockholm , and plays for Härnösands CK , Härnösand . Le Moine starred , as well as her teammates , in the videoclip Hearts on Fire by the Swedish metal band HammerFall . In 2004 she was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in the town of Pinerolo , Italy from February 13 to February 24 . It proved to be the sleeper hit in terms of television ratings in Italy . According to a CBC feature , curling at the 2006 Winter Games drew 5 million viewers , eclipsing ice hockey and figure skating . This , and the success of the Italian men 's curling team created a surge of interest in curling within Italy , where there was no previous tradition of the sport and only a few hundred players ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in the town of Pinerolo , Italy from February 13 to February 24 . It proved to be the sleeper hit in terms of television ratings in Italy . According to a CBC feature , curling at the 2006 Winter Games drew 5 million viewers , eclipsing ice hockey and figure skating . This , and the success of the Italian men 's curling team created a surge of interest in curling within Italy , where there was no previous tradition of the sport and only a few hundred players ."}]}, {'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Carin Olofsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Carin_Olofsson', 'summary': 'Anna Carin Helena Cecilia Zidek ( née Olofsson , born 1 April 1973 ) is a Swedish former biathlete who won a silver medal in the 7.5 km sprint and a gold medal in the 12.5 km mass start event at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Originally a cross-country skier , Olofsson competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , but in the three events she took part in she made the top 30 only once ( 15 km freestyle ) , and the following season she switched to biathlon . On 3 May 2008 Olofsson married her then boyfriend , Tom Zidek - a serviceman in the Canadian biathlon team - in a ceremony near Canmore , Canada . Olofsson officially announced her retirement on 16 July 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten biathlon events . They were held at the Cesana-San Sicario arena . The events began on 11 February and ended on 25 February 2006 . Approximately 6,500 spectators were expected by the organizing committee . In these games , biathlon events were open to both men and women but they raced in different distances in their own events . Men from 28 nations and women from 27 nations qualified to participate in the events . Only seven nations in total took home medals , Germany winning the most ( 5 gold , 4 silver , 2 bronze ) . Six biathletes won 3 medals each : Albina Akhatova , Kati Wilhelm , Martina Glagow , Michael Greis , Ole Einar Bjørndalen , and Sven Fischer . Greis won the most gold medals , with a total of three .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's mass start", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_mass_start", 'summary': "The Women 's 12.5 kilometre biathlon mass start competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy was held on 25 February , at Cesana San Sicario . Competitors raced over five loops of a 2.5 kilometre skiing course , shooting twenty times , ten prone and ten standing . Each miss required a competitor to ski a 150-metre penalty loop . Germany 's Martina Glagow led the World Cup standings before the Olympics , while Norway 's Gro Marit Istad Kristiansen was the reigning World Champion at the event . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sweden men 's national ice hockey team Daniel Alfredsson P. J. Axelsson Christian Bäckman Peter Forsberg Mika Hannula Niclas Hävelid Tomas Holmström Jörgen Jönsson Kenny Jönsson Niklas Kronwall Nicklas Lidström Stefan Liv Henrik Lundqvist Fredrik Modin Mattias Öhlund Samuel Påhlsson Mikael Samuelsson Daniel Sedin Henrik Sedin Mats Sundin Ronnie Sundin Mikael Tellqvist Daniel Tjärnqvist Henrik Zetterberg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Alfredsson', 'summary': "Daniel Alfredsson ( pronounced [ ˈdɑ̂ːnɪɛl ˈâlfrɛdˌsɔn ] ; born 11 December 1972 ) is a Swedish-Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He spent 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , 17 with the Ottawa Senators and his 18th with the Detroit Red Wings . Alfredsson was the long-time captain of the Senators , serving from 1999 to 2013 . With the Senators , Alfredsson usually played on the first line , which was formerly nicknamed the CASH or 'Pizza ' line with centre Jason Spezza and left winger Dany Heatley , before Heatley 's trade to the San Jose Sharks . He had traditionally been the fourth forward on the ice in the role of pointman on Ottawa 's powerplay . He was one of the league 's top two-way players , and he holds the Senators ' franchise records for goals ( 426 ) , assists ( 682 ) and points ( 1,108 ) with 1,178 games played . He had played for Sweden internationally 14 times , including the 2006 gold medal and 2014 silver medal-winning Olympic teams . He was the 75th player to reach 1,000 career points in the NHL , doing so after scoring three goals in a win over the Buffalo Sabres on 22 October 2010 . Alfredsson holds an Honorary Degree from Carleton University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P._J._Axelsson', 'summary': "Anders Per-Johan Axelsson ( born 26 February 1975 ) , commonly abbreviated to P. J. Axelsson , is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey forward , who most recently played with Frölunda HC of the Swedish Elitserien . His nickname in Sweden is Pebben . He was the longest-tenured member of the NHL 's Boston Bruins at the time of his departure from North American play in 2009 , having been with the Boston team from 1997-2009 . Axelsson played as a left winger . Although he never gained the reputation of a premier goal scorer , Axelsson 's gritty , unrelenting attitude as a solid , defensive-minded forward , and his ability to make smart plays on the ice , made him a longtime fan favourite of the Boston Bruins , Frölunda HC , and the Swedish national team , Tre Kronor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Bäckman', 'summary': 'Christian Rune Bäckman ( born 28 April 1980 in Alingsås , Sweden ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman . He played over 300 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the St. Louis Blues , New York Rangers and Columbus Blue Jackets , and spent the latter part of his career with Frölunda HC of the Swedish Hockey League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Forsberg', 'summary': "Peter Mattias Foppa Forsberg ( pronounced [ ˈpěːtɛr ˈfɔ̂ʂːbærj ] ( listen ) ; born 20 July 1973 ) is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey player and was for a time assistant general manager of Modo Hockey . Known for his on-ice vision and physical play , Forsberg is considered one of the greatest players of all time . Although his career was shortened by persistent injuries , as of 2014 , he stands eighth all-time in career points-per-game and fourth all-time in career assists-per-game in the NHL , only behind Wayne Gretzky , Mario Lemieux and Bobby Orr . In 2017 Forsberg was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . His 19-year professional career includes 13 years in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , where he won two Stanley Cups with the Colorado Avalanche , as well as several individual honors including the Hart Memorial Trophy in 2003 . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , he is the seventh-highest all-time Swedish point scorer in the NHL regular season . Before his short-lived comeback season in 2011 , Forsberg never had a negative plus-minus rating , giving him an overall career rating of +238 . Representing Sweden in international play , Forsberg competed in four Winter Olympics , two World Cups and five World Championships , as well as one European Junior Championship and two World Junior Championships , where he holds a scoring record of 31 points in seven games that some say may never be broken . He won four gold medals with Sweden in his career , winning titles at the 1992 and 1998 World Championships and the 1994 and 2006 Winter Olympics . Combined with his two Stanley Cup championships in NHL play , he is a member of the Triple Gold Club and the only Swede who has won each of the three competitions twice . In 2013 , he was inducted to the IIHF Hall of Fame , and in 2014 , he was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mika_Hannula', 'summary': 'Mika Stefan Hannula ( born April 2 , 1979 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niclas_Hävelid', 'summary': 'Niclas Anders Hävelid ( born April 12 , 1973 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for Linköpings HC of the Swedish Elitserien during the 2012-13 season . He won a gold medal with Team Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Holmström', 'summary': "Bengt Tomas Holmström ( pronounced [ ˈtʊ̌mːas ˈhɔ̂lːmstrœm ] ; born 23 January 1973 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey left winger who played his entire National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Detroit Red Wings , with whom he won four Stanley Cup championships ; in 1997 , 1998 , 2002 and 2008 . During his playing career , Holmström was widely considered as one of the NHL 's best at screening the opposition 's goaltender , as well as for his physical presence in front of the opposition 's net ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jörgen_Jönsson', 'summary': 'Ulf Peter Jörgen Jönsson ( born 29 September 1972 ) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player who last played for Färjestads BK of the Swedish Elitserien . He has represented the Team Sweden 285 times , making him the record holder for most games played in the national team . Jörgen Jönsson is also the older brother of former NHL-star Kenny Jönsson , and the two played 68 games in North America together as teammates .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Jönsson', 'summary': 'Kenny Per Anders Jönsson ( born October 6 , 1974 ) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niklas_Kronwall', 'summary': 'Niklas Kronwall ( pronounced [ ˈnɪ̌kːlas ˈkrûːnval ] ; born 12 January 1981 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman , who currently serves as an advisor to the general manager of the Detroit Red Wings . He previously played for the Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is one of the 28 members in the Triple Gold Club . Kronwall started his career in Järfälla HC in Sweden , and has played internationally for Sweden . In the NHL , Kronwall gained notoriety for being an open ice hitter , and the phrase being Kronwalled was coined to describe his signature back-pedaling hits . In 2008 he won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicklas_Lidström', 'summary': "Nicklas Lidström ( pronounced [ ˈnɪ̌kːlas ˈlîːdstrœm ] ; born 28 April 1970 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Detroit Red Wings , which he captained for the final six seasons of his career . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen in NHL history . Over his 20 NHL seasons , Lidström won four Stanley Cup championships , seven James Norris Memorial Trophies ( awarded to the NHL 's top defenceman ) , one Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff MVP , and was voted into 12 NHL All-Star Games . The Red Wings never missed the postseason during his career , the longest in league history for a player never missing the playoffs . Lidström was the first European-born-and-trained captain of a Stanley Cup winning team , as well as the first European player named playoff MVP . Lidström is also the all-time leader in games played with only one NHL team and by a European-born player . Lidström was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on 9 November 2015 . In 2017 Lidström was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Liv', 'summary': "Stefan Daniel Patryk Liv ( born Patryk Śliż ; 21 December 1980 - 7 September 2011 ) was a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender . Liv played professionally in Sweden , North America and Russia . Liv played nine seasons for HV71 in the top-tier league in Sweden . He played one season in Detroit Red Wings organization without managing to make his debut in the NHL . He then returned to Europe and HV71 . Upon his return , he played three seasons in Sweden , then moved to Russia in 2010 . Stefan Liv was a member of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) when he died , along with the rest of the team in the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash . He was a member of several Swedish national teams , including the 2006 Olympic championship team . A street in Jönköping , named Stefan Livs gata ( English : Stefan Liv 's street ) , was named in his honor on 2 August 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Lundqvist', 'summary': "Henrik Lundqvist ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhɛ̌nːrɪk ˈlɵ̂nːdkvɪst ] ; born 2 March 1982 ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Before winning the Vezina Trophy in 2012 , he was nominated in each of his first three seasons , and is the only goaltender in NHL history to record 11 30-win seasons in his first 12 seasons . He holds the record for most wins by a European-born goaltender in the NHL . His dominating play during his rookie season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname King Henrik . During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , he led the Swedish men 's team to their second Olympic gold medal . Before joining the Rangers , Lundqvist played for Frölunda HC in Swedish Elitserien . During his years in Sweden , he developed into the league 's finest goaltender , winning the Honken Trophy three consecutive seasons ; 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 . In 2005 , he also won two of the most prestigious awards in Swedish ice hockey , the Guldpucken ( Golden Puck ) and the Guldhjälmen ( Golden Helmet ) . Lundqvist is considered a butterfly style goalie , though unorthodox because of the aggressive way he performs the butterfly . He is best known for his strong positional play , both mental and physical toughness , and upright torso stance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fredrik_Modin', 'summary': 'Jan Fredrik Freddy Modin ( born 8 October 1974 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey left winger who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and most notably won the Stanley Cup with the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2003-04 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mattias_Öhlund', 'summary': "Kenneth Mattias Öhlund ( born 9 September 1976 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Vancouver Canucks and Tampa Bay Lightning . Öhlund played two seasons in the Swedish Allsvenskan , the second highest tier of hockey in Sweden , with Piteå HC before being selected by the Canucks 13th overall in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft . He then joined Luleå HF of the Elitserien , the highest league in Sweden , winning the Le Mat Trophy as league champions in 1996 . He began his NHL career with Vancouver in 1997-98 , the start of an 11-year tenure with the club in which he became the Canucks ' all-time leader in points for a defenceman ( since surpassed by Alexander Edler ) . Öhlund would play the final two seasons of his professional career with the Tampa Bay Lightning before retiring in 2011 . A serious eye injury before his third NHL season was the first of many injuries Öhlund has sustained over his career , and he only played a full season twice in his 13-year NHL career . Internationally , Öhlund represented Sweden in numerous tournaments , beginning with three World Junior Championships that included Best Defenceman honours as part of a silver medal effort in 1996 . He has since competed in three World Championships , earning gold in 1998 , and three Winter Olympics , earning gold in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Påhlsson', 'summary': 'Samuel Olof Sammy Påhlsson ( /ˈpɔːlsən/ ; born December 17 , 1977 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who last played with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League ( SHL ) . Påhlsson spent the majority of his playing career in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the Boston Bruins , Anaheim Ducks , Chicago Blackhawks , Columbus Blue Jackets and Vancouver Canucks . He was originally drafted 176th overall by the Colorado Avalanche at the 1996 NHL Entry Draft , though he never played for the team . Påhlsson won an Olympic gold medal with Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , as well as a Stanley Cup the following season with Anaheim in 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Samuelsson', 'summary': 'Karl Mikael Samuelsson ( born 23 December 1976 , in Mariefred , Sweden ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey right winger . Samuelsson began his career in Sweden , starting with small town team IFK Mariefred , followed by Södertälje SK as a junior in 1994 . He went on to also play for Swedish teams IK Nyköping , Frölunda HC and Brynäs IF . After being selected 145th overall in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks , he moved to North America for the 2000-01 NHL season . Samuelsson spent short stints with the Sharks , New York Rangers , Pittsburgh Penguins and Florida Panthers , before returning to Europe during the 2004-05 NHL lockout . As NHL play resumed , Samuelsson signed with the Detroit Red Wings , where he enjoyed individual and team success , winning the Stanley Cup with the club in 2008 . After four seasons in Detroit , he signed with the Vancouver Canucks in July 2009 . He enjoyed the two most successful individual seasons of his career with Vancouver , recording back-to-back 50-point campaigns in 2009-10 and 2010-11 . In his third year with the club , he was traded to the Panthers for his second stint in Florida . At the end of the season , he re-signed with the Red Wings in July 2012 . Internationally , Samuelsson is a member of the Triple Gold Club . In addition to his Stanley Cup championship , he has won gold medals with the Swedish national team at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 2006 World Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Sedin', 'summary': "Daniel Hans Sedin ( born 26 September 1980 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey winger who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Vancouver Canucks , from 2000-2018 . Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden , Daniel and his identical twin brother Henrik played together throughout their careers ; the pair were renowned for their effectiveness as a tandem . During his career , Daniel was known as a goal-scorer ( 150+ more career NHL goals than Henrik ) , while Henrik was known as a playmaker ( 150+ more career NHL assists than Daniel ) . Daniel tallied 393 goals and 648 assists in 1,306 games played in the NHL , ranking him as the Canucks ' second-highest points scorer all time . Daniel began his professional career in the Swedish Hockey League with Modo Hockey in 1997 and was co-recipient , with Henrik , of the 1999 Golden Puck as Swedish player of the year . He played four seasons with Modo ( including a return in 2004-05 due to the NHL lockout ) , helping the club to two consecutive appearances in the Le Mat Trophy Finals , in 1999 and 2000 , where they lost both times . Selected second overall by the Canucks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft , Daniel moved to the NHL in the 2000-01 season . He spent his entire NHL career in Vancouver , and in 2016 became the club 's all-time top goal scorer . After emerging as a top player in the club during the 2005-06 season , Daniel since recorded six consecutive campaigns of at least 20 goals and 70 points . In 2011 , he won the Art Ross Trophy as the League 's leading point-scorer and the Ted Lindsay Award as the best player in the League , as voted by fellow players . Daniel was also nominated for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the League 's most valuable player . In Sweden , he and Henrik were awarded the Victoria Scholarship as the country 's athletes of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Sedin', 'summary': "Henrik Lars Sedin ( born 26 September 1980 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Vancouver Canucks , from 2000-2018 . He additionally served as the Canucks ' captain from 2010 until his retirement . Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden , Henrik and his identical twin brother Daniel played together throughout their careers ; the pair were renowned for their effectiveness as a tandem . Henrik , a skilled passer , was known as a playmaker ( 150+ more career NHL assists than Daniel ) while Daniel was known as a goal-scorer ( 150+ more career NHL goals than Henrik ) . Henrik tallied 240 goals and 830 assists in 1,330 NHL games , ranking him as the Canucks ' all-time leading points scorer . Henrik began his career in the Swedish Hockey League with Modo Hockey in 1997 and was co-recipient , with brother Daniel , of the 1999 Golden Puck as Swedish player of the year . Selected third overall - one pick after brother Daniel - by the Canucks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft , Henrik spent his entire NHL career in Vancouver . After four seasons with the club , he became the Canucks ' top-scoring centre in 2005-06 . He has since won three Cyrus H. McLean Trophies as the team 's leading point-scorer ( from 2007-08 to 2009-10 ) and one Cyclone Taylor Award as the team 's most valuable player ( 2010 ) . In 2009-10 , he won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player and leading point-scorer , respectively . He was also named to the NHL First All-Star Team that year and again in 2010-11 , a season that included an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals , where Vancouver lost to the Boston Bruins in seven games . That summer , Henrik and Daniel were named co-recipients of the Victoria Scholarship as Swedish athletes of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mats_Sundin', 'summary': "Mats Johan Sundin ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈmatːs sɵnˈdiːn ] ; born 13 February 1971 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player who played the majority of his career in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , retiring in 2009 . Originally drafted first overall in 1989 , Sundin played his first four seasons in the NHL with the Quebec Nordiques . He was then traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1994 , where he played the majority of his career , serving 11 seasons as team captain . At the end of the 2007-08 season , Sundin was the longest serving non-North American born captain in NHL history . Sundin last played for the Vancouver Canucks in the 2008-09 season before announcing his retirement on 30 September 2009 . He appeared in the Stanley Cup playoffs in 10 of his 18 seasons . Excluding his rookie season , the shortened lockout season and his half season with Vancouver , Sundin scored at least 70 points in every season of his career , played at least 70 games in every season and led the Maple Leafs in points in every year he was with the team save for 2002-03 , when Alexander Mogilny beat him by seven points . On 14 October 2006 , Sundin became the first Swedish player to score 500 goals . He is the Maple Leafs ' franchise all-time leader in goals ( 420 ) and points ( 987 ) . Over his career , Sundin averaged just over a point per game ( 1,349 points in 1,346 NHL games ) . Internationally , Sundin won three gold medals with Sweden at the World Championships and a gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Sundin was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame on 26 June 2012 , in his first year of eligibility ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Sundin', 'summary': 'Ronnie Karl Sundin ( born October 3 , 1970 ) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman . He was an alternate captain for Frölunda HC in the Swedish Elite League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Tellqvist', 'summary': 'Mikael Karl Tellqvist ( born September 19 , 1979 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender who last played for Djurgårdens IF of the Swedish Hockey League , his second tenure with the club .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Tjärnqvist', 'summary': 'Daniel Carl Tjärnqvist ( born October 14 , 1976 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the Atlanta Thrashers , Minnesota Wild , Edmonton Oilers and the Colorado Avalanche . His younger brother , Mathias , is an assistant coach in Malmö Redhawks in the Swedish elite league Elitserien .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Zetterberg', 'summary': 'Carl Henrik Zetterberg ( pronounced [ ˈhɛ̌nːrɪk ˈsɛ̂tːɛrˌbærj ] ; born 9 October 1980 ) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey forward under contract with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Along with winning the Stanley Cup in 2008 , Zetterberg won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player of the 2008 Stanley Cup playoffs . He won gold medals in the 2006 Ice Hockey World Championships and 2006 Winter Olympics , as part of the first team to ever win both tournaments in the same year , also making him a member of the Triple Gold Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at the Torino Palasport Olimpico and the Torino Esposizioni in Turin , Italy . The men 's competition , held from 15 to 26 February , was won by Sweden , and the women 's competition , held from 11 to 20 February , was won by Canada ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_tournament", 'summary': "The men 's tournament in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin , Italy , from 15 to 26 February . Twelve teams competed , with Sweden winning the gold medal , Finland winning silver , and the Czech Republic winning bronze . It was the third Olympic tournament to feature National Hockey League ( NHL ) players and the tenth best-on-best hockey tournament in history . United States defenseman Chris Chelios set a standard for longest time between his first Olympic ice hockey tournament and his last - he had competed twenty-two years earlier at the 1984 Olympics . The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani . who had played twenty years after his debut ( 1928 and 1948 ) . The tournament format was changed from the 1998 and 2002 tournaments to a format similar to the 1992 and 1994 tournaments . The number of teams was reduced from 14 to 12 , which were split into two groups in the preliminary stage ( which followed a round robin format ) . Each team played the other teams in their group once . The top four teams from each group advanced to the quarter-finals . The tournament is also notable for the lacklustre performance of defending champion Canada , which lost two group stage games ( including a shock defeat to Switzerland ) before being eliminated by Russia in the quarter-finals . In the semi-finals , Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 7-3 , and Finland ousted Russia 4-0 ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Carin Olofsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Carin_Olofsson', 'summary': 'Anna Carin Helena Cecilia Zidek ( née Olofsson , born 1 April 1973 ) is a Swedish former biathlete who won a silver medal in the 7.5 km sprint and a gold medal in the 12.5 km mass start event at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Originally a cross-country skier , Olofsson competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , but in the three events she took part in she made the top 30 only once ( 15 km freestyle ) , and the following season she switched to biathlon . On 3 May 2008 Olofsson married her then boyfriend , Tom Zidek - a serviceman in the Canadian biathlon team - in a ceremony near Canmore , Canada . Olofsson officially announced her retirement on 16 July 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten biathlon events . They were held at the Cesana-San Sicario arena . The events began on 11 February and ended on 25 February 2006 . Approximately 6,500 spectators were expected by the organizing committee . In these games , biathlon events were open to both men and women but they raced in different distances in their own events . Men from 28 nations and women from 27 nations qualified to participate in the events . Only seven nations in total took home medals , Germany winning the most ( 5 gold , 4 silver , 2 bronze ) . Six biathletes won 3 medals each : Albina Akhatova , Kati Wilhelm , Martina Glagow , Michael Greis , Ole Einar Bjørndalen , and Sven Fischer . Greis won the most gold medals , with a total of three .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's 7.5 kilometre sprint biathlon competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy was held on 16 February , at Cesana San Sicario . Competitors raced over three loops of a 2.5 kilometre skiing course , shooting ten times , five prone and five standing . Each miss required a competitor to ski a 150-metre penalty loop . Uschi Disl was the defending World Champion at the sprint , while Kati Wilhelm won the sprint at the trial event in 2005 , despite shooting two penalty laps . Wilhelm is also defending Olympic champion , and entered the games leading the sprint World Cup ahead of Disl and Russian Svetlana Ishmouratova . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sweden women 's national ice hockey team Cecilia Andersson Gunilla Andersson Jenni Asserholt Ann-Louise Edstrand Joa Elfsberg Emma Eliasson Erika Holst Nanna Jansson Jenny Lindqvist Kristina Lundberg Kim Martin Frida Nevalainen Emilie O'Konor Maria Rooth Danijela Rundqvist Therese Sjölander Katarina Timglas Anna Vikman Pernilla Winberg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_women's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Swedish women 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges damlandslag i ishockey ) or Damkronorna ( the Lady Crowns in Swedish ) represents Sweden at the International Ice Hockey Federation 's IIHF World Women 's Championships . The women 's national team is controlled by Svenska Ishockeyförbundet . Sweden has 3,425 female players in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cecilia_Andersson', 'summary': 'Cecilia Christine Elisabeth Anderson ( born October 4 , 1982 in Väddö , Sweden ) is an ice hockey goaltender from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She lives in Montreal , Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunilla_Andersson', 'summary': "Gunilla Victoria Andersson ( born April 26 , 1975 ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . Andersson played Defense for the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team , winning a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Also she played with the Segeltorps IF in the Riksserien ( Sweden league elite ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenni_Asserholt', 'summary': "Jenni Anna Christina Asserholt ( born 8 April 1988 ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She plays the forward position for HV71 in the Swedish Women 's Hockey League and for the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . In 2004 Jenni underwent treatment for her asthma , even though she does n't experience any asthmatic symptoms as of 2011 . She has said that the cold temperatures in ice hockey rinks cause breathing difficulties during her younger years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ann-Louise_Edstrand', 'summary': 'Ann-Louise Carina Edstrand ( born April 26 , 1975 in Örnsköldsvik , Sweden ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . In 2016 , she was elected to the Swedish Hockey Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joa_Elfsberg', 'summary': 'Joa Elfsberg ( born July 30 , 1979 , in Valbo ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emma_Eliasson', 'summary': "Emma Maria Josefin Eliasson ( born 12 June 1989 in Kiruna , Sweden ) is a Swedish retired ice hockey player . She played as a forward for the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Erika_Holst', 'summary': "Ylva Erika Holst ( born 8 April 1979 ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She is a member of the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanna_Jansson', 'summary': 'Nanna Kristina Jansson ( born July 7 , 1983 in Gävle , Sweden ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Lindqvist', 'summary': 'Jenny Elisabeth Lindqvist ( born July 21 , 1978 in Stockholm , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristina_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Kristina Anna Maria Lundberg ( born 10 June 1985 in Husum , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . ( In Swedish )'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Martin', 'summary': "Kim Kristine Martin Hasson ( born 28 February 1986 ) is a retired Swedish goaltender who currently serves as general manager for Linköping HC Dam of the Svenska Damhockeyligan ( SDHL ) . With the Swedish national team she won two Olympic medals , bronze in 2002 and silver in 2006 , and two IIHF World Women 's Championships bronze medals , in 2005 and 2007 . Martin Hasson played in the SDHL with AIK and Linköping HC , in the Russian Women 's Hockey League with Tornado Dmitrov , in the NCAA Division I with the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs , in the J20 SuperElit with the Malmö Redhawks junior men 's team , and in the J18 Allsvenskan with Hammarby IF 's junior mens team . She was scheduled to make her debut with the Malmö Redhawks of the HockeyAllsvenskan , the second-tier mens league in Sweden , on 8 March 2006 , as the first woman to ever play for a professional mens team in Sweden but this move was vetoed by the University of Minnesota Duluth , the U.S. school that had offered her a scholarship to play hockey . This was because the NCAA , the main governing body for U.S. college sports , prohibits athletes at its member schools from having previously played in a professional league , even if they are not paid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frida_Nevalainen', 'summary': "Frida Margareta Nevalainen ( born 27 January 1987 in Umeå , Sweden ) is an ice hockey player . Nevalainen is a defenceman for the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . ( In Swedish ) Her twin brother Patrik also played professional ice hockey , playing in the SM-liiga with Lukko and the Elitserien for Timrå IK . Nevalainen was the second woman of all time to participate in the TV-pucken tournament , and the first to do so representing the province of Västerbotten . She has also played for Tornado Moscow Region , a Russian team . Originally representing IF Björklöven she later transferred to Modo Hockey in the Riksserien ( Sweden league elite ) . She played for the University of Windsor in the 2007-08 season ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Emilie_O'Konor", 'summary': "Emilie Louise O'Konor ( born February 21 , 1983 in Danderyd , Sweden ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Rooth', 'summary': "Maria Elisabeth Rooth ( born 2 November 1979 in Ängelholm , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She is the only University of Minnesota Duluth women 's hockey player to have her jersey retired above the ice of the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center . Rooth is alternate captain and one of the most experienced players on the Swedish national team , which she has been a part of since 1996 . In 2015 , Rooth was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Danijela_Rundqvist', 'summary': 'Danijela Kristina Rundqvist ( born 26 September 1984 in Stockholm , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Therese_Sjölander', 'summary': 'Eva Therése Sjölander ( born 4 May 1981 in Sollefteå , Sweden ) is an ice hockey player from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katarina_Timglas', 'summary': 'Anna Katarina Timglas ( born November 24 , 1985 in Malmö , Sweden ) is a Swedish ice hockey player . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Vikman', 'summary': 'Ingrid Anna Kristina Vikman ( born January 13 , 1981 in Överkalix , Sweden ) is an ice hockey forward from Sweden . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pernilla_Winberg', 'summary': "Pernilla Margareta Stephanie Winberg ( born 24 February 1989 ) is a Swedish ice hockey forward for Linkopings HC and the Sweden women 's national ice hockey team . She won a silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics . She scored the game-winning goal in the shootout against the American women in the semi final game , where she was Sweden 's youngest national player . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Winberg recorded an impressive five goals in the tournament including four against Slovakia and one against the powerhouse USA . She graduated from the University of Minnesota-Duluth in 2013 and played for the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs , five-time NCAA Division I national champions ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at the Torino Palasport Olimpico and the Torino Esposizioni in Turin , Italy . The men 's competition , held from 15 to 26 February , was won by Sweden , and the women 's competition , held from 11 to 20 February , was won by Canada ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament", 'summary': "The women 's tournament in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin , Italy from 11 to 20 February 2006 . Eight countries qualified for the tournament ."}]}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Pärson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anja_Pärson', 'summary': 'Anja Sofia Tess Pärson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈânːja ˈpæ̌ːʂɔn ] ; born 25 April 1981 ) is a Swedish former alpine skier . She is an Olympic gold medalist , seven-time gold medalist at the World Championships , and two-time overall Alpine Skiing World Cup champion . She has won a total of 42 World Cup races .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_downhill", 'summary': "The women 's downhill of the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at San Sicario , Italy , on Wednesday , 15 February . Defending Olympic champion Carole Montillet-Carles was ninteenth in the current season 's World Cup downhill standings , headed by Michaela Dorfmeister from Austria . Janica Kostelić of Croatia was defending World Champion , but was fourth in the overall World Cup standings , though she did win a downhill at Bad Kleinkirchheim in mid-January . Dorfmeister won the gold medal , Martina Schild of Switzerland took the silver , and Anja Pärson of Sweden was the bronze medalist . Montillet-Carles finished 28th and Kostelić did not start . The Fraiteve Olympique course started at an elevation of 2,538 m ( 8,327 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 800 m ( 2,625 ft ) and a course length of 3.058 km ( 1.90 mi ) . Dorfmeister 's winning time was 116.49 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 94.504 km/h ( 58.7 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.868 m/s ( 22.5 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': '15 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Pärson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anja_Pärson', 'summary': 'Anja Sofia Tess Pärson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈânːja ˈpæ̌ːʂɔn ] ; born 25 April 1981 ) is a Swedish former alpine skier . She is an Olympic gold medalist , seven-time gold medalist at the World Championships , and two-time overall Alpine Skiing World Cup champion . She has won a total of 42 World Cup races .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's combined", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_combined", 'summary': "Originally scheduled to run on 17 February , the downhill portion of the Women 's combined was postponed due to high winds . The slalom was held on 17 February and the downhill portion was on Saturday , 18 February . Janica Kostelić was both defending World and Olympic champion , and she led the aggregate World Cup standings . Janica also won the only combined race leading into the championships in St. Moritz , Switzerland and she also won all combined races held in World Cup since the last Olympic games ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathias Fredriksson Mats Larsson Johan Olsson Anders Södergren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Fredriksson', 'summary': "Mathias Fredriksson ( born 11 February 1973 in Uddevalla , Västra Götaland County ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who has competed since 1993 . He earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Fredriksson 's best Olympic finish was at these same Olympics with a tenth in the 50 km event . Fredriksson has won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships ; two silvers ( 15 km and 4 × 10 km : both 2001 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 10 km relay : 2003 , 2007 ) . He has 34 victories on the national , FIS , and World Cup levels at various distances since 1993 . He won the World Cup in the 2002-03 season . Fredriksson has a brother , Thobias Fredriksson , at the same professional level . He is married to Emma Helena Nilsson . In October 2008 he was sentenced to sixteen days in prison for breaking the speed limit at Dovrefjell in June the same year . Fredriksson retired at the end of the 2012 season . His last competition was the Åre Cross Country Open on 14 April 2012 . In November 2013 he joined Sveriges Television as an expert commentator and studio analyst , covering the FIS Cross-Country World Cup and World Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mats_Larsson', 'summary': 'Ål Mats Arne Larsson ( born 20 March 1980 ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has raced since 1999 . He won a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay and finished 20th in the 15 km event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Larsson won a silver medal in the individual sprint event at the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo . His only career win came in a 15 km event in 2002 in Italy . In May 2013 , he was appointed as a coach for the Swedish national cross-country ski team . His father Gunnar was also an Olympic cross-country skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johan_Olsson_(skier)', 'summary': 'Johan Arne Olsson ( born 19 March 1980 ) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier . He is a two-time Olympic champion who raced from 1998 to 2017 . Olsson won five individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup victories and 2 additional podium finishes during his career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anders_Södergren', 'summary': 'Hans Anders Södergren ( born 17 May 1977 in Söderhamn , Hälsingland ) is a Swedish cross-country skier who has competed since 1999 . He earned a bronze medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and also finished 5th in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit event at those same Olympics . In the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver he won a gold medal with the Swedish team in the 4 × 10 km relay . Södergren won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two silvers ( 15 km + 15 km double pursuit : 2009 , 50 km : 2003 ) and two bronzes in the 4 × 10 km relay ( 2003 , 2007 ) . He has eight FIS Race victories and is a ten-time national champion at distances between 15 km and 50 km as of the 2005-06 season . Södergren won the 50 km event at both the 2006 and the 2008 Holmenkollen ski festival , making him the only skier to have won an international 50 km elite race with individual start in free technique since 2004 . Södergren has a twin brother , Per , who was forced to abandon his cross-country skiing career following a back injury . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 10 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_4_×_10_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 x 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 19 February at Pragelato . A World Cup event in the relay was held at Beitostølen , Norway , on 20 November 2005 , and Germany 's team of Andreas Schlütter , Axel Teichmann , Jens Filbrich and Tobias Angerer won the competition . The defending World Champions were Norway , with a team of Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset , Frode Estil , Lars Berger and Tore Ruud Hofstad . The Norwegians were also the defending Olympic champion , with Anders Aukland , Estil , Kristen Skjeldal and Thomas Alsgaard winning gold in Salt Lake . At Nagano in 1998 , the Norwegians beat the Italians by less than one tenth of a second , and in 1994 at Lillehammer the Italians beat the Norwegians by less than one tenth of a second . In the previous three Olympics , the winning team beat the silver medalists by a cumulative time of just under one tenth of a second . One further relay event was held before the Olympics , at Val di Fiemme on 15 January 2006 , which was won by an Italian team consisting of Giorgio Di Centa , Valerio Checchi , Pietro Piller Cottrer and Cristian Zorzi . Four teams finished within 2.6 seconds of the Italian winners . Hosts Italy won this relay , their fifth straight medal in relays in the Winter Olympics . They were over 15 seconds ahead of any competitors . Sweden took bronze , their first medal since 1988 , and Norway failed to win a medal for the first time since 1988 ."}]}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thobias Fredriksson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thobias_Fredriksson', 'summary': 'Thobias Fredriksson ( born 4 April 1975 in Dals Rostock , Dalsland ) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed since 2000 . He won two medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin with a gold in the team sprint and a bronze in the individual sprint events . Fredriksson also won two medals in the individual sprint events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2003 and a bronze in 2005 . After the 2010 season , Fredriksson retired . Thobias has a brother , Mathias Fredriksson , at the same professional level .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing events at the 2006 Winter Olympics featured 12 events , from 11 to 26 February 2006 at Pragelato in Turin .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's sprint cross-country skiing competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , was held on 22 February at Pragelato . Vasily Rochev was the defending world champion at this event , but he won in the classical style . The last free style sprint at the World Championships was won by Thobias Fredriksson in 2003 , while Tor Arne Hetland was defending Olympic champion . Swede Björn Lind won the two most recent World Cup events , and also won the Olympic race , beating Frenchman Roddy Darragon to the line . Darragon won France 's first cross-country skiing medal in the history of the Olympics , while Sweden took the bronze through Thobias Fredriksson ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Ottosson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Ottosson', 'summary': "Anna Helene Ottosson ( born 18 May 1976 in Östersund , Sweden ; married name Ottosson Blixth ) is a Swedish former alpine skier who won an Olympic bronze medal in the giant slalom race at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . She stands 1.66 meters ( 5 ft 5 in ) tall and weighs 64 kg ( 141 lbs ) . Her only victory in a World Cup competition came when she won a giant slalom competition in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy on 23 January 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The last event of the women 's alpine skiing , the giant slalom , took place on Friday , 24 February . Kostelić was a favourite once again , as she was defending Olympic champion , but Swede Anja Pärson led the World Cup and was defending World Champion of the event . Kostelić was second in the World Cup standing , however , while Austrian Kathrin Zettel was third ."}]}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': 'The following Swedish athletes won medals at the games :', 'uid': 'Sweden_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Sweden sent 112 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin trying to win their first gold medal since the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer. A total of 99 athletes were selected, and they competed in nine of the fifteen Winter Olympic sports. When the medals were summed up, Sweden had managed seven gold medals, two silver and five bronze, making it Sweden's best result ever in the Winter Olympics in terms of both medals and gold medals earned, and gave Sweden a 6th place in the medal table."} | null | null | What is the event of the athlete who also has nineteen individual victories at all levels at various distances since 1999 ? | Women 's team sprint |
0b4bd0e15edf2493 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Countee Cullen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Countee_Cullen', 'summary': "Countee Cullen ( born Countee LeRoy Porter ; May 30 , 1903 - January 9 , 1946 ) was an American poet , novelist , children 's writer , and playwright , particularly well known during the Harlem Renaissance ."}]}, {'value': 'Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University', 'summary': "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Poet of the Harlem Renaissance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance', 'summary': 'The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual , social , and artistic explosion centered in Harlem , Manhattan , New York City , spanning the 1920s . At the time , it was known as the New Negro Movement , named after The New Negro , a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke . The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration , of which Harlem was the largest . Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood , many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the movement , which spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s . Many of its ideas lived on much longer . The zenith of this flowering of Negro literature , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance , took place between 1924 - when Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance - and 1929 , the year of the stock-market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression . The Harlem Renaissance is considered to have been a rebirth of the African-American arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Jerome Dickey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Jerome_Dickey', 'summary': 'Eric Jerome Dickey ( born July 7 , 1961 ) is a New York Times best-selling American author best known for his novels about contemporary African-American life . He is also known for writing several crime novels involving grifters , ex cons , and assassins , the latter novels having more diverse settings , moving from Los Angeles to the United Kingdom to the West Indies , each having an international cast of characters .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Memphis', 'summary': 'The University of Memphis ( UofM ) is a public research university in Memphis , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , the university has an enrollment of more than 22,000 students . The university maintains The Center for Earthquake Research and Information ( CERI ) , The Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law , the former Lambuth University campus ( now a branch campus of The University of Memphis ) , The Loewenberg College of Nursing , The School of Public Health , The College of Communication and Fine Arts , The FedEx Institute of Technology , The Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab , and The Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology .'}]}, {'value': 'Author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Lynn Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._Lynn_Harris', 'summary': 'Everette Lynn Harris ( June 20 , 1955 - July 23 , 2009 ) was an American author . Openly gay , he was best known for his depictions of African-American men who were on the down-low and closeted . He authored ten consecutive books that made The New York Times Best Seller list , making him among the most successful African-American or gay authors of his era .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': 'Author , playwright', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester Himes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Himes', 'summary': "Chester Bomar Himes ( July 29 , 1909 - November 12 , 1984 ) was a black American writer . His works include If He Hollers Let Him Go and the Harlem Detective series . In 1958 he won France 's Grand Prix de Littérature Policière ."}]}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_University', 'summary': 'The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Author whose works include If He Hollers Let Him Go and a series of Harlem Detective novels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/If_He_Hollers_Let_Him_Go', 'summary': "If He Hollers Let Him Go is the first novel by American writer Chester Himes , published in 1945 , about an African-American shipyard worker in Los Angeles during World War II . It earned him critical acclaim and was considered a protest novel , in the tradition of Richard Wright . The book was adapted as a 1968 film , starring Raymond St. Jacques , Dana Wynter , Kevin McCarthy , Barbara McNair , and Arthur O'Connell . The screenplay differed markedly from the novel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Detective', 'summary': 'The Harlem Detective series of novels by Chester Himes comprises nine hardboiled novels set in the 1950s and early 1960s :'}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Ross', 'summary': 'Lawrence C. Ross Jr. ( born February 20 , 1966 ) is an author of historical texts and fiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Author of The Divine Nine : The History of African American Fraternities and Sororities', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Weber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_University', 'summary': "Virginia State University ( VSU or Virginia State ) is a historically black public land-grant university in Ettrick , Virginia . Founded on March 6 , 1882 ( 1882-03-06 ) , Virginia State developed as the United States 's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for black Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clint Wilson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author , Whither the Black Press ? ; journalist ; Howard University professor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Yerby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Yerby', 'summary': 'Frank Garvin Yerby ( ( 1916-09-05 ) September 5 , 1916 - ( 1991-11-29 ) November 29 , 1991 ) was an American writer , best known for his 1946 historical novel The Foxes of Harrow .'}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best-selling author', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_17', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."} | null | null | In which year was this university founded that the author of historical texts and fiction born on February 20 , 1966 attended ? | 1868 |
0b4bfe861244e1f0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games', 'title': 'Aksys Games', 'header': ['Title', 'First release', 'Developer ( s )', 'Platform ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Battle Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fantasia', 'summary': "Battle Fantasia ( バトルファンタジア , Batoru Fantajia ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in the PAL region in 2009 for both systems by 505 Games ( Europe ) and Aksys Games ( Australia ) . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 as Battle Fantasia : Revised Edition . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and features three-dimensional character models restricted to a two-dimensional plane . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre . The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mixed to average reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Guilty Gear 2 : Overture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilty_Gear_2:_Overture', 'summary': 'Guilty Gear 2 : Overture ( ギルティギア2オーヴァチュア , Giruti Gia Tsū Ōvachua ) is a video game in the Guilty Gear series made by Arc System Works for the Xbox 360 . The fourth main installment in the series , Guilty Gear 2 makes use of 3D graphics , unlike its predecessors . The Xbox Live demo of Guilty Gear 2 describes the game as , a mix between the action and real-time strategy genre . A playable demo featuring three modes of gameplay was released in Japan via Xbox Live on 30 October 2007 . A North American version was released on October 7 , 2008 released by Aksys Games . A port for Microsoft Windows was released on March 31 , 2016 worldwide by Arc System Works .'}]}, {'value': 'October 7 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Calamity_Trigger', 'summary': "BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā ) is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works in 2008 . The game 's name is a portmanteau of blaze and blue , with the z sound omitted in the Japanese pronunciation , rendering it similar to the word bray in pronunciation . Originally released for the arcades , it was also released for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Windows . A port for the PlayStation Portable , titled BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー ポータブル , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā Pōtaburu ) , was released in 2010 . It was the first title in the BlazBlue game series and extended franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '0-D Beat Drop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/0-D_Beat_Drop', 'summary': "0-D Beat Drop is a 2009 rhythm-puzzle video game developed by Cyclone Zero and JAMSWORKS and published by Aksys Games and Arc System Works . With elements of Puyo Puyo and Lumines , the game has players organizing colored shapes onto a playing field in order to match three pieces and clear them using the game 's titular Beat Drop , which requires the player to listen to the techno soundtrack . It also sponsored a Japanese K-pop band Sweat Vacation and the difficulty for this game was added based on it ."}]}, {'value': 'November 11 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone Zero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox 360 ( XBLA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade', 'summary': "Xbox Live Arcade ( XBLA ) is a digital video game download service available through the Xbox Games Store , Microsoft 's digital distribution network for the Xbox 360 . It focuses on smaller downloadable games from both major publishers and independent game developers . Titles range from classic console and arcade video games , to new games designed from the ground up for the service . Games available through the XBLA service range from $ 5-20 in price , and as of October 2016 , there have been 719 Xbox Live Arcade titles released for the Xbox 360 . Prior to the Xbox 360 , Xbox Live Arcade was the name for an online distribution network on the original Xbox , which was replaced by the Xbox Live Marketplace ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War ( アガレスト戦記 , Agaresuto Senki ) , known in Europe as Agarest : Generations of War , is a tactical role-playing game for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The game is a collaboration between Idea Factory , Red Entertainment and Compile Heart . An updated port of the game was released in Japan for the Xbox 360 on November 27 , 2008 . HyperDevbox released an Android port on December 19 , 2013 , and an iOS port on May 16 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'DeathSmiles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeathSmiles', 'summary': "Deathsmiles ( デススマイルズ , Desusumairuzu ) is a horizontal side scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game by Japanese developer Cave , released in late 2007 . It is notable for its aesthetic style , featuring heavy occult and gothic influences . It is the second Cave shoot 'em up to be played using a horizontally-oriented monitor ( the first being Progear , followed by Akai Katana ) . It was the first Cave shooter released in North America on a console , and the first one in Europe . Cave has also released it for iOS . A sequel , Deathsmiles II , was released to Japanese arcades on May 14 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cave_(company)', 'summary': "CAVE Interactive CO. , LTD. ( Japanese : 株式会社ケイブ , Hepburn : Kabushiki Gaisha Keibu ) , or CAVE for short , is a Japanese video game company founded in 1994 by former employees of Toaplan following its bankruptcy . They are known primarily for their bullet hell shoot 'em ups ; from 1995 up to 2013 , CAVE was one of the most prolific shoot 'em up developers in the Japanese market . Alongside this , CAVE has produced a variety of other types games for arcades , home consoles , PCs , and smartphones , also dating back to 1995 . CAVE is an acronym for Computer Art Visual Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Continuum_Shift', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto ) is a 2009 fighting game developed by Arc System Works as an official sequel to BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger . As with the previous game , the game first came to arcades before both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the game was currently released for the Taito Type X2 arcade system board , with a 16:9 ratio and 768p resolution . Revisions entitled BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト ツウ , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Tsū ) and BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Ekusutendo ) were released in arcades in 2010-2011 . They were later ported to the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , and Windows .'}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_Zero', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War Zero , known as Agarest Senki Zero ( アガレスト戦記 ZERO , Agaresuto Senki Zero ) in Japan and Agarest : Generations of War Zero in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Compile Heart and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Idea Factory on June 25 , 2009 for the PlayStation 3 . It is the prequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War . An enhanced port of Agarest Zero was released for the Xbox 360 titled Agarest Senki Zero : Dawn of War . The Xbox 360 version contained extra content not found in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , such as costumes , CGs and more . Both versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game , and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bit.Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bit.Trip_Presents..._Runner2:_Future_Legend_of_Rhythm_Alien', 'summary': 'Bit.Trip Presents . Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien , generally shortened as Runner2 , is a 2013 side-scrolling platformer developed by Gaijin Games . The game is the direct sequel to Bit.Trip Runner and has been released as a downloadable title available on the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 and Wii U consoles , Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux and on iOS . The PC , Mac , Linux , and Wii U versions were self-published by Gaijin Games , and the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were published by Aksys Games . Cutscenes and menus are narrated by Charles Martinet . While Runner2 has a lot in common with its predecessor , its polygonal graphics mark a significant departure from past entries in the Bit.Trip series . In an interview with Push Square , Gaijin Games co-founder Mike Roush cited the studios urge to spread its wings a bit as the inspiration behind the change . Runner2 has been well received by video game critics . The game received a sequel , Runner3 , for the Nintendo Switch and PC platforms in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaijin Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaijin_Games', 'summary': 'Choice Provisions Inc. , formerly known as Gaijin Games Inc. prior to June 2014 , is an independent video game development studio , best known for their Bit.Trip series of video games . The studio was founded in 2007 by Alex Neuse , Mike Roush , and Chris Osborn and is located in Santa Cruz , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Xbox 360 ( XBLA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade', 'summary': "Xbox Live Arcade ( XBLA ) is a digital video game download service available through the Xbox Games Store , Microsoft 's digital distribution network for the Xbox 360 . It focuses on smaller downloadable games from both major publishers and independent game developers . Titles range from classic console and arcade video games , to new games designed from the ground up for the service . Games available through the XBLA service range from $ 5-20 in price , and as of October 2016 , there have been 719 Xbox Live Arcade titles released for the Xbox 360 . Prior to the Xbox 360 , Xbox Live Arcade was the name for an online distribution network on the original Xbox , which was replaced by the Xbox Live Marketplace ."}]}, {'value': 'A.R.E.S : Extinction Agenda EX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.R.E.S.:_Extinction_Agenda', 'summary': 'A.R.E.S . Extinction Agenda is a 2.5D side-scrolling action platform available for Microsoft Windows . It was developed by a Thai independent developer Extend Studio .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extend Studio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox 360 ( XBLA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_360', 'summary': "The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription-based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005-2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called Red Ring of Death , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade', 'summary': "Xbox Live Arcade ( XBLA ) is a digital video game download service available through the Xbox Games Store , Microsoft 's digital distribution network for the Xbox 360 . It focuses on smaller downloadable games from both major publishers and independent game developers . Titles range from classic console and arcade video games , to new games designed from the ground up for the service . Games available through the XBLA service range from $ 5-20 in price , and as of October 2016 , there have been 719 Xbox Live Arcade titles released for the Xbox 360 . Prior to the Xbox 360 , Xbox Live Arcade was the name for an online distribution network on the original Xbox , which was replaced by the Xbox Live Marketplace ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Video games -- Console games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_video_games_published_by_Aksys_Games_5', 'intro': "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games."} | null | null | The game that released a North American version on October 7 , 2008 is played on a platform that was unveiled in what year ? | 2005 |
0b4ca99ebe4962be | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China', 'title': 'List of ambassadors of the United States to China', 'header': ['Name', 'Home state', 'Presented credentials', 'Terminated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Leonard Woodcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock', 'summary': "Leonard Freel Woodcock ( February 15 , 1911 - January 16 , 2001 ) was President of the United Auto Workers ( UAW ) and the first US ambassador to the People 's Republic of China after being the last Chief of the US Liaison Office in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 13 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur W. Hummel Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Jr.', 'summary': 'Arthur William Hummel Jr. ( Chinese : 恒安石 ; pinyin : Héng Ānshí ; birth name Arthur Millbourne Hummel ) ( June 1 , 1920 - February 6 , 2001 ) was a United States diplomat .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 24 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winston Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_Lord', 'summary': 'Winston Lord ( born August 14 , 1937 ) is a United States diplomat and leader of non-governmental foreign policy organizations . He has served as Special Assistant to the National Security Advisor ( 1970-1973 ) , Director of the State Department Policy Planning Staff ( 1973-1977 ) , President of the Council on Foreign Relations ( 1977-1985 ) , Ambassador to China ( 1985-1989 ) , and Assistant Secretary of State ( 1993-1997 ) . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 23 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Lilley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Lilley', 'summary': "James Roderick Lilley ( simplified Chinese : 李洁明 ; traditional Chinese : 李潔明 ; pinyin : Lǐ Jiémíng ; January 15 , 1928 - November 12 , 2009 ) was an American diplomat who served as United States ambassador to China at the time of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests . Born to American parents in China , Lilley learned Mandarin at a young age before his family moved back to the United States at the outbreak of World War II . He served in the United States Army before earning an undergraduate degree from Yale University and a master 's in international relations from George Washington University . He then joined the Central Intelligence Agency , where he would work for nearly 30 years in a variety of Asian countries prior to becoming a diplomat . Before being appointed ambassador to China in 1989 , he was director of the American Institute in Taiwan , Washington 's de facto embassy on the island , and ambassador to South Korea . After the suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests , Lilley was critical of the Chinese crackdown and harbored a prominent dissident in the embassy , but worked to prevent long-term damage to United States-China relations . After his retirement , he published a memoir and worked as a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Stapleton Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Stapleton_Roy', 'summary': 'J. Stapleton Roy ( Chinese : 芮效俭 ; pinyin : Ruì Xiàojiăn ; born 1935 ) is a former senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs . A fluent Chinese speaker , Roy spent much of his career in East Asia , where his assignments included Bangkok ( twice ) , Hong Kong , Taipei , Beijing ( twice ) , Singapore , and Jakarta . He also specialized in Soviet affairs and served in Moscow at the height of the Cold War . Ambassador Roy served as Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research from 1999 to 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 17 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James R. Sasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_R._Sasser', 'summary': 'James Ralph Sasser ( born September 30 , 1936 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and attorney . A Democrat , Sasser served three terms as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1977 to 1995 , and was Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee . From 1996 to 1999 , during the Clinton Administration , he was the United States Ambassador to China .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Prueher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Prueher', 'summary': "Joseph Wilson Prueher ( born November 25 , 1942 ) is a former United States Navy Admiral who served as United States Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China from 1999 to 2001 . He was succeeded as ambassador by Clark T. Randt , Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'December 15 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clark T. Randt Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_T._Randt_Jr.', 'summary': "Clark T. Sandy Randt Jr. ( Chinese : 雷德 ; Pinyin : Léi Dé ; born November 24 , 1945 ) is an American lawyer and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China from July 23 , 2001 to January 20 , 2009 , making him the longest-serving U.S . Ambassador to China . Randt was formerly a partner with the law firm of Shearman & Sterling in Hong Kong , where he headed the firm 's China practice ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr.', 'summary': 'Jon Meade Huntsman Jr. ( born March 26 , 1960 ) is an American businessman , diplomat , politician , and the former Ambassador of the United States to Russia , serving from October 2017 to October 3 , 2019 . Huntsman was the U.S . Ambassador to Singapore from 1992 to 1993 , the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 to 2009 , and the U.S . Ambassador to China from 2009 until 2011 . He has served in the administrations of five Presidents and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination . In January 2014 , Huntsman was named chair of the Washington-based foreign policy think-tank the Atlantic Council . Huntsman has served in every presidential administration since the presidency of Ronald Reagan . He began his career as a White House staff assistant for Ronald Reagan , and was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce and United States Ambassador to Singapore by George H. W. Bush . Later as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush , he launched global trade negotiations in Doha in 2001 and guided the accession of China into the World Trade Organization . He also served as CEO of his family-owned Huntsman Corporation and chair of the Huntsman Cancer Foundation . He has served as U.S . Ambassador to China , Russia , and Singapore ; he is the only American ambassador to have served in both Russia and China .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 30 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Locke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Locke', 'summary': 'Gary Faye Locke ( born January 21 , 1950 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 10th United States ambassador to China ( 2011-14 ) . He was previously the 21st Governor of Washington ( 1997-2005 ) and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce ( 2009-11 ) . Locke is the first governor in the continental United States of East Asian descent , and is the only Chinese American ever to have served as a governor of any state . He was also the first Chinese American to serve as the U.S. ambassador to China .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_(state)', 'summary': "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 21 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Baucus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Baucus', 'summary': "Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is a retired American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China , a position that he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montana 's 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry E. Branstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_E._Branstad', 'summary': "Terry Edward Branstad ( born November 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician , university administrator , and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassador to China since 2017 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously served as governor of Iowa . Branstad also served three terms in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979 . Branstad served as the 39th governor of Iowa from 1983 to 1999 . After retiring from politics , he served as President of Des Moines University from 2003 to 2009 . In 2010 he ran for governor again and defeated incumbent Chet Culver to become the state 's 42nd governor . He was reelected to a sixth term in 2014 . In December 2015 he surpassed New York 's George Clinton as the longest-tenured governor in American history . In December 2016 Branstad accepted President Donald Trump 's nomination as United States Ambassador to China . He was confirmed and sworn in in May 2017 . Upon resigning as governor , Branstad was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds , who became Iowa 's first female governor and went on to win election to the office in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incumbent', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "List of ambassadors to the People 's Republic of China", 'section_text': "The United States established diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China , and terminated them with the Republic of China , on January 1 , 1979 . The American Embassy at Taipei closed February 28 , 1979 , while the American Liaison Office at Beijing was redesignated the American Embassy on March 1 , 1979 .", 'uid': 'United_States_Ambassador_to_China_5', 'intro': "The United States Ambassador to China is the chief American diplomat to People's Republic of China (PRC). The United States has sent diplomatic representatives to China since 1844, when Caleb Cushing, as commissioner, negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia. Commissioners represented the United States in China from 1844 to 1857. Until 1898, the Qing Empire did not have a system in place for the Emperor to accept the Letters of Credence of foreign representatives. From 1858 to 1935, the U.S. representative in China was formally Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China. The American legation in Nanjing was upgraded to an embassy in 1935 and the Envoy was promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. During the republican era, the U.S. recognized the Beiyang Government in Beijing from 1912 to 1928 and the Nationalist Government in Nanjing (and Chongqing from 1937 to 1945) from 1928 onwards. After the Communist People's Republic of China was established in mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang moved the Republic of China government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan, the U.S. continued to recognize the Republic of China as the legitimate Chinese government and maintained its embassy in Taiwan. However, in 1973, the U.S. established a Liaison Office in Beijing to represent its interests in mainland China. In 1976, the Chief of the Liaison Office was promoted to the rank of ambassador. In December 1978, the U.S. severed official relations with the Republic of China and in January 1979, established formal relations with the People's Republic of China. The U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing was upgraded to an embassy on March 1, 1979."} | null | null | Arthur W. Hummel Jr. was from a state with how many counties ? | twenty-three |
0b4d93e53987460c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Buy.com_Tour', 'title': '2002 Buy.com Tour', 'header': ['Week', 'Tournament', 'State/Country', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mar 7-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jacob 's Creek Open Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jacob's_Creek_Open_Championship", 'summary': "The South Australian Open was a golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia . The tournament ran from 1960 to 2007 , and had several different sponsors . It became the Jacob 's Creek Open Championship from 2002 to 2007 , sponsored by the Jacob 's Creek wine brand , and was co-sanctioned during that period by the United States-based Nationwide Tour . It was played annually in Adelaide , South Australia . In 2007 , the last time the tournament was held , it was one of three tournaments on the Nationwide Tour held outside the United States . After Jacob 's Creek withdrew their support following the 2007 edition , the search for a new sponsor proved fruitless and the tournament was cancelled ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Coles ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Coles', 'summary': 'Gavin Coles ( born 19 October 1968 ) is an Australian professional golfer . Coles is currently a member of the Nationwide Tour . He was a member of the Nationwide Tour in 2002 , 2004 and 2006 and the PGA Tour in 2003 , 2005 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mar 14-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holden Clearwater Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holden_Clearwater_Classic', 'summary': "The New Zealand PGA Championship is a golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia . It is currently known for sponsorship reasons as the SEC NZ PGA Championship . It has been played since 1920 , with some gap periods . It was originally a match play event and switched to stroke play in 1965 . Major championship winners who have claimed the New Zealand PGA title include Sir Bob Charles , Peter Thomson , Kel Nagle , and Tony Jacklin . The event is also notable for producing Jumbo Ozaki 's lone international win . Sponsorship problems caused the tournament to be terminated after the 1987 event . In 2002 , a PGA Tour of Australasia and U.S.-based Nationwide Tour co-sanctioned event , called the Holden Clearwater Classic was started at the Clearwater Resort in Christchurch , New Zealand . It was played again in 2003 and in 2004 the event resumed the name New Zealand PGA Championship . Co-sanctioning with the Nationwide Tour ended after 2009 . The 2018 purse was NZ $ 125,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': "Peter O'Malley ( 1 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Peter_O'Malley_(golfer)", 'summary': "Peter O'Malley ( born 23 June 1965 ) is an Australian professional golfer . O'Malley was born in Bathurst , New South Wales . He is married to Jill O'Malley and has two children Tom and Jess . O'Malley won the Australian Junior Championship and the New Zealand Amateur Championship in 1986 , and turned professional the following year . He has won several times on the PGA Tour of Australasia , but spent most of the year playing on the European Tour . He was runner-up to Mark James in his first European Tour event , the 1989 Dubai Desert Classic , and has since won three titles on the European Tour . Perhaps the most famous of these three victories was his Scottish Open win which he played the last five holes in seven under par to snatch victory . He made the top-100 on the European Tour Order of Merit every year from 1989 through to 2007 , with a best ranking of tenth in 1995 . His greatest strength is his accuracy , and he topped the European Tour 's driving accuracy rankings in 2001 and 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Apr 11-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Open', 'summary': 'The Chitimacha Louisiana Open is a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour . It is played annually at Le Triomphe Golf and Country Club in Broussard , Louisiana . The 2017 purse was $ 550,000 , with $ 99,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Alker ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Alker', 'summary': "Steven Craig Alker ( born 28 July 1971 ) is a professional golfer from New Zealand . Alker was born in Hamilton , New Zealand . He turned professional in 1995 . Alker has competed on several tours around the world . He has been a member of the PGA Tour of Australasia since 1995 . He played on the European Tour in 1998 and 1999 , also competing on Europe 's developmental Challenge Tour in 1999 . In 2000 , he won the Canadian Tour Order of Merit , before moving to the United States to compete on the Nationwide Tour in 2002 . He was successful enough to graduate to the full PGA Tour in 2003 , but was unable to retain his card and returned to the development tour from 2004 to 2006 . In 2007 and 2008 , he went back to Europe to play on the European and Challenge tours . He returned to the Nationwide Tour ( now Web.com Tour ) in 2009 . At the 2014 Cleveland Open on the Web.com Tour , Alker beat South Africa 's Dawie van der Walt on the 11th playoff hole , a tour record for longest playoff . He finished 20th in the Web.com Tour Finals to earn his PGA Tour card for the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Apr 18-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Classic', 'summary': 'The First Tee Arkansas Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It was played from 2001 to 2004 . It was played at Diamante Golf Club in Hot Springs Village , Arkansas . In 2004 the winner earned $ 90,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Jace Bugg ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jace_Bugg', 'summary': "Jace Bugg ( November 6 , 1976 - December 4 , 2003 ) was an American professional golfer who played on the Nationwide Tour . Bugg was named the 1997 Kentucky Golf Association Player of the Year . He played on the Canadian Tour from 1999 to 2001 where he picked up a win in 2001 at the South Carolina Challenge . He joined the Nationwide Tour in 2002 when he was a Monday qualifier for the Arkansas Classic and went on to win the event . Bugg was diagnosed with leukemia in November 2002 and died on December 4 , 2003 at St. Mary 's Hospital and Medical Center in Evansville , Indiana . The Kentucky Golf Association started The Jace Bugg Award in 2005 for Sportsmanship , an award they give out annually . He was also named to the Rend Lake College Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Apr 25-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMW Charity Pro-Am at The Cliffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMW_Charity_Pro-Am_at_The_Cliffs', 'summary': "The BMW Charity Pro-Am is a golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is currently played at Thornblade Club ( host course ) in Greer , South Carolina and The Cliffs in Travelers Rest , South Carolina . From 1992 to 2000 , the event was played at Verdae Greens Golf Club in Greenville . When the event changed to a pro-am format in 2001 , it moved to The Cliffs in Travelers Rest , South Carolina , using the Valley and Keowee Vineyards courses . The Walnut Cove course was added in 2005 . In 2008 , the tournament shifted to three different courses : Thornblade Club , Carolina Country Club in Spartanburg , South Carolina and Bright 's Creek Golf Club in Mill Spring , North Carolina . In 2012 , the Greenville Country Club ( Chanticleer course ) replaced Bright 's Creek . The 2017 purse was $ 700,000 , with $ 126,000 going to champion Stephan Jäger . Since 2002 , the tournament has been sponsored by German car manufacturer BMW , which has an assembly plant in Spartanburg County ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Warren ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Warren_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Charles Otis Warren ( born June 21 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer . Warren is currently a member of the Web.com Tour . He was a member of the Nike Tour in 1998 , the Nationwide Tour in 2000-04 and 2011-12 , and a member of the PGA Tour in 1999 and 2005-10 . Warren won the NCAA Division I Championship in 1997 while attending Clemson University .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Open', 'summary': 'The Virginia Beach Open was a regular golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It was played annually at The TPC of Virginia Beach in Virginia Beach , Virginia , United States . The 2006 purse was $ 450,000 , with $ 81,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Cliff Kresge ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Kresge', 'summary': 'Clifford Terry Kresge ( born October 3 , 1968 ) is an American professional golfer . He has played on the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour since 1997 . Kresge was born in Lakewood Township , New Jersey . His parents moved to central Florida in 1972 and lived on the Dubsdread Golf Course in Orlando where he took golf at age 8 . He graduated from the University of Central Florida with a liberal arts degree in 1991 and turned professional . He played mainly on mini-tours until 1997 when he joined the Nationwide Tour . Kresge has three wins on the Nationwide Tour . His best finishes on the PGA Tour are a pair of T-3 at the 2002 B.C . Open and the 2008 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( an event he grew up attending after his family moved to Orlando , Florida ) . He also finished tied for 10th in the 2003 U.S. Open . Kresge won a 2011 NGA Hooters Tour event ; the Bridgestone Winter Series at Deer Island GC in a four-hole playoff . Kresge currently resides with his wife Judy in Kingsport , Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'May 9-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Richmond Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrico_County_Open', 'summary': 'The Henrico County Open was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1993 to 2008 . It was played at The Dominion Club in Richmond , Virginia , United States . The 2008 purse was $ 500,000 , with $ 90,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Moore ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Moore_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Patrick Joseph Moore ( born April 28 , 1970 ) is an American professional golfer . Moore was born in Austin , Minnesota . He was a member of the PGA Tour . He has struggled with injuries for most of his career . He won three Buy.com Tour events in 2002 which gave him an immediate promotion to the PGA Tour . Moore has struggled with back injuries since 2003 and has played in very few tournaments since 2004 , although he maintained a PGA Tour card through a medical extension through the 2014 season .'}]}, {'value': 'May 16-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAS Carolina Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAS_Carolina_Classic', 'summary': 'The Rex Hospital Open is a regular golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is played annually at the TPC Wakefield Plantation in Raleigh , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'Zoran Zorkic ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Zorkic', 'summary': 'Zoran Zorkic ( born Zoran Zorkić ; September 5 , 1966 ) is a Serbian American professional golfer who played on the Nationwide Tour . Zorkic joined the Nationwide Tour in 2000 . He won the SAS Carolina Classic in 2002 , his only victory on Tour . He played on the Nationwide Tour until 2009 . He won four events on the NGA Hooters Tour . He is currently a golf coach in Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 - Jun 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast Pennsylvania Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Pennsylvania_Classic', 'summary': 'The Northeast Pennsylvania Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2000 to 2009 . It was played at the Elmhurst Country Club in Moscow , Pennsylvania from 2008 to 2009 . From 2000 to 2007 , it was played at the Glenmaura National Golf Club in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The 2009 purse was $ 525,000 with $ 94,500 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Hallberg ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Hallberg', 'summary': "Gary George Hallberg ( born May 31 , 1958 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour , Nationwide Tour , and Champions Tour . Hallberg was born in Berwyn , Illinois . He attended Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem , North Carolina and was a member of the golf team . He was a member of the 1977 Walker Cup team , and was the individual medalist at the 1979 NCAA Division I Men 's Golf Championships . Hallberg had a couple of golf 's historical firsts : he was the first four-time , first-team All-American in the history of intercollegiate golf , and he was the first player to obtain his PGA Tour card by winning a set level of money ( in this case $ 8,000 in 1980 ) rather than by going to Qualifying School . He turned professional in 1980 . Hallberg won three PGA Tour events during his career . He was PGA Tour Rookie of the Year in 1980 . His best finish in major championships was a T-6 at both the 1984 PGA Championship and The Masters in 1985 . At the 1991 Open Championship , Hallberg was tied for the lead after 36 holes before finishing T32 . During his late forties , he played mostly on the Nationwide Tour , winning once . Hallberg began playing on the Champions Tour in 2008 after turning 50 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jun 6-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samsung Canadian PGA Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samsung_Canadian_PGA_Championship', 'summary': "The PGA Championship of Canada is a golf tournament organized by the PGA of Canada , an organization founded in 1911 at the Royal Ottawa Golf Club . It was first played in 1912 as the Canadian PGA Championship . It was a Nationwide Tour event from 2001 to 2005 . Prior to that it was an event on the Canadian Tour . Stan Leonard holds the record with eight victories . In 2011 , the PGA Championship of Canada was reintroduced as a match play championship for the top 64 competitors on the PGA of Canada Player Rankings . The P.D . Ross Trophy was given to the winner in 1912 , and is still used as the Championship 's award today ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Arron Oberholser ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arron_Oberholser', 'summary': 'Arron Matthew Oberholser ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer and an analyst and commentator for the Golf Channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 20-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lake Erie Charity Classic at Peek ' n Peak Resort", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lake_Erie_Charity_Classic_at_Peek_'n_Peak_Resort", 'summary': "The Peek ' n Peak Classic was a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour , then known as the Nationwide Tour . It was played from 2002 to 2007 on the Upper Course of Peek ' n Peak Resort in Findley Lake , New York , United States . The 2007 purse was $ 600,000 , with $ 108,000 going to the winner . After nine years , the Web.com Tour returned to the resort for the LECOM Health Challenge ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Moore ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Moore_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Patrick Joseph Moore ( born April 28 , 1970 ) is an American professional golfer . Moore was born in Austin , Minnesota . He was a member of the PGA Tour . He has struggled with injuries for most of his career . He won three Buy.com Tour events in 2002 which gave him an immediate promotion to the PGA Tour . Moore has struggled with back injuries since 2003 and has played in very few tournaments since 2004 , although he maintained a PGA Tour card through a medical extension through the 2014 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 27-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville_Open', 'summary': 'The News Sentinel Open presented by Pilot is a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour . It is played annually at the Fox Den Country Club in Knoxville , Tennessee , U.S . It is one of four original Tour events still played . The Knoxville News Sentinel was named the title sponsor of the tournament on June 2 , 2010 . The official name of the 2011 tournament was changed to the News Sentinel Open presented by Pilot in May 2011 . The 2017 purse was $ 550,000 , with $ 99,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'Darron Stiles ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darron_Stiles', 'summary': 'Darron Gary Stiles ( born June 1 , 1973 ) is an American professional golfer . Stiles was born in St. Petersburg , Florida . He was a three-time All-America at Florida Southern College and was a member of the 1995 NCAA Division II National Championship team . Stiles played on the Nationwide Tour in 1997 , 1999-2002 , 2004 , and 2008 and the PGA Tour in 2003 , 2005-07 , and 2009 . He gained his PGA Tour card for 2007 by finishing tied for 16th at Q-School in 2006 but failed to retain his card , and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2008 . He finished 7th on the Nationwide Tour money list in 2008 and earned his 2009 PGA Tour card . Stiles is the all-time career money leader through his 2012 win at the News Sentinel Open on the Web.com Tour with $ 1,815,688 . Stiles had successful surgery to remove a cancerous tumor from his jaw in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hershey Open', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Reese's_Cup_Classic", 'summary': "The Reese 's Cup Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1997 to 2004 . It was played at the Hershey Country Club , East Course , in Hershey , Pennsylvania . It was played as the Hershey Open from 1997 to 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Cliff Kresge ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Kresge', 'summary': 'Clifford Terry Kresge ( born October 3 , 1968 ) is an American professional golfer . He has played on the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour since 1997 . Kresge was born in Lakewood Township , New Jersey . His parents moved to central Florida in 1972 and lived on the Dubsdread Golf Course in Orlando where he took golf at age 8 . He graduated from the University of Central Florida with a liberal arts degree in 1991 and turned professional . He played mainly on mini-tours until 1997 when he joined the Nationwide Tour . Kresge has three wins on the Nationwide Tour . His best finishes on the PGA Tour are a pair of T-3 at the 2002 B.C . Open and the 2008 Arnold Palmer Invitational ( an event he grew up attending after his family moved to Orlando , Florida ) . He also finished tied for 10th in the 2003 U.S. Open . Kresge won a 2011 NGA Hooters Tour event ; the Bridgestone Winter Series at Deer Island GC in a four-hole playoff . Kresge currently resides with his wife Judy in Kingsport , Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 11-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Open', 'summary': 'The Dayton Open was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1999 to 2003 . It was played at The Golf Club at Yankee Trace , in the Dayton , Ohio suburb of Centerville . The purse in 2003 was $ 450,000 , with $ 81,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Buha ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Buha', 'summary': 'Jason Paul Buha ( born February 6 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour . Buha joined the PGA Tour in 2000 , earning his card through qualifying school . He struggled during his rookie year on Tour and was unable to retain his Tour card . He joined the Nationwide Tour in 2001 where he recorded four top-10 finishes . The following year he recorded seven top-10 finishes and won the Dayton Open en route to an 11th-place finish on the money list , good enough for a PGA Tour card for 2003 . He struggled in his return to the PGA Tour and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2004 . In his return to the Nationwide Tour he recorded five top-10 finished including two runner-up finishes . He would continue to play on the Nationwide Tour until 2006 . Buha was the head coach for the golf team at Birmingham-Southern College from 2009 to 2013 and is now the Assistant Director of Financial Aid . He was also an on-course commentator for the Golf Channel . He opened Buha Golf Academy at the Renaissance Ross Bridge Golf Resort and Spa in Birmingham , Alabama in 2007 . He closed the Academy to focus on coaching golf and working for Birmingham-Southern College .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 18-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Smith Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Smith_Classic', 'summary': 'The Fort Smith Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour . It is held each year at Hardscrabble Country Club in Fort Smith , Arkansas . It was the only annual PGA Tour event in the U.S. state of Arkansas . The 2010 purse was a record $ 525,000 , with $ 94,500 going to the winner . The tournament was founded in 1998 . Mark Hensby won the inaugural tournament at 20-under par , which is still the record low score . In 2005 , Chris Couch tied the course record with a final round 60 . As of October 7 , 2010 , the Fort Smith Classic board notified the PGA Tour that they would not be renewing their contract for 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Fischer ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Fischer_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Todd Fischer ( born August 23 , 1969 ) is an American professional golfer . Fischer was born in Columbus , Ohio . He played college golf at the University of San Francisco , where he won two events . Fischer played on the Nationwide Tour and PGA Tour from 2001 to 2011 . On the Nationwide Tour , 2001-02 and 2007-11 , his best finish was a win at the 2002 Fort Smith Classic . On the PGA Tour , 2003-06 , He had four third-place finishes : 3rd at the 2003 Greater Hartford Open , T-3 at the 2004 B.C . Open , T-3 at the 2004 Valero Texas Open , and 3rd at 2005 Reno-Tahoe Open .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 25-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Price Cutter Charity Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Price_Cutter_Charity_Championship', 'summary': 'The Price Cutter Charity Championship presented by Dr Pepper is a regular golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . It is played at the Highland Springs Country Club in Springfield , Missouri , United States . It is one of four original Tour events still played . The 2017 purse was $ 675,000 , with $ 121,500 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Sheehan ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Sheehan_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Patrick Sheehan ( born August 9 , 1969 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour . Sheehan was born in Providence , Rhode Island . While at the University of Hartford he was teammates with other future PGA Tour golfers Tim Petrovic and Jerry Kelly . He turned professional in 1992 and though he has never won a PGA Tour event , he has finished second on one occasion and third on another . Sheehan has two wins on the Nationwide Tour , most recently a playoff victory at the 2009 Athens Regional Foundation Classic over Michael Sim .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 1-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omaha Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omaha_Classic', 'summary': "The Cox Classic presented by Lexus of Omaha was a professional golf tournament in the central United States on the Web.com Tour . It was played annually for eighteen years at Champions Run in Omaha , Nebraska . It debuted as the Nike Omaha Classic in 1996 , with a purse of $ 200,000 and a winner 's share of $ 36,000 , won by Rocky Walcher on August 11 . For its 18th and final edition in 2013 , the purse had quadrupled to $ 800,000 and Bronson La'Cassie took the winner 's share of $ 144,000 after three playoff holes . The Web.com Tour returned to Omaha in 2017 with the Pinnacle Bank Championship , held at public Indian Creek Golf Course in July ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'Jay Delsing ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Delsing', 'summary': "Jay Delsing ( born October 17 , 1960 ) is an American professional golfer . Delsing was born in St. Louis , Missouri . He played college golf at UCLA with Corey Pavin , Steve Pate , Tom Pernice , Jr. , and Duffy Waldorf . He graduated from UCLA in 1983 with a degree in Economics . Delsing is winless in 565 career PGA Tour starts . His best finishes on the PGA Tour are a T2 at the 1993 New England Classic and the 1995 FedEx St. Jude Classic . Delsing 's father , Jim , was an outfielder in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees , Chicago White Sox , St. Louis Browns , Detroit Tigers , and Kansas City A 's from 1948 to 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aug 8-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LaSalle Bank Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LaSalle_Bank_Open', 'summary': 'The Bank of America Open was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2002 to 2008 . It was played at The Glen Club in Glenview , Illinois , United States . It was known as the LaSalle Bank Open from 2002 to 2007 . The 2008 purse was $ 750,000 , with $ 135,000 going to the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Marco Dawson ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Dawson', 'summary': 'Marco Dawson ( born November 17 , 1963 ) is an American professional golfer who now plays on the PGA Tour Champions , having previously played on the PGA Tour . Dawson was born in Freising , Germany . He attended Florida Southern College , graduating in 1985 , when turned professional . Dawson has enjoyed a long career playing both the PGA and Web.com Tours . He played on the PGA Tour in 1991-1997 , 2000-2001 , 2003-2008 and 2012 and played on the Web.com Tour in 1990 , 1999 , 2002 , 2009-11 , and 2013 . Dawson has won once on the Web.com Tour , a three stroke victory at the 2002 LaSalle Bank Open . His best finish on the PGA Tour is 2nd at the 1995 Greater Milwaukee Open , when he finished three strokes behind Scott Hoch . He secured a return to the PGA Tour for 2012 via qualifying school in December 2011 . Dawson lives in Merritt Island , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 15-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preferred Health Systems Wichita Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preferred_Health_Systems_Wichita_Open', 'summary': 'The Wichita Open is a golf tournament on the Korn Ferry Tour . Formerly known as the Air Capital Classic , it is played annually at the Crestview Country Club in Wichita , Kansas , U.S . It is one of four original Tour events still played .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Williamson ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Williamson', 'summary': 'Tyler Williamson ( born May 17 , 1972 ) is an American professional golfer who played on the Nationwide Tour . Williamson joined the Nationwide Tour in 2002 and won the Preferred Health Systems Wichita Open in his rookie season . He continued to play on the Nationwide Tour until 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 22-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Permian Basin Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Permian_Basin_Open', 'summary': "The WNB Golf Classic was a professional golf tournament in the United States on the Web.com Tour . It was played annually at the Midland Country Club in Midland , Texas , and the title sponsor was Western National Bank . It debuted in 1992 as the Ben Hogan Permian Basin Open at the Club at Mission Dorado in Odessa . The purse was $ 150,000 and the winner 's share of $ 30,000 went to Taylor Smith on August 30 . The course is now part of the Odessa Country Club . For its 23rd and final edition in 2014 , the purse had quadrupled to $ 600,000 and Andrew Putnam took the winner 's share of $ 108,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Tag Ridings ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tag_Ridings', 'summary': 'Taggart Twain Ridings ( born September 7 , 1974 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour . Ridings was born in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . His father , an Oklahoma club professional , started him in golf . Ridings played at the University of Arkansas , graduating in 1997 with a degree in marketing ; he turned professional later that year . Ridings has played the Nationwide Tour and PGA Tour since 2002 , earning over three million dollars on the PGA Tour . Although he has never won a PGA Tour event , he finished tied for second at the 2004 Michelin Championship at Las Vegas . During the 2005 PGA Tour season he had his best year - finishing 91st on the money list and earning nearly $ 900,000 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Schedule', 'section_text': "The number in parentheses after winners ' names show the player 's total number of wins on the tour including that event . No one accumulates many wins on the tour because success at this level soon leads to promotion to the PGA Tour .", 'uid': '2002_Buy.com_Tour_0', 'intro': 'The 2002 Buy.com Tour season ran from March 7 to November 2. The season consisted of 28 official money golf tournaments; three of which were played outside of the United States. The top 15 players on the year-end money list earned their PGA Tour card for 2003. It was the final year in which the tour was sponsored by Buy.com, before it was replaced by current sponsor Nationwide.'} | null | null | Which courses were played by the 1997 NCAA Division I Champion ? | Valley and Keowee Vineyards courses |
0b4dc9631ef4352a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_covered_bridges_in_West_Virginia', 'title': 'List of covered bridges in West Virginia', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year Built', 'Design , Length and Historical Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barrackville Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrackville_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "The Barrackville Covered Bridge spans 145 feet ( 44 m ) in a single span across Buffalo Creek near Barrackville , West Virginia . Built in 1853 by local bridge builder Lemuel Chenoweth , the structure is a modified arched Burr truss , with siding added twenty years after the bridge 's construction . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Barrackville , Marion County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrackville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Barrackville is a town in Marion County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 1,302 at the 2010 census . Barrackville was settled beginning in 1767 by William Galloway Indian Billy Ice . [ additional citation ( s ) needed ] The town was named in honor of John Barrack , an early settler . It was incorporated January 25 , 1968 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 56,418 . Its county seat is Fairmont . The county was named in honor of General Francis Marion ( ca . 1732-1795 ) , known to history as The Swamp Fox . Marion County comprises the Fairmont , WV Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also part of the Morgantown-Fairmont , WV Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple King Post , Burr Arch , 146 feet ( 45 m ) long over Buffalo Creek . Built by Lemuel Chenoweth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burr_Arch', 'summary': 'The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lemuel_Chenoweth', 'summary': "Lemuel Chenoweth ( 25 June 1811 - 26 August 1887 ) was a carpenter , legislator and self-taught architect . He is best known as one of 19th century America 's master covered bridge builders . Chenoweth and his brother Eli constructed 20 bridges during the 1840s and '50s , most of them covered , on four western Virginia turnpikes , notably on the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike system in what is now West Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrollton Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrollton_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "The Carrollton Covered Bridge , in Barbour County , West Virginia , U.S. , is the second longest and third oldest surviving covered bridge in the state . The wooden bridge spans the Buckhannon River near Carrollton and was built in 1856 by Emmet J. O'Brien and Daniel O'Brien . It is 140 feet 9 inches ( 42.90 m ) long and 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide , with kingpost trusses supported by concrete piers and abutments . It underwent repairs in 1978 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4 , 1981 . The bridge was heavily damaged in a fire on August 10 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrollton , Barbour County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrollton,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Carrollton is an unincorporated community in Barbour County , in the U.S. state of West Virginia . Carrollton is known for its Carrollton Covered Bridge over the Buckhannon River , listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbour_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Barbour County is a county in north-central West Virginia , USA . At the 2010 census , the population was 16,589 . The county seat is Philippi , which was chartered in 1844 . Both county and city were named for Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783-1841 ) , a U.S . Congressman from Virginia and Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . The county was formed in 1843 when the region was still part of the state of Virginia . In 1871 , a small part of Barbour County was transferred to Tucker County , West Virginia . The Battle of Philippi , also known as the Philippi Races , was fought in Barbour County on June 3 , 1861 . Although a minor action , it is generally considered the first land engagement of the American Civil War . Alderson Broaddus University , an American Baptist institution , is in the county . The University 's Physician Assistant ( PA ) program is one of the world 's oldest and best established ."}]}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple King Post , Burr Arch , 141 feet ( 43 m ) long over Buckhannon River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burr_Arch', 'summary': 'The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges .'}]}, {'value': 'Center Point Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_Point_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "The Center Point Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near Center Point , Doddridge County , West Virginia , USA . It was commissioned by the County Court and was built between 1888 and 1890 . It spans Pike 's Fork ( Middle Fork ) of McElroy Creek . The masons were T.C . Ancell and E. Underwood ( who charged $ 976.54 for all abutments ) . The carpenters were John Ash and S.H . Smith ( who charged $ 230 ) . The design utilizes the Long Truss . As of 1983 , the Center Point Covered Bridge was one of only 17 covered bridges left in West Virginia . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Center Point , Doddridge County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_Point,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Center Point is an unincorporated community in northeastern Doddridge County , West Virginia , USA . It lies along Route 23 northeast of the town of West Union , the county seat of Doddridge County . Its elevation is 791 feet ( 241 m ) . Historically , the community has also been known as Three Forks of McElroy ( or Three Fork ) , Centerpoint , Centre Point , and Mount Pleasant ; the Board on Geographic Names officially designated the current name and spelling in 1964 . Although it is unincorporated , it had a post office until November 2 , 2002 , and still has a ZIP code of 26339 . It lies near the confluence of three streams that form McElroy Creek ( Robinson , Pike , and Talkington Forks ) . Located near Center Point is the Center Point Covered Bridge ( built ca . 1888-90 ) , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The first oil pool in Doddridge County was discovered ( brought in as it was then termed ) and drilled in 1892 at Center Point . The oil and gas industry transformed life in the area very quickly and permanently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doddridge_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Doddridge County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . Its county seat is West Union . Doddridge County is part of the Clarksburg , West Virginia , WV Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss , 42 feet ( 13 m ) long over Pike Fork of McElroy Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Dents Run Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dents_Run_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Dents Run Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located near Laurel Point , Monongalia County , West Virginia . It was built in 1889 , and spans Dents Run . The bridge is of Kingpost truss construction and measures 12 feet and 10 inches wide and 40 feet long . By 1981 , it was one of only 17 covered bridges left in West Virginia . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurel Point , Monongalia County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurel_Point,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Laurel Point is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County , West Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monongalia_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Monongalia County , known locally as Mon County , is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 96,189 , making it West Virginia 's fourth-most populous county . Its county seat is at Morgantown . The county was founded in 1776 . Monongalia County is included in the Morgantown , WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is the largest county in North-Central West Virginia . It is part of the Pittsburgh media market ."}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Post , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long over Dents Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Post', 'summary': 'A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below .'}]}, {'value': 'Fish Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fish_Creek_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Fish Creek Covered Bridge was built circa 1881 near Hundred , West Virginia . The kingpost truss bridge spans only 36 feet ( 11 m ) . It is the last remaining covered bridge in Wetzel County and one of two remaining single kingpost truss bridges in West Virginia . The bridge has been structurally reinforced with six W8x12 wide-flange steel beams replacing wood stringers . The bridge is enclosed with painted wood siding and a galvanized metal roof . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hundred , Wetzel County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hundred,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Hundred is a town in Wetzel County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 299 at the 2010 census . It was named for the fact that local resident Henry Old Hundred Church was a centenarian . Hundred is the only place in the United States with this name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wetzel_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Wetzel County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,583 . Its county seat is New Martinsville . The county , founded in 1846 , is named for Lewis Wetzel , a famous frontiersman and Indian fighter . Its northern border aligns with the Mason-Dixon line but is to the west of the line 's western terminus ."}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Post , 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long over Fish Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Post', 'summary': 'A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below .'}]}, {'value': 'Fletcher Covered Bridge aka Ten Mile Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fletcher_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Fletcher Covered Bridge is a 62-foot ( 19 m ) Multiple King Post covered bridge located near Marshville in Harrison County , West Virginia . The bridge crosses Tenmile Creek is West Virginia bridge number 48-17-03 . Stones for the abutments were quarried at the top of a hill near the bridge site . The original building cost was $ 1,372 . The Fletcher Covered Bridge is one of only two covered bridges still standing in Harrison County , the other is the Simpson Creek Covered Bridge . This bridge is in regular use today .'}]}, {'value': 'Cutler , Harrison County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Harrison County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 69,099 . The county seat is Clarksburg . Harrison County is part of the Clarksburg , WV Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple King Post , 58 feet ( 18 m ) long over Tenmile Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Post', 'summary': 'A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below .'}]}, {'value': 'Herns Mill Covered Bridge aka Milligan Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herns_Mill_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Herns Mill Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near Lewisburg , Greenbrier County , West Virginia . It was built in 1884 , and is a Queen post truss bridge measuring 10 feet , 6 inches wide and 53 feet , 8 inches long . It has red board-and-batten siding and a galvanized sheet metal roof . It was built to provide access to the S.S. Hern Mill , when it was in operation . It is one of two remaining covered bridges in Greenbrier County , the other being Hokes Mill Covered Bridge . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Asbury , Greenbrier County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asbury,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Asbury is an unincorporated community in Greenbrier County , West Virginia , United States . Asbury is located on West Virginia Route 12 northeast of Alderson . Asbury has a post office with ZIP code 24916 . The community has the name of Francis Asbury , a local church bishop .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greenbrier_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Greenbrier County ( /ˈɡriːnbraɪ.ər/ ) is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 35,480 . Its county seat is Lewisburg . The county was formed in 1778 from Botetourt and Montgomery counties in Virginia .'}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen post , 54 feet ( 16 m ) long over Milligans Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_post', 'summary': 'A queen post is a tension member in a truss that can span longer openings than a king post truss . A king post uses one central supporting post , whereas the queen post truss uses two . Even though it is a tension member , rather than a compression member , they are commonly still called a post . A queen post is often confused with a queen strut , one of two compression members in roof framing which do not form a truss in the engineering sense .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokes Mill Covered Bridge aka Second Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokes_Mill_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Hokes Mill Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge at Ronceverte , Greenbrier County , West Virginia . It was built between 1897 and 1899 , and measures 12 feet wide and 81.6 feet long . It has red board-and-batten siding and a standing seam metal roof . It is one of two remaining covered bridges in Greenbrier County , the other being Herns Mill Covered Bridge . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokes Mill , Greenbrier County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokes_Mill,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Ronceverte is a city in Greenbrier County , West Virginia , United States , on the Greenbrier River . The population was 1,765 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greenbrier_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Greenbrier County ( /ˈɡriːnbraɪ.ər/ ) is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 35,480 . Its county seat is Lewisburg . The county was formed in 1778 from Botetourt and Montgomery counties in Virginia .'}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss , 82 feet ( 25 m ) long over Second Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Creek_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Indian Creek Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near US 219 , about 4 miles away from Salt Sulphur Springs , in Monroe County , West Virginia , United States . It is owned by the Monroe County Historical Society , and was originally built in 1898 by Ray and Oscar Weikel . The bridge is 49.25 feet long and 11.5 feet wide . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . The bridge was restored by Hoke Brothers Construction , Inc. of Union , West Virginia in 2000 at a cost of $ 334,446 . It is open to pedestrians , and said to be one of the most photographed bridges in West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Union , Monroe County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union,_Monroe_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Union is a town in Monroe County , West Virginia . The population was 565 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Monroe County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,502 . Its county seat is Union . Monroe County was the home of Andrew Summers Rowan of Spanish-American War fame , who is immortalized in Elbert Hubbard 's classic A Message to Garcia . The county was also the site of the 1928 discovery of the 34.48 carat ( 6.896 g ) Jones Diamond by Grover C. Jones and William Punch Jones . Monroe County celebrates its own holiday , Farmers ' Day , and is known for its close community ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss , 48 feet ( 15 m ) long over Indian Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurel Creek Covered Bridge aka Lily Dale Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurel_Creek_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Laurel Creek Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located near Lillydale , Monroe County , West Virginia . It was built in 1910 . The shortest covered bridge in the state , it measures 34 feet , 6 inches long and 13 feet , 2 1/2 inches wide . It has wood siding painted red and a galvanized metal roof . By 1981 , it was one of only 17 covered bridges left in West Virginia . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lillydale , Monroe County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lillydale,_Monroe_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Lillydale is an unincorporated community in Monroe County , West Virginia , United States . Lillydale is southwest of Union .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,502 . Its county seat is Union . Monroe County was the home of Andrew Summers Rowan of Spanish-American War fame , who is immortalized in Elbert Hubbard 's classic A Message to Garcia . The county was also the site of the 1928 discovery of the 34.48 carat ( 6.896 g ) Jones Diamond by Grover C. Jones and William Punch Jones . Monroe County celebrates its own holiday , Farmers ' Day , and is known for its close community ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howe Truss , 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) long over Laurel Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Locust Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Locust_Creek_Covered_Bridge_(West_Virginia)', 'summary': 'The Locust Creek Covered Bridge is the only remaining covered bridge in Pocahontas County , West Virginia . It is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) outside Hillsboro . The bridge is now for pedestrian traffic only .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillsboro , Pocahontas County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillsboro,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Hillsboro is a town in Pocahontas County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 260 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Pocahontas County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,719 . Its county seat is Marlinton . The county was established in 1821 . It is named after the daughter of the Powhatan chief of the Native Americans in the United States from Jamestown , Virginia . She married an English settler and their mixed-race children became ancestors of many of the First Families of Virginia . Pocahontas County is the home to the Green Bank Observatory and is part of the National Radio Quiet Zone .'}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warren Truss , 113 feet ( 34 m ) long over Monroe Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Mud River Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mud_River_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Mud River Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge that formerly spanned the Mud River at Milton , Cabell County , West Virginia . It was built about 1875 , and is a single-span , modified Howe truss structure . It measures approximately 112 feet ( 34 m ) in length and 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) in width . The bridge was restored in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It was relocated twice , first in 1997 to a temporary site near its original location , and then again in 2001 to a new location crossing a pond at the Cabell County Fairgrounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Milton , Cabell County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Milton is a town in Cabell County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 2,423 at the 2010 census . Milton is a part of the Huntington-Ashland , WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cabell_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Cabell County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 96,319 , making it West Virginia 's fourth-most populous county . Its county seat is Huntington . The county was organized in 1809 and named for William H. Cabell , the Governor of Virginia from 1805 to 1808 . Cabell County is part of the Huntington-Ashland , WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Howe Truss , 108 feet ( 33 m ) long over Mud River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippi Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippi_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "The Philippi Covered Bridge , on the Tygart Valley River , is the main local landmark and historical icon of Philippi , West Virginia , USA . The celebrated bridge was commissioned by the General Assembly of Virginia and constructed in 1852 by Lemuel Chenoweth , a well-known Appalachian bridge builder , to provide a link on an important segment of the vital Beverly-Fairmont Turnpike between Beverly ( Chenoweth 's hometown ) and Fairmont . The bridge has strong associations with the American Civil War , especially the Battle of Philippi ( 1861 ) . The Philippi Covered Bridge is the oldest and longest covered bridge in West Virginia and one of only two remaining in Barbour County . It is also the only covered bridge serving the US Federal Highway system ( U.S. Route 250 ) . It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philippi , Barbour County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippi,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Philippi ( pronounced 'FILL-uh-pea ' ) is a city in - and the county seat of - Barbour County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 2,966 at the 2010 census . In 1861 , the city was the site of the Battle of Philippi , known as the , Philippi Races . Although a minor skirmish , this is considered the earliest notable land action of the American Civil War . For over a century , Philippi has been home to Alderson Broaddus University , a four-year liberal-arts school affiliated with the American Baptist Churches . The city has a weekly newspaper , The Barbour Democrat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbour_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Barbour County is a county in north-central West Virginia , USA . At the 2010 census , the population was 16,589 . The county seat is Philippi , which was chartered in 1844 . Both county and city were named for Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783-1841 ) , a U.S . Congressman from Virginia and Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . The county was formed in 1843 when the region was still part of the state of Virginia . In 1871 , a small part of Barbour County was transferred to Tucker County , West Virginia . The Battle of Philippi , also known as the Philippi Races , was fought in Barbour County on June 3 , 1861 . Although a minor action , it is generally considered the first land engagement of the American Civil War . Alderson Broaddus University , an American Baptist institution , is in the county . The University 's Physician Assistant ( PA ) program is one of the world 's oldest and best established ."}]}, {'value': '1852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss with Burr Arch , 285 feet ( 87 m ) long over Tygart Valley River . Built by Chenoweth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Burr_Arch', 'summary': 'The Burr Arch Truss - or , simply , Burr Truss or Burr Arch - is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design . It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr , patented on April 3 , 1817 , and used in bridges , usually covered bridges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lemuel_Chenoweth', 'summary': "Lemuel Chenoweth ( 25 June 1811 - 26 August 1887 ) was a carpenter , legislator and self-taught architect . He is best known as one of 19th century America 's master covered bridge builders . Chenoweth and his brother Eli constructed 20 bridges during the 1840s and '50s , most of them covered , on four western Virginia turnpikes , notably on the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike system in what is now West Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Sarvis Fork Covered Bridge aka Sandy Creek Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarvis_Fork_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "Sarvis Fork Covered Bridge , also known as Sandyville Covered Bridge , is a historic covered bridge located near Sandyville , Jackson County , West Virginia . It was built in 1889-1890 for $ 64.00 by R.B . Cunningham and G.W . Staats in 1890 , originally spanning John Carnahan 's Fork , a branch of Mill Creek . When US Route 33 was built using an iron bridge , the covered bridge was first abandoned , then moved and rebuilt over the Left Fork of the Sandy Creek in 1924 for $ 1,050.00 . The bridge was completely rebuilt in 2000 at a cost of $ 598,233 by R.C . Construction Company & Sons , Inc. of Cutler , Ohio . It measures 101 feet 3 1/2 inches in length and 11 feet 8 inches wide . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandyville , Jackson County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandyville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Sandyville is an unincorporated community in north central Jackson County , West Virginia , United States . It lies close to the left fork of Sandy Creek , nestled in the hills between Ravenswood and Ripley . It has a population of 1,721 and an average household income of $ 41,122 . The community was named after nearby Sandy Creek .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jackson_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 29,211 . Its county seat is Ripley , and its largest municipality is Ravenswood .'}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss , 101 feet ( 31 m ) long over Left Fork Sandy Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Simpson Creek Covered Bridge aka Hollens Mill Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simpson_Creek_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Simpson Creek Covered Bridge is located in Bridgeport , West Virginia , crossing Simpson Creek off Meadowbrook Road near the entrance to the Meadowbrook Mall . The 14.25-foot-wide ( 4.34 m ) , 75-foot-long ( 23 m ) multiple-kingpost truss bridge was built in 1881 by Asa Hugill . The current location of the bridge is not the original location . It was washed out by a flood in July 1889 and later relocated to its current location a half-mile upstream from its original spot . The Simpson Creek and Fletcher Covered Bridges , are the only two remaining covered bridges in Harrison County , are examples of this truss design .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgeport , Harrison County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Bridgeport is a city in Harrison County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 8,149 at the 2010 census . The town of Bridgeport had its beginning in pre-American Revolutionary War times . In 1764 , John Simpson entered the area and gave his name to Simpson Creek . Bridgeport was chartered in 1816 . When the town was incorporated in 1887 , it established the office of mayor and town council . The city currently employs a City Manager . Bridgeport is home to Meadowbrook Mall , a 100-store regional shopping complex serving North-Central West Virginia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Harrison County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 69,099 . The county seat is Clarksburg . Harrison County is part of the Clarksburg , WV Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple King Post , 74 feet ( 23 m ) long over Simpson Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Post', 'summary': 'A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below .'}]}, {'value': 'Staats Mill Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staats_Mill_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': "Staats Mill Covered Bridge , also known as Tug Fork Covered Bridge , is a historic wooden covered bridge near Ripley in Jackson County , West Virginia , United States . Built in 1887 , the Staats Mill Covered Bridge originally crossed the Tug Fork of Big Mill Creek and was named for Enoch Staats ' water-powered mill . The Staats family were early settlers to the area , arriving around 1780 . The bridge was built adjacent to Enoch Staats ' mill and store and played an important role in the history and development of Jackson County . Construction of the bridge was handled by the Jackson County Court , which paid a total of $ 1,788.35 to local craftspeople for completion of the structure . Nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , the Staats Mill Covered Bridge was constructed using the Long system , patented by Stephen Long in 1830 . The distinctive feature of Long trusses are the X-braced diagonals in each of the panels . This bridge has 11 such panels , each 8 feet 7 inches ( 2.62 m ) long and 14 feet 3 inches ( 4.34 m ) deep . The bridge is an impressive and historically significant example of a late nineteenth century timber-covered bridge building . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . In 1983 , the old bridge was moved to the FFA-FHA State Camp at Cedar Lakes , 3 miles ( 5 km ) from the original site and reconstructed across a pond at a cost of $ 104,000 . It is in excellent condition and open to pedestrian traffic only ."}]}, {'value': 'Ripley , Jackson County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ripley,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Ripley is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 3,252 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jackson_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 29,211 . Its county seat is Ripley , and its largest municipality is Ravenswood .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Truss , 97 feet ( 30 m ) . Originally over Tug Fork , Big Mill Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truss_Bridge', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}]}, {'value': 'Walkersville Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Walkersville Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near Walkersville , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built in 1903 , and is a Queen post truss bridge measuring 12 feet , 1 1/2 inches wide and 39 feet , 4 inches long . It has red board-and-batten siding and a standing seam metal roof . It was built to span the right fork of the West Fork River . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Walkersville , Lewis County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Walkersville is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Walkersville is 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) south of Weston . Walkersville has a post office with ZIP code 26447 . There are several accounts regarding the origin of the name Walkersville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lewis_County,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Lewis County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,372 . Its county seat is Weston . The county was formed in 1816 from Harrison County .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen post , 54 feet ( 16 m ) long over Right Fork of West Fork River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_post', 'summary': 'A queen post is a tension member in a truss that can span longer openings than a king post truss . A king post uses one central supporting post , whereas the queen post truss uses two . Even though it is a tension member , rather than a compression member , they are commonly still called a post . A queen post is often confused with a queen strut , one of two compression members in roof framing which do not form a truss in the engineering sense .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Existing bridges', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of the 17 extant West Virginia covered bridges .', 'uid': 'List_of_West_Virginia_covered_bridges_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of West Virginia covered bridges. There are 17 historic wooden covered bridges in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Only three of these bridges were built before 1870 and they are the three longest in the state. Each uses a standard truss design, braced with the Burr Arch. No one-truss design dominates in the state. The bridges are located in three general areas. In the south in Monroe and Greenbrier counties there are about a half dozen bridges within an easy drive of one another. To the north around Philippi is another group of bridges, including the historic Philippi Covered Bridge which is the longest (285 feet (87 m)) and an important part of state history for its associations with the American Civil War.'} | null | null | What year was the bridge built by Long Truss and is a historic covered bridge at Ronceverte , Greenbrier County , West Virginia built ? | 1899 |
0b4ea9a4dbd05911 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Kenya', 'title': 'List of newspapers in Kenya', 'header': ['City', 'Newspaper', 'Publisher/parent company', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The Daily Nation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Daily_Nation', 'summary': 'The Daily Nation is the highest circulation Kenyan independent newspaper with 170,000 copies .'}]}, {'value': 'Nation Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nation Media Group ( abbreviated as NMG ) is a Kenyan media group listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange . NMG was founded by Aga Khan IV in 1959 and is the largest private media house in East and Central Africa with offices in Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania . In 1999 , NMG launched NTV , a news channel in Kenya , and Easy FM .'}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'KSN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya Satellite News Network', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The Standard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Standard_(Kenya)', 'summary': 'The Standard is one of the largest newspapers in Kenya with a 48% market share . It is the oldest newspaper in the country and is owned by The Standard Group , which also runs the Kenya Television Network ( KTN ) , Radio Maisha , The Nairobian ( a weekly tabloid ) , KTN News and Standard Digital which is its online platform . The Standard Group is headquartered on Mombasa Road , Nairobi , having moved from its previous premises at the I & M Bank Tower .'}]}, {'value': 'Standard Group Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The EastAfrican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_EastAfrican', 'summary': "The EastAfrican is a weekly newspaper published in Kenya by the Nation Media Group , which also publishes Kenya 's national Daily Nation . The EastAfrican is circulated in Kenya and the other countries of the African Great Lakes region , including Tanzania , Uganda and Rwanda . It contains stories and in-depth analysis from each country in the region , in addition to international stories ."}]}, {'value': 'Nation Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nation Media Group ( abbreviated as NMG ) is a Kenyan media group listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange . NMG was founded by Aga Khan IV in 1959 and is the largest private media house in East and Central Africa with offices in Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania . In 1999 , NMG launched NTV , a news channel in Kenya , and Easy FM .'}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The Kenya Times', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kenya_Times', 'summary': "The Kenya Times was an English-language newspaper published in Kenya published from 1983 to 2010 . It was first published on 5 April 1983 and was founded by KANU , at that time the only legal political party in Kenya . The paper was originally known as the Nairobi Times . In 1988 , Robert Maxwell , who also published The Mirror , bought a 45% stake in the paper , the remaining ownership was still held by KANU . The paper was subsequently re-branded and it became the first full-colour newspaper in Kenya . It also launched a Swahili-language sister paper , Kenya Leo . Kenya Times briefly overtook The Standard as the second most popular newspaper in Kenya ( after Daily Nation ) , but its popularity waned after 1992 's general elections , the first multi-party elections in Kenya since the abolition of one-party-system . Kenya Times stopped publication in early June 2010 due to financial problems ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The Sub-Saharan Informer ( pan-national )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sub-Saharan_Informer', 'summary': 'The Sub-Saharan Informer is a Pan African newspaper produced weekly across several countries of Sub-Saharan Africa . Established in 1999 or 2000 , the newspaper aims to present newsworthy events , and to disseminate information that promotes social , political and business issues in the continent Africa .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'Taifa Leo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taifa_Leo', 'summary': "Taifa Leo is the only Swahili-language newspaper published from Kenya . It was founded in 1958 . It is published by the Nation Media Group . From 2012 to February 2018 , its content was published on the Swahili website www.swahilihub.com . Under the leadership of renowned technology journalist Faustine Ngila , the online editor then , the paper changed its website to taifaleo.nation.co.ke to gain more online visibility . It has since been Kenya 's source of credible online Swahili content , publishing current affairs , politics , features and sports . The newspaper publishes daily pull outs from Monday to Sunday . The most common ones are Jamvi on Sundays , Dimba on Mondays , Lugha na Elimu on Wednesdays and Akilimali on Thursdays . In 2019 , it introduced a new health reportage magazine called Afya , published every Tuesday . The youth can enjoy entertainment content every Friday on a pullout known as Bambika . It is best known for Swahili entertainment content especially 'Dondoo za Hapa na Pale ' , 'Wazo Bonzo ' and 'Shangazi ' which are tools of emotional relief especially the laughter that comes from funny love stories . It is renowned for spearheading the learning of Swahili language in both primary and secondary schools through evaluation tests published on the paper and Insha competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Nation Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nation Media Group ( abbreviated as NMG ) is a Kenyan media group listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange . NMG was founded by Aga Khan IV in 1959 and is the largest private media house in East and Central Africa with offices in Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania . In 1999 , NMG launched NTV , a news channel in Kenya , and Easy FM .'}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ] ( in Swahili )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swahili_language', 'summary': 'Swahili , also known as Kiswahili ( translation : language of the Swahili people ) , is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people . It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa , including Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , some parts of Malawi , Somalia , Zambia , Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . Comorian , spoken in the Comoros Islands , is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili , though other authorities consider it a distinct language . The exact number of Swahili speakers , be it native or second-language speakers , is unknown and a matter of debate . Various estimates have been put forward and they vary widely , ranging from 100 million to 150 million . Swahili serves as a national language of the DRC , Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda . Shikomor , the official language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte ( Shimaore ) , is related to Swahili . Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and officially recognised as a lingua franca of the East African Community . In 2018 , South Africa legalized the teaching of Swahili in South African schools as an optional subject to begin in 2020 . A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary derives from Arabic , in part conveyed by Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants . For example , the Swahili word for book is kitabu , traceable back to the Arabic word كتاب kitāb ( from the root K-T-B write ) . However , the Swahili plural form of this word ( books ) is vitabu , rather than the Arabic plural form كتب kutub , following the Bantu grammar in which ki- is reanalysed as a nominal class prefix , whose plural is vi- .'}]}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'Business Daily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa', 'summary': 'Business Daily Africa , commonly referred to as Business Daily , is an English-language daily business newspaper published in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Nation Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nation_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nation Media Group ( abbreviated as NMG ) is a Kenyan media group listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange . NMG was founded by Aga Khan IV in 1959 and is the largest private media house in East and Central Africa with offices in Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania . In 1999 , NMG launched NTV , a news channel in Kenya , and Easy FM .'}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Star_(Kenya)', 'summary': "The Star is a daily newspaper based in Nairobi , Kenya . It was launched in July 2007 as the Nairobi Star and later rebranded as The Star in 2009 . The Star 's circulation was around 15,000-20,000 in 2010 ( against total Kenyan newspaper circulation in 2010 of around 320,000 ) , compared to 5,000-8,000 in 2007 . The paper first made a profit in September 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio Africa Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'The People', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Media Max Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mombasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mombasa', 'summary': "Mombasa ( /mɒmˈbæsə/ mom-BASS-ə , also US : /-ˈbɑːs-/ -\u2060BAH-sə ) is a coastal city of Kenya along the Indian Ocean . The city is known as the white and blue city in Kenya . It is the country 's oldest ( circa 900 AD ) and second-largest city ( after the capital Nairobi ) , with a population of about 1,208,333 people according to the 2019 census . Its metropolitan region is the second largest in the country and has a population of 3,528,940 people . Mombasa is a regional cultural and economic hub ; it has an extra-large port and an international airport , and is an important regional tourism center . Located on the east coast of Kenya , it also is the home of one of the State House ( Kenya ) , and is considered by some as a second capital in all but name . In 2018 the local government released an edict in which the city was painted white with blue accents and the old town was painted yellow . In Mombasa County and the former Coast Province , Mombasa 's situation on the Indian Ocean made it a historical trading center , and it has been controlled by many countries because of its strategic location ."}]}, {'value': 'Coast Week', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coast Week Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'KDRTV Kenya News', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KDRTV', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of newspapers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_newspapers_in_Kenya_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of newspapers in Kenya.'} | null | null | What is the Publisher/parent company whose newspaper is the highest circulation Kenyan independent newspaper with 170,000 copies ? | Nation Media Group |
0b4ebe5978659e0b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1294_papal_conclave', 'title': '1294 papal conclave', 'header': ['Elector', 'Place of birth', 'Cardinalatial title', 'Elevated', 'Elevator', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gerardo Bianchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerardo_Bianchi', 'summary': 'Gerardo Bianchi ( 1220/1225 - March 1 , 1302 ) was an Italian churchman and papal diplomat , an important figure of the War of the Sicilian Vespers .'}]}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma', 'summary': "Parma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈparma ] ( listen ) ; Emilian : Pärma ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture , music , art , prosciutto ( ham ) , cheese and surrounding countryside . It is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world . Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma 's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma . The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci ( born in a hamlet in the countryside ) wrote : As a capital city it had to have a river . As a little capital it received a stream , which is often dry ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Sabina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Sabina', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto ( originally , Sabina ) ( Lat . : Sabinensis-Mandelensis ) a suburbicarian see of the Holy Roman Church ( which means it carries the rare rank of cardinal-bishop ) and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy in the Roman province of the Pope .'}]}, {'value': '12 March 1278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas III ( Latin : Nicolaus III ; c. 1225 - 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280 . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243-54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254-61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261-64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276-77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Boccamazza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza', 'summary': 'Giovanni Boccamazza ( died 1309 ) was an Italian Cardinal . He was from the Roman nobility , and was a nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli , who had been an important figure in the Roman Curia since his creation as cardinal in 1261 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Frascati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Frascati', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Frascati ( Lat . : Tusculana ) is a suburbicarian see of the Holy Roman Church and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy , based at Frascati , near Rome . The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop ; from the Latin name of the area , the bishop has also been called Bishop of Tusculum . [ A ] Tusculum was destroyed in 1191 . The bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati , a nearby town which is first mentioned in the pontificate of Pope Leo IV . Until 1962 , the Cardinal-Bishop was concurrently the diocesan bishop of the see in addition to any curial duties he possessed . Pope John XXIII removed the Cardinal Bishops from any actual responsibility in their suburbicarian dioceses , and made the title purely honorific .'}]}, {'value': '22 December 1285', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorius IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Honorius IV ( c. 1210 - 3 April 1287 ) , born Giacomo Savelli , was Pope from 2 April 1285 to his death in 1287 . During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French political policy of his predecessor , Pope Martin IV .'}]}, {'value': 'Nephew of Honorius IV ; former archbishop of Monreale ( 1278 - 1286 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honorius_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Honorius IV ( c. 1210 - 3 April 1287 ) , born Giacomo Savelli , was Pope from 2 April 1285 to his death in 1287 . During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French political policy of his predecessor , Pope Martin IV .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Monreale', 'summary': 'The Italian Catholic Archdiocese of Monreale ( Latin : Archidioecesis Montis Regalis ) is in Sicily . As of 2000 it is no longer a metropolitan see , and is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Palermo .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Aycelin , O.P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Aycelin', 'summary': 'Hugh Aycelin ( 1230 , Billom - 28 December 1297 , Rome ) was a French Cardinal . He was also known as Hughes of Billom ( also Billo or Billay ) , Ugo Billomo , Hughes Séguin , Ugo Seguin de Billon , Hughes Aycelin de Montaigut and Hugues Séguin de Billon .'}]}, {'value': 'Billom , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billom', 'summary': 'Billom ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ bijɔ̃ ] ; Auvergnat : Bilhom ) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in central France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Ostia e Velletri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia_e_Velletri', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia , one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome . The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals , as it has been since 1150 , with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of Rome . Ostia and Velletri , Ostia e Velletri in Italian , was a single suburbicarian diocese from 1105 to 1914 . In 1914 , Velletri ( now Velletri-Segni ) was split off as a separate suburbicarian diocese . Starting then , a new Dean would add the see of Ostia to the suburbicarian see he already had .'}]}, {'value': '16 May 1288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas IV ( Latin : Nicolaus IV ; 30 September 1227 - 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292 . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Matteo d'Acquasparta , O.F.M", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Matteo_d'Acquasparta", 'summary': 'Matthew of Aquasparta ( Italian : Matteo di Aquasparta ; 1240 - 29 October 1302 ) was an Italian Friar Minor and scholastic philosopher . He was elected Minister General of the Order .'}]}, {'value': 'Acquasparta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acquasparta', 'summary': 'Acquasparta is a town and comune in the province of Terni ( Umbria , central Italy ) . It is located on a hill above the Naia Valley and the river of the same name , facing the Monti Martani mountain range . It also sits between two hot springs , the Amerino and the Furapane .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Porto_e_Santa_Rufina', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina ( Latin : Portuensis et Sanctae Rufinae ) is a suburbicarian diocese of the Diocese of Rome and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy . It was formed from the union of two dioceses . The diocese of Santa Rufina was also formerly known as Silva Candida . From 1967 , the diocese has had both a titular cardinal bishop , and a resident bishop who handles the diocesan business .'}]}, {'value': '16 May 1288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas IV ( Latin : Nicolaus IV ; 30 September 1227 - 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292 . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope .'}]}, {'value': 'Former minister general of the Order of Franciscans ( 1287 - 1289 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franciscans', 'summary': "The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church , founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi . These orders include the Order of Friars Minor , the Order of Saint Clare , and the Third Order of Saint Francis . They adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers , such as Clare of Assisi , Anthony of Padua , and Elizabeth of Hungary , among many others . [ failed verification ] Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval from Pope Innocent III in 1209 to form a new religious order . The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the Pope did not allow ownership of property , requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching . The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ . Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets , while staying in church properties . Saint Clare , under Francis 's guidance , founded the Poor Clares ( Order of Saint Clare ) in 1212 , which remains a Second Order of the Franciscans . The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223 . The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order , resulting in numerous secessions . The Order of Friars Minor , previously known as the Observant branch , is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church , the others being the Conventuals ( formed 1517 ) and Capuchins ( 1520 ) . The Order of Friars Minor , in its current form , is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller orders completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon de Beaulieu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_de_Beaulieu', 'summary': "Simon de Beaulieu ( born at the Chateau de Beaulieu in Brie , at a date unknown ; died in Orvieto , 18 August 1297 ) was a French bishop and Roman Catholic Cardinal . He was the son of Guy , Sieur de Beaulieu and of Agnes . Simon 's brother , Jean , was Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Notre Dame-de-Jouy in the diocese of Sens . Simon had another brother , Raoul , who was also buried ( 1286 ) at Jouy along with their mother ."}]}, {'value': 'Château de Beaulieu , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pécy', 'summary': 'Pécy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Palestrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Palestrina', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina ( Latin : Diocesis Praenestina ) is a Roman Catholic suburbicarian diocese centered on the comune of Palestrina in Italy . The current Bishop of Palestrina is Domenico Sigalini , who from 3 November 2010 until 5 April 2014 was also appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to be the general ecclesiastical assistant of Italian Catholic Action .'}]}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': 'Former archbishop of Bourges ( 1281 - 1294 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bourges', 'summary': "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges ( Latin : Archidioecesis Bituricensis ; French : Archidiocèse de Bourges ) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France . The Archdiocese comprises the departements of Cher and Indre in the Region of Val de Loire . Bourges Cathedral stands in the city of Bourges in the department of Cher . Although this is still titled as an Archdiocese , it ceased as a metropolitan see in 2002 and is now a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of Tours . In 2002 it lost its metropolitan function ( and thus the archbishop no longer wears the pallium ) , its province having ceased to exist ( the province had already been substantially modified from the late Roman province of Aquitania Prima with which it had initially corresponded - Albi had been erected as an archbishopric in the medieval context of heresiological conflict ; Orléans , Chartres and Blois - historically dependent on Sens - had been attached to Paris , from which they passed to Bourges in the 1960s ) . The Archdiocese ( also the three above- mentioned sees ) is now suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tours ; other dioceses until recently dependent on Bourges are now suffragans of the Clermont-Ferrand Archdiocese . Historical ecclesiastical geography has here thus changed to correspond with France 's new regions , much as diocesan and provincial boundaries from Napoleon 's Concordat of 1801 onwards changed mainly in accordance with those of the Revolution 's départements ."}]}, {'value': 'Bérard de Got', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bérard_de_Got', 'summary': 'Bérard de Got ( Latin : Berardus de Goth , de Gouth ) ( born Villandraut in the Gironde , in the diocese of Bordeaux , ca . 1250 ; died 27 June 1297 ) was a French bishop and Roman Catholic Cardinal . He was the son of Bérard , Lord of Villandraut , and a brother of Bertrand de Got , who became Pope Clement V .'}]}, {'value': 'Villandraut , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villandraut', 'summary': 'Villandraut is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France . Pope Clement V was born in Villandraut , he is known for moving the Curia from Rome to Avignon , ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Albano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Albano', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Albano ( Latin : Albanensis ) is a suburbicarian see of the Roman Catholic Church in a diocese in Italy , comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome . Albano Laziale is situated some 15 kilometers from Rome , on the Appian Way . Under current arrangements it has both a titular bishop and a diocesan bishop .'}]}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': 'Former archbishop of Lyon ( 1289-1294 ) ; older brother of Bertrand de Got - future Pope Clement V ( 1305-1314 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lyon', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon ( Latin : Archidioecesis Lugdunensis ; French : Archidiocèse de Lyon ) , formerly the Archdiocese of Lyon-Vienne-Embrun , is a Roman Catholic Metropolitan archdiocese in France . The current Archbishop is Philippe Cardinal Barbarin . He is the successor of Saint Pothinus and Saint Irenaeus , the first and second bishops of Lyon , respectively , and is called Primate of the Gauls . It is one of the more prestigious archbishoprics within the French church , and its holder is usually promptly elevated to being a Cardinal . Currently , the Archdiocese is run by apostolic administrator Michel Dubost .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_V', 'summary': 'Pope Clement V ( Latin : Clemens V ; c. 1264 - 20 April 1314 ) , born Raymond Bertrand de Got ( also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth ) , was Pope from 5 June 1305 to his death in 1314 . He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members , and as the Pope who moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon , ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy .'}]}, {'value': 'Benedetto Caetani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII', 'summary': "Pope Boniface VIII ( Latin : Bonifatius VIII ; born Benedetto Caetani , c. 1230 - 11 October 1303 ) was pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303 . Caetani was of baronial origin with family connections to the papacy . He succeeded Pope Celestine V , a Benedictine , who had resigned from the papal throne . Boniface spent his early career abroad in diplomatic roles . In the College of Cardinals , he discriminated not only against the Benedictines but also members of the Colonna family , some of whom had contested the validity of the 1294 papal conclave that elected him following the unusual resignation of Pope Celestine V. The dispute resulted in battles between troops of Boniface and his adversaries and the deliberate destruction and salting of the town of Palestrina , despite the pope 's assurances that the surrendering city would be spared . Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power . He involved himself often with foreign affairs , including in France , Sicily , Italy and the First War of Scottish Independence . These views , and his chronic intervention in temporal affairs , led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany , Philip IV of France , and Dante Alighieri , who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface 's claims of papal supremacy and placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy , among the simoniacs . Boniface systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume , Liber Sextus ( 1298 ) , which continues to be important source material for canon lawyers . He organized the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome in order to gain political clout over Philip IV of France or make up for loss of funds from him . Boniface had first entered into conflict with Philip IV of France in 1296 when the latter sought to reinforce the nascent nation state by imposing taxes on the clergy and barring them from administration of the law . The conflict escalated when the French arrested and convicted papal legate Bernard Saisset for insurrection ."}]}, {'value': 'Anagni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anagni', 'summary': 'Anagni ( Italian pronunciation : [ aˈnaɲɲi ] ) is an ancient town and comune in the province of Frosinone , Latium , central Italy , in the hills east-southeast of Rome . It is a historical and artistic center of the Latin Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of SS . Silvestro e Martino', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 April 1281', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas III ( Latin : Nicolaus III ; c. 1225 - 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280 . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243-54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254-61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261-64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276-77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected Pope Boniface VIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII', 'summary': "Pope Boniface VIII ( Latin : Bonifatius VIII ; born Benedetto Caetani , c. 1230 - 11 October 1303 ) was pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303 . Caetani was of baronial origin with family connections to the papacy . He succeeded Pope Celestine V , a Benedictine , who had resigned from the papal throne . Boniface spent his early career abroad in diplomatic roles . In the College of Cardinals , he discriminated not only against the Benedictines but also members of the Colonna family , some of whom had contested the validity of the 1294 papal conclave that elected him following the unusual resignation of Pope Celestine V. The dispute resulted in battles between troops of Boniface and his adversaries and the deliberate destruction and salting of the town of Palestrina , despite the pope 's assurances that the surrendering city would be spared . Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power . He involved himself often with foreign affairs , including in France , Sicily , Italy and the First War of Scottish Independence . These views , and his chronic intervention in temporal affairs , led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany , Philip IV of France , and Dante Alighieri , who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface 's claims of papal supremacy and placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy , among the simoniacs . Boniface systematized canon law by collecting it in a new volume , Liber Sextus ( 1298 ) , which continues to be important source material for canon lawyers . He organized the first Catholic jubilee year to take place in Rome in order to gain political clout over Philip IV of France or make up for loss of funds from him . Boniface had first entered into conflict with Philip IV of France in 1296 when the latter sought to reinforce the nascent nation state by imposing taxes on the clergy and barring them from administration of the law . The conflict escalated when the French arrested and convicted papal legate Bernard Saisset for insurrection ."}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Peregrosso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Peregrosso', 'summary': 'Pietro Peregrosso ( born in Milan , ca . 1225 ; died in Anagni , or Rome , 1 August 1295 ) was a Roman Catholic legal scholar , ecclesiastical bureaucrat , and Cardinal ( 1288-1295 ) . He had a sister , who was a nun at the convent of S. Agnete de Archagniago at the Porta Vercellina in Milan . He had a nephew , Belviso de Perego , to whom he left a legacy . He studied at the University of Bologna and at the University of Orleans , ultimately receiving the laurels in utroque iure ( both Canon Law and Civil Law ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Marco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 1288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas IV ( Latin : Nicolaus IV ; 30 September 1227 - 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292 . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tommaso d'Ocra , O.Cel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tommaso_d'Ocra", 'summary': "Tommaso d'Ocra , O.Celest. , or Tommaso de Apruntio ( born at a date unknown , in a place unknown ; died 29 May 1300 in Naples ) was an Italian monk and Roman Catholic Cardinal ."}]}, {'value': 'Ocre , Abruzzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ocre', 'summary': "Ocre is a comune ( municipality ) and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of southern Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abruzzi', 'summary': "Abruzzo ( UK : /æˈbrʊtsoʊ/ , US : /ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ , əˈ-/ , Italian : [ aˈbruttso ] ; Abbrùzze , Abbrìzze or Abbrèzze in Neapolitan Abruzzese ; Aquilano : Abbrùzzu ) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km ( 4,156 sq mi ) and a population of 1.2 million . It is divided into four provinces : L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Its western border lies 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of Rome . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north , Lazio to the west and south-west , Molise to the south-east , and the Adriatic Sea to the east . Geographically , Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west , which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia , and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea . Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture , language , history and economy , although geographically it may also be considered central . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy , partly because of Abruzzo 's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Abruzzo is known as the greenest region in Europe as almost half of its territory , the largest in Europe , is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves . There are three national parks , one regional park , and 38 protected nature reserves . These ensure the survival of 75% of Europe 's living species , including rare species such as the golden eagle , the Abruzzo ( or Abruzzese ) chamois , the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo is also home to Calderone , Europe 's southernmost glacier . The visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi ( 1853-1917 ) said that the adjectives forte e gentile ( strong and kind ) best describe the beauty of the region and the character of its people ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Cecilia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Lemoine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Lemoine', 'summary': 'Jean Lemoine , Jean Le Moine , Johannes Monachus ( born 1250 at Crécy-en-Ponthieu , died 22 August 1313 at Avignon ) was a French canon lawyer , Cardinal , bishop of Arras and papal legate . He served Boniface VIII as representative to Philip IV of France , and founded the Collège du Cardinal Le Moine , in Paris . He is the first one to formulate the legal principle of the presumption of innocence .'}]}, {'value': 'Crécy , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crécy', 'summary': "The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in north-east France between a French army commanded by King Philip VI and an English army led by King Edward III . The French attacked the English while they were traversing northern France during the Hundred Years ' War resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French . The English army had landed in the Cotentin Peninsula on 12 July . It had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 2 miles ( 3 km ) of Paris , sacking many towns on the way . The English then marched north , hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from Flanders . Hearing that the Flemish had turned back , and having temporarily outdistanced the pursuing French , Edward had his army prepare a defensive position on a hillside near Crécy-en-Ponthieu . Late on 26 August the French army , which greatly outnumbered the English , attacked . During a brief archery duel a large force of French mercenary crossbowmen was routed by Welsh and English longbowmen . The French then launched a series of cavalry charges by their mounted knights . These were disordered by their impromptu nature , by having to force their way through the fleeing crossbowmen , by the muddy ground , by having to charge uphill , and by the pits dug by the English . The attacks were further broken up by the effective fire from the English archers , which caused heavy casualties . By the time the French charges reached the English men-at-arms , who had dismounted for the battle , they had lost much of their impetus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of SS . Marcellino e Pietro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pietro d'Aquila , O.S.B.Cas", 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Aquila", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Aquila", 'summary': "L'Aquila ( /ˈlækwɪlə/ LAK-wil-ə , Italian : [ ˈlaːkwila ] ( listen ) ; meaning The Eagle ) is a city and comune in Central Italy , both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila . As of 2013 [ update ] , it has a population of 70,967 inhabitants . Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river , it is surrounded by the Apennine Mountains , with the Gran Sasso d'Italia to the north-east . L'Aquila sits upon a hillside in the middle of a narrow valley ; tall snow-capped mountains of the Gran Sasso massif flank the town . A maze of narrow streets , lined with Baroque and Renaissance buildings and churches , open onto elegant piazzas . Home to the University of L'Aquila , it is a lively college town and , as such , has many cultural institutions : a repertory theatre , a symphony orchestra , a fine-arts academy , a state conservatory , a film institute . There are several ski resorts in the surrounding province ( Campo Imperatore , Ovindoli , Pescasseroli , Roccaraso , Scanno ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guillaume de Ferrières', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillaume_de_Ferrières_(cardinal)', 'summary': "Guillaume de Ferrières ( Latin : Guilelmus de Ferrariis , de Fornariis ) ( born in Provence , at a date unknown ; died 7 September 1295 in Perpignan ) was a Provençal French bureaucrat in the service of King Charles II of Naples , and a Roman Catholic Cardinal . Guillaume held the academic rank of Magister . He was Professor of Law at the University of Toulouse , ca . 1284 . He was Provost of the Church of Marseille , 1289-1295 , and papal Chaplain . He also held the titles of Consiliarius and Familiaris of King Charles . He was Vice-Chancellor of King Charles II of Naples , 1290-1295 , in Provence . In a letter written at Aix-en-Provence on 24 November 1290 , the Provost Guillaume states that he was operating with the authority of the King by virtue of a special commission . On the request of King Charles II , Guillaume de Ferrières was created cardinal-priest by Pope Celestine V at a Consistory held at L'Aquila on 18 September 1294 ; Guillaume was assigned the titular Church of San Clemente in Rome . He participated in the Conclave of 1294 , following the resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294 . On 24 December , the cardinals elected Benedetto Caetani , Cardinal Priest of SS . Silvestro e Martino , who took the name Boniface VIII ."}]}, {'value': 'Provence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Provence', 'summary': "Provence ( /prəˈvɒ̃s/ , US : /proʊ-/ ; French : [ pʁɔvɑ̃s ] ; Provençal : Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm , pronounced [ pʀuˈvɛnsɔ ] ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France , which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east , and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south . It largely corresponds with the modern administrative region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and includes the departments of Var , Bouches-du-Rhône , Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , as well as parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse . The largest city of the region is Marseille . The Romans made the region the first Roman province beyond the Alps and called it Provincia Romana , which evolved into the present name . Until 1481 it was ruled by the Counts of Provence from their capital in Aix-en-Provence , then became a province of the Kings of France . While it has been part of France for more than five hundred years , it still retains a distinct cultural and linguistic identity , particularly in the interior of the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Clemente', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': 'Crown-cardinal of King Charles II of Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crown-cardinal', 'summary': 'A crown-cardinal ( Italian : cardinale della corona ) was a cardinal protector of a Roman Catholic nation , nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and , on occasion , to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to veto a candidate for election to the papacy . More generally , the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch . Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without , in many cases , having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church . According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner , the crown-cardinals rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves , if then , and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College . Usually unable to take part in the pratiche , they were not papabili and rarely received more than one or two votes . Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms , although they tended to unite against the election of cardinal-nephews . Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest , and Pope Martin V attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425 . A reform of Pope Pius II dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility , with several exceptions . Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI , both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a position of service to a secular prince . An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia , equivalent to an ambassador .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples', 'summary': "Charles II , also known as Charles the Lame ( French : Charles le Boiteux ; Italian : Carlo lo Zoppo ; 1254 - 5 May 1309 ) , was King of Naples , Count of Provence and Forcalquier ( 1285-1309 ) , Prince of Achaea ( 1285-1289 ) , and Count of Anjou and Maine ( 1285-1290 ) ; he also styled himself King of Albania and claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1285 . He was the son of Charles I of Anjou - one of the most powerful European monarchs in the second half of the 13th century - and Beatrice of Provence . His father granted Charles the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily ( or Regno ) in 1272 and made him regent in Provence and Forcalquier in 1279 . After the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers against Charles ' father , the island of Sicily became an independent kingdom under the rule of Peter III of Aragon in 1282 . A year later , his father made Charles regent in the mainland territories of the Regno ( or the Kingdom of Naples ) . Charles held a general assembly where unpopular taxes were abolished and the liberties of the noblemen and clerics were confirmed . He could not prevent the Aragonese from occupying Calabria and the islands in the Gulf of Naples . The Sicilian admiral , Roger of Lauria , captured him in a naval battle near Naples in 1284 . As he was still in prison when his father died on 7 January 1285 , his realms were ruled by regents ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas de Nonancourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_de_Nonancourt', 'summary': 'Nicolas de Nonancourt ( born at Nonancourt , at a date unknown ; died 23 September 1299 , the Feast of Saint Maurice ) . He was a French university Chancellor , Dean of a Cathedral , and Roman Catholic Cardinal .'}]}, {'value': 'Nonancourt , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonancourt', 'summary': 'Nonancourt is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France . The writer Louis-François Beffara ( 1751-1838 ) and the playwright Lucien Besnard ( 1872-1955 ) were born in Nonancourt . Since 1975 Nonancourt has been twinned with Earls Colne in Essex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Marcello', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert de Pontigny , O.Cist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_de_Pontigny', 'summary': 'Robert de Pontigny , O.Cist . ( born in France , date unknown ; died at Parma , 9 October 1305 ) was a French monk , abbot and Roman Catholic Cardinal .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Pudenziana', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': 'Crown-cardinal of kings Philip IV of France and Charles II of Naples ; former Abbot General of his order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crown-cardinal', 'summary': 'A crown-cardinal ( Italian : cardinale della corona ) was a cardinal protector of a Roman Catholic nation , nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and , on occasion , to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to veto a candidate for election to the papacy . More generally , the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch . Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without , in many cases , having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church . According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner , the crown-cardinals rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves , if then , and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College . Usually unable to take part in the pratiche , they were not papabili and rarely received more than one or two votes . Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms , although they tended to unite against the election of cardinal-nephews . Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest , and Pope Martin V attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425 . A reform of Pope Pius II dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility , with several exceptions . Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI , both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a position of service to a secular prince . An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia , equivalent to an ambassador .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France', 'summary': 'Philip IV ( April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314 ) , called Philip the Fair ( French : Philippe le Bel ) , was King of France from 1285 to 1314 . By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre , he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305 , as well as Count of Champagne . Although Philip was known as handsome , hence the epithet le Bel , his rigid and inflexible personality gained him ( from friend and foe alike ) other nicknames , such as the Iron King ( French : le Roi de fer ) . His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset , bishop of Pamiers , said of him : he is neither man nor beast . He is a statue . [ a ] Philip relied on skillful civil servants , such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny , to govern the kingdom rather than on his nobles . Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state . The king , who sought an uncontested monarchy , compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages . His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs . His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones . Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary . He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples', 'summary': "Charles II , also known as Charles the Lame ( French : Charles le Boiteux ; Italian : Carlo lo Zoppo ; 1254 - 5 May 1309 ) , was King of Naples , Count of Provence and Forcalquier ( 1285-1309 ) , Prince of Achaea ( 1285-1289 ) , and Count of Anjou and Maine ( 1285-1290 ) ; he also styled himself King of Albania and claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1285 . He was the son of Charles I of Anjou - one of the most powerful European monarchs in the second half of the 13th century - and Beatrice of Provence . His father granted Charles the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily ( or Regno ) in 1272 and made him regent in Provence and Forcalquier in 1279 . After the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers against Charles ' father , the island of Sicily became an independent kingdom under the rule of Peter III of Aragon in 1282 . A year later , his father made Charles regent in the mainland territories of the Regno ( or the Kingdom of Naples ) . Charles held a general assembly where unpopular taxes were abolished and the liberties of the noblemen and clerics were confirmed . He could not prevent the Aragonese from occupying Calabria and the islands in the Gulf of Naples . The Sicilian admiral , Roger of Lauria , captured him in a naval battle near Naples in 1284 . As he was still in prison when his father died on 7 January 1285 , his realms were ruled by regents ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon de Armentières , O.S.B.Clun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Balbina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Castrocoeli , O.S.B.Cas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castrocielo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castrocielo', 'summary': 'Castrocielo is a comune ( municipality ) in the province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio , located about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) southeast of Rome and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) southeast of Frosinone . Castrocielo borders the following municipalities : Aquino , Colle San Magno , Piedimonte San Germano , Pontecorvo , Roccasecca . Castrocielo is the hometown of American pro wrestler and promoter Angelo Savoldi .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Vitale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September 1294 ( or October 1294 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine V', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V', 'summary': "Pope Celestine V ( Latin : Caelestinus V ; 1215 - 19 May 1296 ) , born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario , Angelieri , Angelliero , or Angeleri ) , also known as Pietro da Morrone , Peter of Morrone , and Peter Celestine , was pope for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294 , when he resigned . He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order . He was elected pope in the Catholic Church 's last non-conclave papal election , ending a two-year impasse . Among the few edicts of his to remain in force was the confirmation of the right of the pope to abdicate ; nearly all of his other official acts were annulled by his successor , Boniface VIII . On 13 December 1294 , a week after issuing the decree , Celestine resigned , stating his desire to return to his humble , pre-papal life . He was subsequently imprisoned by Boniface in the castle of Fumone in the Lazio region , in order to prevent his potential installation as antipope . He died in prison on 19 May 1296 at the age of 81 . Celestine was canonized on 5 May 1313 by Pope Clement V. No subsequent pope has taken the name Celestine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Rosso Orsini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini_(cardinal)', 'summary': 'Matteo Rosso Orsini ( c. 1230 , in Rome - 4 September 1305 , in Perugia ) , was a Roman aristocrat , politician , diplomat , and Roman Catholic Cardinal . He was the nephew of Pope Nicholas III ( Giovanni Gaetano Orsini ) ( 1277-1280 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Portico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 May 1262', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Urban IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Urban IV ( Latin : Urbanus IV ; c. 1195 - 2 October 1264 ) , born Jacques Pantaléon , was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1261 to his death in 1264 . He was not a cardinal ; only a few popes since his time have not been cardinals , including Gregory X , Urban V and Urban VI .'}]}, {'value': 'Relative of Cardinal Napoleone Orsini Frangipani and nephew of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 ) ; not to be confused with his grandfather , Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini ( 1178-1246 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas III ( Latin : Nicolaus III ; c. 1225 - 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280 . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243-54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254-61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261-64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276-77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Rosso_Orsini', 'summary': 'Matteo Rosso Orsini ( 1178-1246 ) , called the Great , was an Italian politician , the father of Pope Nicholas III . He was named senatore of the City of Rome by Pope Gregory IX in 1241 : in this capacity he took a firm stand against the ventures in Italy of Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , and defeated him in 1243 . He was an effective lord of the Eternal City during sede vacante of 1241 and had a considerable influence on the papal election of that year , when the cardinal electors were confined in the Septizodium by his orders . He extended the territories of the Orsini family . He was also a personal friend of St Francis of Assisi and protector of his order .'}]}, {'value': 'Giacomo Colonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giacomo_Colonna', 'summary': 'Giacomo Colonna ( 1270-1329 ) , more commonly known by his bynames Sciarrillo or Sciarra , was a member of the powerful Colonna family . He is most famous for attacking Pope Boniface VIII and for crowning Louis IV of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 March 1278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas III ( Latin : Nicolaus III ; c. 1225 - 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280 . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243-54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254-61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261-64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276-77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence .'}]}, {'value': 'Uncle of Cardinal Pietro Colonna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napoleone Orsini Frangipani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napoleone_Orsini_Frangipani', 'summary': "Napoleone Orsini ( 1263 - 24 March 1342 ) was a Roman Cardinal . His ecclesiastical career lasted 57 years , 54 of them as a cardinal , and included six conclaves . Born in Rome to Rinaldo Orsini , Lord of Monterotondo and of Marino , son of Matteo Rosso Orsini 'il Grande ' ; and Ocilenda , perhaps the daughter of Stefano II Conti , perhaps of a member of the house of Boveschi . Rinaldo was a brother of Pope Nicholas III and of Cardinal Giordano Orsini . Napoleone took holy orders in 1285 and was named a papal sub-chaplain by Honorius IV . He is attested as Papal Chaplain on February 18 , 1286 . He rose quickly in the ecclesiastical hierarchy , and in a Consistory held by Pope Nicholas IV on 16 May 1288 , he was appointed a Cardinal Deacon and assigned the Deaconry of S. Adriano . During the pontificate of Boniface VIII his gift for diplomacy was put to wide use and he was named legate to Spoleto and Ancona on 27 May 1300 . In this capacity , in 1301 , he retook the city of Gubbio , which had rebelled against the Papal State . An opponent of the Colonna family , he was a supporter of Boniface ' Italian crusades . From 1303 to 1341 Cardinal Napoleone was Prebend of Sutton cum Buckingham in the diocese of Lincoln . He was appointed Canon and Prebend of Suthcave in the Church of York ( before September 21 , 1304 ) , a benefice which he held until 1342 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Adriano', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 1288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas IV ( Latin : Nicolaus IV ; 30 September 1227 - 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292 . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope .'}]}, {'value': 'Relative of Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso and nephew of Pope Nicholas III ( 1277-1280 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas III ( Latin : Nicolaus III ; c. 1225 - 22 August 1280 ) , born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini , was Pope from 25 November 1277 to his death in 1280 . He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes , been made Cardinal-Deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243-54 ) , protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254-61 ) , inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261-64 ) , and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276-77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277 , largely through family influence .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro Colonna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Eustachio', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 May 1288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV', 'summary': 'Pope Nicholas IV ( Latin : Nicolaus IV ; 30 September 1227 - 4 April 1292 ) , born Girolamo Masci , Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292 . He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope .'}]}, {'value': 'Nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Colonna', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of participants', 'section_text': 'All 22 living cardinals participated in the conclave ; 12 of them were created by Celestine V , five by Nicholas IV , two by Nicholas III , one by Urban IV and one by Honorius IV : [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'Papal_conclave,_1294_0', 'intro': 'The papal conclave of 1294 (23-24 December) was convoked in Naples after the resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294. Celestine V had only months earlier restored the election procedures set forth in the papal bull Ubi periculum of Pope Gregory X, which had been suspended by Pope Adrian V in July 1276. Every papal election since then has been a papal conclave. It was the first papal conclave held during the lifetime of the preceding pontiff, an event not repeated until the papal conclave of 2013 following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.'} | null | null | The elector who was elected pope in the 1294 conclave was born in a town that is the historical and artistic center of what Italian region ? | Latin Valley |
0b4f8c0702a12345 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue_(season_5)', 'title': 'NYPD Blue (season 5)', 'header': ['Actor', 'Character', 'Main cast', 'Recurring cast'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jimmy Smits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Smits', 'summary': 'Jimmy Smits ( born July 9 , 1955 ) is an American actor best known for playing attorney Victor Sifuentes on the 1980s legal drama L.A. Law , NYPD Detective Bobby Simone on the 1990s police drama NYPD Blue and Matt Santos on the political drama The West Wing . He also appeared as Bail Organa in the Star Wars prequel trilogy , and as ADA Miguel Prado in Dexter . From 2012 to 2014 , he joined the main cast of Sons of Anarchy as Nero Padilla . Smits also portrayed Elijah Strait in the NBC drama series Bluff City Law .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Simone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Simone', 'summary': "Robert Bobby Simone is a fictional character in the television series NYPD Blue . Played by Jimmy Smits he was introduced in the fifth episode of the second season remaining until the fifth episode of the sixth . Simone was introduced to the squad after Andy Sipowicz 's former partner , John Kelly , was forced to leave the NYPD in the face of an IAB witch hunt . His previous job had been as a driver for the police commissioner , a role that initially riled Sipowicz . However , Simone explained that he had asked for the job so he could spend more time with his wife as she was dying from cancer . An early bond and friendship between them was strong enough that Andy asked Simone to step in after John Kelly could n't make it back to New York for Sipowicz 's wedding to Sylvia Costas . Bobby and Andy became great friends and partners , although Bobby did not let Andy get away with making racist comments around him . It is later learned that Bobby was a quiet kid whose passion for raising racing pigeons came from his friendship with a retired boxer ( who later showed early signs of Alzheimer 's ) , and that he had a flashy older friend named Ray DiSalvo whom he idolized - which came back to haunt him when Ray became a petty criminal and tried unsuccessfully to sell Bobby out to IAB for giving him an implicit warning to avoid a drug bust . In the episode Prostrate Before The Law , season five episode 19 , Simone is dealing with a suspect who assumes he is Puerto Rican . Simone retorts that he is of French and Portuguese descent and that his parents met in Belize . Early on in his time in the squad Simone started a relationship with Diane Russell , another detective at the 15th Precinct . According to NYPD guidelines the police department did not allow such couplings for officers who worked in the same precinct , so the couple kept it quiet up until the point that they were married by a justice of the peace ( Lt Arthur Fancy also knew they were dating , but never officially notified the higher-ups about it ) ."}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Franz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Franz', 'summary': 'Dennis Franz Schlachta ( /frɑːnz/ ; born October 28 , 1944 ) , known professionally as Dennis Franz , is a retired American actor best known for his role as Detective Andy Sipowicz in the ABC television series NYPD Blue ( 1993-2005 ) , a role that earned him a Golden Globe Award , three Screen Actors Guild Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards . He also portrayed Lt. Norman Buntz in the similar NBC series Hill Street Blues ( 1985-1987 ) and its short-lived spinoff , Beverly Hills Buntz ( 1987-1988 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Sipowicz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Sipowicz', 'summary': 'Andrew Sipowicz is a fictional character and protagonist on the popular ABC television series NYPD Blue . Dennis Franz portrayed the character for its entire run .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James McDaniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_McDaniel', 'summary': 'James McDaniel ( born March 25 , 1958 in Washington , D.C. ) is an American stage , film and television actor . He is best known for playing Lt. Arthur Fancy on the television show NYPD Blue . He created the role of Paul in the hit Lincoln Center play Six Degrees of Separation . He played a police officer in the ill-fated 1990 series Cop Rock , and a close advisor to the director Spike Lee regarding the activist Malcolm X in the 1992 film Malcolm X . He also played Sgt . Jesse Longford in the ABC television series Detroit 1-8-7 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Fancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Fancy', 'summary': 'Capt . Arthur Fancy is a fictional character and protagonist in the television series NYPD Blue . He was played by James McDaniel from season one through eight .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicholas Turturro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Turturro', 'summary': 'Nicholas Turturro ( born January 29 , 1962 ) is an American actor , known for his roles in New York City based films and on the television series Blue Bloods and NYPD Blue . Nicholas is the younger brother of John Turturro and the cousin of Aida Turturro .'}]}, {'value': 'James Martinez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Clapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Clapp', 'summary': 'Gordon Clapp ( born September 24 , 1948 ) is an American actor , best known for portraying the role of Det . Greg Medavoy for all 12 seasons on the television series NYPD Blue , winning an Emmy Award in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Medavoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Medavoy', 'summary': 'Gregory Medavoy is a fictional character ( as well as a protagonist ) in the television series NYPD Blue . He was played by Gordon Clapp from the third episode of the 1st season to the last episode of the series . Aside from Andy Sipowicz , he was the longest running regular character in the series .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Delaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Delaney', 'summary': 'Kim Delaney ( born November 29 , 1961 ) is an American actress known for her starring role as Detective Diane Russell on the ABC drama television series NYPD Blue , for which she won an Emmy Award . Early in her career , she played the role of Jenny Gardner in the ABC daytime television drama All My Children . She later had leading roles in the short lived TV drama Philly , part of the first season of CSI : Miami , and the first six seasons of Army Wives .'}]}, {'value': 'Diane Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Russell_(NYPD_Blue)', 'summary': 'Diane Russell is a fictional character in the television series NYPD Blue . She was played by Kim Delaney in Season 2 as a recurring character , from Seasons to 3 to 8 as a primary character , and a recurring character again in Seasons 10 and 11 .'}]}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Thompson', 'summary': 'Rebecca Andrea Thompson ( born January 6 , 1960 ) is an American actress , known for her roles on the television series Falcon Crest , Babylon 5 , JAG , 24 , and NYPD Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Jill Kirkendall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'entire season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharon Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharon_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Sharon Elizabeth Lawrence ( born June 29 , 1961 ) is an American actress , singer , and dancer . She is best known for the role of Sylvia Costas Sipowicz in the ABC drama series NYPD Blue . The role garnered her three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Sylvia Costas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvia_Costas', 'summary': 'Sylvia Costas-Sipowicz is a fictional character from the American television drama NYPD Blue , in which the character was married to Detective Andy Sipowicz , played by Dennis Franz . She was played by Sharon Lawrence .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'episodes 1,13,16-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Brochtrup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Brochtrup', 'summary': 'William Bill Brochtrup Jr. ( born March 7 , 1963 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role playing PAA John Irvin , a gay police public assistant , on the ABC television drama NYPD Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'John Irvin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'episode 16', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Season of television series The fifth season of NYPD Blue premiered on ABC on September 30 , 1997 , and concluded on May 19 , 1998 . NYPD Blue ( season 5 ) Season 5 U.S. DVD CoverCountry of originUnited StatesNo . of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkABCOriginal releaseSeptember 30 , 1997 ( 1997-09-30 ) –May 19 , 1998 ( 1998-05-19 ) Season chronology← PreviousSeason 4 Next →Season 6 List of NYPD Blue episodes', 'uid': 'NYPD_Blue_(season_5)_0', 'intro': 'The fifth season of NYPD Blue premiered on ABC on September 30, 1997, and concluded on May 19, 1998.'} | null | null | Who are the two longest running actors in the series . ? | Dennis Franz |
0b50d056a7b67b98 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Military Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Eben Swift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eben_Swift', 'summary': 'Eben Swift ( May 11 , 1854 - April 25 , 1938 ) was a major general in the United States Army .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Spanish-American War , World War I ; Director of the United States Army War College ; commander of Camp Gordon ; commander of the 82nd Division ; commander of U.S . Forces in Italy ; father of Major General Innis P. Swift ; father-in-law of Brigadier General Evan Harris Humphrey ; son-in-law of Brigadier General Innis N. Palmer ; Camp Swift , Texas is named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College', 'summary': "The United States Army War College ( USAWC ) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , on the 500-acre ( 2 km² ) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks . It provides graduate-level instruction to senior military officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments and responsibilities . Each year , a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission . Approximately 800 students attend at any one time , half in a two-year-long distance learning program , and the other half in an on-campus , full-time resident program lasting ten months . Upon completion , the college grants its graduates a master 's degree in Strategic Studies . Army applicants must have already completed the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , the required Professional Military Education for officers in the rank of major . While the Army handpicks most of the students who participate in the residential program , the student body always includes officers from the other military branches , civilians from agencies such as the Department of Defense , State Department , and National Security Agency , and officers from foreign countries who attend the program as International Fellows . For example , the residential Class of 2017 had 381 students : 218 active component officers and 61 reserve component officers from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces , 28 senior federal government civilians , and 74 International Fellows . Majors with the specialty of Function Area 59 , Strategist , formerly Strategic Plans and Policy , also attend their qualification course , the Basic Strategic Arts Program ( BSAP ) , at the college . The Army War College is a split-functional institution . While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research , students are also instructed in leadership , strategy , and joint-service/international operations . It is one of the senior service colleges including the Naval War College and the Air War College ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Camp_Gordon', 'summary': "Fort Gordon , formerly known as Camp Gordon , is a United States Army installation established in October 1941 . It is the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps , United States Army Cyber Corps , and Cyber Center of Excellence . It was once the home of The Provost Marshal General School and Civil Affairs School . The fort is located slightly southeast of Grovetown , Georgia and southwest of the city Augusta , Georgia . The main component of the post is the Advanced Individual Training for Signal Corps military occupational specialties . In 1966-68 the Army 's Signal Officer Candidate School ( located at Fort Monmouth during World War II and the Korean War ) graduated over 2,200 Signal officers . Signals Intelligence has become more visible and comprises more and more of the fort 's duties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division', 'summary': "The 82nd Airborne Division is an airborne infantry division of the United States Army , specializing in parachute assault operations into denied areas with a U.S. Department of Defense requirement to respond to crisis contingencies anywhere in the world within 18 hours . Based at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , the 82nd Airborne Division is part of the XVIII Airborne Corps . The 82nd Airborne Division is the U.S. Army 's most strategically mobile division . More recently , the 82nd Airborne has been conducting operations in Iraq , advising and assisting Iraqi Security Forces . The division was constituted , originally as the 82nd Division , in the National Army on 5 August 1917 , shortly after the American entry into World War I . It was organized on 25 August 1917 , at Camp Gordon , Georgia and later served with distinction on the Western Front in the final months of World War I . Since its initial members came from all 48 states , the division acquired the nickname All-American , which is the basis for its famed AA on the shoulder patch . The division later served in World War II where , in August 1942 , it was reconstituted as the first airborne division of the U.S. Army and fought in numerous campaigns during the war ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Innis_P._Swift', 'summary': 'Innis Palmer Swift ( February 7 , 1882 - November 3 , 1953 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . He was the grandson and namesake of Civil War Major General Innis Newton Palmer , as well as the grandson of Brigadier General Ebenezer Swift . His four decades of military service culminated in his commanding a unit during the liberation of the Philippines in World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Evan_Harris_Humphrey', 'summary': 'Evan Harris Humphrey ( 1875 - 1963 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Army .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Innis_N._Palmer', 'summary': 'Innis Newton Palmer ( March 30 , 1824 - September 10 , 1900 ) was a career officer in the United States Army , serving in the Mexican-American War , the Civil War , and on the Western frontier . Palmer was born in Buffalo , New York . Innis participated as a choir boy at his local church until he joined the army . He entered the United States Military Academy in 1842 . He graduated in the class of 1846 and was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S . Mounted Rifles . He entered the Mexican-American War as a first lieutenant and was cited for bravery and noteworthy service at the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco . His valor displayed at the Battle of Chapultepec earned for him a brevet promotion to the rank of captain . In March 1855 Palmer was promoted to the full rank of captain in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry . In April 1861 with the outbreak of the Civil War , Palmer advanced in rank again , becoming a major of a cavalry battalion , April 25 , 1861 . At the First Battle of Bull Run , he led this battalion of seven companies of horsemen , and was again recognized for his gallantry . Afterwards , Palmer found out that he commanded the only Union cavalry present at the battle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Camp_Swift,_Texas', 'summary': 'Camp Swift is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Bastrop County , Texas , United States . The population was 6,383 at the 2010 census . Camp Swift began as a United States Army training base built in 1942 . It is named after Major General Eben Swift .'}]}, {'value': 'John J. Pershing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Pershing', 'summary': "General of the Armies John Joseph Black Jack Pershing ( September 13 , 1860 - July 15 , 1948 ) GCB was a senior United States Army officer . His most famous post was when he served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) on the Western Front in World War I , 1917-18 . Pershing rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies , and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command , although some American divisions fought under British command , and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army . Pershing 's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny , Chateau-Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Soissons . To speed up the arrival of American troops , they embarked for France leaving heavy equipment behind , and used British and French tanks , artillery , airplanes and other munitions . In September 1918 at St. Mihiel , the First Army was directly under Pershing 's command ; it overwhelmed the salient - the encroachment into Allied territory - that the German Army had held for three years . For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne , keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days , alongside the French . The Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which the Argonne fighting was part of , contributed to Germany calling for an armistice . Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism . Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank , the highest possible rank in the United States Army . [ Notes 1 ] Allowed to select his own insignia , Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General , which was signified with four silver stars . After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress ."}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General of the Armies ; Spanish-American War ; Philippine-American War ; Moro Rebellion ; commander of 8th Regiment in the Pancho Villa Expedition ; led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_of_the_Armies', 'summary': 'The General of the Armies of the United States , or more commonly referred to as General of the Armies ( abbreviated as GAS ) , is the highest possible rank in the United States Army . The rank is equated to that of a six-star general and is one of the two highest possible military ranks in the United States Armed Forces . The rank has only been awarded on two occasions : in 1919 , to general John J. Pershing in recognition of his service in the First World War , and in 1976 , to George Washington , who was posthumously promoted during the United States Bicentennial celebrations . General Pershing , who was promoted by President Woodrow Wilson with the authorization of Congress , remains the only at-the-time active duty officer or living American to have held the rank . The rank of General of the Armies is equivalent to the Admiral of the Navy and is senior to General of the Army , General of the Air Force , and Fleet Admiral .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine–American_War', 'summary': 'The Philippine-American War , also referred to as the Filipino-American War , the Philippine War , the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano ; Spanish : Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense ) , was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4 , 1899 , to July 2 , 1902 . While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain , ending the Spanish-American War . Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4 , 1899 , in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States . The war officially ended on July 2 , 1902 , with a victory for the United States . However , some Philippine groups - led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society - continued to battle the American forces for several more years . Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups , including the Moro , Bicol , and Pulahan peoples , continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15 , 1913 . The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians , mostly due to famine and disease . Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million . The war , and especially the following occupation by the U.S. , changed the culture of the islands , leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion , and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government , education , business , industry , and , in future decades , among upper-class families and educated individuals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moro_Rebellion', 'summary': 'The Moro Rebellion ( 1899-1913 ) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine-American War . The word Moro is a term for Muslim people who lived in the Southern Philippines , an area that includes Mindanao , Jolo and the neighboring Sulu Archipelago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force', 'summary': 'The American Expeditionary Forces ( A. E. F. , A.E.F . or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'John L. Hines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_L._Hines', 'summary': 'John Leonard Hines ( May 21 , 1868 - October 13 , 1968 ) was an American general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1924 to 1926 .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; Spanish-American War ; Philippine-American War ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; brigade and division commander in World War I ; Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( 1924-1926 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish–American_War', 'summary': "The Spanish-American War ( Spanish : Guerra Hispano-Americana ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The war led to emergence of U.S. predominance in the Caribbean region , and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions . That led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine-American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish-American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , American public opinion was agitated by reports of gruesome Spanish atrocities . The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated yellow press and sought a peaceful settlement . The United States Navy armored cruiser USS Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine–American_War', 'summary': 'The Philippine-American War , also referred to as the Filipino-American War , the Philippine War , the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano ; Spanish : Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense ) , was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4 , 1899 , to July 2 , 1902 . While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain , ending the Spanish-American War . Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4 , 1899 , in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States . The war officially ended on July 2 , 1902 , with a victory for the United States . However , some Philippine groups - led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society - continued to battle the American forces for several more years . Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups , including the Moro , Bicol , and Pulahan peoples , continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15 , 1913 . The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians , mostly due to famine and disease . Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million . The war , and especially the following occupation by the U.S. , changed the culture of the islands , leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion , and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government , education , business , industry , and , in future decades , among upper-class families and educated individuals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh S. Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson', 'summary': 'Hugh Samuel Johnson ( August 5 , 1882 - April 15 , 1942 ) was a U.S. Army officer , businessman , speech writer , government official and newspaper columnist . He is best known as a member of the Brain Trust of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932-34 . He wrote numerous speeches for FDR and helped plan the New Deal . Appointed head of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) in 1933 , he was highly energetic in his blue eagle campaign to reorganize American business to reduce competition and raise wages and prices . Schlesinger ( 1958 ) and Ohl ( 1985 ) conclude that he was an excellent organizer , but that he was also domineering , abusive , outspoken , and unable to work harmoniously with his peers . The NRA was terminated by a 1935 ruling of the Supreme Court , and Johnson left the administration after a little more than a year .'}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brigadier General ; lawyer in Judge Advocate General 's Corps ; instrumental in implementing the Selective Service Act of 1917 ; Deputy Provost Marshal General ( 1971-1918 ) ; Director of the Purchase and Supply Branch of the General Staff ( 1918 ) ; commander of 15th Infantry Brigade ; Director of the National Recovery Administration ; named Time Person of the Year in 1933", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General's_Corps", 'summary': "The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917', 'summary': "The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act ( Pub.L . 65-12 , 40 Stat . 76 , enacted May 18 , 1917 ) authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription . It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917 . The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain ( later Brigadier General ) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany . The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November 11 , 1918 . The Act was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1918 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Provost_Marshal_General', 'summary': 'The provost marshal general ( pronounced provo ) is a United States Army staff position that handles investigations and incarcerations of U.S. Army personnel . It is the highest-ranking provost marshal position in the U.S. Army , reporting to the Chief of Staff of the United States Army . The position brings all aspects of law enforcement in the U.S. Army in a single office . The role has been off and on since 1776 ( usually in periods of war time ) . After shutting down in 1974 at the end of the Vietnam War , it was resurrected on January 30 , 2003 following the September 11 attacks . It is responsible for :'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration', 'summary': 'The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) in 1933 . The goal of the administration was to eliminate cut throat competition by bringing industry , labor , and government together to create codes of fair practices and set prices . The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) and allowed industries to get together and write codes of fair competition . The codes intended both to reduce destructive competition and help workers to set minimum wages and maximum weekly hours , as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold . The NRA also had a two-year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed . The NRA , symbolized by the Blue Eagle , was popular with workers . Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages , though they did not always go along with the regulations entailed . Though membership to the NRA was voluntary , businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted , making it seem mandatory for survival to many . In 1935 , the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional , ruling that it infringed the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . The NRA quickly stopped operations , but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , passed later the same year . The long-term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions , which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next three decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year', 'summary': 'Person of the Year ( called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999 ) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person , a group , an idea , or an object that for better or for worse . has done the most to influence the events of the year .'}]}, {'value': 'George S. Patton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_S._Patton', 'summary': "George Smith Patton Jr. ( November 11 , 1885 - December 21 , 1945 ) was a general of the United States Army who commanded the U.S . Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II , and the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 . Born in 1885 to a family whose members had served in the United States and Confederate States armies , Patton attended the Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point . He studied fencing and designed the M1913 Cavalry Saber , more commonly known as the Patton Saber , and competed in modern pentathlon in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . Patton first saw combat during 1916 's Pancho Villa Expedition , America 's first military action using motor vehicles . He saw action in World War I as part of the new United States Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces : he commanded the U.S. tank school in France , then led tanks into combat and was wounded near the end of the war . In the interwar period , Patton became a central figure in the development of the Army 's armored warfare doctrine , serving in numerous staff positions throughout the country . At the American entry into World War II , he commanded the 2nd Armored Division . Patton led U.S. troops into the Mediterranean theater with an invasion of Casablanca during Operation Torch in 1942 , and soon established himself as an effective commander by rapidly rehabilitating the demoralized U.S. II Corps . He commanded the U.S . Seventh Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily , where he was the first Allied commander to reach Messina . There he was embroiled in controversy after he slapped two shell-shocked soldiers , and was temporarily removed from battlefield command ."}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General ; 1912 Summer Olympics , modern pentathlon , 5th place ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; World War II ; Battle of Saint-Mihiel , Meuse-Argonne Offensive ; commander of the 1st Tank Brigade/304th Tank Brigade ; commander of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment ; commander of the 2nd Armored Division ; commander of the II Corps ; commander of the Seventh United States Army , Third United States Army , and Fifteenth United States Army during World War II ; descendant of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer ; father of Major General George Patton IV ; Patton series of tanks were named for him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1912 Summer Olympics ( Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1912 ) , officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Stockholm , Sweden , between 5 May and 22 July 1912 . Twenty-eight nations and 2,408 competitors , including 48 women , competed in 102 events in 14 sports . With the exception of tennis ( starting on 5 May ) and football and shooting ( both starting on 29 June ) , the games were held within a month with an official opening on 6 July . It was the last Olympics to issue solid gold medals and , with Japan 's debut , the first time an Asian nation participated . Stockholm was the only bid for the games , and was selected in 1909 . The games were the first to have art competitions , women 's diving , women 's swimming , and the first to feature both the decathlon and the new pentathlon , both won by Jim Thorpe . Electric timing was introduced in athletics , while the host country disallowed boxing . Figure skating was rejected by the organizers because they wanted to promote the Nordic Games . United States won the most gold medals ( 25 ) , while Sweden won the most medals overall ( 65 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Modern_pentathlon', 'summary': 'The modern pentathlon is an Olympic sport that comprises five different events ; fencing ( one-touch épée ) , freestyle swimming ( 200 m ) , equestrian show jumping ( 15 jumps ) , and a final combined event of pistol shooting and cross country running ( 3200 m ) . This last event is now referred to as the laser-run , since it alternates four legs of laser pistol shooting followed by an 800 m run ( for 3200 m in total ) . The event is inspired by the traditional pentathlon held during the ancient Olympics ; as the original events were patterned on the skills needed by an ideal Greek soldier of the era , the modern pentathlon is similarly patterned on events representing the skills needed by cavalry behind enemy lines . The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games since 1912 despite attempts to remove it . A world championships for modern pentathlon has been held annually since 1949 . Originally the competition took place over four or five days ; in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly . Modern pentathlon , despite its long Olympic history , has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games several times . On February 11 , 2013 in Lausanne , the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through to 2020 . The governing body , Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne ( UIPM ) , administers the international sport in more than 90 countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel', 'summary': 'The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12-15 September 1918 , involving the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against German positions . The U.S. Army Air Service played a significant role in this action . This battle marked the first use of the terms D-Day and H-Hour by the Americans . The attack at the Saint-Mihiel salient was part of a plan by Pershing in which he hoped that the Americans would break through the German lines and capture the fortified city of Metz . It was the first and only offensive launched mainly by the United States Army in World War I , and the attack caught the Germans in the process of retreating . This meant that their artillery was out of place and the American attack , coming up against disorganized German forces , proved more successful than expected . The Saint-Mihiel attack established the stature of the U.S. Army in the eyes of the French and British forces , and again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying such massive armies while they were on the move . The U.S. attack faltered as artillery and food supplies were left behind on the muddy roads . The attack on Metz was not realized , as the Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch ordered the American troops to march towards Sedan and Mézières , which would lead to the Meuse-Argonne Offensive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive', 'summary': 'The Meuse-Argonne offensive ( also known as the Meuse River-Argonne Forest offensive , the Battles of the Meuse-Argonne , and the Meuse-Argonne campaign ) was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front . It was fought from September 26 , 1918 , until the Armistice of November 11 , 1918 , a total of 47 days . The Meuse-Argonne offensive was the largest in United States military history , involving 1.2 million American soldiers . It is the second deadliest battle in American history , resulting in over 350,000 casualties including 28,000 German lives , 26,277 American lives and an unknown number of French lives . U.S. losses were worsened by the inexperience of many of the troops , the tactics used during the early phases of the operation and the widespread onset of the global influenza outbreak called the Spanish Flu . Meuse-Argonne was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) during World War I . It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive , which brought the war to an end . It was the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the AEF even if , given the scale of other battles on the Western Front , its size was limited and the operation itself secondary as it was far from the main offensive axis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/66th_Armor_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 66th Armor Regiment is the oldest armored unit in the United States Army ( see Iron Knights : the United States 66th Armored Regiment , by Maj. Gordon A. Blaker ) , tracing its lineage to the 301st Tank Battalion which served with distinction soon after it was formed in the First World War ; the 301st trained at Camp Meade , MD , where then Cpt . Dwight D. Eisenhower was an instructor . It has often been rumored that the 301st , the parent unit of the 66th , was first commanded by Col. George S. Patton , but this appears not to have been the case ; while Patton was the first officer assigned to the Tank Corps , and while the 301st Tank Battalion was the first unit formed , Patton went nearly immediately to France to train Americans attached to Allied commands . The 301st was the only American heavy tank battalion to have seen action in the war . After the war , the 301st transitioned in the Regular Army to become the 66th Infantry Regiment ( Light Tanks ) by way of the 16th Tank Battalion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/3rd_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)', 'summary': "The 3rd Cavalry Regiment , formerly 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment ( Brave Rifles ) is a regiment of the United States Army currently stationed at Fort Hood , Texas . The regiment has a history in the United States Army that dates back to 19 May 1846 , when it was constituted in the Regular Army as the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen at Jefferson Barracks , Missouri . This unit was reorganized at the start of the American Civil War as the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment on 3 August 1861 . In January 1943 , the regiment was re-designated as the 3rd Cavalry Group ( Mechanized ) . Today they are equipped with Stryker vehicles . The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment was the last heavy armored cavalry regiment in the U.S. Army until it officially became a Stryker regiment on 16 November 2011 . It will retain its lineage as the 3rd Cavalry Regiment . Under various names it has seen action during eleven major conflicts : the Indian Wars , the Mexican-American War , the American Civil War , the Spanish-American War , the Philippine-American War , World War I , World War II , the Persian Gulf War , SFOR in Bosnia , Operation Iraqi Freedom , Operation New Dawn , Operation Enduring Freedom and most recently Operation Inherent Resolve . Twenty-three of the regiment 's troopers received the Medal of Honor , all awarded for gallantry in action between 1871 and 1898 . The list includes William Buffalo Bill Cody , whose award was rescinded in 1916 for not being a member of the military . Cody 's medal was reinstated in 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 2nd Armored Division ( Hell on Wheels ) was an armored division of the United States Army . The division played an important role during World War II in the invasions of North Africa and Sicily and the liberation of France , Belgium , and the Netherlands and the invasion of Germany . During the Cold War , the division was primarily based at Fort Hood , Texas , and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garlsedt , West Germany . After participation in the Persian Gulf War , the division was inactivated in 1995 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The II Corps was a corps-sized formation of the United States Army that was active in both World War I and World War II . It was originally formed and fought on the Western Front during World War I and was also the first American formation of any size to see combat in North Africa or Europe during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe', 'summary': "United States Army Europe ( USAREUR ) , formally United States Army Europe and Seventh Army , is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army . It is responsible for directing US Army operations throughout the United States European Command Area of Responsibility . During the Cold War , HQ USAREUR supervised ground formations primarily focused upon the Warsaw Pact militaries to the east as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 's ( NATO ) Central Army Group . Since the Revolutions of 1989 , USAREUR has greatly reduced its size , dispatched US forces to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm , and increased security cooperation with other NATO land forces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Central', 'summary': 'The United States Army Central , formerly the Third United States Army , commonly referred to as the Third Army and as ARCENT is a military formation of the United States Army , which saw service in World War I and World War II , in the 1991 Gulf War , and in the coalition occupation of Iraq . It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton . Third Army is headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan , Kuwait . It serves as the echelon above corps for the Army component of CENTCOM , US Central Command , whose area of responsibility ( AOR ) includes Southwest Asia , some 20 countries of the world , in Africa , Asia , and the Persian Gulf .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fifteenth_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'The Fifteenth United States Army was the last field army to see service in northwest Europe during World War II and was the final command of General George S. Patton . The Fifteenth Army served two separate missions while assigned to the area . During the later stages of World War II its mission was training and rehabilitating units and acting as a defensive line against counterattacks . After the war its mission was to carry out occupation duties and to gather historical information related to the European Theater of Operations , or ETO . The Fifteenth Army was inactivated in 1946 and has not been activated since .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Mercer', 'summary': "Hugh Mercer ( 16 January 1726 - 12 January 1777 ) was a Scottish soldier and physician . He initially served with the Jacobite forces of Bonnie Prince Charlie , and with the British forces during the Seven Years ' War , but later became a brigadier general in the Continental Army and a close friend to George Washington . Mercer died as a result of his wounds received at the Battle of Princeton and became a fallen hero as well as a rallying symbol of the American Revolution ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Patton_IV', 'summary': 'George Smith Patton IV ( December 24 , 1923 - June 27 , 2004 ) was a major general in the United States Army and the son of World War II General George S. Patton Jr . He served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patton_tank', 'summary': 'Patton tank may refer to any of a series of tanks used by the United States military from the 1950s to the 1990s , named for General George S. Patton . Tanks in the series include :'}]}, {'value': 'Carl Andrew Spaatz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz', 'summary': "Carl Andrew Spaatz ( born Spatz ; June 28 , 1891 - July 14 , 1974 ) , nicknamed Tooey , was an American World War II general . As commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe in 1944 , he successfully pressed for the bombing of the enemy 's oil production facilities as a priority over other targets . He became Chief of Staff of the newly formed United States Air Force in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; flight instructor and fighter pilot in World War I ; Eighth Air Force commander in World War II ; first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force ( 1947-1948 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Eighth Air Force ( Air Forces Strategic ) ( 8 AF ) is a numbered air force ( NAF ) of the United States Air Force 's Air Force Global Strike Command ( AFGSC ) . It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana . The command serves as Air Forces Strategic - Global Strike , one of the air components of United States Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) . The Eighth Air Force includes the heart of America 's heavy bomber force : the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber , the B-1 Lancer supersonic bomber , and the B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber aircraft . Established on 22 February 1944 by the redesignation of VIII Bomber Command at RAF Daws Hill in High Wycombe , England , the Eighth Army Air Force ( 8 AAF ) was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force in the European Theater of World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , engaging in operations primarily in the Northern Europe area of responsibility ; carrying out strategic bombing of enemy targets in France , the Low Countries , and Germany ; and engaging in air-to-air fighter combat against enemy aircraft until the German capitulation in May 1945 . It was the largest of the deployed combat Army Air Forces in numbers of personnel , aircraft , and equipment . During the Cold War ( 1945-1991 ) , 8 AF was one of three Numbered Air Forces of the United States Air Force 's Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , with a three-star general headquartered at Westover AFB , Massachusetts commanding USAF strategic bombers and missiles on a global scale . Elements of 8 AF engaged in combat operations during the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) ; Vietnam War ( 1961-1975 ) , as well as Operation Desert Storm ( 1990-1991 ) over Iraq and occupied Kuwait in the First Persian Gulf War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The Chief of Staff of the Air Force ( acronym : CSAF , or AF/CC ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 9033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Air Force , and as such is the principal military advisor to the Secretary of the Air Force for Air Force activities ; and is in a separate capacity a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and thereby a military adviser to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President . The Chief of Staff is typically the highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Air Force unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Air Force officers . The Chief of Staff of the Air Force is an administrative position based in the Pentagon , and while the Chief of Staff does not have operational command authority over Air Force forces ( that is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the Chief of Staff does exercise supervision of Air Force units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Air Force . The current Chief of Staff of the Air Force is General David L. Goldfein .'}]}, {'value': 'Luis R. Esteves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_R._Esteves', 'summary': 'Major General Luis Raul Esteves ( April 30 , 1893 - March 12 , 1958 ) was the first Puerto Rican and the first American citizen of Hispanic heritage to graduate from the United States Military Academy ( West Point ) , and the founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard . Of his West Point class , that included Dwight Eisenhower , Omar Bradley , Joseph McNarney , James Van Fleet and George E. Stratemeyer , Esteves was the first to achieve the rank of General .'}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General ; second Hispanic graduate of the Academy ; Pancho Villa Expedition ; mayor and judge of Polvo , Mexico ; commander of the 23rd Battalion , which was composed of Puerto Ricans and stationed in Panama during World War I ; commander of 92nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team during World War II ; founder of the Puerto Rico National Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/92nd_Maneuver_Enhancement_Brigade_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The 92nd Military Police Brigade ( 92nd MP ) is a military police brigade of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard . The brigade was formerly an infantry brigade combat team known as the 92nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team and then a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade . Actually is a MP Brigade comprising two MP battalions , one infantry battalion and some support units .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard', 'summary': 'The Puerto Rico National Guard ( PRNG ) - Spanish : Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico - is the national guard of Puerto Rico . Its mission is to provide soldiers and airmen to the United States Army and U.S. Air Force in national emergencies or when requested by the president of the United States , and to perform military operations at the state level or any other lawful service as requested by the governor of Puerto Rico . The PRNG responds to the governor of Puerto Rico , who serves as its commander in chief and imparts orders with the Puerto Rico adjutant general acting as conduit , and its local mission is to respond as requested in military or civilian tasks . Abroad , its main function is to train a reserve capable of providing additional personnel in a war scenario .'}]}, {'value': 'Dwight Johns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwight_Johns', 'summary': 'Brigadier General Dwight Frederick Johns ( 16 May 1894 - 8 November 1977 ) was an American soldier and general in the first half of the 20th century . He is best known for his service in the South West Pacific Area during World War II , where he headed the Advance Base and the Combined Operations Service Command during the Kokoda Track campaign and the Battle of Buna-Gona . He later commanded the Advance Base at Lae and Finschhafen , and the Engineer School at Fort Belvoir . After the war he headed the Pacific Engineer Division , where he was responsible for a number of important flood control and irrigation projects .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigadier General ; World War I , Pancho Villa Expedition , World War II ; recipients of the Army Distinguished Service Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition', 'summary': "The Pancho Villa Expedition - now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the Punitive Expedition , U.S. Army - was an unsuccessful military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa from March 14 , 1916 , to February 7 , 1917 , during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 . The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa 's attack on the town of Columbus , New Mexico , and was the most remembered event of the Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa . Despite successfully locating and defeating the main body of Villa 's command , responsible for the raid on Columbus , U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson 's stated main objective of preventing Villa 's escape . The active search for Villa ended after a month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and now the head of the Mexican government , resisted the U.S. incursion . The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column . The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for war in the eventuality it broke out . When war was averted diplomatically , the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza 's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'The Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) is a military award of the United States Army that is presented to any person who , while serving in any capacity with the United States military , has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility . The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional . Exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration . Separate Distinguished Service Medals exist for the different branches of the military as well as a fifth version of the medal which is a senior award of the United States Department of Defense . The army version of the Distinguished Service Medal is typically referred to simply as the Distinguished Service Medal , while the other branches of service use the service name as a prefix . For service not related to actual war , the term duty of a great responsibility applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war , and requires evidence of conspicuously significant achievement . However , justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance . Awards may be made to persons other than members of the United States Armed Forces for wartime services only , and then only under exceptional circumstances , with the express approval of the president in each case .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Military_Academy_alumni_26', 'intro': "The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Army. The Academy was founded in 1802 and is the oldest of the United States' five service academies. It is also referred to as West Point (the name of the military base that the Academy is a part of.) The Academy graduated its first cadet, Joseph Gardner Swift, in October 1802. Sports media refer to the Academy as Army and the students as Cadets; this usage is officially endorsed. The football team is also known as The Black Knights of the Hudson and The Black Knights. A small number of graduates each year choose the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Air Force, United States Navy, or the United States Marine Corps. Before the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in 1955, the Academy was a major source of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors. Most cadets are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes the sciences and engineering fields. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Military Academy. Notable graduates include 2 American Presidents, 4 additional heads of state, 20 astronauts, 74 Medal of Honor recipients, 70 Rhodes Scholars, and 3 Heisman Trophy winners."} | null | null | What is the nickname of the general who served in this military division established on 22 February 1944 ? | Tooey |
0b50e90b1596aa7f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2003 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Swann', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': '* Jacob LeBlanc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_LeBlanc', 'summary': 'Jacob LeBlanc ( born February 2 , 1981 in Auburn , California ) is an American retired professional soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Virginia', 'summary': "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Wizards', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Jewsbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Jewsbury', 'summary': 'Jack Jewsbury ( born April 13 , 1981 ) is a retired American soccer player who played primarily as a midfielder . Upon his retirement in 2016 , Jewsbury was one of ten players to have appeared in more than 350 matches in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_University', 'summary': "Saint Louis University ( SLU ) is a private Roman Catholic research university with campuses in St. Louis , Missouri , United States , and Madrid , Spain . Founded in 1818 by Louis Guillaume Valentin Dubourg , it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest Jesuit university in the United States . It is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools . SLU 's athletic teams compete in NCAA 's Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . It has an enrollment of 12,546 students with an additional 7,101 students enrolled in its 1818 advanced college credit program . The 2019-20 student body includes 8,072 undergraduate students and 4,474 graduate students that represents all 50 states and more than 82 foreign countries . Its average class size for undergraduates is 26 and the student-faculty ratio is 9:1 . For more than 50 years , the university has maintained a campus in Madrid , Spain . The Madrid campus was the first freestanding campus operated by an American university in Europe and the first American institution to be recognized by Spain 's higher education authority as an official foreign university . The campus has 850 students , a faculty of 110 , an average class size of 17 and a student-faculty ratio of 12:1 ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Dombrowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Dombrowski', 'summary': 'Chad Dombrowski ( born October 5 , 1980 in West Allis , Wisconsin ) is a retired American soccer player who spent six seasons in the USL First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Milwaukee', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ( UW-Milwaukee , UWM , or Milwaukee ) is a public urban research university in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . It is the largest university in the Milwaukee metropolitan area and a member of the University of Wisconsin System . It is also one of the two doctoral degree-granting public universities and the second largest university in Wisconsin . The university consists of 14 schools and colleges , including the only graduate school of freshwater science in the U.S. , the first CEPH accredited dedicated school of public health in Wisconsin , and the state 's only school of architecture . As of the 2015-2016 school year , the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee had an enrollment of 27,156 , with 1,604 faculty members , offering 191 degree programs , including 94 bachelor 's , 64 master 's and 33 doctorate degrees . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest research activity . In 2015 , the university had research expenditure of $ 62 million . The university 's athletic teams are the Panthers . A total of 15 Panther athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I. Panthers have won the James J. McCafferty Trophy as the Horizon League 's all-sports champions seven times since 2000 . They have earned 133 Horizon League titles and made 40 NCAA tournament appearances as of 2016 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Mariscalco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butler University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_University', 'summary': 'Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study in six colleges : Lacy School of Business , College of Communication , College of Education , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , and Jordan College of the Arts . It comprises a 295-acre ( 119 ha ) campus located approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from downtown Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Johanes Maliza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johanes_Maliza', 'summary': 'Johanes Maliza ( born September 10 , 1981 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American soccer midfielder who , in 2004 and 2005 , played for the Puerto Rico Islanders of the USL First Division . He has since entered politics and law .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Abrahamson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutgers University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_University', 'summary': "Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey ( /ˈrʌtɡərz/ ) , commonly referred to as Rutgers University , or RU , is an American public research university in New Jersey . It is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey . Rutgers was originally chartered as Queen 's College on November 10 , 1766 . It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The college was renamed Rutgers College in 1825 in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers . For most of its existence , Rutgers was a private liberal arts college but it evolved into a coeducational public research university after being designated The State University of New Jersey by the New Jersey Legislature in laws enacted in 1945 and 1956 . Rutgers has three campuses located throughout New Jersey : New Brunswick campus in New Brunswick and adjacent Piscataway , the Newark campus , and the Camden campus . The university has additional facilities elsewhere in the state . Instruction is offered by 9,000 faculty members in 175 academic departments to over 45,000 undergraduate students and more than 20,000 graduate and professional students . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Big Ten Academic Alliance , the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association . The New Brunswick campus was categorized by Howard and Matthew Green in their book titled The Public Ivies : America 's Flagship Public Universities ( 2001 ) as a Public Ivy ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Casey Schmidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_College', 'summary': "Boston College ( BC ) is a private Jesuit research university in the Chestnut Hill and Brighton neighborhoods of Boston , Massachusetts and the city of Newton , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1863 and although it is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity its name reflects its historical position as a small liberal arts college . The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students . It has historical ties to Boston College High School in Dorchester , as both the high school and the college were once on one campus in the South End of Boston . Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America . Boston College offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its nine schools and colleges : Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences , Graduate School of Arts & Sciences , Carroll School of Management , Lynch School of Education and Human Development , Connell School of Nursing , Graduate School of Social Work , Boston College Law School , Boston College School of Theology and Ministry , Woods College of Advancing Studies . Boston College athletic teams are known as the Eagles , their colors are maroon and gold , and mascot is Baldwin the Eagle . The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East . Boston College 's men 's ice hockey team has won five national championships . As of January 2020 , alumni and affiliates of the university include governors , ambassadors , senators , House representatives , Hollywood actors , and professional athletes . Boston College has graduated several Rhodes , Fulbright , and Goldwater scholars ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Marco Vélez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Vélez', 'summary': 'Marco Vélez ( born June 26 , 1980 in Carolina ) is a Puerto Rican former footballer who played as a defender and currently works as assistant coach for Bayamón FC .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_University', 'summary': 'Barry University is a private Catholic university in Miami Shores , Florida . Founded in 1940 by the Adrian Dominican Sisters , it is one of the largest Catholic universities in the Southeast and is within the territory of the Archdiocese of Miami . The university offers more than 100 degree programs , from bachelors to doctorate , in six schools and two colleges . Barry University has more than 7,000 students , a campus of 54 buildings , a branch campus in Tallahassee , a law school in Orlando , and 50,000 alumni .'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Frazelle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Player selection -- Round Five', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2003_MLS_SuperDraft_4', 'intro': 'The 2003 MLS Superdraft was held January 17, 2003 in Kansas City, Missouri. It was the fifth annual SuperDraft held by Major League Soccer.'} | null | null | What is the pick number of the player whose affiliation has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students ? | 48 |
0b51844947feb9fa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_24)', 'title': 'Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 24)', 'header': ['Date', 'Guest Co-Host', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'May 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Kiernan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Kiernan', 'summary': "Patrick Kiernan ( born November 20 , 1968 ) is a Canadian-American television host , appearing as the morning news anchor of NY1 since 1997 . He is widely known in New York City for his In the Papers feature , in which he summarizes the colorful content in New York City 's daily newspapers , replete with his deadpan humor . Kiernan has also hosted game shows and appeared in films and on television either as himself or as a reporter ."}]}, {'value': "Daniel Dae Kim , Samantha Ronson , Guide to Sunglasses , Top 5 Finalists in LIVE 's Top Teacher Search", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim', 'summary': 'Daniel Dae Kim ( Korean : 김대현 ; born Kim Dae-hyun on August 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He is known for his roles as Jin-Soo Kwon in Lost , Chin Ho Kelly in Hawaii Five-0 , Gavin Park in Angel and Johnny Gat in the Saints Row series of video games . He also runs a production company called 3AD , which is currently producing the television series The Good Doctor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samantha_Ronson', 'summary': 'Samantha Judith Ronson ( born 7 August 1977 ) is an English DJ and singer-songwriter who lives in Santa Monica , California .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Groban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Groban', 'summary': "Joshua Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer , who is known for his unusually dusky tenor voice . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records . As of 2012 [ update ] , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide . Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education . David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , The Prayer , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing You 're Still You for the 2001 season four finale . In 2017 , he made his Broadway debut as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 , to critical acclaim and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination . His performance at the 72nd Tony Awards earned him two Primetime Emmy nominations , one for Outstanding Live Variety Special and one for Original Music and Lyrics for the song This One 's for You . Groban co-starred as Tony Caruso Jr. in the Netflix original series , The Good Cop ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Ruffalo , Lisa Rinna , Jeremy Britt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo', 'summary': "Mark Ruffalo ( /ˈrʌfəloʊ/ ; born November 22 , 1967 ) is an American actor and producer . He began acting in the early 1990s and first gained recognition for his work in Kenneth Lonergan 's play This Is Our Youth ( 1998 ) and drama film You Can Count On Me ( 2000 ) . He went on to star in the romantic comedies 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) and Just like Heaven ( 2005 ) and the thrillers Zodiac ( 2007 ) and Shutter Island ( 2010 ) . He gained wider recognition for his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . Ruffalo gained nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing a sperm donor in the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) , Dave Schultz in the biopic Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) , and Michael Rezendes in the drama Spotlight ( 2015 ) . He also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie for playing a gay writer and activist in the television drama film The Normal Heart ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Rinna', 'summary': "Lisa Deanna Rinna ( born July 11 , 1963 ) is an American actress , author and television personality . As an actress , she is best known for her roles as Billie Reed on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives and Taylor McBride on Fox 's television drama Melrose Place . Since 2014 , Rinna has reached new levels of fame for her starring role on Bravo 's hit reality television series The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills . Other television credits include being a contestant on NBC 's The Celebrity Apprentice and ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , as well as guest starring roles on Entourage , The Middle , Veronica Mars , Community , and 8 Simple Rules . Rinna made her Broadway debut in Chicago as Roxie Hart in June 2007 . She was the host of Soapnet 's talk show Soap Talk ( 2002-2006 ) , for which she earned four Emmy nominations for Outstanding Talk Show Host . Rinna has also written three books : Starlit , The Big , Fun , Sexy Sex Book , and The New York Times best-seller Rinnavation . In 2012 , she debuted her fashion line Lisa Rinna Collection for QVC ."}]}, {'value': 'May 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Groban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Groban', 'summary': "Joshua Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer , who is known for his unusually dusky tenor voice . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records . As of 2012 [ update ] , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide . Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education . David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , The Prayer , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing You 're Still You for the 2001 season four finale . In 2017 , he made his Broadway debut as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 , to critical acclaim and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination . His performance at the 72nd Tony Awards earned him two Primetime Emmy nominations , one for Outstanding Live Variety Special and one for Original Music and Lyrics for the song This One 's for You . Groban co-starred as Tony Caruso Jr. in the Netflix original series , The Good Cop ."}]}, {'value': 'Sissy Spacek , Beth Behrs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sissy_Spacek', 'summary': "Mary Elizabeth Sissy Spacek ( /ˈspeɪsɛk/ ; born December 25 , 1949 ) is an American actress and singer . She is the recipient of various accolades including an Academy Award , three Golden Globe Awards , two Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and nominations for four BAFTA Awards , three Primetime Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Award . She has also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Born and raised in Texas , Spacek initially aspired to a career as a singer . In 1968 , using the name Rainbo , she recorded a single , John , You 've Gone Too Far This Time . Sales of her music sputtered , however , and she was dropped from her record label . She subsequently switched her focus to acting , enrolling at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute . Spacek began her professional acting career in the early 1970s , making her debut with a minor role in Andy Warhol 's Women in Revolt ( 1971 ) and received attention for her role as Holly Sargis in Terrence Malick 's Badlands ( 1973 ) . Spacek rose to prominence with her portrayal of Carrie White in Brian De Palma 's Carrie ( 1976 ) , for which she received her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Following her appearances in the acclaimed films Welcome to L.A. ( 1976 ) and Robert Altman 's 3 Women ( 1977 ) , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Loretta Lynn in the biographical musical Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) . Her other Oscar-nominated roles include Missing ( 1982 ) , The River ( 1984 ) , Crimes of the Heart ( 1986 ) and In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) . Spacek also appeared in the films Raggedy Man ( 1981 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Affliction ( 1997 ) , The Straight Story ( 1999 ) , Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) , Nine Lives ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , Four Christmases ( 2008 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , The Help ( 2011 ) , and The Old Man & the Gun ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beth_Behrs', 'summary': "Elizabeth Ann Behrs ( born December 26 , 1985 ) is an American actress and writer best known for her starring role as Caroline Channing in the CBS comedy series 2 Broke Girls . The show ran successfully for six seasons and earned Behrs praise and nominations for the Teen and the People 's Choice Awards . Having made her screen debut in the 2009 comedy film American Pie Presents : The Book of Love , she later ventured into television roles . Post 2 Broke Girls , Behrs returned to feature films with the 2015 productions Chasing Eagle Rock and Hello , My Name Is Doris . She voiced Carrie Williams in the animated film Monsters University ( 2013 ) and Moochie in the television series Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh . In 2018 , she was cast as Gemma Johnson in the CBS sitcom The Neighborhood . In addition to her acting career , Behrs has authored a self-help book and continues to write the young-adult webcomic Dents . She is also a philanthropist and the founder of the SheHerdPower Foundation , which helps victims of sexual assaults ."}]}, {'value': 'May 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Mulroney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Mulroney', 'summary': 'Benedict Martin Paul Ben Mulroney ( born March 9 , 1976 ) is a Canadian television host . He is the oldest son of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathan Fillion , Chef Aarón Sánchez , William Polley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Fillion', 'summary': "Nathan Fillion ( /ˈfɪliən/ ; born March 27 , 1971 ) is a Canadian-American actor , best known for the leading roles of Captain Malcolm Mal Reynolds on Firefly and its film continuation Serenity , Richard Castle on Castle and John Nolan on The Rookie . Fillion has acted in traditionally distributed films like Slither and Trucker , Internet-distributed films like Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog , television soap operas , sitcoms and theater . His voice is also featured in video games , such as the Bungie titles Halo 3 , Halo 3 : ODST , Halo : Reach , Destiny and Destiny 2 , along with the 343 Industries video game Halo 5 : Guardians . Fillion first gained recognition for his work on One Life to Live in the contract role of Joey Buchanan , for which he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series as well as for his supporting role as Johnny Donnelly in the sitcom Two Guys and a Girl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aarón_Sánchez', 'summary': "Aarón Sánchez ( born February 12 , 1976 ) is an award-winning celebrity chef , restaurateur , television personality , cookbook author and philanthropist of Mexican descent . He is the executive chef and part-owner of the Mexican restaurant Johnny Sánchez in New Orleans . He co-starred on Food Network 's hit series Chopped and Chopped Jr. and hosted Cooking Channel 's Emmy-nominated Taco Trip . He has appeared on Iron Chef America , and is one of the few chefs whose battles have ended in a draw , tying with Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Black Bass in Season 2 . He was also a contestant on The Next Iron Chef . He is the author of two cookbooks , and has a memoir being released October 1 , 2019 . An active philanthropist , Sánchez launched the Aarón Sánchez Scholarship Fund , an initiative empowering aspiring chefs from the Latin community to follow their dreams and attend culinary school . As of 2017 , he is one of the judges/hosts of FOX 's hit reality-TV culinary competition series Masterchef U.S. since Season 8 onwards after previously guest-starring in a select number of episodes in Season 7 as a guest judge , co-hosting alongside Gordon Ramsay , Joe Bastianich ( Season 8 finale-present ) and Christina Tosi ( Season 8-Season 9 ( guest judge , Episode 11 ) ) . He has also joined the judging panel of MasterChef Junior since its 7th season , which debuted in March 2019 , after guest-starring in Season 5 , which debuted early 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Strahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Strahan', 'summary': "Michael Anthony Strahan ( /ˈstreɪhæn/ ; born November 21 , 1971 ) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and spent his entire 15-year career with the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Strahan set a record for the most sacks in a season in 2001 , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XLII over the New England Patriots in his final season in 2007 . After retiring from the NFL , he became a media personality . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 . Strahan is a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday , and co-host of ABC 's Good Morning America and its spinoff Strahan , Sara and Keke . He co-hosted the syndicated daytime talk show Live ! with Kelly and Michael with Kelly Ripa from 2012 to 2016 , for which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2014 , he became a regular contributor on Good Morning America , and in 2016 the network announced that Strahan would be leaving Live ! to join GMA full-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Cameron Diaz , Skylar Laine , Money for Moms Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameron_Diaz', 'summary': "Cameron Michelle Diaz ( born August 30 , 1972 ) is an American actress , writer and former model . She has frequently appeared in comedies throughout her career , while also earning critical recognition in dramatic films . Her accolades include four Golden Globe Award nominations , three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations , and a New York Film Critics Award . In 2013 , she was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood . As of 2018 [ update ] , the U.S. domestic box office grosses of Diaz 's films total over US $ 3 billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing US $ 7 billion , making her the fifth highest-grossing U.S. domestic box office actress . Born in San Diego , California , Diaz was raised in Long Beach . While still in high school , she signed a modeling contract with Elite Model Management . She made her film debut at age 21 opposite Jim Carrey in the comedy The Mask ( 1994 ) . She was subsequently cast in a supporting role in My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) before appearing as the titular Mary in the Farrelly brothers ' hit comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) , which brought her increased fame and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical . Her following two projects - the sports drama Any Given Sunday , and Spike Jonze 's surrealist fantasy Being John Malkovich ( both 1999 ) - lent Diaz a reputation as a dramatic actress , the latter earning her her second Golden Globe nomination . Diaz earned a third Golden Globe nomination for her supporting role in Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , and appeared in numerous high-profile films in the early 2000s , including Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) and its sequel Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , as well as voicing the character of Princess Fiona in the Shrek series ( 2001-2010 ) . In 2003 , she was cast in Martin Scorsese 's period epic Gangs of New York , for which she earned her fourth Golden Globe nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Skylar_Laine', 'summary': 'Skylar Laine ( born Skylar Laine Harden ; February 1 , 1994 ) is an American singer from Brandon , Mississippi . She placed fifth on the eleventh season of American Idol .'}]}, {'value': 'May 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Strahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Strahan', 'summary': "Michael Anthony Strahan ( /ˈstreɪhæn/ ; born November 21 , 1971 ) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and spent his entire 15-year career with the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Strahan set a record for the most sacks in a season in 2001 , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XLII over the New England Patriots in his final season in 2007 . After retiring from the NFL , he became a media personality . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 . Strahan is a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday , and co-host of ABC 's Good Morning America and its spinoff Strahan , Sara and Keke . He co-hosted the syndicated daytime talk show Live ! with Kelly and Michael with Kelly Ripa from 2012 to 2016 , for which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2014 , he became a regular contributor on Good Morning America , and in 2016 the network announced that Strahan would be leaving Live ! to join GMA full-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Colbert , Miss USA 2012 Contestants , Money for Moms Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Colbert', 'summary': "Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( /koʊlˈbɛər/ kohl-BAIR ; born May 13 , 1964 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor and television host . He is best known for hosting the satirical Comedy Central program The Colbert Report from 2005 to 2014 and the CBS talk program The Late Show with Stephen Colbert beginning in September 2015 . Colbert originally studied to be a dramatic actor , but became interested in improvisational theater while attending Northwestern University , where he met Second City director Del Close . Colbert first performed professionally as an understudy for Steve Carell at Second City Chicago , where his troupe mates included Paul Dinello and Amy Sedaris , comedians with whom he developed the sketch comedy series Exit 57 . He wrote and performed on the short-lived Dana Carvey Show before collaborating with Sedaris and Dinello again on the cult television series Strangers with Candy . He gained attention for his role on the latter as closeted gay history teacher Chuck Noblet . Colbert 's work as a correspondent on Comedy Central 's news-parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition . In 2005 , he left The Daily Show to host The Colbert Report . Following The Daily Show 's news-parody concept , The Colbert Report was a parody of personality-driven political opinion shows including The O'Reilly Factor , in which he portrayed a caricatured version of conservative political pundits . The series became one of Comedy Central 's highest-rated series , earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner in 2006 . After ending The Colbert Report , he was hired in 2015 to succeed retiring David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS . He hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_USA_2012', 'summary': 'Miss USA 2012 , the 61st Miss USA pageant , was held on June 3 , 2012 , at The AXIS in Las Vegas , Nevada . Alyssa Campanella of California crowned her successor Olivia Culpo of Rhode Island at the end of the event . Culpo represented the US at Miss Universe 2012 and became the eighth American to win Miss Universe . Pageant protocol forces Culpo to resign her Miss USA title in order to be Miss Universe . In this case , the first runner-up , Nana Meriwether , who competed as Miss Maryland USA 2012 , inherited the Miss USA title . Meriwether became the second woman from Maryland to hold the Miss USA title , although the first time a woman from Maryland won Miss USA was in 1957 with Mary Leona Gage , who was dethroned shortly after winning . The 50 states and the District of Columbia competed for the prestigious title . The pageant was televised live on NBC in the U.S.A . The full preliminary round , as well as highlights from the event , is available over Xbox Live via their YouTube and MSN applications . For the first time , a question was solicited from Twitter for the final question asked of one of the five finalists . That question picked by the pageant organizers - Would you feel it would be fair that a transgender woman wins the Miss USA title over a natural-born woman ? - was answered by the winner , Culpo .'}]}, {'value': 'May 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Strahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Strahan', 'summary': "Michael Anthony Strahan ( /ˈstreɪhæn/ ; born November 21 , 1971 ) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and spent his entire 15-year career with the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Strahan set a record for the most sacks in a season in 2001 , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XLII over the New England Patriots in his final season in 2007 . After retiring from the NFL , he became a media personality . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 . Strahan is a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday , and co-host of ABC 's Good Morning America and its spinoff Strahan , Sara and Keke . He co-hosted the syndicated daytime talk show Live ! with Kelly and Michael with Kelly Ripa from 2012 to 2016 , for which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2014 , he became a regular contributor on Good Morning America , and in 2016 the network announced that Strahan would be leaving Live ! to join GMA full-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Chace Crawford , Karmin , Money for Moms Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chace_Crawford', 'summary': "Chace Crawford ( born July 18 , 1985 ) is an American actor , known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW 's teen drama series Gossip Girl . He is also known for starring in the films The Covenant ( 2006 ) , The Haunting of Molly Hartley ( 2008 ) , Twelve ( 2010 ) , and What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) . In 2015 , he portrayed Billy LeFever in ABC 's short-lived drama series Blood & Oil . In 2019 , he appeared as a member of the main cast of the Amazon Prime Video original series , The Boys , is based on the comic book series of the same name , portraying the Deep ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karmin', 'summary': "Karmin was an American pop duo consisting of Amy Renee Noonan and Nick Noonan . Starting as a novelty act that released covers on YouTube , they signed in 2011 with Epic Records . In May 2012 , Karmin released their debut EP Hello , which spawned the singles Brokenhearted and Hello and received mixed reviews . Rolling Stone named Karmin 's lead singer Amy as the winner of Women Who Rock 2012 contests . In March 2014 , the duo released their debut album , Pulses . The album 's lead single , Acapella , charted in the top 10 in Australia and New Zealand , and went Gold in the United States . They left Epic Records in the middle of 2014 and have since released music independently . Their second album Leo Rising was released on September 9 , 2016 . In 2017 , the duo took a break on Karmin to focus on another project , Qveen Herby , Amy Noonan 's new alter ego . The project moves away from pop in favor of more of an R & B and hip-hop/rap sounds ."}]}, {'value': 'May 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Lachey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ."}]}, {'value': 'Ginnifer Goodwin , Roshon Fegan & Chelsie Hightower , Money for Moms Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin', 'summary': "Jennifer Michelle Ginnifer Goodwin ( born May 22 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She is known for her starring role as Margene Heffman in the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-2011 ) and Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard in the ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011-2018 ) . Goodwin has appeared in various films , including the drama Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) , the musical biopic Walk the Line ( 2005 ) , the romantic comedy He 's Just Not That into You ( 2009 ) , the family comedy Ramona and Beezus ( 2010 ) , the romantic comedy Something Borrowed ( 2011 ) , and the biopic Killing Kennedy ( 2013 ) . She also voiced the lead role of Fawn in the Disney animated fantasy film Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast ( 2014 ) and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated fantasy comedy film Zootopia ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roshon_Fegan', 'summary': 'Roshon Bernard Fegan ( born October 6 , 1991 ) , mononymously known as Roshon ( stylized as ROSHON , formerly stylized as RO SHON ) , is an American actor , rapper , and dancer . He is best known for his role as Ty Blue on the Disney Channel original series Shake It Up and for his role as Sander Loyer in the Disney Channel movie franchise Camp Rock with the Jonas Brothers and Demi Lovato . He writes and produces his own music as well as working with the president of Lava/Universal Republic . In 2012 , Roshon appeared on Dancing with the Stars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsie_Hightower', 'summary': 'Chelsie Kay Hightower ( born July 21 , 1989 ) is a ballroom dancer . She is known for being a regular dance partner , trainer and choreographer on the ABC competition show Dancing with the Stars , where she was a professional from Season 8 to 15 , excluding Season 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Lachey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ."}]}, {'value': 'Felicity Huffman , Vanessa Lachey , Kip Moore , Money for Moms Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felicity_Huffman', 'summary': 'Felicity Kendall Huffman ( born December 9 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She is the recipient of numerous accolades including a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and has been nominated for an Oscar . Huffman began her acting career in theatre , and in the 1990s also had many supporting roles in film and television . She starred as Dana Whitaker in the comedy-drama Sports Night from 1998 to 2000 , which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination . She is best known for her role as Lynette Scavo in the ABC comedy-drama Desperate Housewives ( 2004-2012 ) , for which she earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the debut season of the series , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , and three consecutive Golden Globe nominations . Huffman drew critical praise for her performance as a transgender woman in the independent film Transamerica ( 2005 ) . The role earned her a Golden Globe Award , Independent Spirit Award , National Board of Review , and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Huffman has also starred in such films as Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , The Spanish Prisoner ( 1997 ) , Magnolia ( 1999 ) , Path to War ( 2002 ) , Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) , Phoebe in Wonderland ( 2008 ) , Rudderless ( 2014 ) , and Cake ( 2014 ) . From 2015 to 2017 , she starred in a third ABC series , the anthology crime drama American Crime , for which she received critical acclaim including three Primetime Emmy Award nominations , two Golden Globe nominations and a Screen Actors Guild nomination . Huffman was arrested on March 12 , 2019 , for her involvement with a nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal , charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud , and released on $ 250,000 bail . On May 13 , Huffman pleaded guilty to federal charges for paying $ 15,000 to have a proctor correct SAT questions answered incorrectly by her daughter . On September 13 , she was sentenced to 14 days in prison , a $ 30,000 fine , 250 hours of community service and one year supervised release for her part in the scandal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Lachey', 'summary': 'Vanessa Joy Lachey ( née Minnillo ; born November 9 , 1980 [ better source needed ] ) is an American-Filipino television personality , beauty queen , fashion model , television host and actress . She was also named Miss Teen USA in 1998 . She has been a New York-based correspondent for Entertainment Tonight and hosted Total Request Live on MTV .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kip_Moore', 'summary': "Kip Christian Moore ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American country music singer-songwriter signed to MCA Nashville . His debut album , Up All Night , was released on April 24 , 2012. and was the best-selling debut album by a male in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Moore released the single Young Love , followed by Dirt Road and I 'm to Blame . Wild Ones , Moore 's second studio album , was released on August 21 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Kimmel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel', 'summary': "James Christian Kimmel ( born November 13 , 1967 ) is an American television host , comedian , writer , and producer . He is the host and executive producer of Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , a late-night talk show that premiered on ABC on January 26 , 2003 at Hollywood Masonic Temple in Hollywood , California ; and on April 1 , 2019 , at a secondary home , the Zappos Theater on the Las Vegas Strip . Kimmel hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2012 and 2016 , and the Academy Awards in 2017 and 2018 . Before hosting Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , he was known as the co-host of Comedy Central 's The Man Show and Win Ben Stein 's Money . Kimmel has also produced such shows as Crank Yankers , Sports Show with Norm Macdonald , and The Andy Milonakis Show . In 2018 , Time named him as one of The World 's 100 Most Influential People ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Colfer , Hollie Cavanagh , Top Teacher Week - Danielle Greco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Colfer', 'summary': "Christopher Paul Colfer ( born May 27 , 1990 ) is an American actor , singer , and author . He gained international recognition for his portrayal of Kurt Hummel on the television musical Glee ( 2009-15 ) . Colfer 's portrayal of Kurt received critical praise for which he has been the recipient of several awards , including Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 2011 Golden Globe Awards , and three consecutive People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Comedic TV Actor in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . In April 2011 , Colfer was named one of the Time 100 , Time 's list of the 100 most influential people . Colfer wrote , starred in , produced , and novelized his first film , Struck by Lightning , which debuted at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival . He is also a New York Times number-one bestselling author of The Land of Stories : The Wishing Spell , the first novel in his middle-grade reader series . As of September 2019 , he has published fifteen books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollie_Cavanagh', 'summary': 'Hollie Jessica Cavanagh ( born 5 July 1993 ) is a British-American singer , originally from Liverpool , living in McKinney , Texas . She was placed fourth in the eleventh season of American Idol .'}]}, {'value': 'May 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Champion', 'summary': "Samuel James Champion ( born August 13 , 1961 ) is an American weather anchor who is best known for his combined 25-year career on the ABC flagship station WABC-TV and Good Morning America . He formerly co-anchored AMHQ : America 's Morning Headquarters and 23.5 Degrees With Sam Champion on The Weather Channel . After December 4 , 2013 , his final day with ABC , he became the managing editor of The Weather Channel , beginning on January 1 , 2014 . Champion also appeared on the Today show on NBC . After leaving NBC and the Weather Channel in 2016 , he returned to ABC on a fill-in basis and returned to become the weekday morning and noon weather anchor at WABC-TV in June 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'LL Cool J , James Morrison , Top Teacher Week - Wendy Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LL_Cool_J', 'summary': "James Todd Smith ( born January 14 , 1968 ) , known professionally as LL Cool J ( short for Ladies Love Cool James ) , is an American rapper , record producer , actor , author and entrepreneur from Queens , New York . With the breakthrough success of his hit single I Need a Beat and the Radio LP , LL Cool J became an early hip-hop act to achieve mainstream success along with Kurtis Blow and Run-D.M.C . LL Cool J has released 13 studio albums and two greatest hits compilations . His twelfth album Exit 13 ( 2008 ) , was his last for his long-tenured deal with Def Jam Recordings . LL Cool J appeared in numerous films , including In Too Deep , Any Given Sunday , S.W.A.T. , Deep Blue Sea , Mindhunters , and Edison . He currently plays NCIS Special Agent Sam Hanna in the CBS crime drama television series NCIS : Los Angeles . LL Cool J also is the host of Lip Sync Battle on Paramount Network . A two-time Grammy Award winner , LL Cool J is known for such hip hop hits as Going Back to Cali , I 'm Bad , The Boomin ' System , Rock the Bells and Mama Said Knock You Out , as well as R & B hits such as Doin ' It , I Need Love , All I Have , Around the Way Girl and Hey Lover . In 2010 , VH1 placed him on their 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time list . In 2017 , LL Cool J became the first rapper to receive the Kennedy Center Honors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Morrison_(musician)', 'summary': "James Lloyd Morrison AM ( born 11 November 1962 ) is an Australian jazz musician . Although his main instrument is trumpet , he has also performed on trombone , tuba , euphonium , flugelhorn , saxophone , clarinet , double bass , guitar , and piano . He is a composer , writing jazz charts for ensembles of various sizes and proficiency levels . He composed and performed the opening fanfare at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . In 2009 , he joined Steve Pizzati and Warren Brown as a presenter on Top Gear Australia . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010 Morrison and a cappella group , The Idea of North , won Best Jazz Album , for their collaboration on Feels Like Spring . In 2012 Morrison was appointed as Artistic Director of the Queensland Music Festival for the 2013 and 2015 festivals . He was inducted into the Graeme Bell Hall of Fame 2013 at the Australian Jazz Bell Awards . In July 2013 he conducted the World 's Largest Orchestra in Brisbane 's Suncorp Stadium , consisting of 7,224 musicians . In March 2015 Morrison opened the James Morrison Academy of Music in Mount Gambier , South Australia - a tertiary level , dedicated jazz school offering a degree in jazz performance ."}]}, {'value': 'May 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Harrison', 'summary': 'Christopher Bryan Harrison ( born July 26 , 1971 ) is an American television and game show host , best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show The Bachelor since 2002 , and its spin-offs The Bachelorette since 2003 , Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012 , Bachelor in Paradise since 2014 , the first season of Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise in 2015 , Bachelor Live in 2016 , and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018 . He also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire from his 2015 hosting role through the 2019 cancellation .'}]}, {'value': 'Billy Bob Thornton , Eli Manning , Top Teacher Week - Monica Dunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton', 'summary': "Billy Bob Thornton ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American actor , writer , director and musician . Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move , and received international attention after writing , directing , and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade ( 1996 ) , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade , including Oliver Stone 's neo-noir U Turn ( 1997 ) , political drama Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , science fiction disaster film Armageddon ( 1998 ) , the highest-grossing film of that year , and the crime drama A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) , which earned him his third Oscar nomination . In the 2000s , Thornton achieved further success in starring dramas Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) , and Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) ; comedies Bandits ( 2001 ) , Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , and Bad Santa ( 2003 ) ; and action films Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) and Faster ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , Thornton starred as Lorne Malvo in the first season of the anthology series Fargo , earning a nomination for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie at the Emmy Awards and won Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . In 2016 , he starred in an Amazon original series , Goliath , which earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama . Thornton has been vocal about his distaste for celebrity culture , choosing to keep his life out of the public eye . However , the attention of the media has proven unavoidable in certain cases , his marriage to Angelina Jolie being a notable example . Thornton has written a variety of films , usually set in the Southern United States and mainly co-written with Tom Epperson , including A Family Thing ( 1996 ) and The Gift ( 2000 ) . After Sling Blade , he directed several other films , including Daddy and Them ( 2001 ) , All the Pretty Horses ( 2000 ) , and Jayne Mansfield 's Car ( 2012 ) . Thornton has received the President 's Award from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , a Special Achievement Award from the National Board of Review , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award , four Golden Globes , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eli_Manning', 'summary': "Elisha Nelson Manning IV ( born January 3 , 1981 ) is a former American football quarterback who played his entire 16-year career for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the University of Mississippi from 2000 to 2003 . He was drafted as the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and was immediately traded to the Giants who in return gave up a package , highlighted by fourth overall selection Philip Rivers . Manning is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Peyton Manning . Manning holds Giants franchise records for most passing yards , touchdown passes , and completed passes in a career . In 2012 , in a 41-34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he threw for 510 yards , three yards short of Phil Simms ' franchise record of 513 . Manning showed durability throughout his career . He started 210 straight games from 2004 to 2017 , the third-longest consecutive starts streak by a quarterback in NFL history , and never missed a game due to an injury . He is the seventh all-time leader in passing yards and eighth in touchdowns . Though lacking his brother 's regular season consistency and high-caliber performances , Manning is known for his two improbable Super Bowl-winning postseason runs in 2007 and 2011 , in which he led underdog Giants squads to Super Bowl victories against the New England Patriots in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI . Manning was named Most Valuable Player in both Super Bowls , becoming one of five players to have multiple Super Bowl MVP awards ( Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw also have two , Joe Montana - three , and Tom Brady - four ) ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Harrison', 'summary': 'Christopher Bryan Harrison ( born July 26 , 1971 ) is an American television and game show host , best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show The Bachelor since 2002 , and its spin-offs The Bachelorette since 2003 , Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012 , Bachelor in Paradise since 2014 , the first season of Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise in 2015 , Bachelor Live in 2016 , and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018 . He also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire from his 2015 hosting role through the 2019 cancellation .'}]}, {'value': 'Christina Hendricks , Maria Menounos & Derek Hough , Top Teacher Week - Bryan Sawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Hendricks', 'summary': "Christina Rene Hendricks ( born May 3 , 1975 ) is an American actress and former model . Her accolades include six Primetime Emmy Award nominations , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . A 2010 poll of female readers taken by Esquire magazine named her the sexiest woman in the world , and voted as Best Looking Woman in America the same year . Born in Tennessee , Hendricks was raised in Portland , Oregon and Twin Falls , Idaho , where she became active in local theater . After completing high school in Virginia , Hendricks relocated to New York City and pursued a career as a model following her entry into a Seventeen cover contest . She continued to work internationally as a model for over a decade before transitioning into acting . Hendricks had recurring roles in several television series , including Beggars and Choosers ( 2001-2002 ) and Kevin Hill ( 2004-2005 ) before being cast as Joan Holloway on the AMC period drama series Mad Men in 2007 , of which she remained a main cast member until the series ' conclusion in 2015 . She received critical acclaim for her role on the series , including six Emmy Award nominations and multiple Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Ensemble . While starring on Mad Men , Hendricks also began appearing in films , receiving critical notice for her performance in Nicolas Winding Refn 's thriller Drive ( 2011 ) , Sally Potter 's drama Ginger & Rosa ( 2012 ) , and Ryan Gosling 's neo-noir fantasy Lost River ( 2014 ) . Following the conclusion of Mad Men , Hendricks starred in the comedy series Another Period from 2015 to 2016 , and in the SundanceTV drama series Hap and Leonard ( 2016 ) . She reunited with Refn for a supporting role in his thriller film The Neon Demon ( 2016 ) , followed by roles in the comedy Fist Fight ( 2017 ) , the horror film The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) , and the animated comedy Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) . She returned to television with starring roles on the crime drama series Tin Star ( 2017-present ) and on the NBC comedy-crime series Good Girls ( 2018-present ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Menounos', 'summary': 'Maria Menounos ( /məˈnuːnoʊs/ , Greek : Μαρία Μενούνος ; born June 8 , 1978 ) is an American entertainment reporter , television personality , professional wrestler , actress , and businesswoman . She has hosted Extra and E ! News , and served as a TV correspondent for Today , Access Hollywood , and co-hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens , Greece . She also co-created and is currently CEO of online podcast series network AfterBuzz TV . She is currently signed to WWE where she has served as an ambassador since 2013 . She hosts the podcast Conversations with Maria Menounos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Derek_Hough', 'summary': "Derek Hough ( /ˈhʌf/ ; born May 17 , 1985 ) is an American professional Latin and ballroom dancer , choreographer , actor and singer . Since September 2007 , Hough has become known for his work on the ABC dance-competition series , Dancing with the Stars , on which he has won a record six seasons . With a total of nine nominations , he has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography for several routines that he choreographed for the show . Hough has also starred in various stage productions , including the 2006 original production of Footloose : The Musical at the Novello Theatre in London 's West End , as well as the 2015 New York Spring Spectacular at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . In 2013 , he starred in Make Your Move , a Romeo and Juliet-inspired South Korean-American independent dance film . As of 2014 , he has held a recurring acting role on ABC 's musical-drama , Nashville . On December 7 , 2016 , Hough played the role of Corny Collins in NBC 's live musical TV-production , Hairspray Live ! . In May 2017 , Hough joined the judges table in NBC 's new dance competition series World of Dance . He continued his role as a judge for the second and third seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'May 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reggie Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Bush', 'summary': 'Reginald Alfred Bush Jr. ( born March 2 , 1985 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at USC , where he earned consensus All-American honors twice and won the Heisman Trophy ( later forfeited ) as the most outstanding player in the nation . He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints second overall in the 2006 NFL Draft . While with the Saints , Bush was named an All-Pro kick returner in 2008 and won Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 over the Indianapolis Colts . He also played for the Buffalo Bills , Miami Dolphins , Detroit Lions , and San Francisco 49ers . Bush also won the 2005 Doak Walker and Walter Camp awards . However , allegations that he received improper benefits were central to an NCAA investigation of the USC football program that led to severe NCAA sanctions against USC , including a two-year postseason ban and the vacating of the 2004 national championship . As a result , Bush voluntarily forfeited his Heisman Trophy .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Selleck , Krysten Ritter , Top Teacher Week - Kristin Golia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Selleck', 'summary': "Thomas William Selleck ( /ˈsɛlɪk/ ; born January 29 , 1945 ) is an American actor , film producer , and California Army National Guard veteran . He is most known for starring as private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum , P.I . ( 1980-1988 ) , as Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby , and as NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods on CBS since 2010 . Selleck also had a recurring role as Lance White , the likeable and naive partner of Jim Rockford ( played by James Garner ) on The Rockford Files and also played Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels . Selleck has appeared in more than 50 film and television roles since Magnum , P.I. , including Three Men and a Baby , Quigley Down Under , Mr . Baseball , and Lassiter . He appeared as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends and as A.J . Cooper on the TV series Las Vegas . He also had a lead role in the television western movie The Sacketts , based on two of Louis L'Amour 's books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Krysten_Ritter', 'summary': "Krysten Alyce Ritter ( born December 16 , 1981 ) is an American actress , musician , author , and model . She is known for starring as the superhero Jessica Jones on the Netflix drama series Jessica Jones ( 2015-2019 ) and the miniseries The Defenders ( 2017 ) . She also appeared as Jane Margolis on the AMC drama series Breaking Bad ( 2009-2010 ) as well its 2019 spin-off El Camino , a Netflix film . She has also portrayed Chloe on the ABC comedy series Do n't Trust the B -- -- in Apartment 23 ( 2012-2013 ) . Ritter had roles in the series Veronica Mars , Gilmore Girls , 'Til Death , and Gravity . She has appeared in films such as What Happens in Vegas ( 2008 ) , Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) , She 's Out of My League ( 2010 ) , Veronica Mars ( 2014 ) , Big Eyes ( 2014 ) , and The Hero ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'May 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taye Diggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taye_Diggs', 'summary': 'Scott Leo Taye Diggs ( born January 2 , 1971 ) is an American actor and singer . He is known for his roles in the Broadway musicals Rent and Hedwig and the Angry Inch , the TV series Private Practice , the films How Stella Got Her Groove Back , Brown Sugar , The Best Man and its sequel , The Best Man Holiday . Between 2014 and 2016 he starred as Inspector Terry English in Murder in the First .'}]}, {'value': 'Robin Thicke , Emily Maynard , Chad Qian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Thicke', 'summary': '{ { Infobox person | name = Robin Thicke | image = Robin Thicke 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Thicke in July 2019 | birth_name = Robin Alan Thicke | birth_date = ( 1977-03-10 ) March 10 , 1977 ( age 42 ) | death_date = { { Death date'}]}, {'value': 'May 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L. A. Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L._A._Reid', 'summary': "Antonio Marquis L.A. Reid ( born June 7 , 1956 ) is an American record executive , record producer , composer , former drummer , songwriter , A & R representative , film producer , businessman and author . He is founder and current co-chairman of Hitco Entertainment . He has served as the chairman and CEO of Epic Records and The Island Def Jam Music Group , the president and CEO of Arista Records . Reid was the founder and CEO of Hitco Music Publishing and the co-founder of LaFace Records with producing partner Kenneth Babyface Edmonds . He has won three Grammy Awards , picking up awards as a songwriter for songs such as Boyz II Men 's End Of The Road . Over the course of his career he has written and produced for many artists including Bobby Brown , Johnny Gill , Outkast , Toni Braxton , TLC , Mariah Carey , Avril Lavigne , Paula Abdul , Pink , Justin Bieber , Meghan Trainor , Rihanna , Kanye West , Usher , Ne-Yo , 21 Savage , Young Jeezy , Ciara , Zara Larsson , Jidenna , Jennifer Lopez , Future , Travis Scott , Fifth Harmony , DJ Khaled , Death Grips , Rick Ross , Halsey , Whitney Houston , and The Jacksons . He appeared as a judge on the first two seasons of the U.S. version of the television show The X Factor , but left the show in December 2012 to focus on his leadership at Epic Records . One of the major projects that Reid embarked on following his stint on The X Factor , was the remaking of Michael Jackson songs after his death , with the May 13 , 2014 release of the album XScape . In 2016 , Reid published the New York Times bestselling memoir Sing to Me : My Story of Making Music , Finding Magic , and Searching for Who 's Next ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Fallon , Kris Allen , Announcement of Top Teacher Week Winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon', 'summary': "James Thomas Fallon ( born September 19 , 1974 ) is an American comedian , actor , television host , singer , writer , and producer . He is known for his work in television as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and as the host of late-night talk show The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and before that Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . He grew up with an interest in comedy and music , moving to Los Angeles at 21 to pursue opportunities in stand-up comedy . He was commissioned to join NBC 's Saturday Night Live as a cast member in 1998 , fulfilling a lifelong dream . Fallon remained on SNL for six years between 1998 and 2004 , co-hosting the program 's Weekend Update segment and becoming a celebrity in the process . He left the program for the film industry , starring in films such as Taxi ( 2004 ) and Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) . Following his film career , Fallon returned to television as the host of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on NBC studios in 2009 , where he became well known for his emphasis on music and video games . He moved from that program to become the sixth permanent host of the long-running The Tonight Show in 2014 . In addition to his television work , Fallon has released two comedy albums and five books ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kris_Allen', 'summary': "Kristopher Neil Allen ( born June 21 , 1985 ) is an American musician , singer and songwriter from Conway , Arkansas , and the winner of the eighth season of American Idol . Prior to Idol , he self-released a 2007 album , Brand New Shoes . Allen 's Idol coronation song , No Boundaries and his version of Heartless both charted within the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 . Allen 's post-Idol self-titled album was released on November 17 , 2009 , by Jive Records . The album debuted at number eleven on the U.S . Billboard 200 . The album 's lead single , Live Like We 're Dying , was released on September 21 , 2009 , and peaked at number eighteen in the U.S. with combined sales of over 1.7 million . Allen 's second major-label album Thank You Camellia was released on May 22 , 2012 , and the lead single The Vision of Love was released March 26 , 2012 . Allen released his fifth studio album , Letting You In , on March 18 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': 'Josh Brolin , Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Brolin', 'summary': "Joshua James Brolin ( /ˈbroʊlɪn/ ; born February 12 , 1968 ) is an American actor . Brolin has appeared in films such as The Goonies ( 1985 ) , Mimic ( 1997 ) , Hollow Man ( 2000 ) , Grindhouse ( 2007 ) , No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) , American Gangster ( 2007 ) , W. ( 2008 ) , Milk ( 2008 ) , True Grit ( 2010 ) , Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) , Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) , Sicario ( 2015 ) , Hail , Caesar ! ( 2016 ) , and Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) . Brolin began portraying the role of Marvel Comics supervillain Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , making his first appearance in Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) . [ a ] He appeared in the mid-credits scene of Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and reprised the role as the primary antagonist in both Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . Brolin has been nominated at the Academy Awards , Screen Actors Guild Awards , Critics ' Choice Movie Awards and Independent Spirit Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Driver', 'summary': "Donald Jerome Driver ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Alcorn State University , Driver was picked by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He spent his entire 14-season NFL career with the Packers and holds the franchise 's all-time records for most career receptions and receiving yards . Driver was a member of the Packers team that won Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers . Every year in Cleveland , Driver holds the Donald Driver Football Camp for local kids which is held at the Cleveland High School Football field . Upon retirement , he won season 14 of Dancing with the Stars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peta_Murgatroyd', 'summary': 'Peta Jane Murgatroyd ( born 14 July 1986 ) is a New Zealand-born American professional Latin dancer . She performed in the international tour of the dance production Burn the Floor , including its Broadway run . She is best known for her appearances on the American edition of Dancing with the Stars , which she and her partners have won twice .'}]}, {'value': 'May 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Costner , Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas , William Levy & Cheryl Burke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Costner', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Costner ( born January 18 , 1955 ) is an American actor , director , producer , and musician . His accolades include two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , one Primetime Emmy Award , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . Costner began his acting career with Sizzle Beach , U.S.A. ( 1981 ) . Following a few minor supporting parts , he rose to prominence with his portrayal of Eliot Ness in The Untouchables ( 1987 ) . This was followed by a successful period in his career with starring roles in No Way Out ( 1987 ) , Bull Durham ( 1988 ) , Field of Dreams ( 1989 ) , Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) , for which he won two Academy Awards , JFK ( 1991 ) , Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) , The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) , and A Perfect World ( 1993 ) . In 1995 , Costner starred in and co-produced Waterworld . The most expensive film ever made at the time , it was a box office disappointment ( which nonetheless made a small profit ) that marked a downturn in his career . His second directorial feature , The Postman , ( 1997 ) was another failure . He has since starred in a string of unsuccessful films as a leading man including ; Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) , For Love of the Game ( 1999 ) , Thirteen Days ( 2000 ) , 3000 Miles to Graceland ( 2001 ) , Dragonfly ( 2002 ) , Rumor Has It ( 2005 ) , The Guardian ( 2006 ) , Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) , 3 Days to Kill ( 2014 ) , McFarland , USA ( 2015 ) , Draft Day ( 2014 ) , and Criminal ( 2016 ) . Nevertheless , in recent years he has had supporting parts in critically favored films including The Upside of Anger ( 2005 ) , Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) , Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) , and The Art of Racing in the Rain ( 2019 ) . On television , Costner portrayed Devil Anse Hatfield in the miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Since 2018 , he stars as John Dutton on drama series Yellowstone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins', 'summary': "Katherine Maria Jenkins OBE ( born 29 June 1980 ) is a Welsh mezzo-soprano singer and songwriter . She is a classical-crossover singer who performs operatic arias , popular songs , musical theatre and hymns . After winning singing competitions in her youth , Jenkins studied at the Royal Academy of Music , modelled and taught voice . She came to wide public attention in 2003 when she sang at Westminster Cathedral in honour of Pope John Paul II 's silver jubilee . Since 2004 , she has released numerous albums that have performed well on British and foreign charts . In both 2005 and 2006 , her albums received Classic Brit Awards as Album of the Year . She has been seen widely in concert , including performing for British troops in Iraq and Afghanistan . She has sung at sporting events , on television shows and in support of many charities . In 2012 , she competed on the U.S. television show Dancing with the Stars , finishing in second place , behind NFL Super Bowl champion Donald Driver ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Ballas', 'summary': 'Mark Alexander Ballas Jr. ( born 24 May 1986 ) is an American dancer , choreographer , singer-songwriter , musician , and actor . Ballas is a professional ballroom dancer on the ABC program Dancing with the Stars . He began competing on the show in season five during the fall of 2007 and was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Choreography in 2011 . Ballas released his first solo CD HurtLoveBox in March 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Levy_(actor)', 'summary': 'William Gutiérrez Levy ( born August 29 , 1980 ) , known professionally as William Levy , is a Cuban-American actor and former model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheryl_Burke', 'summary': "Cheryl Stephanie Burke ( born May 3 , 1984 ) is an American dancer , model and TV host . She is best known for being one of the professional dancers on ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , where she was the first female professional to win the show and the first professional to win twice and consecutively . She has participated in 21 seasons thus far . She came in second on the NBC series I Can Do That . She replaced Abby Lee Miller on Dance Moms in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Paxton , Judith Light , Road Trip Car Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Paxton', 'summary': "William Paxton ( May 17 , 1955 - February 25 , 2017 ) was an American actor and director . He appeared in films such as The Terminator ( 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Near Dark ( 1987 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , True Lies ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , U-571 ( 2000 ) , Vertical Limit ( 2000 ) , Frailty ( 2001 ) , Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , and Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014 ) . He also starred in the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-2011 ) , earning three Golden Globe Award nominations during the show 's run . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Randall McCoy in the History channel miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) . His final film appearance was in The Circle ( 2017 ) , released two months after his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Judith_Light', 'summary': "Judith Ellen Light ( born February 9 , 1949 ) is an American actress , producer , and activist . Light made her professional stage debut in 1970 , before making her Broadway debut in the 1975 revival of A Doll 's House . Her breakthrough role was in the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live from 1977 to 1983 , where she played the role of Karen Wolek . For this role , she won two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . She later starred as Angela Bower in the long-running ABC sitcom Who 's the Boss ? from 1984 to 1992 , and was featured in many other television sitcoms , dramas and films . She played the recurring role of Elizabeth Donnelly in the NBC legal crime drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2002-2010 ) and also played Claire Meade in the ABC comedy-drama Ugly Betty ( 2006-2010 ) , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2007 . She received her first nomination for a Tony Award in 2011 , for her performance in the original Broadway play Lombardi . In 2012 and 2013 , Light won two consecutive Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play , for her performances in Other Desert Cities and The Assembled Parties . From 2013 to 2014 , Light played the role of villainous Judith Brown Ryland in the TNT drama series , Dallas . In 2014 , she began starring as Shelly Pfefferman in the critically acclaimed Amazon Studios dark comedy-drama series Transparent , for which she received Golden Globe , Primetime Emmy , and Critics ' Choice Television Award nominations . In 2019 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Parsons , Pawn Stars , Outdoor Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Parsons', 'summary': "James Joseph Parsons ( born March 24 , 1973 ) is an American actor and producer . Parsons is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory ( 2007-2019 ) . He has received several awards for his performance , including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy . In 2018 , Forbes estimated his annual salary to be $ 26.5 million and named him the world 's highest-paid television actor . Parsons made his Broadway debut in 2011 portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play The Normal Heart , for which he shared a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance . He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the play , and received his seventh Emmy nomination , this time in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie . In film , Parsons has voiced the lead character in Home ( 2015 ) and played supporting roles in Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) and Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pawn_Stars', 'summary': "Pawn Stars is an American reality television series , shown on History , and produced by Leftfield Pictures . The series is filmed in Las Vegas , Nevada , where it chronicles the daily activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , a 24-hour family business opened in 1989 and originally operated by patriarch Richard Old Man Harrison , his son Rick Harrison , Rick 's son Corey Big Hoss Harrison , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin Chumlee Russell . The series , which became the network 's highest rated show and the No . 2 reality show behind Jersey Shore , debuted on July 26 , 2009 . The series depicts the staff 's interactions with customers , who bring in a variety of artifacts to sell or pawn , and who are shown haggling over the price and discussing its historical background , with narration provided by either the Harrisons or Chumlee . The series also follows the interpersonal conflicts among the cast . One reviewer referencing these conflicts described the show as a version of Antiques Roadshow hijacked by American Chopper 's Teutul family . TV Guide has offered a similar description , calling the show one part Antiques Roadshow , a pinch of LA Ink and a dash of COPS . Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also regularly appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned , two of whom have gone on to their own spin-off programs . Antique restorer/metal artist Rick Dale is the star of the series ' first spin-off , American Restoration , which premiered in October 2010 , and mechanic/auto restoration expert Danny The Count Koker stars in the second spin-off , Counting Cars , which debuted August 13 , 2012 . The show 's 16th season premiered January 21 , 2019 , in a new hour-long format ."}]}], 'section_title': 'LIVE ! with Kelly ( 2011-2012 ) -- May 2012', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_24)_9', 'intro': "This is a list of Live! with Regis and Kelly and Live! with Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 24th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as an Inbox segment."} | null | null | What was the estimated annual salary of the guest whose host is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos ? | 26.5 million |
0b522db6d11326b0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE', 'title': 'List of companies traded on the JSE', 'header': ['Stock symbol', 'Company', 'Notes', 'External link'], 'data': [{'value': 'FVT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairvest Property Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'commercial and residential property management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Property_management', 'summary': 'Property management is the operation , control , maintenance , and oversight of real estate and physical property . This can include residential , commercial , and land real estate . Management indicates the need of real estate to be cared for and monitored , with accountability for and attention its useful life and condition considered . This is much akin to the role of management in any business . Property management is also the management of personal property , equipment , tooling , and physical capital assets that are acquired and used to build , repair , and maintain end item deliverables . Property management involves the processes , systems , and manpower required to manage the life cycle of all acquired property as defined above including acquisition , control , accountability , responsibility , maintenance , utilization , and disposition . An owner of a single-family home , condominium , or multi-family building may engage the services of a professional property management company . The company will then advertise the rental property , handle tenant inquiries , screen applicants , select suitable candidates , draw up a lease agreement , conduct a move in inspection , move the tenant ( s ) into the property and collect rental income . The company will then coordinate any maintenance issues , supply the owner ( s ) with financial statements and any relevant information regarding the property , etc .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FBR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Famous Brands Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Famous_Brands_Limited', 'summary': "Famous Brands Limited is a public company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange ( JSE ) in South Africa . Its head offices are in Midrand , Johannesburg . The company is Africa 's leading quick-service and casual dining restaurant franchisor . The company 's global footprint of franchised stores spreads across the world , totaling 2782 stores ( 2017 ) : South Africa 2270 , Swaziland 6 , Mauritius 21 , Mozambique 3 , Zimbabwe 9 , Malawi 11 , Angola 7 , Zambia 42 , Botswana 35 , Namibia 50 , Kenya 7 , Ghana 1 , Ethiopia 1 , Nigeria 125 , Sudan 6 , Oman 1 , UAE 8 , Saudi Arabia 1 , Egypt 5 , Greece 1 , Ireland 6 and United Kingdom 166 ( 2017 ) . Besides its core business activities of quick service and casual dining , the company is also involved in manufacturing and logistics with a focus on owning and managing the back-end supply chain of its restaurants ."}]}, {'value': 'various restaurant franchises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restaurant_franchises', 'summary': "A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand , central management , and standardized business practices . They have come to dominate the retail and dining markets , and many service categories , in many parts of the world . A franchise retail establishment is one form of chain store . In 2004 , the world 's largest retail chain , Walmart , became the world 's largest corporation based on gross sales . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'famousbrands.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FRT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faritec Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'information technology , business consulting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Information_technology', 'summary': 'Information technology ( IT ) is the use of computers to store , retrieve , transmit , and manipulate data or information . IT is typically used within the context of business operations as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies . IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology ( ICT ) . An information technology system ( IT system ) is generally an information system , a communications system or , more specifically speaking , a computer system - including all hardware , software and peripheral equipment - operated by a limited group of users . Humans have been storing , retrieving , manipulating , and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC , but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review ; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology does not yet have a single established name . We shall call it information technology ( IT ) . Their definition consists of three categories : techniques for processing , the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making , and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs . The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks , but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones . Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology , including computer hardware , software , electronics , semiconductors , internet , telecom equipment , and e-commerce . [ a ] Based on the storage and processing technologies employed , it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development : pre-mechanical ( 3000 BC - 1450 AD ) , mechanical ( 1450-1840 ) , electromechanical ( 1840-1940 ) , and electronic ( 1940-present ) . This article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Business_consulting', 'summary': 'A business consultant ( from Latin consultare , to discuss ) is a professional who provides professional or expert advice in a particular area such as security ( electronic or physical ) , management , accountancy , law , human resources , marketing ( and public relations ) , finance , engineering , science or any of many other specialized fields . A consultant is usually an expert or a professional in a specific field and has a wide area of knowledge in a specific subject . Consultants can save their clients time , increase revenue , and maintain resources . The role of a consultant outside the medical sphere ( where the term is used specifically for a grade of doctor ) can fall under one of two general categories :'}]}, {'value': 'faritec.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firstrand Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FirstRand_Bank', 'summary': 'FirstRand Limited , also referred to as FirstRand Group is the holding company of FirstRand Bank , and is a financial services provider in South Africa . It is one of the financial services providers licensed by the Reserve Bank of South Africa , the national banking regulator .'}]}, {'value': 'banking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banking', 'summary': 'A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit . Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets . Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country , banks are highly regulated in most countries . Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities . In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards , known as the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties - notably , the Medicis , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds - have played a central role over many centuries . The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank .'}]}, {'value': 'firstrand.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FIU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Uranium Corporation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'uranium and gold mining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uranium', 'summary': 'Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92 . It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table . A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons , of which 6 are valence electrons . Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable ; the half-lives of its naturally occurring isotopes range between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years . The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 ( which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth ) and uranium-235 ( which has 143 neutrons ) . Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements . Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead , and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten . It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil , rock and water , and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite . In nature , uranium is found as uranium-238 ( 99.2739-99.2752% ) , uranium-235 ( 0.7198-0.7202% ) , and a very small amount of uranium-234 ( 0.0050-0.0059% ) . Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle . The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.47 billion years and that of uranium-235 is 704 million years , making them useful in dating the age of the Earth . Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gold', 'summary': 'Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au ( from Latin : aurum ) and atomic number 79 , making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally . In its purest form , it is a bright , slightly reddish yellow , dense , soft , malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically , gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native ) form , as nuggets or grains , in rocks , in veins , and in alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver ( as electrum ) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium . Less commonly , it occurs in minerals as gold compounds , often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ) . Gold is resistant to most acids , though it does dissolve in aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid , which dissolves silver and base metals , a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects , giving rise to the term acid test . Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys , but this is not a chemical reaction . A relatively rare element , gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other arts throughout recorded history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mining', 'summary': "Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth , usually from an ore body , lode , vein , seam , reef or placer deposit . These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner . Ores recovered by mining include metals , coal , oil shale , gemstones , limestone , chalk , dimension stone , rock salt , potash , gravel , and clay . Mining is required to obtain any material that can not be grown through agricultural processes , or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory . Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum , natural gas , or even water . Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times . Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies , analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine , extraction of the desired materials , and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed . Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact , both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed . Hence , most of the world 's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact . Work safety has long been a concern as well , and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines . Levels of metal recycling are generally low . Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up , some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products ."}]}, {'value': 'firsturanium.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FCPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foord Compass Limited-Debentures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'financial services , debentures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Financial_services', 'summary': 'Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry , which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money , including credit unions , banks , credit-card companies , insurance companies , accountancy companies , consumer-finance companies , stock brokerages , investment funds , individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises . Financial services companies are present in all economically developed geographic locations and tend to cluster in local , national , regional and international financial centers such as London , New York City , and Tokyo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Debentures', 'summary': "In corporate finance , a debenture is a medium- to long-term debt instrument used by large companies to borrow money , at a fixed rate of interest . The legal term debenture originally referred to a document that either creates a debt or acknowledges it , but in some countries the term is now used interchangeably with bond , loan stock or note . A debenture is thus like a certificate of loan or a loan bond evidencing the fact that the company is liable to pay a specified amount with interest . Although the money raised by the debentures becomes a part of the company 's capital structure , it does not become share capital . Senior debentures get paid before subordinate debentures , and there are varying rates of risk and payoff for these categories . Debentures are freely transferable by the debenture holder . Debenture holders have no rights to vote in the company 's general meetings of shareholders , but they may have separate meetings or votes e.g . on changes to the rights attached to the debentures . The interest paid to them is a charge against profit in the company 's financial statements . The term debenture is more descriptive than definitive . An exact and all-encompassing definition for a debenture has proved elusive . The English commercial judge , Lord Lindley , notably remarked in one case : Now , what the correct meaning of debenture is I do not know ."}]}, {'value': 'foordcompass.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foschini Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foschini_Group', 'summary': 'Foschini Group is a South African clothing retail company . Foschini Group are headquartered in Parow , Cape Town . In 2015 , they bought the British chain Phase Eight . In March 2016 , they bought the British chain Whistles with its 46 shops . In 2017 , the company acquired Australian retail company Retail Apparel Group from Navis Capital Partners .'}]}, {'value': 'trading group ; lifestyle goods , fashion , jewelry , sporting goods , apparel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trade', 'summary': "Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another , often in exchange for money . Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market . An early form of trade , barter , saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services . [ need quotation to verify ] Barter involves trading things without the use of money . When either bartering party started to involve precious metals , these gained symbolic as well as practical importance . [ citation needed ] Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange , such as money . As a result , buying can be separated from selling , or earning . The invention of money ( and later of credit , paper money and non-physical money ) greatly simplified and promoted trade . Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade , while trade involving more than two traders is called multilateral trade . In one modern view , trade exists due to specialization and the division of labor , a predominant form of economic activity in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production , but use their output in trades for other products and needs . Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a comparative advantage ( perceived or real ) in the production of some trade-able commodity - including production of natural resources scarce or limited elsewhere . For example : different regions ' sizes may encourage mass production ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fashion', 'summary': 'Fashion is a popular aesthetic expression at a certain time and in a certain context , especially in clothing , footwear , lifestyle , accessories , makeup , hairstyle and body proportions . Whereas a trend often connotes a very specific aesthetic expression , and often lasting shorter than a season , fashion is a distinctive and industry-supported expression traditionally tied to the fashion season and collections . Style is an expression that lasts over many seasons and is often connected to cultural movements and social markers , symbols , class and culture ( ex . Baroque , Rococo , etc. ) . According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu , fashion connotes the latest fashion , the latest difference . Even though they are often used together , the term fashion differs from clothes and costume , where the first describes the material and technical garment , whereas the second has been relegated to special senses like fancy-dress or masquerade wear . Fashion instead describes the social and temporal system that activates dress as a social signifier in a certain time and context . Philosopher Giorgio Agamben connects fashion to the current intensity of the qualitative moment , to the temporal aspect the Greek called kairos , whereas clothes belong to the quantitative , to what the Greek called chronos . Exclusive brands aspire for the label haute couture , but the term is technically limited to members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture in Paris . With increasing mass-production of consumer commodities at cheaper prices , and with global reach , sustainability has become an urgent issue amongst politicians , brands and consumers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jewelry', 'summary': 'Jewellery or jewelry ( American English ; see spelling differences ) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment , such as brooches , rings , necklaces , earrings , pendants , bracelets , and cufflinks . Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes . From a western perspective , the term is restricted to durable ornaments , excluding flowers for example . For many centuries metal , often combined with gemstones , has been the normal material for jewellery , but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used . It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact - with 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery . The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived ; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times , while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle , important in other cultures , are much less common . Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials . Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral , precious metals , beads , and shells have been widely used , and enamel has often been important . In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol , for its material properties , its patterns , or for meaningful symbols . Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part , from hairpins to toe rings , and even genital jewellery . The patterns of wearing jewellery between the sexes , and by children and older people can vary greatly between cultures , but adult women have been the most consistent wearers of jewellery ; in modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture . The word jewellery itself is derived from the word jewel , which was anglicised from the Old French jouel , and beyond that , to the Latin word jocale , meaning plaything .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sporting_goods', 'summary': 'Sporting equipment , also called sporting goods , has various forms depending on the sport , but it is essential to complete the sport . The equipment ranges from balls , to nets , and to protective gear like helmets . Sporting equipment can be used as protective gear or as tool used to help the athletes play the sport . Over time , sporting equipment has evolved because sports have started to require more protective gear to prevent injuries . [ citation needed ] Sporting equipment may be found in any department store .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apparel', 'summary': 'Clothing ( also known as clothes , apparel and attire ) is items worn on the body . Clothing is typically made of fabrics or textiles but over time has included garments made from animal skin or other thin sheets of materials put together . The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies . The amount and type of clothing worn depends on gender , body type , social , and geographic considerations . Clothing serves many purposes : it can serve as protection from the elements , rough surfaces , rash-causing plants , insect bites , splinters , thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment . Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions , and they can provide a hygienic barrier , keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body . Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation . Wearing clothes is also a social norm , and being deprived of clothing in front of others may be embarrassing . In most parts of the world , not wearing clothes in public so that genitals , breasts or buttocks are visible could be considered indecent exposure .'}]}, {'value': 'foschini.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TFG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foschini Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foschini_Group', 'summary': 'Foschini Group is a South African clothing retail company . Foschini Group are headquartered in Parow , Cape Town . In 2015 , they bought the British chain Phase Eight . In March 2016 , they bought the British chain Whistles with its 46 shops . In 2017 , the company acquired Australian retail company Retail Apparel Group from Navis Capital Partners .'}]}, {'value': 'retail services , financial services', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retail', 'summary': "Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit . Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain . The term retailer is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of many individuals , who are end-users , rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale , corporate or government clientele . Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products . Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods , including necessities such as food and clothing ; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity . Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing : it does not always result in a purchase . Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history , dating back to antiquity . Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers . Over the centuries , retail shops were transformed from little more than rude booths to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era . Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store , the market to be served , the optimal product assortment , customer service , supporting services and the store 's overall market positioning . Once the strategic retail plan is in place , retailers devise the retail mix which includes product , price , place , promotion , personnel , and presentation . In the digital age , an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels , including both bricks and mortar and online retailing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Financial_services', 'summary': 'Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry , which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money , including credit unions , banks , credit-card companies , insurance companies , accountancy companies , consumer-finance companies , stock brokerages , investment funds , individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises . Financial services companies are present in all economically developed geographic locations and tend to cluster in local , national , regional and international financial centers such as London , New York City , and Tokyo .'}]}, {'value': 'tfg.co.za', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestone Property Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'a property fund that has merged with Emira Property Fund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Property_fund', 'summary': 'A real estate investment trust ( REIT ) is a company that owns , and in most cases operates , income-producing real estate . REITs own many types of commercial real estate , ranging from office and apartment buildings to warehouses , hospitals , shopping centers , hotels and timberlands . Some REITs engage in financing real estate . REITs can be publicly traded on major exchanges , publicly registered but non-listed , or private . The two main types of REITs are equity REITs and mortgage REITs ( mREITs ) . In November 2014 , equity REITs were recognized as a distinct asset class in the Global Industry Classification Standard by S & P Dow Jones Indices and MSCI . The key statistics to examine the financial position and operation of a REIT are net asset value ( NAV ) , funds from operations ( FFO ) , and adjusted funds from operations ( AFFO ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'F', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of companies traded on the JSE. The original compilation of the list was done in February 2006. It is in the process of being updated.'} | null | null | Where were these industries originated that this financial group licensed by the national banking regulator specializes in ? | Renaissance Italy |
0b5237717e5b9f05 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Gospel_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Performing artists', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take_6', 'summary': 'Take 6 is an American a cappella gospel sextet formed in 1980 on the campus of Oakwood College in Huntsville , Alabama . The group integrates jazz with spiritual and inspirational lyrics . Take 6 has received Grammy Awards as well as Dove Awards , a Soul Train Award and nominations for the NAACP Image Award . The band has worked with Ray Charles , Nnenna Freelon , Gordon Goodwin , Don Henley , Whitney Houston , Al Jarreau , Quincy Jones , k.d . lang , Queen Latifah , The Manhattan Transfer , Brian McKnight , Luis Miguel , Marcus Miller , Joe Sample , Ben Tankard , CeCe Winans , and Stevie Wonder . All original members grew up in the Seventh-day Adventist church .'}]}, {'value': 'So Much 2 Say', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/So_Much_2_Say', 'summary': "So Much 2 Say , released in 1990 on Reprise Records , is a Gospel music album by the American contemporary Gospel music group Take 6 . 'So Much 2 Say won Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album at the 33rd annual Grammy Awards in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': "The Winans - Return The Richard Smallwood Singers - Portrait Edwin Hawkins - Face to Face Daryl Coley - He 's Right On Time/Live from Los Angeles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Winans', 'summary': 'The Winans are an American Gospel music quartet from Detroit , Michigan consisting of brothers Marvin , Carvin , Michael and Ronald Winans .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daryl_Coley', 'summary': "Daryl Lynn Coley ( October 30 , 1955 - March 15 , 2016 ) was an American Christian singer . At 14 , Coley was a member of the ensemble Helen Stephens and the Voices of Christ . He began performing with Edwin Hawkins in the Edwin Hawkins Singers and then worked with James Cleveland , Tramaine Hawkins , Sylvester , Pete Escovedo and others . Albums of his include Just Daryl , He 's Right On Time : Live From Los Angeles , When The Music Stops and others ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'BeBe & CeCe Winans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BeBe_&_CeCe_Winans', 'summary': "BeBe & CeCe Winans are an American gospel music brother and sister duo . BeBe and CeCe Winans are the seventh and eighth of the Winans family 's ten children , most of whom have had gospel music careers . Together , they have received several awards , including three Grammys ."}]}, {'value': 'Different Lifestyles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Different_Lifestyles', 'summary': "Different Lifestyles is the fourth album released by brother and sister duo BeBe & CeCe Winans , released in the summer of 1991 . The album featuring the singles 'Addictive Love and a cover of The Staple Singers ' I 'll Take You There featuring Mavis Staples . Both singles topped the R & B charts . Rapper MC Hammer also made an appearance on the single The Blood at the height of his career . It was one of the Top Ten albums featured on CCM Magazine 's CCM Presents : The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music . Different Lifestyles also won the Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album award at the 1992 Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Helen Baylor - Look a Little Closer Witness - Mean What You Say The Rance Allen Group - Phenomenon Ricky Dillard 's New Generation Chorale - The Promise", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Witness_(Gospel_quartet)', 'summary': 'Witness was a contemporary gospel group from Detroit , Michigan . Often called the female version of Commissioned , an all-male contemporary gospel group , they were the brainchild of and chiefly produced by Michael A. Brooks , an original member and producer of Commissioned .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rance_Allen_Group', 'summary': "The Rance Allen Group is a gospel music group formed in Monroe , Michigan , and based in Toledo , Ohio . The group 's incorporation of rock and soul into traditional gospel music prefigures the crossover success of such artists as Amy Grant , Andrae Crouch , and The Winans . The Rance Allen Group was formed by vocalist , guitarist , pianist , and songwriter Rance Allen ( b. Monroe , Michigan ) with his brothers Tom ( drums ) and Steve ( bass guitar ) ; another brother , Esau ( percussionist ) , joined the group on an intermittent basis . :256 During an appearance at a gospel talent contest in Detroit , Michigan , they came to the attention of one of the judges , record promoter Dave Clark , who worked for Stax Records . :255-256 The group was the first to be signed to the Stax imprint Gospel Truth , and they recorded for the Stax organization throughout the 1970s . :256 In 1972 , the group appeared in the documentary film Wattstax . :270 Following this appearance , the group was named Best Religious Group by the National Association of Television and Radio Announcers ( NATRA ) . :272 David Porter co-produced the group 's 1975 album A Soulful Experience , for which he wrote an autobiographical song , Just Found Me . :363 The group 's incorporation of rock and soul into traditional black gospel music prefigures the crossover success of such artists as Amy Grant , Andrae Crouch , and The Winans . In 1978 , the group had a Top 30 R & B hit , I Belong to You . The group released Miracle Worker in spring 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Dillard', 'summary': 'Ricky Rydell Dillard ( born February 25 , 1965 in Chicago ) is an American gospel music singer .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mervyn Warren ( producer ) & Various Artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mervyn_Warren', 'summary': "Mervyn Edwin Warren ( born February 29 , 1964 ) is an American film composer , record producer , music conductor , music arranger , lyricist , songwriter , pianist , and vocalist . Warren is a five-time Grammy Award winner and a 10-time Grammy Award nominee . Warren has written the underscore and songs for many feature and television films and has written countless arrangements in a variety of musical styles for producers Quincy Jones , David Foster , Arif Mardin , and dozens of popular recording artists , including extensive work on Jones ' Back on the Block , Q 's Jook Joint , and Q : Soul Bossa Nostra . Warren has also produced numerous jazz , pop , R & B , contemporary Christian , and gospel artists , typically arranging those recordings , often performing on them ( on piano , keyboards , or vocals ) , and often writing or co-writing the melodies and lyrics . Warren is best known as an original member of the a cappella vocal group Take 6 , for having composed the underscore to the number-1 film The Wedding Planner ( 2001 ) , for producing and arranging songs for the hit film Sister Act 2 ( 1993 ) , and for producing and arranging most of the soundtrack to the 1996 Whitney Houston film The Preacher 's Wife - the best-selling Gospel album of all time ."}]}, {'value': "Handel 's Messiah : A Soulful Celebration", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Handel's_Messiah:_A_Soulful_Celebration", 'summary': "Handel 's Messiah : A Soulful Celebration is a gospel album by various artists , released in 1992 on Warner Alliance . Executive produced by Norman Miller , Gail Hamilton and Mervyn Warren , it is a reinterpretation of the 1741 oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel , and has been widely praised for its use of multiple genres of African-American music , including spirituals , blues , ragtime , big band , jazz fusion , R & B and hip hop . The album received the 1992 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album , as well as the 1992 Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year . In 1993 , the various recording artists participating in the project were collectively nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Gospel Artist . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Daryl Coley - When the Music Stops Al Green - Love is Reality The Richard Smallwood Singers - Testimony Vickie Winans - The Lady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daryl_Coley', 'summary': "Daryl Lynn Coley ( October 30 , 1955 - March 15 , 2016 ) was an American Christian singer . At 14 , Coley was a member of the ensemble Helen Stephens and the Voices of Christ . He began performing with Edwin Hawkins in the Edwin Hawkins Singers and then worked with James Cleveland , Tramaine Hawkins , Sylvester , Pete Escovedo and others . Albums of his include Just Daryl , He 's Right On Time : Live From Los Angeles , When The Music Stops and others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Green', 'summary': "Albert Leornes Greene ( born April 13 , 1946 ) , often known as The Reverend Al Green , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer ; he best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s , including Take Me to the River , Tired of Being Alone , I 'm Still in Love with You , Love and Happiness , and his signature song , Let 's Stay Together . After an incident in which his girlfriend committed suicide , Green became an ordained pastor and turned to gospel music . He later returned to secular music . Green was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 . He was referred to on the museum 's site as being one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music . He has also been referred to as The Last of the Great Soul Singers . Green is the winner of 11 Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . He has also received the BMI Icon award and is a Kennedy Center Honors recipient . He was included in the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , ranking at No . 65 , as well as its list of the 100 Greatest Singers , at No . 14 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vickie_Winans', 'summary': 'Vickie Winans ( born Viviane Bowman ; October 18 , 1953 ) is an American Gospel recording artist .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'The Winans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Out', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanessa Bell Armstrong - Something on the Inside The Richard Smallwood Singers - Live Helen Baylor - Start All Over Angie & Debbie - Angie and Debbie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Bell_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Vanessa Bell Armstrong ( born October 2 , 1953 ) is a gospel singer who released her debut album Peace Be Still in 1983 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Angie_&_Debbie', 'summary': "Angie & Debbie was an contemporary gospel music gospel duo composed of siblings Angelique Winans-Caldwell and Debra Renee Winans-Lowe , members of the well-known Winans family . Scoring minor success in the 1990s , the pair released two albums , including the Bold which created controversy due to Angie & Debbie 's conservative views on homosexuality . In 1994 , the duo received a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Join the Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Join_the_Band_(Take_6_album)', 'summary': 'Join the Band , released in 1994 on Reprise Records , is a Gospel music album by the American contemporary Gospel music group Take 6 . Join the Band was the recipient of the 37th annual Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Save the World Helen Baylor - The Live Experience Commissioned - Matters of the Heart Tramaine Hawkins - To a Higher Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commissioned_(gospel_group)', 'summary': 'Commissioned is a Grammy and Stellar award nominated , American , urban contemporary gospel group . The group recorded twelve albums over a period of seventeen years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matters_of_the_Heart_(Commissioned_album)', 'summary': 'Matters Of The Heart , released in 1994 on Benson Records , is a gospel music album by American contemporary gospel music group Commissioned . It was the last album with the original line-up of the group : Fred Hammond and Michael Williams left after this album .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'CeCe Winans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CeCe_Winans', 'summary': 'Priscilla Marie Winans Love , known professionally as CeCe Winans , /ˈwaɪnænz/ ( born October 8 , 1964 ) is an American gospel singer who has won 12 Grammy Awards and sold over 12 million records worldwide . She is the best-selling female gospel artist of all time , as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alone In His Presence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - More Than a Melody Anointed - The Call Various Artists - Motown Comes Home Doug Williams - Heartsongs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anointed', 'summary': "Anointed is a contemporary Christian music duo from Columbus , Ohio , known for their strong vocals and harmonies , featuring siblings Steve Crawford and Da'dra Crawford Greathouse , along with former members Nee-C Walls ( who left the group in 2001 ) and Mary Tiller ( who left in 1995 ) . Their musical style includes elements of R & B , pop , rock , funk and piano ballads . The group has won seven Dove Awards , two Stellar Awards and three Grammy Award nominations . The group has also been featured on several Christian compilation albums such as Real Life Music , 1996 and WOW The 90s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doug_Williams_(musician)', 'summary': 'Douglas LeAllen Doug Williams ( born September 3 , 1956 ) is an American music artist . He started his solo music career , in 1995 , with the release of gospel album , Heartsongs , that was released by Blackberry Records . The album got him a Grammy Award nomination at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards for the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album . His second album , When Mercy Found Me , was released in 2003 , with the backing of Blackberry Records releasing the project . His third album , Good Graces , was released in 2005 by Orchard Records . The first two of these album charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin & the Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Franklin', 'summary': "Kirk Dewayne Franklin ( born January 26 , 1970 ) is an American choir director , gospel musician , singer , songwriter , and author . He is best known for leading urban contemporary gospel choirs such as The Family , God 's Property , and One Nation Crew ( 1NC ) among many others ; and has won numerous awards , including 15 Grammy Awards . Variety dubbed Franklin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel ."}]}, {'value': "Whatcha Lookin ' 4", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Whatcha_Lookin'_4", 'summary': "Whatcha Lookin ' 4 is an American Gospel music album released in April 30 , 1996 by Kirk Franklin & the Family on GospoCentric Records ."}]}, {'value': "Yolanda Adams - Live in Washington Helen Baylor - Love Brought Me Back Hezekiah Walker , Yolanda Adams and Fred Hammond - Shakin ' the House ... Live In L.A . The Winans - Heart & Soul", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_(Take_6_album)', 'summary': 'Brothers , is an album by the American contemporary Gospel group Take 6 , issued in 1996 on Reprise Records . The album rose to No . 18 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Oleta Adams - Come Walk With Me Andrae Crouch - Pray Donnie McClurkin - Donnie McClurkin Marvin Sapp - Grace And Mercy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleta_Adams', 'summary': "Oleta Adams ( born May 4 , 1953 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and pianist . Her album Circle of One received much critical acclaim , and eventually peaked at # 1 in the UK in 1991 after her biggest hit to date with her Grammy-nominated cover of Brenda Russell 's Get Here ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrae_Crouch', 'summary': "Andraé Edward Crouch /ˈɑːndreɪ/ ( July 1 , 1942 - January 8 , 2015 ) was an American gospel singer , songwriter , arranger , record producer and pastor . Referred to as the father of modern gospel music by contemporary Christian and gospel music professionals , Crouch was known for his compositions The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power , My Tribute ( To God Be the Glory ) and Soon and Very Soon . He collaborated on some of his recordings with artists , such as Stevie Wonder , El DeBarge , Philip Bailey , Chaka Khan , Sheila E. and vocal group Take 6 , and many recording artists covered his material , including , Bob Dylan , Barbara Mandrell , Paul Simon , Elvis Presley and Little Richard . In the 1980s and 1990s , he was known as the go to producer for superstars who sought a gospel choir sound in their recordings , appearing on a number of recordings , including Michael Jackson 's Man In the Mirror , Madonna 's Like a Prayer , and The Power , a duet between Elton John and Little Richard . Crouch was noted for his talent of incorporating contemporary secular music styles into the gospel music he grew up with . His efforts in this area helped pave the way for early American contemporary Christian music during the 1960s and 1970s . Crouch 's original music arrangements were heard in the films The Color Purple , for which he received an Oscar nomination , and Disney 's The Lion King , as well as the NBC television series Amen . Awards and honors received by him include seven Grammy Awards , induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1998 , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donnie_McClurkin', 'summary': 'Donald Andrew Donnie McClurkin , Jr. ( born November 9 , 1959 ) is an American gospel singer and minister . He has won three Grammy Awards , ten Stellar Awards , two BET Awards , two Soul Train Awards , one Dove Award and one NAACP Image Awards . He is one of the top selling Gospel music artists , selling over 10 million albums worldwide . Variety dubbed McClurkin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Sapp', 'summary': 'Bishop Marvin Louis Sapp ( born January 28 , 1967 ) is an American Gospel music singer-songwriter who recorded with the group Commissioned during the 1990s before beginning a record-breaking solo career . Sapp is also the founder and senior pastor of Lighthouse Full Life Center Church , located in Grand Rapids , Michigan . He recorded Perfect Peace in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Nu Nation Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Nu_Nation_Project', 'summary': "The Nu Nation Project is the fifth studio album by Kirk Franklin . It is his last album with The Family and God 's Property , the first to feature One Nation Crew , and the only one to feature Nu Nation . Its sequel entitled Something About the Name Jesus , Pt . 2 featuring Rance Allen , Marvin Winans , John P. Kee & Isaac Carree is on his 2011 album , Hello Fear . It was released on September 22 , 1998 , and won the 1998 Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Songs From The Heart Karen Clark-Sheard - Finally Karen Fred Hammond & Radical For Christ - Pages Of Life - Chapters I & II CeCe Winans - Everlasting Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karen_Clark-Sheard', 'summary': "Karen Valencia Clark-Sheard ( born November 15 , 1960 ) is an American Grammy Award-winning gospel singer , musician , and songwriter . Clark-Sheard is best known as the youngest member of the American gospel group The Clark Sisters . Clark-Sheard is the mother of contemporary gospel singer and actress Kierra Kiki Sheard . During the hiatus of the Clark Sisters , Clark-Sheard rose to fame after she recorded her critically acclaimed and much anticipated solo album Finally Karen , which spawned her hit , Balm in Gilead ( a re-recording of a song she originally recorded as part of The Clark Sisters back in the 1980s for their Heart & Soul album ) the R & B-flavored Just For Me and Nothing Without You - a contemporary duet with R & B diva Faith Evans . Finally Karen became one of the most successful gospel albums of 1998 earning Sheard a Grammy nomination and earning her a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best Female Vocalist After her debut album success and much touring , Clark-Sheard was hospitalized in 2001 after one of her blood vessels burst during a minor surgery , resulting in doctors giving her a 2% chance of survival . Her testimony inspired the title name for her long-awaited sophomore project , 2nd Chance released in 2002 , featuring a Secret Place - which is now considered a classic amongst fans . Clark-Sheard recorded two more live albums , including The Heavens Are Telling and It 's Not Over ( which featured some studio recordings ) , before releasing All in One , Clark-Sheard 's first all-studio-recorded album in 13 years . The album debuted at # 3 on the U.S . Billboard Gospel Chart and # 98 on Billboard 's Top 200 albums chart , while its first single Prayed Up has so far peaked at # 10 on the U.S . Billboard Gospel Songs chart . Singers Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , Faith Evans , Coko of SWV , Jovan Lacroix , Blu Cantrell , Lil ' Mo , Missy Elliott , and Fantasia all count Clark-Sheard as one of their vocal influences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2000 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1999 . Santana was the main recipient with eight Grammys , tying Michael Jackson 's record for most awards won in a single night . Santana 's album Supernatural was awarded a total of nine awards . American teen singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera were both nominated for Best New Artist , ultimately won by Aguilera ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mountain High ... Valley Low', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_High..._Valley_Low', 'summary': "Mountain High . Valley Low is an album by the gospel singer Yolanda Adams released by Elektra Records . Several singles were released from Mountain High . The set leads with the Warryn Campbell-produced Yeah , which was co-written by gospel duo Mary Mary who springboarded from the song to gain their own fame . The most notable single was the second release , Open My Heart , which became a massive crossover fixture on R & B radio . Both of the singles had accompanying music videos . Remixers like Maurice Joshua , Digital Black-N-Groove , Pound Boys , and Junior Vasquez were brought in to turn both of these songs into dance club-friendly material . The Things We Do and Fragile Heart were also serviced to radio and fared well on adult contemporary stations . The album stands as Adams 's best-selling to date , having sold more than 2,374,000 copies and being certified double-platinum by the RIAA . The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight - Many Different Roads Take 6 - So Cool Winans Phase 2 - We Got Next CeCe Winans - His Gift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winans_family', 'summary': 'The Winans family is a U.S. family of gospel music artists from Detroit , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 43rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 21 , 2001 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Several artists earned three awards on the night : Steely Dan 's haul included Album of the Year for Two Against Nature ; U2 took home the Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Beautiful Day ; Dr. Dre won Producer of the Year , Non-Classical and Best Rap Album for Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ; Eminem himself also received three awards , out of four nominations ; Faith Hill took home Best Country Album for the album Breathe , Best Female Country Vocal Performance for the song 's title track and for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Tim McGraw for Let 's Make Love . Madonna opened the show with Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Mary & Warryn Campbell ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Mary', 'summary': "Mary Mary are a female American gospel duo composed of sisters Erica Atkins-Campbell and Trecina Atkins-Campbell . Formed in 1998 , Mary Mary was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling debut album , Thankful ( 2000 ) , which contained the hit single Shackles ( Praise You ) . Their followup album Incredible ( 2002 ) , reached number one on the Top Gospel Albums chart . Their self-titled third album , Mary Mary ( 2005 ) , which contains themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , contains the worldwide hits Heaven , The Real Party , and Yesterday . Their fourth album The Sound ( 2008 ) spawned the number-one singles Get Up and God in Me . In 2011 , they released their fifth studio album Something Big and followed up with a compilation album Go Get It in 2012 before going on hiatus . In March 2012 , they premiered their own television series , Mary Mary , on WE tv . Mary Mary has sold more than eight million records worldwide to date . The duo have been nominated for eleven Grammy Awards , winning four times including once Best Gospel Performance and for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album . The duo are often credited for broadening the fan base of urban contemporary gospel in the 2000s by introducing elements of soul music , hip hop , funk and jazz . The group 's name is inspired by two famous Marys from the Bible : Mary , mother of Jesus , and Mary Magdalene . They also performed at the White House in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warryn_Campbell', 'summary': 'Warryn Stafford Campbell II ( born August 21 , 1975 ) is an American record producer . He has worked with a number of gospel , hip hop and R & B artists . Campbell originally got his start as a session musician and producer under the tutelage of DJ Quik on his third album Safe + Sound .'}]}, {'value': 'Thankful', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thankful_(Mary_Mary_album)', 'summary': 'Thankful is the debut studio album by American duo Mary Mary . It was released on May 2 , 2000 through Columbia Records in the United States . Chiefly produced by Warryn Campbell , the album comprises urban contemporary gospel , R & B and hip hop soul music . It produced the smash crossover hit Shackles ( Praise You ) , which reached the top-ten in seven countries and the single I Sings , which was also a significant hit - although it did not match the success of its predecessor . Thankful established Mary Mary as one of the leading artists in contemporary Christian music , and won the duo the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album at the 43rd awards ceremony as well as a Dove Award , a Lady of Soul Award , and a Stellar Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond & Radical For Christ - Purpose By Design Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Family Affair BeBe Winans - Love & Freedom CeCe Winans - Alabaster Box', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BeBe_Winans', 'summary': 'Benjamin BeBe Winans ( born September 17 , 1962 ) is an American gospel and R & B singer . He is a member of the noted Winans family , most members of which are also gospel artists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CeCe_Winans', 'summary': 'Priscilla Marie Winans Love , known professionally as CeCe Winans , /ˈwaɪnænz/ ( born October 8 , 1964 ) is an American gospel singer who has won 12 Grammy Awards and sold over 12 million records worldwide . She is the best-selling female gospel artist of all time , as of 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabaster_Box_(album)', 'summary': "Alabaster Box is the 1999 album by award winning gospel artist CeCe Winans . This was the first album on Winans ' own label , Wellspring Gospel ( later renamed Puresprings Gospel ) . Winans described the album as an experimental album for the label before any new artists were signed . Despite the mistakes made with the album , it did very well on the charts and included a duet with Take 6 . In comparison to Winans ' past albums , this one takes more of a worship flair with a few R & B tracks ( such as Without Love ) . Gospel artist Fred Hammond also took a production turn on the album ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 44th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The main recipient was Alicia Keys , winning five Grammys , including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for Fallin ' . U2 won four awards including Record of the Year and Best Rock Album . while opening the show with a performance of Walk On ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams ; Benjamin J. Arrindell , Biff Dawes , Derek Lewis ( engineers )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Experience', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Experience_(Yolanda_Adams_album)', 'summary': "The Experience is a 2001 live album by gospel singer Yolanda Adams . The album also includes a two covers of R. Kelly 's I Believe I Can Fly : one studio version featuring R & B vocalist Gerald Levert , and a live solo version . Both were released as singles . The album was nominated for and won a Grammy for Best Soul Gospel album the following year ( the second win for Adams ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond - In Case You Missed It And Then Some Tramaine Hawkins - Still Tramaine Angie Winans - Melodies from the Heart Kim Burrell - Live In Concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tramaine_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Tramaine Aunzola Richardson , ( nee Davis ) known professionally as Tramaine Hawkins ( born October 11 , 1951 ) , is an American award-winning Gospel singer whose career spans over five decades . Since beginning her career in 1966 , Hawkins has won two Grammy Awards , two Doves , and 19 Stellar Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Burrell', 'summary': 'Kimberly Kim Burrell is an American gospel singer from Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Eartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eartha_(musician)', 'summary': 'Eartha , born Eartha Moore in Los Angeles , California , is an American female eclectic , alternative soul singer , songwriter , and musician . The 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) sultry raspy-voice contralto who sports a honey-blonde buzz cut has garnered much attention in the underground club , urban , and indie circles . While her musical style is a hybrid of many and evades categorization , she credits her biological mother Zinna Moore , Stevie Wonder and Donny Hathaway as her main musical influences . Eartha , who is signed to indie label AFRT Music , founded by identical twins , Grammy Award-winning producers Glaurys Ariass and Helsa Ariass , debuted her first release This I Know in 2000 . The fourteen track release captured a great deal of attention . As a result of the positive feedback on the Love Jones track , she released the Maxi-Single Love Jones , which consists of five mixes in 2001 . She then followed up with her sophomore project Sidebars in 2002 , for which Earthas unique vocal style earned her two Grammy Award nominations and a win . She continued to write and contribute with musicians and producers , at times as a ghostwriter . On September 21 , 2010 , Eartha released her third CD album Ink Dry Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Sidebars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond - Speak Those Things : POL Chapter 3 BeBe Winans - Live and Up Close Deitrick Haddon - Lost and Found Commissioned - The Commissioned Reunion Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deitrick_Haddon', 'summary': "Deitrick Vaughn Haddon ( born May 17 , 1973 ) is an American gospel singer , songwriter , music producer , pastor , and actor . He is best known for progressive gospel , and contemporary styles of music . He is also one of the cast members in Oxygen 's reality television show Preachers of L.A ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commissioned_(gospel_group)', 'summary': 'Commissioned is a Grammy and Stellar award nominated , American , urban contemporary gospel group . The group recorded twelve albums over a period of seventeen years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Commissioned_Reunion_Live', 'summary': 'The Commissioned Reunion Live , released on April 23 , 2002 , on Verity Records , is a gospel music album by the American contemporary gospel music group Commissioned .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'Donnie McClurkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donnie_McClurkin', 'summary': 'Donald Andrew Donnie McClurkin , Jr. ( born November 9 , 1959 ) is an American gospel singer and minister . He has won three Grammy Awards , ten Stellar Awards , two BET Awards , two Soul Train Awards , one Dove Award and one NAACP Image Awards . He is one of the top selling Gospel music artists , selling over 10 million albums worldwide . Variety dubbed McClurkin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel .'}]}, {'value': '... Again', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. D. Jakes & Various Artists - Follow The Star Ann Nesby - Make Me Better Kirk Whalum - The Gospel According To Jazz Chapter II Vickie Winans - Bringing It All Together', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ann_Nesby', 'summary': 'Ann Nesby ( born Lula Ann Bennett ; July 24 , 1955 ) is an American R & B , gospel and dance music singer and actress . She is the former lead singer of Sounds of Blackness ; a songwriter with credits including hits sung by Patti Labelle and Gladys Knight ; plus she co-starred in the 2003 romance musical The Fighting Temptations with Cuba Gooding Jr. and Beyoncé Knowles . Nesby had various appearances on the hit television series American Idol . In 2000 , she duetted with Al Green on Put It on Paper . Nesby has been nominated four times since her departure from Sounds of Blackness , most recently for her 2007 album This Is Love ; plus the lead single I Apologize was nominated for a Grammy at the 2008 Grammy Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Whalum', 'summary': "Kirk Whalum ( born July 11 , 1958 ) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter . He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single I Will Always Love You , the best-selling single by a female artist in music history . He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums , most often playing on the singer 's covers of older pop and R & B standards such as Anyone Who Had a Heart , I ( Who Have Nothing ) , and Love Wo n't Let Me Wait . Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks , with music ranging from pop to R & B to smooth jazz . His musical accomplishments have brought him a total of 12 Grammy nominations . He won his first Grammy award in 2011 for Best Gospel Song ( It 's What I Do , featuring Lalah Hathaway ) alongside lifelong friend and writer Jerry Peters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vickie_Winans', 'summary': 'Vickie Winans ( born Viviane Bowman ; October 18 , 1953 ) is an American Gospel recording artist .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Smokie Norful', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smokie_Norful', 'summary': 'Rev . W.R. Smokie Norful , Jr. is an American gospel singer and pianist , best known for his 2002 album , I Need You Now and his 2004 release , Nothing Without You , which won a Grammy at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 2004 . Norful received his second Grammy in 2015 at the 57th Annual Grammy awards for his song No Greater Love , ten years after winning his first .'}]}, {'value': 'Nothing Without You', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tonéx & The Peculiar People - Out the Box Israel and New Breed - Live From Another Level Various Artists - Bishop T. D. Jakes Presents He-Motions Fred Hammond - Somethin ' 'Bout Love", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonéx', 'summary': 'Anthony Charles Williams II ( born ( 1975-05-16 ) May 16 , 1975 ) , better known by his stage name B.Slade , formerly known under the gospel moniker Tonéx ( /ˈtoʊneɪ/ TOH-nay ) , is an American singer , songwriter , actor , multi-instrumentalist , rapper , dancer , producer , and activist from San Diego , CA . He has gone by various names and aliases , but his primary stage name of choice had for years been Tonéx . In 2010 , he began using the stage name B.Slade in order to rebrand himself . Williams has released several hundred songs on dozens of albums over the span of his career , while producing several others for both gospel and secular artists . He has won six Stellar Awards , a GMA Award , and received 2 Grammy nominations : one for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album for his 2004 gold album , Out the Box and another in 2009 for Best Urban/Soul Alternative Performance for his single , Blend , from his 2009 mainstream ( albeit theoretically Gospel ) album , Unspoken . Known more for his gospel recordings , his musical efforts have been known to blend a smorgasbord of styles , including pop , R & B , jazz , soul , funk , hip hop , rock , Latin , electro , punk and trance . His primary influences include Stevie Wonder , Billy Joel , Prince , Michael Jackson , Walter Hawkins , David Bowie , and Janet Jackson . His distinct sound and eclectic style of music led him to give his music its own genre per se , calling it Nureau .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Out_the_Box_(Tonéx_album)', 'summary': "Out The Box is the first live album and third major release by American Gospel music singer Tonéx . It was recorded Live on September 19 , 2003 at The San Diego Civic Theater . The single Work On Me reached # 3 on Billboard 's Hot Gospel Songs chart . Out the Box is Certified Platinum selling well over 980,000 copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Israel_Houghton', 'summary': 'Israel Houghton ( /ˈhoʊtən/ ; born May 19 , 1971 ) is an American Christian music singer , songwriter , producer and worship leader . Houghton is usually credited as Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'CeCe Winans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purified', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purified_(album)', 'summary': "Purified is the seventh solo album by gospel artist CeCe Winans . This album was released under her own label , Pursprings Gospel . The singles Pray and All That I Need were released in July in anticipation of the album 's release . Winans ' nephew , Mario Winans , produced the hit single Pray while her son , Alvin Love III , helped write three songs on the album ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Day By Day Mary Mary - Mary Mary J. Moss - The J.Moss Project BeBe Winans - Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Day_by_Day_(Yolanda_Adams_album)', 'summary': "Day By Day is an album by gospel singer Yolanda Adams . The single Victory was featured in the movie The Gospel . The single Be Blessed won a Grammy award for Best Gospel Performance . Someone Watching Over You was also released as a single , and a music video was released for This Too Shall Pass ( a song originally recorded as a duet with Crystal Lewis on the 1996 compilation album Sisters : The Story Goes On ) . Yolanda says of the title of her album in an interview , I let my listener know that it 's a process . That once you decide , 'Look , God I want you to lead my life , I want you to . take me through the hard stuff . it does n't just start automatically . And you do n't just leap like Superman to the next spiritual level . It does n't work like that . It 's a day by day journey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/49th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 49th Annual Grammy Awards was a ceremony honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning September 15 , 2005 and ending September 14 , 2006 in the United States . The awards were handed out on Sunday , February 11 , 2007 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The Dixie Chicks were the night 's biggest winners winning a total of five awards . Mary J. Blige received the most nominations , with eight . Don Henley was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year two nights prior to the show on February 9 , 2007 . The show won an Emmy for Outstanding Lighting Direction ( electronic , multicamera ) for VMC Programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hero_(Kirk_Franklin_album)', 'summary': 'Hero is the eighth album by Kirk Franklin , released October 4 , 2005 on GospoCentric Records . Hero was certified as Gold by the RIAA on December 2 , 2005 ( 2005-12-02 ) and Platinum on December 14 , 2006 ( 2006-12-14 ) . In 2007 Hero won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album and Imagine Me won the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Song .'}]}, {'value': 'Myron Butler & Levi - Set Me Free Israel and New Breed - A Timeless Christmas Kierra Sheard - This Is Me Tye Tribbett & G.A . - Victory Live !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myron_Butler_&_Levi', 'summary': "Levi is the four time Stellar Award reincarnate of the gospel choir , God 's Property of the 1997 Kirk Franklin hit Stomp . Under the direction of singer-songwriter and music producer Myron Butler , the group has gained a Grammy nomination for its debut release Set Me Free and critical acclaim for its second album , Stronger ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Israel_Houghton', 'summary': 'Israel Houghton ( /ˈhoʊtən/ ; born May 19 , 1971 ) is an American Christian music singer , songwriter , producer and worship leader . Houghton is usually credited as Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A_Timeless_Christmas', 'summary': 'A Timeless Christmas is a Christmas album released in 2006 by Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kierra_Sheard', 'summary': "Kierra Valencia Kiki Sheard ( born June 20 , 1987 in Detroit , Michigan ) is an American gospel singer , fashion designer , and radio host . She is the daughter of gospel singer Karen Clark Sheard ( member of gospel singing group The Clark Sisters ) and the granddaughter of gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark . Sheard portrayed Litha in the 2010 Christian-drama film Preacher 's Kid . After appearing on her mother 's albums , Sheard broke to the music scene with the release of her debut album I Owe You in 2004 . Her hit single You Do n't Know was written about her mother 's bout with an almost fatal blood clot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tye_Tribbett', 'summary': "Tyrone Tye Tribbett ( born January 26 , 1976 ) is a Grammy award-winning American gospel music singer , songwriter , keyboardist , choir director and founder of the Grammy-nominated and Stellar Award-winning gospel group Tye Tribbett & G.A . ( short for 'Greater Anointing . ' )"}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 50th Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 10 , 2008 . It honored musical achievement of 2007 in which albums were released between October 1 , 2006 through September 30 , 2007 . The primary ceremonies were televised in the US on CBS ; however , as has become the custom , most of the awards were handed out during a pre-telecast portion of the show held at the Los Angeles Convention Center and broadcast on XM Satellite Radio . Two nights prior to the show Aretha Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year . The year 's big winner was Amy Winehouse : the 24-year-old singer had recently entered a drug rehabilitation program and did not come to Los Angeles . American officials initially refused her a work visa ; they reversed the decision , but by then it was too late for her to make the trip from the UK . She became the fifth female solo artist to get five awards in one night , alongside Lauryn Hill , Norah Jones , Alicia Keys and Beyoncé . The golden anniversary of the Grammys and NARAS was noted in references and performances throughout this year 's ceremony . Alicia Keys was the evening 's opening musician , singing and playing piano alongside archived video and audio of Frank Sinatra . Other collaborative performances linking contemporary and past musicians included Beyoncé with Tina Turner , Rihanna with The Time , classical pianist Lang Lang with jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and inaugural Grammy winner Keely Smith with Kid Rock . Special recognition of the musical contributions of The Beatles also featured . The Foo Fighters won Best Rock Album , and performed their nominated song The Pretender in a highly collaborative performance that involved a social media selection of classical musicians ( the My Grammy Moment YouTube contest was won by violinist Ann Marie Calhoun ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Free to Worship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_to_Worship', 'summary': 'Free to Worship is an album from contemporary gospel singer Fred Hammond . The album was recorded on April 14 , 2006 , and released on October 31 , 2006 through Verity Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Coko - Grateful J. Moss - V2 Trin-i-Tee 5:7 - T57 Marvin Winans - Alone But Not Alone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coko', 'summary': 'Cheryl Elizabeth Gamble ( formerly Clemons ; born June 13 , 1970 ) , better known by her stage name Coko , is an American R & B recording artist and television personality . Gamble is best known as the lead singer of the American R & B vocal trio Sisters With Voices ( SWV ) . Aside from her R & B career , Gamble also has a solo gospel career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trin-i-Tee_5:7', 'summary': "Trin-i-tee 5:7 is an American gospel girl group formed in 1997 . The original lineup composed of Chanelle Haynes , Angel Taylor , and Terri Brown-Britton . The group was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling debut album , Trin-i-tee 5:7 ( 1998 ) , which contained the top-charting gospel single God 's Grace . The album became certified gold . Despite critical and commercial success , the group experienced a lineup change when as Terri Brown left the group in 1999 . In mid-1999 , Adrian Anderson was added to the group and they released their second album , Spiritual Love . In 2002 , they followed up with the release of The Kiss . Their fourth album T57 ( 2007 ) earned a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album . The album spawned the top-charting singles : Listen and Get Away . Following the departure of Anderson in 2010 , Trin-i-tee 5:7 moved forward as duo and released their sixth album Angel & Chanelle ( 2011 ) . Trin-i-tee 5:7 has sold more than 2.5 million records worldwide to date , and is recognized as one of the most successful contemporary gospel acts of their era . They were also ranked as the tenth Top Gospel Artist of the Year by Billboard , in 2002 and 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/T57', 'summary': 'T57 is the fifth album of gospel group , Trin-i-tee 5:7 . The album was released September 18 , 2007 , on Spirit Rising Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Winans', 'summary': "Marvin Lawrence Winans ( born March 5 , 1958 ) is an American pastor and gospel singer , and a member of the musical Winans family . He is also known for his recurring role in the hit show Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 8 , 2009 . Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night , winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed album Raising Sand . Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill , Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Beyoncé Knowles , and Amy Winehouse . Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight . The awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fight of My Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fight_of_My_Life_(album)', 'summary': 'The Fight of My Life is the ninth Gospel album by Kirk Franklin on GospoCentric Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Champion - Reflections Mary Mary - The Sound The Murrills - Donald Lawrence Introduces : Family Prayer Tye Tribbett & G.A . - Stand Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Champion', 'summary': 'Jason Lamar Champion ( born May 1 , 1973 ) is an American gospel musician . He started his music career , in 1992 , with the group , Men at Large , but he left the group in 2007 . The impetus for him was his burgeoning and newly blossoming relationship with Jesus Christ . He signed to EMI CMG , in 2008 , which at the time was owned by Sony Music Entertainment . His first and only album to date , Reflections , was released in 2008 . This album charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart , and he got a Grammy Award nomination for it at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album category .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Sound_(Mary_Mary_album)', 'summary': "The Sound is the fifth studio album by American duo Mary Mary . It was released on October 21 , 2008 by Columbia Records . The Sound saw Mary Mary explore different genres , with fewer songs containing their signature contemporary R & B sound . As with their previous albums , they worked with Warryn Campbell on the majority of the album . In advance of the album 's release , the duo released a promotional song entitled A Mother 's Smile in conjunction with a Mother 's Day promotion with Colgate . The official lead single Get Up was released on July 15 , 2008 and won Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance at the 2009 51st Grammy Awards . The album was also nominated for a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tye_Tribbett', 'summary': "Tyrone Tye Tribbett ( born January 26 , 1976 ) is a Grammy award-winning American gospel music singer , songwriter , keyboardist , choir director and founder of the Grammy-nominated and Stellar Award-winning gospel group Tye Tribbett & G.A . ( short for 'Greater Anointing . ' )"}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards took place on January 31 , 2010 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles . Neil Young was honored as the 2010 MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29 , two days prior to the Grammy telecast . Nominations announced on December 2 , 2009 . The show was moved to January to avoid competing against the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Only ten of the 109 awards were received during the broadcast . The remaining awards were given during the un-televised portion of the ceremony which preceded the broadcast . Beyoncé , who also received the most nominations , with ten , won a total of six awards breaking the record for most wins by a female artist in one night . Taylor Swift won four while The Black Eyed Peas , Jay-Z and Kings of Leon won three . Artists who won two awards include A. R. Rahman , Colbie Caillat , Eminem , Kanye West , Lady Gaga , Maxwell , Jason Mraz and Rihanna . Judas Priest , AC/DC , and Imogen Heap each won a Grammy for the first time in their careers . Taylor Swift 's Fearless was awarded the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , the youngest to win the award at age 20 . Use Somebody by rock band Kings of Leon won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year , while Single Ladies by songwriters Thaddis Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart , was honored with Grammy Award for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Heather Headley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heather_Headley', 'summary': 'Heather Headley ( born October 5 , 1974 ) is a Trinidadian-American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . She won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the titular role of Aida . She also won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album for her album Audience of One . In 2018 , she recurred as Gwen Garrett on the NBC medical drama television series Chicago Med .'}]}, {'value': 'Audience of One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audience_of_One_(album)', 'summary': "Audience of One is the third studio album by the Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley . It was released by the EMI Christian Music Group on January 13 , 2009 in the Unites States , following Headley 's transition from RCA Records . It is a collection of cover versions of popular gospel hymns as well as original songs , chiefly produced by Keith Thomas . It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards . In addition , Audience of One was nominated for a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheri Jones-Moffett - Renewed J. Moss - Just James Smokie Norful - Smokie Norful : Live Kierra Sheard - Bold Right Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheri_Jones-Moffett', 'summary': 'Sheri Jones-Moffett ( born November 30 , 1974 Sheri LeTrice Jones ) , is an American gospel musician . She started her music career , in 1992 , with the Tri City Singers , which was a group assembled and led by Donald Lawrence . Her solo career got started in 2009 with Renewed that was released by EMI Gospel . She got a Grammy Award nomination for Renewed at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album category . She released the second album , Power & Authority , in 2014 by Motown Gospel . These albums both chart on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smokie_Norful', 'summary': 'Rev . W.R. Smokie Norful , Jr. is an American gospel singer and pianist , best known for his 2002 album , I Need You Now and his 2004 release , Nothing Without You , which won a Grammy at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 2004 . Norful received his second Grammy in 2015 at the 57th Annual Grammy awards for his song No Greater Love , ten years after winning his first .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kierra_Sheard', 'summary': "Kierra Valencia Kiki Sheard ( born June 20 , 1987 in Detroit , Michigan ) is an American gospel singer , fashion designer , and radio host . She is the daughter of gospel singer Karen Clark Sheard ( member of gospel singing group The Clark Sisters ) and the granddaughter of gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark . Sheard portrayed Litha in the 2010 Christian-drama film Preacher 's Kid . After appearing on her mother 's albums , Sheard broke to the music scene with the release of her debut album I Owe You in 2004 . Her hit single You Do n't Know was written about her mother 's bout with an almost fatal blood clot ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year .', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Gospel_Album_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality gospel albums incorporating contemporary R&B music. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position. In 1991, the award originated as Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album, and renamed in 2007. Previously, a similar award, the Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary, was given from 1978 to 1983. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is presented to a newly recorded album with at least fifty-one percent R&B Gospel vocal tracks. A solo artist with a choir or chorus is eligible when the choir/chorus provides backing on what is considered an album for the solo artist. The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012 forward, recordings in this category have been shifted to the Best Gospel Album category.'} | null | null | How many records has the artist with the album Alone In His Presence sold ? | over 12 million |
0b538a823c8a2292 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Norwegian_counties', 'title': 'List of highest points of Norwegian counties', 'header': ['Rank', 'County', 'Name', 'Type', 'Elevation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oppland', 'summary': 'Oppland [ ˈɔ̂plɑn ] ( listen ) was until 1 January 2020 a county in Norway bordering to the counties of Trøndelag , Møre og Romsdal , Sogn og Fjordane , Buskerud , Akershus , Oslo and Hedmark . The county administration was located in Lillehammer . Oppland was , together with Hedmark , one of the only two landlocked counties of Norway . Oppland and Hedmark counties were merged together on 1 January 2020 to become the new county Innlandet . Innlandet was one of several names proposed for the new administrative region consisting of Hedmark and Oppland . The two counties were re-merged after being split in 1781 ( then called Hedemarkens amt and Kristians amt , respectively ) . Historically , the region was commonly known as Opplandene .'}]}, {'value': 'Galdhøpiggen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galdhøpiggen', 'summary': 'Galdhøpiggen is the tallest mountain in Norway , Scandinavia and Northern Europe , at 2,469 m ( 8,100 ft ) above sea level . It is in the municipality of Lom ( in Oppland ) , in the Jotunheimen mountain area .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,469 m ( 8,100 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sogn og Fjordane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane', 'summary': 'Sogn og Fjordane ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈsɔŋn ɔ ˈfjûːɾɑnə ] ( listen ) , English : Sogn and Fjordane ) was up to 1 January 2020 a county in western Norway , when it was merged to become part of Vestland county . Bordering previous counties Møre og Romsdal , Oppland , Buskerud , and Hordaland , the county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger municipality . The largest town in the county was Førde . Although Sogn og Fjordane has some industry , predominantly hydroelectricity and aluminium , it is predominantly an agricultural area . Sogn og Fjordane is also home to the Urnes Stave Church and the Nærøyfjord , which are both listed by UNESCO as world heritage sites . The Western Norway University of Applied Sciences has campuses in Sogndal and Førde .'}]}, {'value': 'Store Skagastølstind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Store_Skagastølstind', 'summary': "Store Skagastølstind ( also known as Storen ) is the third highest peak in Norway . It is situated on the border between the municipality of Luster and Årdal in Vestland county , Norway . The 2,405-metre ( 7,890 ft ) mountain is part of the Hurrungane range . The mountains Vetle Skagastølstind and Midtre Skagastølstind lie immediately to the north of this mountain and the mountains Sentraltind and Jervvasstind lie immediately to the east of this mountain . The summit is a popular destination for mountaineers , but it is fairly difficult to climb . The first ascent was made by William Cecil Slingsby on 21 July 1876 . There are a number of different routes , the most popular being Heftyes renne ( Heftye 's couloir ) . Another popular route of ascent is via Andrews renne ( Andrew 's couloir ) , used in the first ascent of A. W. Andrews and party in 1899 . Store Skagastølstind and the mountaineering of the late 19th century in Norway is traditionally linked to the historical hotel Turtagrø ."}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,405 m ( 7,890 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedmark', 'summary': "Hedmark ( [ ˈhêːdmɑrk ] ( listen ) ) was a county in Norway before 1 January 2020 , bordering Trøndelag to the north , Oppland to the west and Akershus to the south . The county administration is in Hamar . Hedmark and Oppland counties were merged into Innlandet county on 1 January 2020 , when Norway 's former 19 counties became 10 bigger counties / regions Hedmark made up the northeastern part of Østlandet , the southeastern part of the country . It had a long border with Sweden to the east ( Dalarna County and Värmland County ) . The largest lakes were Femunden and Mjøsa , the largest lake in Norway . Parts of Glomma , Norway 's longest river , flowed through Hedmark . Geographically , Hedmark was traditionally divided into : Hedemarken ( east of the lake Mjøsa ) , Østerdalen ( East Valley north of the town Elverum ) , and Solør / Glåmdalen ( south of Elverum ) and Odal in the very south . Hedmark and Oppland were the only Norwegian counties with no coastline . Hedmark also hosted some events of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games . Hamar , Kongsvinger , Elverum and Tynset were cities in the county . Hedmark was one of the less urbanized areas in Norway ; about half of the inhabitants lived on rural land . The population was mainly concentrated in the rich agricultural district adjoining Mjøsa to the southeast ."}]}, {'value': 'Rondeslottet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rondeslottet', 'summary': 'Rondslottet is the highest mountain in the Rondane mountain range and is also the highest mountain in the county Hedmark .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,178 m ( 7,146 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Møre og Romsdal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Møre_og_Romsdal', 'summary': 'The name Møre og Romsdal was created in 1936 . The first element refers to the districts of Nordmøre and Sunnmøre , and the last element refers to Romsdal . Until 1919 , the county was called Romsdalens amt , and from 1919-1935 Møre fylke . For hundreds of years ( 1660-1919 ) , the region was called Romsdalen amt , after the Romsdalen valley in the present-day Rauma Municipality . The Old Norse form of the name was Raumsdalr . The first element is the genitive case of a name Raumr derived from the name of the river Rauma , i.e . The Dale of Rauma . Raumr may refer to stream or current , or to booming or thundering waterfalls like Sletta waterfall . The name may also refer to Raum the Old , one of the sons of Nór , the eponymous Saga King of Norway . [ citation needed ] [ disputed - discuss ] Since the majority of the residents of the county lived in the Sunnmøre region , there was some controversy over the name . In 1919 , many of the old county names were changed and this county was renamed Møre fylke . The name Møre was chosen to represent the region where the majority of the county residents lived .'}]}, {'value': 'Puttegga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puttegga', 'summary': 'Puttegga or Pyttegga is the highest mountain in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It lies on the border of Fjord Municipality and Rauma Municipality . It is located just 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) northwest of the mountain Karitinden , inside Reinheimen National Park . The nearest village is Tafjord , 14 kilometres ( 8.7 mi ) to the west . The mountain is easily accessed from the cabin Pyttbua to the east , which is maintained by the Norwegian Trekking Association .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,999 m ( 6,558 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sør-Trøndelag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sør-Trøndelag', 'summary': "Sør-Trøndelag Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈsø̂ːrˌtrœndəlɑːɡ ] ( listen ) was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway . It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal , Oppland , and Hedmark . To the west is the Norwegian Sea ( Atlantic Ocean ) , and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden . The county was separated into a northern and southern part by the Trondheimsfjord . Slightly over 200,000 of the county 's population ( or around 55% ) lives in the city of Trondheim and its suburbs . The Norwegian dialect of the region is Trøndersk . The region was divided into two administrative counties in 1804 . In 2016 , the two county councils voted to merge into a single county on 1 January 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Storskrymten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storskrymten', 'summary': 'Storskrymten is a 1,985-metre ( 6,512 ft ) tall mountain in Norway . The top of the mountain is a tripoint for three counties and three municipalities : Oppdal Municipality ( Trøndelag county ) , Sunndal Municipality ( Møre og Romsdal county ) , and Lesja Municipality ( Oppland county ) . The nearest urban areas are the village of Sunndalsøra which is located about 42 kilometres ( 26 mi ) to the northwest , Dombås which is located about 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) to the south , and Oppdal which is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) to the northeast . It is the highest mountain in Trøndelag county as well as the highest mountain in Sunndal municipality . Less than 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) east of Storskrymten is the mountain Litlskrymten which means the little Skrymt . It is located in the Dovrefjell mountains and it is inside the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park . The mountain Salhøa lies about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 mi ) to the southwest , along the Sunndal-Lesja municipal border .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,985 m ( 6,512 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buskerud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buskerud', 'summary': 'Buskerud ( Urban East Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈbʉ̂skərʉː ] ( listen ) ) is a traditional region , a former county and a current electoral district in Norway , bordering Akershus , Oslo , Oppland , Sogn og Fjordane , Hordaland , Telemark and Vestfold . The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Hardangervidda mountain range in the northwest . The county administration was in modern times located in Drammen . Buskerud was merged with Akershus and Østfold into the newly created Viken County on 1 January 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Folarskardnuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folarskardnuten', 'summary': 'Folarskardnuten is the highest point on Hallingskarvet , and is also the highest point in the county Buskerud of Norway . The mountain lies within Hallingskarvet National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,933 m ( 6,342 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nordland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordland', 'summary': 'The county is divided into traditional districts . These are Helgeland in the south ( south of the Arctic Circle ) , Salten in the centre , and Ofoten in the northeast . In the northwest lie the archipelagoes of Lofoten and Vesterålen .'}]}, {'value': 'Oksskolten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oksskolten', 'summary': "Oksskolten ( lit . Bulls Head ) is a mountain in the municipality of Hemnes in Nordland County , Norway . At 1,916-metre ( 6,286 ft ) tall , it is the highest point in Nordland county , the highest in Northern Norway , and has Norway 's eighth largest primary factor . The mountain lies just south of the lake Gresvatnet in the Okstindan mountain range east of the village of Korgen and north of the lake Røssvatnet . The first recorded climb was by Peder Stordal in 1883 . In order to get to the summit , climbers must cross the glacier to the north . The large Okstindbreen glacier lies to the west of the mountain ."}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,916 m ( 6,286 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telemark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telemark', 'summary': "Telemark [ ˈtêːləmɑrk ] ( listen ) is a traditional region , a former county and a current electoral district in Norway . In 2020 the county became part of the larger Vestfold og Telemark county . The region borders the traditional regions and former counties Vestfold , Buskerud , Hordaland , Rogaland and Aust-Agder . Telemark means the mark of the Thelir , the ancient North Germanic tribe that inhabited what is now known as Upper Telemark in the Migration Period and the Viking Age . Historically the name Telemark only referred to Upper Telemark , while the coastal areas of the region were considered separate regions . Upper Telemark or Telemark proper has a varied and often scenic landscape , with many hills , mountains , valleys and lakes . It traditionally lacked cities and is marked by its distinct cultural traditions in regards to language , music , clothing , handcrafts , food , architecture and its traditionally egalitarian farmer society dating back to the Viking Age . It retained Norse culture and linguistic heritage to a larger degree than other regions in Norway , and was historically regarded as the most violent society in Norway . The region resisted both Christianization and later the Reformation longer than other Norwegian regions . It has more buildings from medieval times than any other Norwegian region , and is known as the birthplace of skiing and the Bunad movement . Grenland , the flatter coastal areas is traditionally characterized by its wealthy cities and its involvement in seafaring and trade with the Low Countries , northern Germany and the British Isles , with a more urban and continental culture , also influenced by its closer contact with Denmark . It was also Norway 's most important industrial region since the 16th century , with its ironworks and sawmills ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaustatoppen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaustatoppen', 'summary': "Gaustatoppen is the highest mountain in the county Telemark in Norway which lies in the municipality Tinn and Hjartdal . The view from the summit is impressive , as one can see an area of approximately 60,000 km² , one sixth of Norway 's mainland . The mountain is popular for downhill skiing in winter , and competitions have been held on its slopes . These competitions include the Norseman triathlon , billed as the world 's most brutal iron-distance triathlon . It starts in Eidfjord and finishes at the top of Gaustatoppen . The summit is accessible on foot in the summer , on a rocky pathway of medium difficulty , although the southern side of the mountain is very dangerous and inaccessible . The wreckage of an airplane crash lies there , as it is too difficult to remove it ."}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,883 m ( 6,178 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hordaland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hordaland', 'summary': 'Hordaland ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn ] ( listen ) ) was a county in Norway , bordering Sogn og Fjordane , Buskerud , Telemark , and Rogaland counties . Hordaland was the third largest county after Akershus and Oslo by population . The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality which is located in Bergen . Before 1972 , the city of Bergen was its own separate county apart from Hordaland . On 1 January 2020 , the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county to form the new Vestland county .'}]}, {'value': 'Hardangerjøkulen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardangerjøkulen', 'summary': 'Hardangerjøkulen ( English : Hardanger Glacier ) is the sixth largest glacier in mainland Norway . It is located in the municipalities of Eidfjord and Ulvik in Hordaland county . It is located about 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) northeast of the village of Eidfjord , about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) south of Finse , and about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) west of Haugastøl .'}]}, {'value': 'glacier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glacier', 'summary': "A glacier ( US : /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK : /ˈɡlæsiər , ˈɡleɪsiər/ ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight . A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water . On Earth , 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets ( also known as continental glaciers ) in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent including Oceania 's high-latitude oceanic island countries such as New Zealand . Between 35°N and 35°S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 13 million km2 ( 5 million sq mi ) or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 13.2 million km2 ( 5.1 million sq mi ) , with an average thickness of 2,100 m ( 7,000 ft ) . Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers . The volume of glaciers , not including the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland , has been estimated as 170,000 km3 . Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth ."}]}, {'value': '1,863 m ( 6,112 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troms', 'summary': 'Troms ( pronounced [ trʊms ] ( listen ) or Romsa ( Northern Sami ) or ( unofficially ) Tromssa ( Kven ) ) is a former county in northern Norway . On 1 January 2020 it was merged with the neighboring Finnmark county to create the new Troms og Finnmark county . It bordered Finnmark county to the northeast and Nordland county in the southwest . Norrbotten Län in Sweden is located to the south and further southeast is a shorter border with Lapland Province in Finland . To the west is the Norwegian Sea ( Atlantic Ocean ) . The entire county , which was established in 1866 , is located north of the Arctic Circle . The Troms County Municipality is the governing body for the county , elected by the people of Troms , while the Troms county governor is a representative of the King and Government of Norway . The county had a population of 161,771 in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiehkkevárri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiehkkevárri', 'summary': 'Jiehkkevárri ( alternate spellings : Jiekkevarri , Jiekkevarre , or Jæggevarre ) is a mountain on the border of the municipalities of Lyngen and Tromsø in Troms og Finnmark county , Norway . It is the highest mountain in Troms og Finnmark county and has the second highest prominence ( primary factor ) among Norwegian mountains . The 1,834-metre ( 6,017 ft ) tall mountain sits about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) northeast of the village of Lakselvbukt and about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) southwest of the village of Lyngseidet . The first people known to have climbed it were Geoffrey Hastings ( British ) and Elias Hogrenning ( Norwegian ) in 1899 . Its summit is ice-capped and any ascent involves a crossing of crevassed glaciers . Therefore , climbing it needs guiding by experienced mountaineers . In winter , an experienced ski-mountaineer can traverse Jiehkkevárri in one long day , descending almost from the top via the steep , northeast facing couloir , described by the late Andreas Fransson as a future classic for the new generation of mountain skiers . The descent route is exposed to serac fall from above , and is generally not recommended for ascending .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,833 m ( 6,014 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogaland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogaland', 'summary': "Rogaland is the region 's Old Norse name , which was revived in modern times . During Denmark 's rule of Norway until the year 1814 , the county was named Stavanger amt , after the large city of Stavanger . The first element is the plural genitive case of rygir which is probably referring to the name of an old Germanic tribe ( see Rugians ) . The last element is land which means land or region . In Old Norse times , the region was called Rygjafylki ."}]}, {'value': 'Vassdalseggi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vassdalseggi', 'summary': 'Vassdalseggi is the tallest mountain in Rogaland county , Norway . The 1,658-metre ( 5,440 ft ) tall mountain sits on the border of the municipalities of Vinje ( in Telemark county ) and Suldal ( in Rogaland county ) . Vassdalseggi lies in the Ryfylkeheiane mountains about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) north of the mountain Fitjanuten and about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 mi ) southeast of the mountain Kistenuten .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,658 m ( 5,440 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aust-Agder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aust-Agder', 'summary': "Aust-Agder ( [ ˈæ̂ʉstˌɑɡdər ] ( listen ) , English : East Agder ) was one 18 counties ( fylker ) in Norway up to 1 January 2020 , when it was merged with Vest-Agder to form Agder county . In 2002 , there were 102,945 inhabitants , which was 2.2% of the total population in Norway . Its area was 9,212 square kilometres ( 3,557 sq mi ) . The administrative center of the county was the town of Arendal . The county , which is located at the Skagerrak coast , extended from Gjernestangen at Risør to the Kvåsefjorden in Lillesand . The inner parts of the area included Setesdalsheiene and Austheiene . The majority of the population live near the coast ; about 78% of the county 's inhabitants live in the five coastal municipalities of Arendal , Grimstad , Lillesand , Tvedestrand , and Risør . The rest of the county is sparsely populated . Tourism is important , as Arendal and the other coastal towns are popular attractions . The county includes the larger islands of Tromøya , Hisøya , Justøya , and Sandøya . The interior of the county encompasses the traditional district of Setesdal , through which the river Otra flows to the coast . In 2017 , the Parliament of Norway voted to merge Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder counties into one large region called Agder , effective 1 January 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sæbyggjenuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sæbyggjenuten', 'summary': 'Sæbyggjenuten is a mountain on the border of Aust-Agder and Telemark counties in southern Norway . The 1,507-metre ( 4,944 ft ) tall mountain is the highest point in Bykle municipality as well as for all of Aust-Agder county , and in the whole region of Southern Norway ( Sørlandet ) . The mountain sits on the border of the municipalities of Bykle ( in Aust-Agder county ) and Tokke ( in Telemark county ) . It is located about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) west of Dalen in Telemark and also about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the village of Bykle in Aust-Agder .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,507 m ( 4,944 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nord-Trøndelag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nord-Trøndelag', 'summary': "Nord-Trøndelag ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈnûːrˌtrœndəlɑːɡ ] ( listen ) ; North Trøndelag ) was a county constituting the northern part of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway . The county was established in 1804 when the old Trondhjems amt was divided into two : Nordre Trondhjems amt and Søndre Trondhjems amt . In 2016 , the two county councils voted to merge ( back ) into a single county on 1 January 2018 . As of 1 January 2014 , the county had 135,142 inhabitants , making it the country 's fourth-least populated county . The largest municipalities are Stjørdal , Steinkjer - the county seat , Levanger , Namsos and Verdal , all with between 24,000 and 12,000 inhabitants . The economy is primarily centered on services , although there are significant industries in agriculture , fisheries , hydroelectricity and forestry . It has the lowest gross domestic product per capita of any county in the country . Nord-Trøndelag covered 22,412 square kilometres ( 8,653 sq mi ) , making it the sixth-largest county , and it consisted of 23 municipalities . The district of Innherred runs along the east side of the Trondheimsfjord , and is the most populated area , with much farming . To the south lies the district of Stjørdalen , while in the north , the larger district of Namdalen stretches from the Norwegian Sea to the mountains bordering Sweden . West of the Trondheimsfjord lays Fosen . Nord-Trøndelag bordered Sør-Trøndelag county to the south and Nordland county to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Jetnamsklumpen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jetnamsklumpen', 'summary': 'The first element is from the Southern Sami language word jitneme which means area covered with snow , and the last element is the finite form of Norwegian language word klump which means clump or round mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,519 m ( 4,984 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vest-Agder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vest-Agder', 'summary': 'Vest-Agder [ ˈvɛ̂stˌɑɡdər ] ( listen ) ( West Agder ) was one of 18 counties ( fylker ) in Norway up until 1 January 2020 , when it was merged with Aust-Agder to form Agder county . In 2016 , there were 182,701 inhabitants , around 3.5% of the total population of Norway . Its area was about 7,277 square kilometres ( 2,810 sq mi ) . The county administration was located in its largest city , Kristiansand . Shipping , commerce , and recreation are the main industries here . Compared to other counties of Norway , Vest-Agder is noted for having the highest level of foreign exports . Another international dimension linked to the county is the large-scale emigration to North America that took place from the 1850s and onwards , which resulted in many Americans returning to the county after Norway became prosperous . This feature is particularly predominant in Kvinesdal and Farsund , which maintains strong cultural links with the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Urddalsknuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urddalsknuten', 'summary': 'Urddalsknuten or Urdalsknuten is a mountain that lies on the border of the municipalities of Sirdal in Vest-Agder county and Valle in Aust-Agder county , Norway . The mountain is located in the Setesdalsheiene mountain range , and at 1,434 metres ( 4,705 ft ) , it is the highest mountain in Vest-Agder county . The mountain lies about 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) west of the village of Valle . The lakes Botnsvatnet , Kolsvatnet , and Rosskreppfjorden surround the mountain to the northeast and south and the mountain Bergeheii lies directly to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,434 m ( 4,705 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finnmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finnmark', 'summary': 'Finnmark ( Norwegian : [ ˈfɪ̀nnmɑrk ] ( listen ) , Northern Sami : Finnmárku , Kven : Finmarku ) is a former county in the northern part of Norway . It was dissolved on 1 January 2020 when it was merged with the neighboring county of Troms to form the new Troms og Finnmark county . By land , it bordered Troms county to the west , Finland ( Lapland region ) to the south , and Russia ( Murmansk Oblast ) to the east , and by water , the Norwegian Sea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the northwest , and the Barents Sea ( Arctic Ocean ) to the north and northeast . The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt . Starting in 2002 , it had two official names : Finnmark ( Norwegian ) and Finnmárku ( Northern Sami ) . It was part of the Sápmi region , which spans four countries , as well as the Barents Region , and is the largest and least populated county of Norway . Situated at the northernmost part of continental Europe , where the Norwegian coastline swings eastward , Finnmark is an area where East meets West , in culture as well as in nature and geography . Vardø , the easternmost municipality in Norway , is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul .'}]}, {'value': 'Øksfjordjøkelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Øksfjordjøkelen', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'glacier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glacier', 'summary': "A glacier ( US : /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK : /ˈɡlæsiər , ˈɡleɪsiər/ ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight . A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water . On Earth , 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets ( also known as continental glaciers ) in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent including Oceania 's high-latitude oceanic island countries such as New Zealand . Between 35°N and 35°S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 13 million km2 ( 5 million sq mi ) or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 13.2 million km2 ( 5.1 million sq mi ) , with an average thickness of 2,100 m ( 7,000 ft ) . Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers . The volume of glaciers , not including the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland , has been estimated as 170,000 km3 . Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth ."}]}, {'value': '1,204 m ( 3,950 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akershus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akershus', 'summary': "Akershus ( [ ˈɑ̂ːkəʂˌhʉːs ] ( listen ) ) is a traditional region and current electoral district in Norway , with Oslo as its main city and traditional capital . It is named for Akershus Fortress in Oslo . From the middle ages to 1919 Akershus was a fief and main county that included most of Eastern Norway ; from the 17th century to 2020 Akershus also had a more narrow meaning as a ( sub ) county that included most of the Greater Oslo Region . Originally Akershus was one of four main fiefs in Norway and included almost all of Eastern Norway . The original Akershus became a main county ( Stiftamt or Stift ) in 1662 and was sometimes also known as Christiania Stift . It included several sub counties ( Amt or Underamt ) ; in 1682 its most central areas , consisting of modern Oslo and Akershus , became the sub county of Akershus within the larger main county of the same name . In 1842 the capital city of Christiania , which at the time consisted of a tiny part of modern Oslo , became a separate sub county within Akershus main county . The main county of Akershus was disestablished in 1919 , and the sub county continued as Akershus county ( fylke ) . During its history Akershus ( sub ) county ceded territory to Oslo several times ; Akershus ' most central and important municipality , Aker , was transferred to Oslo in 1948 . The remaining county of Akershus after 1948 borders Hedmark , Oppland , Buskerud , Oslo , and Østfold ; it also has a short border with Sweden ( Värmland ) . Akershus , with a little over 614,000 inhabitants , is the second most populated county by population after Oslo . The county administration is in central Oslo , which is not part of the modern county per se ."}]}, {'value': 'Fjellsjøkampen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fjellsjøkampen', 'summary': 'Fjellsjøkampen is a top in Hurdal , Akershus , Norway . It is the highest point in Akershus .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '812 m ( 2,664 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vestfold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vestfold', 'summary': "Vestfold [ ˈvɛ̂stfɔl ] ( listen ) is a traditional region , a former county and a current electoral district in Eastern Norway . In 2020 the county became part of the much larger county of Vestfold og Telemark . Located on the western shore of the Oslofjord , it bordered the previous Buskerud and Telemark counties . The county administration was located in Tønsberg , Norway 's oldest city , and the largest city is Sandefjord . With the exception of the city-county of Oslo , Vestfold was the smallest county in Norway by area . Vestfold was located west of the Oslofjord , as the name indicates . It included many smaller , but well-known towns in Norway , such as Larvik , Sandefjord , Tønsberg and Horten ; these towns run from Oslo in an almost constant belt of urban areas along the coast , ending in Grenland in neighbouring region Telemark . The river Numedalslågen runs through the county . Many islands are located at the coast . Vestfold is mostly dominated by lowland and is among the best agricultural areas of Norway . Winters last about three months , while pleasant summer temperatures last from May to September , with a July average high of 17 °C ( 63 °F ) . Vestfold was traditionally known for shipping and sailing ."}]}, {'value': 'Vestfjellet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vestfjellet', 'summary': 'Vestfjellet is a mountain in Hof , Vestfold , Norway . It is located one kilometer south of Skibergfjellet , Vestfold Countys highest mountain . At Vestfjellet , which has an elevation of 621 meters , there are panoramic views of Gaustatoppen , Styggemann , Lågen , Eikeren , and lakes such as Hajeren and Øksne .'}]}, {'value': 'mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain', 'summary': 'A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing and skiing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '634 m ( 2,080 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Kjerkeberget', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjerkeberget', 'summary': "Kjerkeberget is a hill in Nordmarka , Oslo , Norway . It is the highest point in the county and municipality of Oslo . It lies on the border of Oslo and the municipality Lunner in Oppland , between the lakes Sandungen in the southeast and Katnosa in the northwest . The first element is kjerke f 'church ' , the last element is the finite form of berg n 'rocky mountain ' . ( Several mountains in Norway are called 'the church ' , because of some likeness in shape with a church ) . The word kjerke is the form in the dialect of the area - in Bokmål kirke , and in Nynorsk kyrkje . During World War II , Milorg used this hill as a site for parachute drops . On 4 October 1942 , Milorg 's District 13 received its first paradrop here . In the paradrop were four people : Tor Helliesen , Jan Allan , Ruben Larsen and Johannes S. Andersen ."}]}, {'value': 'hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hill', 'summary': 'A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain . It often has a distinct summit , although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to the particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit ( e.g. , Box Hill , Surrey ) .'}]}, {'value': '629 m ( 2,064 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Østfold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Østfold', 'summary': "Østfold [ ˈœ̂stfɔl ] ( listen ) is a traditional region , a former county and a current electoral district in southeastern Norway . It borders Akershus and southwestern Sweden ( Västra Götaland County and Värmland ) , while Buskerud and Vestfold are on the other side of Oslofjord . The county 's administrative seat was Sarpsborg . The county controversially became part the newly established Viken County on 1 January 2020 . Many manufacturing facilities are situated here , such as the world 's most advanced biorefinery , Borregaard in Sarpsborg . Fredrikstad has shipyards . There are granite mines in Østfold and stone from these were used by Gustav Vigeland . The county slogan is The heartland of Scandinavia . The local dialect is characterized by its geographical proximity to Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Slavasshøgda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slavasshøgda', 'summary': 'Slavasshøgda is a hill ( elevation 336 meters ) , located in the Norwegian county Østfold , within the borders of the municipality of Rømskog . It is the highest point in Østfold .'}]}, {'value': 'hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hill', 'summary': 'A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain . It often has a distinct summit , although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to the particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit ( e.g. , Box Hill , Surrey ) .'}]}, {'value': '336 m ( 1,102 ft )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of the highest points ( mountains , hills , glaciers ) of all Norwegian counties . Ranked by elevation .', 'uid': 'List_of_highest_points_of_Norwegian_counties_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the highest points (mountains, hills, glaciers) of all Norwegian counties. Ranked by elevation.'} | null | null | Which triathlon ends on top of the 8th highest mountain in Norway ? | Norseman triathlon |
0b53d38cfe5019fc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'title': '2007 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament', 'header': ['Conference', 'Total', 'Schools'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlantic Coast', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson , Florida State , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina , NC State , Virginia , Wake Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Clemson_Tigers_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The Clemson Tigers baseball teams represented Clemson University in Clemson , South Carolina , United States in the sport of college baseball in the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference . The program was established in 1896 , and has continuously fielded a team since 1945 . In this decade , the Tigers reached the College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska three times , reached the Super Regional round an additional four times , and made nine total appearances in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_baseball', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the University of Miami . Since 1973 , the program has been one of college baseball 's elite with 25 College World Series appearances , winning four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001 ) and advancing to the NCAA regionals a record 44 consecutive years . Miami has won 29 NCAA Regional Titles , hosted 27 NCAA Regionals , and in each of their four national championship runs they were a NCAA Regional Host . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 2004-05 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed as an NCAA independent , even during the school 's Big East affiliation in other sports . Miami won its first ever conference championship in baseball when it captured the 2008 ACC Baseball Championship . The Hurricanes play in Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park , on the UM campus , in Coral Gables , Florida . Gino DiMare will serve as the team 's head coach in 2019 after the retirement of longtime head coach Jim Morris following the 2018 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The 2007 North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the 2007 NCAA Division I baseball season . They play their home games at Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium and are members of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels won the ACC tournament title . They made the 2007 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament as the third-overall seed , and advanced to the 2007 College World Series , finishing as the national runner-up .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_baseball', 'summary': "The NC State Wolfpack baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of North Carolina State University , based in Raleigh , North Carolina , United States . The team has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference since the conference 's founding in the 1954 season . The program 's home venue is Doak Field , which opened in 1966 . Elliott Avent has been the head coach of the team since prior to the 1997 season . As of the end of the 2015 season , the Wolfpack have appeared in two College World Series and 27 NCAA Tournaments . They have won four ACC Tournament Championships and four ACC Regular Season Championships . As of the 2015 Major League Baseball season , 44 former Wolfpack players have played in Major League Baseball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_baseball', 'summary': "The Virginia Cavaliers baseball team represents the University of Virginia in NCAA Division I college baseball . Established in 1889 , the team participates in the Coastal division of the Atlantic Coast Conference and plays its home games at Davenport Field . The team 's head coach is Brian O'Connor . The team won the College World Series championship in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_baseball', 'summary': 'The Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball team represents Wake Forest University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . They won the 1955 College World Series . They are coached by Tom Walter .'}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor , Missouri , Nebraska , Oklahoma State , Texas , Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_Bears_baseball', 'summary': 'The Baylor Bears baseball team represents Baylor University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team belongs to the Big 12 Conference and plays home games at Baylor Ballpark . The Bears are currently led by head coach Steve Rodriguez , who was hired in 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Missouri_Tigers_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The following members of the Missouri Tigers baseball program were drafted in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_baseball', 'summary': "The Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball team competes as part of NCAA Division I , representing the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference . The program began play in 1889 . Nebraska has been to 17 NCAA baseball tournaments and advanced to four super regionals ( 2000-02 , 2005 ) and three College World Series ( 2001 , 2002 , 2005 ) . The Cornhuskers have won seven regular season conference championships ( 1929 , 1948 , 1950 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2017 ) and four conference tournament championships ( 1999-2001 , 2005 ) . They have had eighteen 40-win seasons , including nine since 1999 , as well as three 50-win seasons . Nebraska 's all-time record is 2,166-1,573-19 ( .579 ) overall and 830-791-2 ( .512 ) in conference play . Since 1999 , the Cornhuskers are 703-389-2 ( .645 ) . The program 's record in Big 12 play was 215-189-1 ( .533 ) , and is 111-77-1 ( .590 ) through eight years in the Big Ten era . The Cornhuskers won their first Big Ten championship in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_baseball', 'summary': "Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball is the NCAA Division I varsity intercollegiate baseball team of Oklahoma State University , based in Stillwater , Oklahoma , United States . The team competes in the Big 12 Conference . Oklahoma State is widely regarded as one of the most successful and history rich baseball programs of all time . They have won 31 conference championships in baseball , as well as 21 conference tournament championships , as of the end of the 2019 season . The Cowboys have also earned 46 NCAA Tournament bids and have played in 20 College World Series , including seven straight from 1981-87 , with their lone national championship coming in 1959 . The Cowboys ' current head coach is Josh Holliday ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_baseball', 'summary': 'The Texas A & M Aggie baseball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Aggies have competed in the Southeastern Conference since 2013 . The Aggies play home games at Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park . The team is led by head coach Rob Childress .'}]}, {'value': 'Southeastern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas , Ole Miss , Mississippi State , South Carolina , Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_baseball', 'summary': 'The University of Arkansas Razorbacks baseball team , sometimes referred to as the Diamond Hogs , are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and are coached by Dave Van Horn . The program started in 1897 , and is in its 96th season of play ( 72nd consecutive ) in 2019 . Arkansas is one of only four schools in the SEC to turn a profit from its baseball program in recent years , along with SEC Western division rivals LSU , Mississippi State and Ole Miss . Many large schools such as Iowa State , Colorado , and Wisconsin have dropped their baseball programs because of financial losses . The Diamond Hogs have been to 31 NCAA tournaments and ten College World Series : 1979 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2018 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball', 'summary': 'The Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represents the University of Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They are currently coached by Mike Bianco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The 2007 Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team placed 2nd in the SEC WEST and reached the 2007 College World Series . Ron Polk was the coach of the Bulldogs , in his 28th year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_baseball', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team represents the University of South Carolina in NCAA Division I college baseball . South Carolina has perennially been one of the best teams in college baseball since 1970 , posting 32 NCAA Tournament appearances , 11 College World Series berths , 6 CWS Finals appearances and 2 National Championships : 2010 and 2011 . Carolina is one of six schools in NCAA history to win back-to-back titles . Since joining the Southeastern Conference in 1992 , the team has competed in the Eastern division . South Carolina owns a stellar 32-18 record at the CWS , holds the NCAA record for consecutive wins ( 22 ) in the national tournament and the longest win streak ever at the CWS ( 12 in a row from 2010 to 2012 ) in which the Gamecocks played for national titles all three years . The current head coach is Mark Kingston , with Chad Holbrook resigning on June 6 , 2017 . Holbrook took over for Ray Tanner , who was named athletics director at USC after the 2012 season . This follows a string of three consecutive appearances in the national championship series , including two consecutive national championships . During Tanner 's stint as head coach , the Gamecocks also captured three SEC titles , one SEC tournament title , six division titles , six College World Series appearances , and thirteen of their fifteen straight NCAA Tournaments ( longest streak in the SEC at the time ) . Between 2010 and 2012 the Gamecocks set two NCAA records for postseason success : the most consecutive NCAA tournament wins ( 22 ) and the most consecutive wins in the College World Series ( 12 ) . In 2013 , Carolina set the record for consecutive home NCAA tournament wins , with 29 . The team plays its home games at Founders Park , which opened on February 21 , 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball', 'summary': 'The Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team is an American National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college baseball team , and the reigning Division I national champion . From Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee , the team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays its home games on campus at Hawkins Field . The Commodores are coached by three-time National Coach of the Year and three-time SEC Coach of the Year , Tim Corbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UC Irvine , UC Riverside , Cal State Fullerton , Long Beach State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UC_Irvine_Anteaters_baseball', 'summary': "The UC Irvine Anteaters baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of the University of California , Irvine . The team 's home venue is Cicerone Field at Anteater Ballpark located on campus in Irvine , California . UC Irvine baseball has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big West Conference since the start of the 2002 season which was the Anteaters ' first season of play following the university 's decision to revive its baseball program after the sport had been dropped following the 1992 season . The Anteaters won the College Division national championship in 1973 and the Division II national championship in 1974 . Since moving to Division I play they have appeared in the NCAA Tournament eight times and the College World Series twice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/UC_Riverside_Highlanders_baseball', 'summary': "The UC Riverside baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team of the University of California , Riverside , located in Riverside , California , United States . The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big West Conference since the start of the 2002 season . The program 's home venue is the Riverside Sports Complex , located on the university 's campus . Alumnus and former major leaguer Troy Percival was named the program 's head coach ahead of the 2015 season . The program has won two Division II national championships . It has appeared in four Division II College World Series and 12 NCAA Tournaments ( two in Division I ) . It has won eight California Collegiate Athletic Association championships and one Big West Conference championship . As of the start of the 2013 Major League Baseball season , 16 former Highlanders have appeared in Major League Baseball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball', 'summary': "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Beach_State_Dirtbags_baseball', 'summary': 'The Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball team is the college baseball program that represents California State University , Long Beach . Although all Long Beach State sports teams are officially known as the 49ers , the baseball team is typically ( though unofficially ) referred to as the Dirtbags . Their colors are black and gold . Long Beach State ( LBSU ) has competed since 1969 in the NCAA Division I Big West Conference ( BWC ) , known at the time as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association . Before becoming a founding member of the PCAA , LBSU participated in the Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) from 1957 to 1969 , and before that spent three years as an independent team . The Long Beach State baseball team gained national prominence in 1989 , with the hiring of Dave Snow as head coach . The Dirtbags established themselves as one of the strongest teams on the West Coast . From 2010 to present day , more active Major League professional ballplayers are alumni of Long Beach State than any other school . Since 1993 the Dirtbags have played their home games at Blair Field , a semi-professional baseball facility located less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from campus and owned by the city of Long Beach .'}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Carolina , Memphis , Rice , Southern Miss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Carolina_Pirates_baseball', 'summary': 'The East Carolina Pirates baseball team is an intercollegiate baseball team representing East Carolina University in NCAA Division I college baseball and has made regular appearances in the NCAA Tournament , but as of 2019 has yet to appear in the College World Series . East Carolina participates as a full member of the American Athletic Conference . They have won two regular season championships and one tournament as a member of Conference USA , as well as several Colonial Athletic Association and Southern Conference championships previously . The Pirates are coached by Cliff Godwin and play their home games at Clark-LeClair Stadium , named after donor and alumnus Bill Clark and former coach Keith LeClair . Every year , the Pirates host a baseball tournament in Greenville in honor of Coach LeClair called the Keith LeClair Classic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'Memphis Tigers baseball is the varsity intercollegiate team representing the University of Memphis in the sport of college baseball at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The team is led by Daron Schoenrock , and plays its home games at FedExPark on campus in Memphis , Tennessee . The Tigers are members of the American Athletic Conference . Alumni of the program who have been Major League Baseball All-Stars include Tim McCarver and Dan Uggla .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rice_Owls_baseball', 'summary': "The Rice Owls baseball team is the interscholastic baseball team representing Rice University in Houston , Texas , United States . The Owls have appeared often in the NCAA Tournament since the tenure of head coach Wayne Graham began in 1992 . The program has participated in every tournament since 1995 and won the national championship in 2003 , the first national championship for Rice athletics in any team sport . Rice is a member of the NCAA Division I Conference USA . Previously , it has played in the now-defunct Southwest Conference and in the Western Athletic Conference . From 1997-2008 , Rice won 12 consecutive regular season titles in its conference or division . Nine of the championships came in the Western Athletic Conference , while the final three came in Conference USA . The streak ended in 2009 when East Carolina won the regular-season conference title ; however , Rice won the post-season tournament . Rice subsequently won the 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 regular-season C-USA titles . The Owls are coached by Matt Bragga . Rice plays its home games at Reckling Park on the Rice campus in Houston . Rice is also a yearly participant in the Houston College Classic , held since 2001 at the Houston Astros ' Minute Maid Park ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_baseball', 'summary': "The Southern Miss Golden Eagles baseball team represents the University of Southern Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . They participate as a member of Conference USA . The team has been to 16 NCAA Tournaments and served as an NCAA Regional host in 2003 and 2017 . The Southern Miss baseball team has produced 19 All-Americans . and currently has 4 players on Major League rosters . Southern Miss has won five Conference USA Regular Season Championships ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2017 , 2018 ) and five Tournament Championships ( 2003 , 2010 , 2016 , 2018,2019 ) and is the only team in CUSA to participate in every conference baseball tournament since the conference 's inception . The Golden Eagles rich history began in 1912 with a game against the Detroit Tigers , a contest which Southern Miss lost by a score of 24-2 . The Golden Eagles play at Pete Taylor Park/Hill Denson Field on the campus of the University of Southern Mississippi and consistently rank in the top 20 nationally in NCAA attendance figures . Southern Miss qualified for its first College World Series in 2009 after winning the Atlanta Regional and the Gainesville Super Regional . They would post an 0-2 record in Omaha , losing 7-6 against top-seeded Texas and 11-4 versus fourth-seeded North Carolina ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona , Arizona State , Oregon State , UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Oregon_State_Beavers_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The 2007 Oregon State Beavers baseball team represented Oregon State University in the 2007 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Beavers played their home games at Goss Stadium . The team was coached by Pat Casey in his 13th season at Oregon State . The Beavers won the College World Series , defeating the North Carolina Tar Heels in the championship series , for the second consecutive year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball', 'summary': 'The UCLA Bruins baseball team is the varsity college baseball team of the University of California , Los Angeles . Having started playing in 1920 , the program is a member of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . It plays its home games at Jackie Robinson Stadium . The program has appeared in five College World Series and won the 2013 National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Louisville , Rutgers , St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_baseball', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of the University of Louisville , located in Louisville , Kentucky . The program was a member of the NCAA Division I American Athletic Conference for the 2014 season and joined the Atlantic Coast Conference in July 2014 . The Cardinals have played at Jim Patterson Stadium since the venue opened during the 2005 season . Dan McDonnell has been the program 's head coach since the start of the 2007 season . As of the end of the 2017 season , the program has appeared in thirteen NCAA Tournaments and five College World Series . In conference postseason play , it has won two Big East Conference Baseball Tournaments . In regular season play , it has won two Metro Conference titles , four Big East Conference titles , one American Athletic Conference title , and four Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Louisville also set the ACC record for most conference wins in a season with 25 during the 2015 season . As of July 20 , 2019 , nineteen former Cardinals have appeared in Major League Baseball . Seven former Cardinals have appeared in MLB games during the 2019 season : Nick Burdi , Adam Engel , Chad Green , Matt Koch , Brendan McKay , Josh Rogers , and Will Smith ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_baseball', 'summary': 'Rutgers Scarlet Knights baseball is the varsity intercollegiate team representing Rutgers University in the sport of college baseball at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The team plays its home games at Bainton Field on campus in Piscataway , New Jersey . The Scarlet Knights are members of the Big Ten Conference , which they joined prior to the 2014 season .'}, {'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Red_Storm_baseball", 'summary': "The St. John 's Red Storm baseball team represents St. John 's University , in New York City in college baseball . The program is classified in the NCAA Division I , and the team competes in the Big East Conference . The team is coached by Mike Hampton . The St. John 's baseball team has been to the College World Series six times and have sent more than 100 players on to professional baseball careers ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana-Lafayette , New Orleans , Troy', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007_Louisiana–Lafayette_Ragin'_Cajuns_baseball_team", 'summary': "The 2007 Louisiana-Lafayette Ragin ' Cajuns baseball team represented the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in the 2007 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Ragin ' Cajuns played their home games at M. L. Tigue Moore Field ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Privateers_baseball', 'summary': "The New Orleans Privateers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of New Orleans in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . The team is a member of the Southland Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at Maestri Field at Privateer Park in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Privateers are coached by Blake Dean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Troy_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The Troy Trojans baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team of Troy University , located in Troy , Alabama , United States . It competes in the NCAA Division I Sun Belt Conference . The program began play in 1911 . In 1986 and 1987 , Troy won Division II national championships under head coach Chase Riddle . As a Division II program , the team won 10 conference titles and appeared in 14 NCAA Regionals and 7 College World Series . As of the end of the 2019 season , the program 's overall record is 1,765-1,106-3 . Troy is the 32nd all-time winningest baseball program among all Division 1 programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville , Stetson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Dolphins_baseball', 'summary': "The Jacksonville Dolphins baseball team represents Jacksonville University , which is located in Jacksonville , Florida . The Dolphins are a NCAA Division I college baseball program that competes in the Atlantic Sun Conference . They began competing in Division I in 1969 and joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1999 after 20 years in the Sun Belt Conference . The Jacksonville Dolphins play all home games on-campus at John Sessions Stadium . Since their promotion to Division I in 1969 , the Patriots have played in 14 NCAA Tournaments , advancing as far as the regional final in 1976 . Over their 20 seasons in the Sun Belt Conference , they won two conference regular season titles and one conference tournament . Over their 21 seasons in the Atlantic Sun Conference ( formerly the Trans America Athletic Conference ) , they have won two conference regular season titles and four conference tournaments . Since the program 's inception in 1957 , 11 Patriots have gone on to play in Major League Baseball , highlighted by three-time All-Star Daniel Murphy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stetson_Hatters_baseball', 'summary': "The Stetson Hatters baseball team represents Stetson University , which is located in DeLand , Florida . The Hatters are a NCAA Division I college baseball program that competes in the Atlantic Sun Conference . They began competing in Division I in 1972 and joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1986 . The Stetson Hatters play all home games off-campus at Melching Field at Conrad Park . Since their promotion to Division I in 1972 , the Patriots have played in 18 NCAA Tournaments and hosted and won their first regional in 2018 . Over their 34 seasons in the Atlantic Sun Conference ( formerly the Trans America Athletic Conference ) , they have won six conference regular season titles and eight conference tournaments . Since the program 's inception in 1901 , 10 Hatters have gone on to play in Major League Baseball , highlighted by recent Cy Young Award winners Jacob deGrom and Corey Kluber . Under current head coach Steve Trimper , nine Hatters have been drafted , including Logan Gilbert who was selected in the first round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri Valley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creighton , Wichita State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays_baseball', 'summary': "The Creighton Bluejays baseball team represents the Creighton University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Creighton competes as a member of the Big East Conference and plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Creighton 's baseball team played its first Big East season in 2014 . They are coached by Ed Servais who is entering his twelfth season as head coach of the Bluejays . His record at Creighton is 389-230 ( .628 winning percentage ) . The team plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , also the home of the College World Series , an event which the Bluejays baseball programs serves as the official host school for , providing each of the schools in the tournament practice facilities , training assistance , and assisting with game scoring . Prior to the opening of TD Ameritrade Park , the program played games at the Creighton Sports Complex and Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium in South Omaha , which was also the home of the NCAA College World Series and the Omaha Royals ( now known as the Omaha Storm Chasers ) of the Pacific Coast League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Wichita State Shockers baseball team represents Wichita State University in the sport of baseball . The Wichita State Shockers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and in the American Athletic Conference after 72 seasons in the Missouri Valley Conference . The Shockers have made the College World Series seven times , winning the national championship in 1989 . Wichita State has the fourth highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Texas , Florida State , and Miami ( FL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Carolina , Wofford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_baseball', 'summary': 'The Western Carolina Catamounts are the athletic teams of Western Carolina University . The Catamounts compete in the NCAA Division I Southern Conference . Western fields sixteen varsity sports teams . The Catamount football team competes in Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wofford_Terriers_baseball', 'summary': "The Wofford Terriers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina , United States . The team is a member of the Southern Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. Wofford 's first baseball team was fielded in 1889 . The team plays its home games at Russell C. King Field in Spartanburg , South Carolina . The Terriers are coached by Todd Interdonato ."}]}, {'value': 'WCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pepperdine , San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pepperdine_Waves_baseball', 'summary': 'The Pepperdine Waves baseball team represents Pepperdine University in the sport of baseball . The Pepperdine Waves compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and in the West Coast Conference . They are currently led by head coach Rick Hirtensteiner . The Waves have been to the College World Series twice , winning the national championship in 1992 under head coach Andy Lopez with a win over Cal State Fullerton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_baseball', 'summary': "The San Diego Toreros baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of the University of San Diego , located in San Diego , California , United States . The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I West Coast Conference since prior to the 1985 season . Beginning in 2013 , its home venue will be Fowler Park , located on the University of San Diego campus . Rich Hill has been the program 's head coach since prior to the 1999 season . As of the end of the 2012 season , the team has appeared in seven NCAA Tournaments , all since 2002 . It has won four conference championship series , three regular season conference championships , and two regular season division championships . As of the start of the 2014 Major League Baseball season , 15 former Toreros have appeared in Major League Baseball ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_baseball', 'summary': "The Charlotte 49ers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . The team is a member of Conference USA , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. Charlotte 's first baseball team was fielded in 1979 . The team plays its home games at Robert and Mariam Hayes Stadium in Charlotte , North Carolina . The 49ers are coached by Robert Woodard ."}]}, {'value': 'America East', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes_baseball', 'summary': "The Albany Great Danes baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University at Albany in Albany , New York , United States . The team is a member of the America East Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . It plays home games at Varsity Field on the university 's campus in Albany , New York . The Great Danes are coached by Jon Mueller ."}]}, {'value': 'Big South', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coastal Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers_baseball', 'summary': "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers baseball program has been the university 's most consistent program in terms of success . Head Coach Gary Gilmore ( 903-464-1 at CCU , 1,156-566-3 overall ) has led the Chanticleers to 16 NCAA Regional appearances and three Super Regional appearances since being hired in 1996 . The program has received # 1 regional seeds on five occasions ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2018 ) and won 50+ games in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2016 . In addition , the Chanticleers hosted NCAA Regionals in 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2018 . The program hosted a Super Regional in 2010 . Future Chicago White Sox major league pitcher Brad Goldberg played for the team in 2009-10 , making 18 appearances ( 17 in relief ) in those two seasons . In 2010 Coastal went 29-0 in Big South play , winning both the regular season Big South Championship and the Big South Tournament Championship plus the Regional , but lost in the Super Regionals 2-0 to the University of South Carolina . In 2016 , Coastal went 21-3 in Big South play , winning the regular season Conference Championship and the Conference Tournament . In the 2016 post-season , Coastal won the Raleigh Regional by beating the NC State Wolfpack 2-0 . The Chanticleers went on to beat the LSU Tigers 2-0 in the Baton Rouge Super Regionals , and ultimately got to the 2016 CWS Final and defeated Arizona two games to one to win the National Championship . The title game finished mere hours before Coastal officially left the Big South Conference , the school 's home since 1983 ( 1984 baseball season ) , for the Sun Belt Conference . The state 's governor Nikki Haley proclaimed July 1 , 2016 , the day after the title game and also Coastal 's first official day as a Sun Belt member , Chanticleer Baseball National Championship Day throughout South Carolina ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VCU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VCU_Rams_baseball', 'summary': "VCU Rams baseball represents Virginia Commonwealth University in all NCAA Division I baseball competitions . This program , established in 1971 , is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . The Rams possess an 867-792-5 record with a 155-81 record in-conference ( CAA ) . The head coach for the Rams is Shawn Stiffler , who replaced Paul Keyes after Keyes ' death in 2013 . Significant past events are : First place CAA finishes in 1997 , 1998 , & 2003 ; 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , & 2010 CAA Tournament champions , 8 NCAA Tournament appearances since 1996 ; and an average of 30 or more wins ( 56 game schedule ) in each of the past 11 seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Horizon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UIC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UIC_Flames_baseball', 'summary': 'The UIC Flames are the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of Illinois at Chicago . They are called the Flames as a reference to the Great Chicago Fire , and their team colors are navy blue and fire engine red . The Flames participate in NCAA Division I athletics as part of the Horizon League in baseball , basketball , cross-country , soccer , softball , swimming , tennis , track , and volleyball . The Flames also compete in gymnastics in the Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League . Garrett Klassy is the current athletic director after Jim Schmidt retired on 1 August 2017 after 25 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_Bears_baseball', 'summary': "The Brown Bears are the sports teams that represent Brown University , an American university located in Providence , Rhode Island . The Bears are part of the Ivy League conference . Brown 's mascot is Bruno . Both the men 's and women 's teams share the name , competing in 38 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I sports . In football , the Bears , along with all other the Ivy League teams , compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Metro Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LeMoyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Moyne_Dolphins_baseball', 'summary': "The Le Moyne Dolphins are the athletic teams that represent Le Moyne College , located in Syracuse , New York , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sporting competitions . The Dolphins compete as members of Northeast-10 Conference . Le Moyne has been a member of the NE-10 since 1996 . More than 75 percent of students are estimated to participate in some form of athletics at Le Moyne . In 2008-9 , there were about 300 undergraduate student-athletes , who maintained an overall GPA of 3.09 . All of Le Moyne 's athletes participate in service activities , and are particularly active in raising funds for the Make a Wish Foundation . The Le Moyne Men 's basketball team gained national attention when it defeated Division I powerhouse Syracuse 82-79 in a November 2009 exhibition game . Matt Bassett has been serving as the Athletic Director since 2007 . He is only the third Director of Athletics in the College 's history ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Bids -- Bids by conference', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament_1', 'intro': "The 2007 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was held from June 1 to 24, 2007. Sixty-four NCAA Division I college baseball teams advanced to the post season tournament after having played through a regular season, and for some, a conference tournament. The 2007 tournament culminated with 8 teams advancing to the College World Series at historic Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha, Nebraska, on June 15. Unseeded Oregon State repeated as national champions, winning all five of its games in the 2007 CWS. Oregon State went undefeated through the College World Series, posting a 5-0 record. The Beavers, led by head coach Pat Casey, won all three games in their four-team bracket and then defeated North Carolina in two games in the best-of-three championship series. Oregon State became the fifth team to win consecutive NCAA titles (last done by LSU in 1996-97), and were the first team to win four games in a CWS by six or more runs. As of 2019, 2007 Oregon State remains the only team to have ever won at least four games by six or more runs in the same College World Series. Their opener against Cal State Fullerton was a tight 3-2 victory, but OSU's last four games in the CWS were not close, impressive for a team seeded in the lower half of the 64-team tournament. The Beavers also became the first team to win the CWS after having posted a losing conference record. Oregon State was a disappointing 10-14 (.417) in the Pac-10, placing sixth among the nine baseball-playing schools (Oregon dropped baseball in 1981, but revived it in 2009.) However, the Beavers' non-conference record during the regular season was an impressive 28-3 (.903), and as defending NCAA champions, just enough to gain a berth in the 64-team tournament."} | null | null | How many bids by conference does the team known as the Wolfpack have over the team from Syracuse known as the Dolphins ? | 6 |
0b53e6cc11139566 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_England', 'title': 'Tourism in England', 'header': ['National Rank', 'Site', 'Location', 'Visitor count ( 2009 )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tower of London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tower_of_London', 'summary': "The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2,389,548', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Paul 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedral", 'summary': "St Paul 's Cathedral , London , is an Anglican cathedral , the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London . It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building . Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site , founded in AD 604 . The present cathedral , dating from the late 17th century , was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . Its construction , completed in Wren 's lifetime , was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London . [ page needed ] The cathedral building largely destroyed in the Great Fire , now often referred to as Old St Paul 's Cathedral , was a central focus for medieval and early modern London , including Paul 's walk and St Paul 's Churchyard being the site of St Paul 's Cross . The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London . Its dome , framed by the spires of Wren 's City churches , has dominated the skyline for over 300 years . At 365 feet ( 111 m ) high , it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1967 . The dome is among the highest in the world . St Paul 's is the second-largest church building in area in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral . Services held at St Paul 's have included the funerals of Admiral Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher ; jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria ; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars ; the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer ; the launch of the Festival of Britain ; and the thanksgiving services for the Silver , Golden and Diamond Jubilees and the 80th and 90th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth II ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1,821,321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westminster Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Abbey', 'summary': "Westminster Abbey , formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster , is a large , mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster , London , England , just to the west of the Palace of Westminster . It is one of the United Kingdom 's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and , later , British monarchs . The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539 . Between 1540 and 1556 , the abbey had the status of a cathedral . Since 1560 , the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral , having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar - a church responsible directly to the sovereign . According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080 , a church was founded at the site ( then known as Thorn Ey ( Thorn Island ) ) in the seventh century , at the time of Mellitus , a Bishop of London . Construction of the present church began in 1245 , on the orders of King Henry III . Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066 , all coronations of English and British monarchs have been in Westminster Abbey . There have been 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100 . As the burial site of more than 3,300 persons , usually of prominence in British history ( including at least sixteen monarchs , eight Prime Ministers , poets laureate , actors , scientists , military leaders , and the Unknown Warrior ) , Westminster Abbey is sometimes described as 'Britain 's Valhalla ' , after the iconic burial hall of Norse mythology ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1,449,593', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Baths', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)', 'summary': 'The Roman Baths are a well-preserved thermae in the city of Bath , Somerset , England . A temple was constructed on the site between 60-70CE in the first few decades of Roman Britain . Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known as Aquae Sulis around the site . The Roman baths , which were used for public bathing , were used until the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th Century CE . According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later . The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during the Early and Late Middle Ages . The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features : the Sacred Spring , the Roman Temple , the Roman Bath House , and a museum which holds artefacta from Aquae Sulis . However , all buildings at street level date from the 19th century . It is a major tourist attraction in the UK , and together with the Grand Pump Room , receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually . Visitors can tour the baths and museum but can not enter the water .'}]}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath,_Somerset', 'summary': "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ."}]}, {'value': '1,196,481', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury , Kent , is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England . It forms part of a World Heritage Site . It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury , currently Justin Welby , leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion . Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury . Founded in 597 , the cathedral was completely rebuilt between 1070 and 1077 . The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the 12th century , and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174 , with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket , the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170 . The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late 14th century , when they were demolished to make way for the present structures . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the archbishop .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury', 'summary': "Canterbury ( /ˈkæntərbəri/ ( listen ) , /-bɛri/ ) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site , situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury , a local government district of Kent , England . It lies on the River Stour . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primate of the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion owing to the importance of St Augustine , who served as the apostle to the pagan Kingdom of Kent around the turn of the 7th century . The city 's cathedral became a major focus of pilgrimage following the 1170 martyrdom of Thomas Becket , although it had already been a well-trodden pilgrim destination since the murder of St Alphege by the men of King Canute in 1012 . A journey of pilgrims to Becket 's shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer 's 14th century classic The Canterbury Tales . Canterbury is a popular tourist destination : consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom , the city 's economy is heavily reliant upon tourism . The city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as the capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent . Many historical structures fill the area , including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century , the ruins of St Augustine 's Abbey and a Norman castle , and the oldest extant school in the world , the King 's School . Modern additions include the Marlowe Theatre and the St Lawrence Ground , home of the Kent County Cricket Club . There is also a substantial student population , brought about by the presence of the University of Kent , Canterbury Christ Church University , the University for the Creative Arts , and the Girne American University Canterbury campus . Canterbury remains , however , a small city in terms of geographical size and population , when compared with other British cities ."}]}, {'value': '1,013,118', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stonehenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonehenge', 'summary': "Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England , two miles ( 3 km ) west of Amesbury . It consists of a ring of standing stones , each around 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) high , seven feet ( 2.1 m ) wide , and weighing around 25 tons . The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England , including several hundred tumuli ( burial mounds ) . Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC . The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch , which constitute the earliest phase of the monument , have been dated to about 3100 BC . Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC , although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC . One of the most famous landmarks in the United Kingdom , Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon . It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 , when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain . The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 . Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage ; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust . Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings . Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC , when the ditch and bank were first dug , and continued for at least another 500 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Amesbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amesbury', 'summary': 'Amesbury ( /ˈeɪmzbəri/ ) is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire , England . It is most famous for the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge which is in its parish , and for the discovery of the Amesbury Archer - dubbed the King of Stonehenge in the press - in 2002 . It has been confirmed by archaeologists that it is the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United Kingdom , having been first settled around 8820 BC . King Alfred the Great left it in his will , a copy of which is in the British Library , to his youngest son Aethelweard ( c.880-922 ) . Eleanor of Provence , Queen consort of Henry III of England , died in Amesbury on 24 or 25 June 1291 , and was buried in Amesbury Priory . The parish includes the hamlets of Ratfyn and West Amesbury , and most of Boscombe Down military airfield .'}]}, {'value': '990,705', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palace of Westminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster', 'summary': "The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords , the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants , the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster , in central London , England . Its name , which derives from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey , may refer to either of two structures : the Old Palace , a medieval building-complex destroyed by fire in 1834 , or its replacement , the New Palace that stands today . The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and , for ceremonial purposes , retains its original status as a royal residence . Committees appointed by both houses manage the building and report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and to the Lord Speaker . The first royal palace constructed on the site dated from the 11th century , and Westminster became the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512 . After that , it served as the home of the Parliament of England , which had met there since the 13th century , and also as the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice , based in and around Westminster Hall . In 1834 an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament , and the only significant medieval structures to survive were Westminster Hall , the Cloisters of St Stephen 's , the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft , and the Jewel Tower . In the subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace , the architect Charles Barry won with a design for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style , specifically inspired by the English Perpendicular Gothic style of the 14th-16th centuries . The remains of the Old Palace ( except the detached Jewel Tower ) were incorporated into its much larger replacement , which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards and which has a floor area of 112,476 m2 ( 1,210,680 sq ft ) . Part of the New Palace 's area of 3.24 hectares ( 8 acres ) was reclaimed from the River Thames , which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long ( 980 ft ) façade , called the River Front . Augustus Pugin , a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style , assisted Barry and designed the interior of the Palace ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '963,362', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'York Minster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_Minster', 'summary': 'The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York , commonly known as York Minster , is the cathedral of York , England , and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe . The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York , the third-highest office of the Church of England ( after the monarch as Supreme Governor and the Archbishop of Canterbury ) , and is the mother church for the Diocese of York and the Province of York . It is run by a dean and chapter , under the Dean of York . The title minster is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches , and serves now as an honorific title . Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum . The minster , devoted to Saint Peter , has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house , a Perpendicular Gothic quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts . The nave contains the West Window , constructed in 1338 , and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window ( finished in 1408 ) , the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world . In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window , each lancet being over 53 feet ( 16.3 m ) high . The south transept contains a rose window , while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as The Heart of Yorkshire .'}]}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York', 'summary': 'York is a city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire , England . The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017 [ citation needed ] and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census . Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss , it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire . The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls , as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities , which makes it a popular tourist destination in England . The local authority is the City of York Council , a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city . The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries . It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull . York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire . The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD . It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior , and later of the kingdoms of Deira , Northumbria and Jórvík . In the Middle Ages , York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England , a role it has retained . In the 19th century , York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre , a status it maintained well into the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': '797,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chatsworth House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatsworth_House', 'summary': "Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire , England , in the Derbyshire Dales 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles ( 14 km ) west of Chesterfield . The seat of the Duke of Devonshire , it has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549 . Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent , it looks across to the low hills between the Derwent and Wye valleys . The house is set in expansive parkland and backed by wooded , rocky hills rising to heather moorland . It contains major collections of paintings , furniture , Old Master drawings , neoclassical sculptures , books and other artefacts . Chatsworth has been chosen as Britain 's favourite country house several times ."}]}, {'value': 'Chatsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatsworth,_Derbyshire', 'summary': "Chatsworth is a civil parish in Derbyshire , England , within the area of the Derbyshire Dales and the Peak District National Park . The population is largely in and around Chatsworth House and is considered to be too low to justify a parish council . Instead , there is a parish meeting , at which all electors may attend . Most of Chatsworth belongs to the Duke of Devonshire 's Chatsworth estate , the villages of which include Beeley , Pilsley and Edensor ."}]}, {'value': '652,969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds_Castle', 'summary': 'Leeds Castle is a castle in Kent , England , 5 miles ( 8 km ) southeast of Maidstone . It is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds . A castle has existed on the site since 1119 , the first being a simple stone stronghold constructed by Robert de Crevecoeur which served as a military post in the time of Norman intrusions into England . In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I , for whom it became a favourite residence ; in the 16th century , Henry VIII used it as a dwelling for his first wife , Catherine of Aragon . The present castle dates mostly from the 19th century . It has been open to the public since 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Maidstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maidstone', 'summary': "Maidstone is a town in Kent , England , of which it is the county town . Maidstone is historically important and lies 32 miles ( 51 km ) east-south-east of London . The River Medway runs through the centre of the town , linking it with Rochester and the Thames Estuary . Historically , the river carried much of the town 's trade as the centre of the agricultural county of Kent , known as the Garden of England . There is evidence of settlement in the area dating back before the Stone Age . The town , part of the borough of Maidstone , had a population of 113,137 in 2011 . There has been a shift in the town 's economy since the Second World War away from heavy industry towards light industry and services ."}]}, {'value': '646,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampton Court Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace', 'summary': "Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the borough of Richmond upon Thames , 12 miles ( 19.3 kilometres ) south west and upstream of central London on the River Thames . Building of the palace began in 1515 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , a favourite of King Henry VIII . In 1529 , as Wolsey fell from favour , the cardinal gave the palace to the King to check his disgrace ; Henry VIII later enlarged it . Along with St James ' Palace , it is one of only two surviving palaces out of the many the King owned . The palace is currently in the possession of Queen Elizabeth II and the Crown . In the following century , King William III 's massive rebuilding and expansion work , which was intended to rival the Palace of Versailles , destroyed much of the Tudor palace . His work ceased in 1694 , leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles , domestic Tudor and Baroque . While the palace 's styles are an accident of fate , a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a symmetrical , if vague , balancing of successive low wings . King George II was the last monarch to reside in the palace . Today , the palace is open to the public and a major tourist attraction , easily reached by train from Waterloo station in central London and served by Hampton Court railway station in East Molesey , in Transport for London 's Zone 6 . In addition , London Buses routes 111 , 216 , 411 and R68 stop outside the palace gates . The structure and grounds are cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '541,646', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blenheim Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blenheim_Palace', 'summary': "Blenheim Palace ( pronounced /ˈblɛnɪm/ BLEN-im ) is a monumental country house in Woodstock , Oxfordshire , England . It is the principal residence of the Dukes of Marlborough , and the only non-royal , non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace . The palace , one of England 's largest houses , was built between 1705 and 1722 , and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . The palace is named for the 1704 Battle of Blenheim , and thus ultimately after Blindheim ( also known as Blenheim ) in Bavaria . It was originally intended to be a reward to John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough for his military triumphs against the French and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession , culminating in the Battle of Blenheim . The land was given as a gift , and construction began in 1705 , with some financial support from Queen Anne . The project soon became the subject of political infighting , with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712 , Marlborough 's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent , the fall from influence of his duchy and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh . Designed in the rare , and short-lived , English Baroque style , architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s . It is unique in its combined use as a family home , mausoleum and national monument . The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill . Following the palace 's completion , it became the home of the Churchill ( later Spencer-Churchill ) family for the next 300 years , and various members of the family have wrought changes to the interiors , park and gardens . At the end of the 19th century , the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough 's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire', 'summary': 'Woodstock is a market town and civil parish 8 miles ( 13 km ) north-west of Oxford in Oxfordshire , England . The 2011 Census recorded a parish population of 3,100 . Blenheim Palace , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is next to Woodstock , in the parish of Blenheim . Winston Churchill was born in the palace in 1874 and buried in the nearby village of Bladon . Edward , elder son of King Edward III and heir apparent , was born in Woodstock Manor on 15 June 1330 . In his lifetime he was commonly called Edward of Woodstock , but is known today as the Black Prince . In the reign of Queen Mary I , her half-sister Elizabeth was imprisoned in the gatehouse of Woodstock Manor .'}]}, {'value': '537,120', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portsmouth Historic Dockyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Naval Base , Portsmouth ( HMNB Portsmouth ) is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy ( the others being HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport ) . Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth ; it is located on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour , north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight . Until the early 1970s , it was officially known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard ( or HM Dockyard , Portsmouth ) ; thereafter the term 'Naval Base ' gained currency , acknowledging a greater focus on personnel and support elements alongside the traditional emphasis on building , repairing and maintaining ships . In 1984 Portsmouth 's Royal Dockyard function was downgraded and it was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation ' ( FMRO ) . The FMRO was privatized in 1998 ( and for a time ( 2002-2014 ) shipbuilding , in the form of block construction , returned ) . Around the year 2000 , the designation HMS Nelson ( which until then had been specific to Portsmouth 's Naval Barracks in Queen Street ) was extended to cover the entire base . The base is the headquarters for two-thirds of the Royal Navy 's surface fleet , and employs up to 17,200 people. [ when ? ] [ citation needed ] The base is also home to a number of commercial shore activities ( including a ship repair facility operated by BAE Systems Maritime ) ; naval logistics , accommodation and messing ; and personnel support functions ( e.g . medical and dental ; education ; pastoral and welfare ) provided by Defence Equipment and Support . Portsmouth has built sections for , and will be home port to , the two new Royal Navy aircraft carriers , HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales . They required the harbour to be dredged to allow safe entry and exit . The project was intended to secure the base 's future for the next forty years and would revitalise shipbuilding in the city ; but , due to budget cuts in 2013 shipbuilding in Portsmouth was closed in favour of BAE keeping its yards in Glasgow open ."}]}, {'value': 'Portsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth', 'summary': "Portsmouth ( /ˈpɔːrtsməθ/ ( listen ) ) is a port city in Hampshire , England , with a total population of 205,400 residents . The city of Portsmouth is nicknamed Pompey and is mainly built on Portsea Island , a flat , low-lying island measuring 24 square kilometres ( 9 sq mi ) in area , just off the south-east coast of Hampshire . Portsmouth is the only island city in the United Kingdom , and is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London . Portsmouth is located 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 19 miles ( 31 km ) south-east of Southampton . With the surrounding towns of Gosport , Fareham , Havant and Waterlooville , Portsmouth forms the eastern half of the South Hampshire metropolitan area , which includes Southampton and Eastleigh in the western half . Portsmouth 's history can be traced back to Roman times . A significant naval port for centuries , Portsmouth has the world 's oldest dry dock . In the sixteenth century , Portsmouth was England 's first line of defence during the French invasion of 1545 . By the early nineteenth century , the world 's first mass production line was set up in Portsmouth Dockyard 's Block Mills , making it the most industrialised site in the world and birthplace of the Industrial Revolution . Portsmouth was also the most heavily fortified town in the world , and was considered the world 's greatest naval port at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica . Defences known as the Palmerston Forts were built around Portsmouth in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe . In 1926 , Portsmouth was officially elevated in status from a town to a city ."}]}, {'value': '532,158', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stourhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stourhead', 'summary': 'Stourhead ( /ˈstaʊərˌhɛd/ ) is a 1,072-hectare ( 2,650-acre ) estate at the source of the River Stour in the southwest of the English county of Wiltshire , extending into Somerset . The estate is about 2 1⁄2 miles ( 4 km ) northwest of the town of Mere and includes a Palladian mansion , the village of Stourton , gardens , farmland , and woodland . Stourhead has been part-owned by the National Trust since 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mere,_Wiltshire', 'summary': "Mere is a small town and civil parish in Wiltshire , England . It lies at the extreme southwestern tip of Salisbury Plain , close to the borders of Somerset and Dorset . The parish includes the hamlets of Barrow Street , Burton , Charnage , Limpers Hill , Rook Street and Southbrook . The A303 trunk road passed through Mere until a bypass was built on the northern edge of the town in 1976 . There is an old market square ( although markets have not been held for several years ) , a chiming town clock and a large 15th-century parish church . The steep slope of Castle Hill rises from the northwestern side of Mere . Local industry and commerce includes the Hill Brush company , large wholesale plant nurseries and Yapp 's wine merchants ."}]}, {'value': '356,816', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaulieu Palace House and Abbey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaulieu_Palace_House', 'summary': "The Beaulieu Palace House ( /ˈbjuːli/ ( listen ) BEW-lee ) is a 13th-century house located in Beaulieu , Hampshire , United Kingdom . Originally part of Beaulieu Abbey , the estate was bought by Thomas Wriothesley , 1st Earl of Southampton in 1538 , following the Dissolution of the Monasteries and is still owned and occupied by the earl 's descendants , the Barons Montagu of Beaulieu ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beaulieu_Abbey', 'summary': "Beaulieu Abbey , grid reference SU389026 , was a Cistercian abbey in Hampshire , England . It was founded in 1203-1204 by King John and ( uniquely in Britain ) populated by 30 monks sent from the abbey of Cîteaux in France , the mother house of the Cistercian order . The Medieval Latin name of the monastery was Bellus Locus Regis ( The beautiful place of the king ' ) or monasterium Belli loci Regis . Other spellings of the English name which occur historically are Bewley ( 16th century ) and Beaulie ( 17th century ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Beaulieu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Beaulieu ( /ˈbjuːli/ ( listen ) BEW-lee ) is a small village located on the southeastern edge of the New Forest national park in Hampshire , England , and home to both Palace House and the British National Motor Museum .'}]}, {'value': '351,975', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Most visited sites -- Most visited historic sites', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tourism_in_England_0', 'intro': "Tourism plays a significant part in the economic life of England. The United Kingdom as a whole is the 10th most visited country. London, Bath, Oxford, Cambridge, York, and Canterbury remain popular historic tourist destinations. England's long history and pervasive culture, make it (and especially London) a popular tourist destination. Many tourist spots have witnessed great events of history that have shaped England and the greater world. Many of England's tourist attractions have also inspired work of poets, novelists, folk writers, and artists for thousands of years. The city of Manchester, famous for being the first industrialised city, and Liverpool, the famous birthplace of The Beatles are also popular tourist destinations that show the more modern side to England."} | null | null | What is the distance between Chesterfield and the site in England that attracted 652,969 2009 tourists ? | 9 miles |
0b55179d8672ce33 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation', 'title': 'Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation', 'header': ['Landmark name', 'Location', 'Municipality'], 'data': [{'value': 'McMillan Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McMillan_Hall', 'summary': "McMillan Hall is a building on the campus of Washington & Jefferson College in Washington , Pennsylvania , United States . Built in 1793 , it is the only surviving building from Washington Academy . It is the eighth-oldest academic building in the United States that is still in use for its original academic purpose and is the oldest surviving college building west of the Allegheny Mountains . The building is situated on the corner of South Lincoln Street and East Wheeling Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . It is 120 feet ( 37 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) in size . McMillan Hall is named after College founder and Presbyterian missionary John McMillan . Throughout its history , McMillan has also been known as the Old College , the Academy Building , and the Administration Building . It is currently home to administrative offices , including the Office of Communications and the Office of the President . The College 's ceremonial mace is carved from the original wooden pillars . In 1977 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The National Register described the building 's architecture as achieving a unique quality and charm from the fact that vernacular builders selectively borrowed Georgian , Roman Classical , Adamesque , and other European Renaissance architectural forms , elements , and details and combined them in the builder 's own esoteric way . The National Register described its historical importance as a unique variation of a Western Pennsylvania stone building , calling it irreplaceable on a regional or national level ."}]}, {'value': 'Campus of Washington and Jefferson College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_&_Jefferson_College_buildings', 'summary': 'Washington & Jefferson College is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania , which is located in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County , Pennsylvania established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies and colleges , with Canonsburg Academy , later Jefferson College , located in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania and Washington Academy , later Washington College , in Washington . These two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The campus , the historic entrances of which are marked by brick gates , has over 40 buildings . The oldest surviving building is McMillan Hall , which dates to 1793 and is the oldest college building west of the Allegheny Mountains . The main academic building is Old Main , which is topped with two prominent towers . The Old Gym houses a modern exercise facility . McIlvaine Hall , which was originally home to a female seminary , was demolished in 2008 and replaced by the Swanson Science Center . The Olin Fine Arts Center is a 488-seat auditorium . Davis Memorial Hall was once a dormitory and private house . The Thistle Physics Building , the Lazear Chemistry Hall , and the Dieter-Porter Life Sciences Building all cater to the scientific curriculum .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethel African American Episcopal Church of Monongahela City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_of_Monongahela_City', 'summary': 'Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church of Monongahela City is a historic church at the junction of 7th and Main Streets in Monongahela City , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1871 and added to the National Register in 2002 . It is a brick Gothic Revival style building , one of about five Gothic Revival buildings in the city . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '7th and West Main Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monongahela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monongahela,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Monongahela , referred to locally as Mon City , is a city in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is part of the Pittsburgh , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is located approximately 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of the city proper . The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census . One of only two cities in Washington County , and the second smallest city in Pennsylvania ( after Parker ) , Monongahela sits at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 88 , 136 , and 837 , all of which constitute the city 's Main Street . The city is served by the Ringgold School District . Monongahela is known for its Aquatorium , a 3,000 seat amphitheater style venue built on the Monongahela River . According to its website , the Aquatorium is the first of its kind venue in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'David Bradford House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bradford_House', 'summary': 'The David Bradford House is a historic house museum at 175 South Main Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . Completed in 1788 , it was the home of David Bradford , a leader of the Whiskey Rebellion . It has both architectural and historic importance , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 . It is open weekly between April and November , or by appointment .'}]}, {'value': '175 South Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Canonsburg Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg_Armory', 'summary': 'The Canonsburg Armory is a former Pennsylvania National Guard armory in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22 , 1989 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'West College Street and North Central Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canonsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Canonsburg is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Pittsburgh . Canonsburg was laid out by Colonel John Canon in 1789 and incorporated in 1802 . The population was 8,992 at the 2010 census . The town is in a rich coal district , and most of the town 's work force once worked in local steel mills or coal mines . Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 19 pass through the town , as does the Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad . A trolley used to operate from Washington , Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh through the borough until 1953 . The town is home to Sarris Candies and All-Clad Metalcrafters , makers of cookware and other bonded metals . It is adjacent to the Southpointe office park located in Cecil Township , which has a number of large corporate tenants . Yenko Chevrolet , one of largest and most notorious custom muscle car shops of the late 1960s and early 1970s , was also located in Canonsburg . Canonsburg is home to the Pittsburgh Cougars junior hockey league team . The second-largest Fourth of July parade in the state of Pennsylvania , second only to Philadelphia , is held in Canonsburg . In the weeks leading up to the parade , the town frequently gains media attention for its residents setting up folding chairs along the town 's main street to stake claim to prime viewing areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorne School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorne_School_(Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Hawthorne School was a historic , Tudor Revival school building in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 8 , 1986 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorne and Bluff Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canonsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Canonsburg is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Pittsburgh . Canonsburg was laid out by Colonel John Canon in 1789 and incorporated in 1802 . The population was 8,992 at the 2010 census . The town is in a rich coal district , and most of the town 's work force once worked in local steel mills or coal mines . Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 19 pass through the town , as does the Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad . A trolley used to operate from Washington , Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh through the borough until 1953 . The town is home to Sarris Candies and All-Clad Metalcrafters , makers of cookware and other bonded metals . It is adjacent to the Southpointe office park located in Cecil Township , which has a number of large corporate tenants . Yenko Chevrolet , one of largest and most notorious custom muscle car shops of the late 1960s and early 1970s , was also located in Canonsburg . Canonsburg is home to the Pittsburgh Cougars junior hockey league team . The second-largest Fourth of July parade in the state of Pennsylvania , second only to Philadelphia , is held in Canonsburg . In the weeks leading up to the parade , the town frequently gains media attention for its residents setting up folding chairs along the town 's main street to stake claim to prime viewing areas ."}]}, {'value': "Hill 's Tavern", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hill's_Tavern", 'summary': "Hill 's Tavern is a historic building in Scenery Hill , Pennsylvania . It was heavily damaged by a fire that started shortly before midnight on August 17 , 2015 . For a period in the early 1900s , the inn was known as Central Hotel . Now called the Century Inn , it has been claimed to have been the oldest tavern in continuous use on the National Road , until the fire brought an end to its 221 years of continuous operation ."}]}, {'value': 'US 40 , Scenery Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bethlehem Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bethlehem_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'North Bethlehem Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,631 at the 2010 census . The residents of the township are part of the Bentworth School District with schools located in nearby Bentleyville and Ellsworth boroughs .'}]}, {'value': 'LeMoyne Crematory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeMoyne_Crematory', 'summary': "The LeMoyne Crematory was the first crematory in the United States . Francis Julius LeMoyne had it built in 1876 on his own land , perched atop a location known locally as Gallow 's Hill in North Franklin Township near Washington , Pennsylvania . The first cremation took place on December 6 , 1876 . LeMoyne believed that cremation was a more sanitary way to dispose of bodies , preventing the contamination of drinking water . After 41 more cremations there ( with LeMoyne being the third , in 1879 ) , the crematory was closed in 1901 . LeMoyne 's remains are buried there . It is a brick 20 x 30 one-story building ."}]}, {'value': 'South Main Street at Hillsview Sanitarium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Franklin Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Franklin_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'North Franklin Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,583 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'F. Julius LeMoyne House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F._Julius_LeMoyne_House', 'summary': 'The F. Julius LeMoyne House is a historic house museum at 49 East Maiden Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . Built in 1812 , it was the home of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne ( 1798-1897 ) , an antislavery activist who used it as a stop on the Underground Railroad . LeMoyne also assisted in the education of freed slaves after the American Civil War , founding the historically black LeMoyne-Owen College in Memphis , Tennessee . His house , now operated as a museum by the local historical society , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '49 East Maiden Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Meadowcroft Rock Shelter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rock_Shelter', 'summary': "Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site located near Avella in Jefferson Township , Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The site is a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek ( a tributary of the Ohio River ) , and contains evidence that the area may have been continually inhabited for more than 19,000 years . If accurately dated , the site would be the earliest known evidence of human presence and the longest sequence of continuous human occupation in the New World . The site is located 27 miles west-southwest of Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . The site operates as a division of the Heinz History Center of Pittsburgh and has a museum and a reconstruction of a circa 1570s Monongahela Culture Indian village . Meadowcroft Rockshelter is recognized as a National Historic Landmark , a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure , and as an official project of Save America 's Treasures ."}]}, {'value': '401 Meadowcroft Road , west of Avella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross Creek Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_Creek_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Cross Creek Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,556 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mingo_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Churchyard', 'summary': 'Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard is a church and historic location in Washington County , Pennsylvania . It is located at the junction of Pennsylvania Route 88 and Mingo Church Road in Union Township , Washington County , Pennsylvania , near Courtney , Pennsylvania . It is a member of the Washington Presbytery . The original log Presbyterian meetinghouse was built in 1793 . The Mingo Creek Society , a group of dissidents founded in February 1794 that became involved in protest against the federal whiskey excise tax , met there . It would serve as a focal point in the development of the Whiskey Rebellion , even becoming the site of militia musters in the fight against federal forces . Some militia members are buried on the grounds , including Major James McFarlane , revolutionary war veteran , mortally wounded at the July 1794 battle of Bower Hill during the climax of the resistance of the Whiskey Rebellion at the residence of John Neville . In the early years , the church was served by circuit-riding preachers who ministered to the early settlers of the era . Many of the service were held underneath a young oak tree . In 1990 , that tree had grown large , but had become infested by ants . In response , the church members removed most of the tree , but left the base of the trunk , which they then carved into a statue of a circuit-riding preacher . Reverend Stump , as it was called .'}]}, {'value': 'Junction of SR 88 and Mingo Church Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Union Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Union Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 5,700 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Old Main , California State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Main_(California_University_of_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Old Main is a historic building in the California University of Pennsylvania campus in California , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Campus of California University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "California University of Pennsylvania ( Cal U ) is a public university in California , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1852 , it is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees . It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The main campus consists of about 38 buildings situated on 92 acres ( 37 ha ) . Another 9-acre ( 3.6 ha ) facility is located near the main campus and houses the school 's soccer facility . An additional 98-acre ( 40 ha ) recreation complex , George H. Roadman University Park , is located one mile ( 1.6 km ) from campus and includes a football stadium , various sports facilities , and picnic facilities . The University 's student association also owns 98 acres at the SAI Farm , located near Roadman Park , as well as 25-acre Vulcan Village Student Apartments . Cal U has a large virtual school ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_Freight_Station_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Station , also called the Chartiers Valley Railway Freight Station , is a historic , former train station building in Washington , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 21 , 1995 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '111 Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_Passenger_Station_(California,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The California Area Public Library is the public library serving California , Pennsylvania and is a branch of the Washington County Library System . The library is located in the former Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Station , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . In June 18 , 1994 , the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected a historical marker at the California Area Public Library noting the importance of the California Boatyards .'}]}, {'value': 'Water and Wood Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Hall_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Trinity High School is a public high school located on a hilltop overlooking the city of Washington , Pennsylvania . Its bell tower has been a landmark in Washington County for years . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'On SR 18,1 mile south of Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Post Office-Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Post_Office-Charleroi', 'summary': 'United States Post Office - Charleroi is a historic building in Charleroi , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . It now houses the John K. Tener Library .'}]}, {'value': '638 Fallowfield Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleroi,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Charleroi ( /ˈʃɑːrlərɔɪ/ SHAR-lə-roy ) is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , along the Monongahela River , 21 miles south of Pittsburgh . Charleroi was settled in 1890 and incorporated in 1891 . The 2010 census recorded a population of 4,120 . There has been a large-scale cessation of industrial activities in the region . The decrease in the population is associated with the decline of regional heavy and medium industries , especially the steel-making industry , all once fed by the cheap transportation on the Monongahela River which extends from upstream of Charleroi well into northern West Virginia and north & downstream past McKeesport to the mouth of the Monongahela at Pittsburgh . Colloquially , the stretch from Charleroi north to McKeesport ( historically because of press coverage of High School sports leagues ) , is known as the Mon Valley ; or by some speakers ( politicians , reporters and weathermen ) , the school-league-term has long been extended to mean from the river mouth to northern West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Armory', 'summary': 'The Washington Armory is a former Pennsylvania National Guard armory in Washington , Pennsylvania . It was designed by W. G. Wilkins Company . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9 , 1991 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '76 West Maiden Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_County_Courthouse_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Washington County Courthouse is located in on Main Street in downtown Washington , Pennsylvania , United States , and is still in operation . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30 , 1974 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . On April 14 , 1980 during the Presidential primary , Vice President Walter Mondale visited the courthouse for a campaign rally , calling out Democratic foe Ted Kennedy .'}]}, {'value': 'South Main Street between Beau Street and Cherry Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington County Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_County_Jail_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Washington County Jail is located on Cherry Street , beside the courthouse , in downtown Washington , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30 , 1974 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Cherry Street , west of courthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Public landmarks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation_2', 'intro': "Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation is a non-profit educational institution in Washington, Pennsylvania. Its purpose is to encourage and assist the preservation of historic structures in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The foundation operates its own landmark certification process, as well as working with the National Park Service to document and place landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places. It also offers advice and assistance for historic building owners who wish to preserve their facilities. Since its inception, the foundation has been successful in helping many historic building owners in the preservation of their structures. For a number of years, the foundation has been in conflict with Washington & Jefferson College. In 1968, the college's campus master plan called for the expansion of the campus eastward towards Wade Avenue in East Washington Borough, a plan that placed them in conflict with the residents of that area. For the next 30 years, the college maintained a policy of purchasing any homes in that area as they became available. In response, the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation was able to get the East Washington Historic District, a collection of 120 Victorian homes in that area, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The college opposed the designation but did not object in time to prevent it. According to College President Howard J. Burnett, the district was structured to prevent expansion of the college. In the 1990s, the hard feelings between some residents and the College came to a head, with residents trying to have the Borough enact anti-demolition laws to block expansion and a meeting of the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation deteriorated into a shouting match between residents and college officials."} | null | null | What is the building on 111 Washington Street also known as ? | Chartiers Valley Railway Freight Station |
0b565822f20d934c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)', 'title': 'List of American Civil War generals (Union)', 'header': ['Name', 'Substantive Rank', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hackleman , Pleasant Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pleasant_A._Hackleman', 'summary': "Pleasant Adams Hackleman ( November 15 , 1814 - October 3 , 1862 ) was a lawyer , politician and Union general who was killed during the American Civil War . Hackleman was born in Franklin County , in 1814 . He married Sarah Bradburn in 1833 and began his life as a farmer . He studied law and eventually passed the bar and began practicing law . From 1837-1841 he served as probate judge of Rush County , Indiana . In 1840 he became editor of the Rushville Republican until the war . In 1841 he was elected to the Indiana State Legislature and served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention in Chicago which elected Abraham Lincoln as the Republican presidential candidate . On May 20 , 1861 , when the Civil War began , Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton appointed Hackleman colonel of the 16th Indiana Volunteer Infantry of one-year volunteers . Hackleman and the 16th Indiana were sent to the Eastern Theater where they were engaged at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff . On April 28 , 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers and ordered to report to Ulysses S. Grant in the Western Theater . Hackleman was assigned to command the 1st Brigade in the 2nd Division of the Army of the Tennessee . The 2nd Division , led by Thomas A. Davies , was temporarily attached to William S. Rosecrans ' Army of the Mississippi stationed around Corinth , Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 20 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KIA , Battle of Corinth ( October 3 , 1862 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_I', 'summary': "The siege of Corinth ( also known as the first Battle of Corinth ) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30 , 1862 , in Corinth , Mississippi . A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city , whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T . Beauregard . The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces . The town was a strategic point at the junction of two vital railroad lines , the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad . Former Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker called this intersection the vertebrae of the Confederacy . General Halleck argued : Richmond and Corinth are now the great strategic points of the war , and our success at these points should be insured at all hazards . Another reason for the town 's importance was that , if captured by Union forces , it would threaten the security of Chattanooga and render Southern control of the track west of that East Tennessee bastion meaningless . The siege ended when the outnumbered Confederates withdrew on May 29 . This effectively cut off the prospect of further Confederate attempts to regain western Tennessee . The Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took control and made it the base for Grant 's operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley , and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Grant later within his memoirs would recall the importance Corinth held in the cause to a Union victory in the region : Corinth was a valuable strategic point for the enemy to hold , and consequently a valuable one for us to possess ourselves of ."}]}, {'value': 'Halleck , Henry Wager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wager_Halleck', 'summary': "Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16 , 1815 - January 9 , 1872 ) was a United States Army officer , scholar , and lawyer . A noted expert in military studies , he was known by a nickname that became derogatory : Old Brains . He was an important participant in the admission of California as a state and became a successful lawyer and land developer . Halleck served as General-in-Chief of all Union armies during the American Civil War . Early in the Civil War , Halleck was a senior Union Army commander in the Western Theater . He commanded operations in the Western Theater from 1861 until 1862 , during which time , while the Union armies in the east were defeated and held back , the troops under Halleck 's command won many important victories . However , Halleck was not present at the battles , and his subordinates earned most of the recognition . The only operation in which Halleck exercised field command was the Siege of Corinth in the spring of 1862 , a Union victory which he conducted with extreme caution . Halleck also developed rivalries with many of his subordinate generals , such as Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell . In July 1862 , following Major General George B. McClellan 's failed Peninsula Campaign in the Eastern Theater , Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of all U.S. armies . Halleck served in this capacity for about a year and a half . Halleck was a cautious general who believed strongly in thorough preparations for battle and in the value of defensive fortifications over quick , aggressive action ."}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( August 19 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1839 General-in-Chief , U.S. Army ( July 23 , 1862 - March 12 , 1864 ) Chief of staff , U.S. Army ( March 12 , 1864-May , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'Prior to the institution of the Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903 , there was generally recognized to be a single senior-most officer in the United States Army ( and its predecessor the Continental Army ) , even though there was not a statutory office as such . During the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , the title was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army . In 1783 , the title was simplified to Senior Officer of the United States Army . In 1821 , the title was changed to Commanding General of the United States Army . The office was often referred to by various other titles , such as Major General Commanding the Army or General-in-Chief . From 1789 until its abolition in 1903 , the position of Commanding General was legally subordinate to the Secretary of War . The position was abolished with the creation of the statutory Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(military)', 'summary': "The title chief of staff ( or head of staff ) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the Armed Forces , institution , or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer ( PSO ) , who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual , such as a president , or a senior military officer , or leader of a large organization . In general , a chief of staff provides a buffer between a chief executive and that executive 's direct-reporting team . The chief of staff generally works behind the scenes to solve problems , mediate disputes , and deal with issues before they are brought to the chief executive . Often chiefs of staff act as a confidante and advisor to the chief executive , acting as a sounding board for ideas . Ultimately the actual duties depend on the position and the people involved ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamblin , Joseph Eldridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Eldridge_Hamblin', 'summary': 'Joseph Eldridge Hamblin ( January 13 , 1828 - July 3 , 1870 ) was an American officer during the Civil War , who led a regiment and then a brigade in the Army of the Potomac .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 19 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Andrew J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_J._Hamilton', 'summary': 'Andrew Jackson Hamilton ( January 28 , 1815 - April 11 , 1875 ) was a United States politician during the third quarter of the 19th century . He was a lawyer , state representative , military governor of Texas , as well as the 11th Governor of Texas during Reconstruction .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 18 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appointment as brigadier general ( November 14 , 1862 ) never ratified Reconstruction Governor of Texas ( June , 1865-August , 1866 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The Reconstruction era was the period in American history which lasted from 1863 to 1877 . It was a significant chapter in the history of American civil rights . The term has two applications : the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ; the second , to the attempted transformation of the 11 former Confederate states from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , and the role of the Union states in that transformation . Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery , making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments . Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included segregation and the preservation of the traditional cultural standards of the South ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship , and constitutional equality for African Americans . When President Abraham Lincoln , a Republican , was assassinated at the end of the Civil War , Vice President Andrew Johnson , a Democrat from Tennessee and former slave holder , became president . Johnson favored rapid measures to bring the South back into the Union , allowing the Southern states to determine the rights of former slaves . Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger , federal measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill . Johnson , the most prominent Southerner to oppose the Confederacy , followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the suffrage of all freedmen , whereas Johnson and the Democratic Party were strongly opposed to this . Johnson 's weak Reconstruction policies prevailed until the congressional elections of 1866 . Those elections followed outbreaks of violence against blacks in the former rebel states , including the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans massacre of 1866 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Texas', 'summary': "The governor of Texas is the head of the executive branch of Texas 's government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature , and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons in cases other than impeachment ( but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons and Paroles ) or in the case of treason , with permission by the legislature . The current governor is Greg Abbott ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Charles Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Smith_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Charles Smith Hamilton ( November 16 , 1822 - April 17 , 1891 ) was a career United States Army officer who fought with distinction during the Mexican-American War . He also served as a Union Army general during the early part of the American Civil War . After the war Hamilton entered law enforcement and engaged in manufacturing .'}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( September 19 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1843 Resigned , April 13 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Schuyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schuyler_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Schuyler Hamilton ( July 22 , 1822 - March 18 , 1903 ) was an American soldier , farmer , engineer , and a grandson of Alexander Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA Brigadier general , USV ( November 12 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1841 Grandson of Alexander Hamilton Brother-in-law of Henry W. Halleck ; later brother-in-law to George Washington Cullum Nominated major general , USV ( September 17 , 1862 ) , never confirmed due to illness Resigned February 27 , 1863', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton', 'summary': "Alexander Hamilton ( January 11 , 1755 or 1757 - July 12 , 1804 ) was an American statesman , politician , legal scholar , military commander , lawyer , banker , and economist . He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution , as well as the founder of the nation 's financial system , the Federalist Party , the United States Coast Guard , and the New York Post newspaper . As the first Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of George Washington 's administration . He took the lead in the Federal government 's funding of the states ' debts , as well as establishing a national bank , a system of tariffs , and friendly trade relations with Britain . His vision included a strong central government led by a vigorous executive branch , a strong commercial economy , a national bank and support for manufacturing , and a strong military . Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown , Nevis . He was orphaned as a child and taken in by a prosperous merchant . When he reached his teens , he was sent to New York to pursue his education . He took an early role in the militia as the American Revolutionary War began . In 1777 , he became a senior aide to General Washington in running the new Continental Army . After the war , he was elected as a representative from New York to the Congress of the Confederation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wager_Halleck', 'summary': "Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16 , 1815 - January 9 , 1872 ) was a United States Army officer , scholar , and lawyer . A noted expert in military studies , he was known by a nickname that became derogatory : Old Brains . He was an important participant in the admission of California as a state and became a successful lawyer and land developer . Halleck served as General-in-Chief of all Union armies during the American Civil War . Early in the Civil War , Halleck was a senior Union Army commander in the Western Theater . He commanded operations in the Western Theater from 1861 until 1862 , during which time , while the Union armies in the east were defeated and held back , the troops under Halleck 's command won many important victories . However , Halleck was not present at the battles , and his subordinates earned most of the recognition . The only operation in which Halleck exercised field command was the Siege of Corinth in the spring of 1862 , a Union victory which he conducted with extreme caution . Halleck also developed rivalries with many of his subordinate generals , such as Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell . In July 1862 , following Major General George B. McClellan 's failed Peninsula Campaign in the Eastern Theater , Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of all U.S. armies . Halleck served in this capacity for about a year and a half . Halleck was a cautious general who believed strongly in thorough preparations for battle and in the value of defensive fortifications over quick , aggressive action ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum', 'summary': 'George Washington Cullum ( 25 February 1809 - 28 February 1892 ) was an American soldier , engineer and writer . He worked as the supervising engineer on the building and repair of many fortifications across the country . Cullum served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , primarily in the Western Theater and served as the 16th Superintendent of the United States Military Academy . Following his retirement from the Army , he became a prominent figure in New York society , serving in many societies , and as vice president of the American Geographical Society . The society named the Cullum Geographical Medal after him .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamlin , Cyrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyrus_Hamlin_(general)', 'summary': 'Cyrus Hamlin ( April 26 , 1839 - August 28 , 1867 ) was an attorney , politician , and a general from Bangor , Maine , who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA ( February 12 , 1863 ) Brigadier general , USV ( December 13 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin Brother of Charles Hamlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The vice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government , after the president of the United States , and ranks first in the presidential line of succession . The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch , as president of the Senate . In this capacity , the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations , but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote . The vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress . The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College . Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment , ratified in 1967 , created a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Prior to 1967 , in the event a vice president succeeded to the presidency , died , or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . The vice president is also a statutory member of the National Security Council , and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . The Office of the Vice President assists and organises the vice president 's official functions . The role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 constitutional Convention . Especially over the past 100 years , the vice presidency has evolved into a position of domestic and foreign policy political power , and is now widely seen as an integral part of a president 's administration . As the vice president 's role within the executive branch has expanded , his role within the legislative branch has contracted ; for example , he presides over the Senate only infrequently ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin', 'summary': "Hannibal Hamlin ( August 27 , 1809 - July 4 , 1891 ) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Maine . In a public service career that spanned over 50 years , he served as the 15th vice president of the United States . The first Republican to hold the office , Hamlin served from 1861 to 1865 . He is considered among the most influential politicians to have come from Maine . A native of Paris , Maine ( part of Massachusetts until 1820 ) , Hamlin managed his father 's farm before becoming a newspaper editor . He studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1833 , and began to practice in Hampden , Maine . Originally a Democrat , Hamlin began his political career with election to the Maine House of Representatives in 1835 and an appointment to the military staff of the Governor of Maine . As an officer in the militia , he took part in the 1839 negotiations that helped end the Aroostook War . In the 1840s Hamlin was elected and served in the United States House of Representatives . In 1848 the state house elected him to the United States Senate , where he served until January 1857 . He served temporarily as governor for six weeks in the beginning of 1857 , after which he returned to the Senate . Hamlin was an active opponent of slavery ; he supported the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the Compromise Measures of 1850 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Hamlin_(general)', 'summary': 'Charles Hamlin ( September 13 , 1837 - May 15 , 1911 ) , from Bangor , Maine , was an attorney and a Union Army officer during the American Civil War , attaining the rank of major . He was nominated for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers by President Andrew Johnson on January 13 , 1866 , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 . He was one of the sons of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin and a brother to Cyrus Hamlin , a Union Army brigadier general .'}]}, {'value': 'Hammond , William Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Alexander_Hammond', 'summary': 'William Alexander Hammond ( 28 August 1828 - 5 January 1900 ) was an American military physician and neurologist . During the American Civil War he was the eleventh Surgeon General of the United States Army ( 1862-1864 ) and the founder of the Army Medical Museum ( now the National Museum of Health and Medicine ) . He was the first American physician to devote himself entirely to neurology , the author of the first American treatise about neurology , and one of the founders of the American Neurological Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( April 25 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon General ( 1862-1864 ) Dismissed from service , August 18 , 1864', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': "The Surgeon General of the United States Army is the senior-most officer of the U.S. Army Medical Department ( AMEDD ) . By policy , the Surgeon General ( TSG ) serves as Commanding General , U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) as well as head of the AMEDD . The surgeon general 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OTSG ) and are located in Falls Church , Virginia . Since 1959 , TSG has been appointed in the grade of lieutenant general . By law , TSG may be appointed from any of the six officer branches of the AMEDD . However , prior to the 43rd Surgeon General , Lt. Gen. Patricia Horoho - an Army Nurse Corps officer - all appointed and confirmed surgeons general have been Medical Corps officers - military physicians . The incumbent Surgeon General is medical administrator Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle , a Medical Service Corps officer . The 44th Army Surgeon LTG Nadja West retired on July 19 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hancock , Winfield Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock', 'summary': "Winfield Scott Hancock ( February 14 , 1824 - February 9 , 1886 ) was a United States Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880 . He served with distinction in the Army for four decades , including service in the Mexican-American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War . Known to his Army colleagues as Hancock the Superb , he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 . His military service continued after the Civil War , as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the Army 's presence at the Western frontier . Hancock 's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg , combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states ' rights , made him a potential presidential candidate . When the Democrats nominated him for President in 1880 , he ran a strong campaign , but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield . Hancock 's last public service involved the oversight of General Ulysses S. Grant 's funeral procession in 1885 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( August 12 , 1864 ) Major general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1844 Received the Thanks of Congress ( April 21 , 1866 ) Commander-in-chief , MOLLUS ( 1879-1886 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Thanks of Congress is a series of formal resolutions passed by the United States Congress originally to extend the government 's formal thanks for significant victories or impressive actions by American military commanders and their troops . Although it began during the American Revolutionary War , the practice peaked during the American Civil War . Similarly , the Confederate Congress also passed resolutions honoring extraordinary performance to individuals or military units ."}]}, {'value': 'Hardie , James Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Allen_Hardie', 'summary': 'James Allen Hardie ( May 5 , 1823 - December 14 , 1876 ) was an American soldier , serving in a number of important administrative positions in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA ( March , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1843 Appointed brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 ) , appointment revoked January 22 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardin , Martin Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Davis_Hardin', 'summary': 'Martin Davis Hardin ( June 26 , 1837 - December 12 , 1923 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was appointed a brigadier general on July 6 , 1864 , to rank from July 2 , 1864 , the date of U.S. Senate confirmation of his promotion .'}]}, {'value': 'Major , USA Brigadier general , USV ( July 2 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harding , Abner Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abner_Clark_Harding', 'summary': 'Abner Clark Harding ( February 10 , 1807 - July 19 , 1874 ) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( March 13 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resigned June , 1863 U.S . Congressman from Illinois ( 1865-1869 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Harker , Charles Garrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Garrison_Harker', 'summary': 'Charles Garrison Harker ( December 2 , 1837 - June 27 , 1864 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was killed in action at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in northern Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign . Fort Harker in Kansas , an active garrison of the United States Army from 1866 to 1872 , was named in his honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 10 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1858 KIA , Battle of Kennesaw Mountain ( June 26 , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain', 'summary': "The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27 , 1864 , during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War . It was the most significant frontal assault launched by Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman against the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , ending in a tactical defeat for the Union forces . Strategically , however , the battle failed to deliver the result that the Confederacy desperately needed - namely a halt to Sherman 's advance on Atlanta . Sherman 's 1864 campaign against Atlanta , Georgia , was initially characterized by a series of flanking maneuvers against Johnston , each of which compelled the Confederate army to withdraw from heavily fortified positions with minimal casualties on either side . After two months and 70 miles ( 110 km ) of such maneuvering , Sherman 's path was blocked by imposing fortifications on Kennesaw Mountain , near Marietta , Georgia , and the Union general chose to change his tactics and ordered a large-scale frontal assault on June 27 , 1864 . Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson feinted against the northern end of Kennesaw Mountain , while his corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Logan assaulted Pigeon Hill on its southwest corner . At the same time , Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas launched strong attacks against Cheatham Hill at the center of the Confederate line . Both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses , but a demonstration by Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield achieved a strategic success by threatening the Confederate army 's left flank , prompting yet another Confederate withdrawal toward Atlanta and the removal of General Johnston from command of the army ."}]}, {'value': 'Harland , Edward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Harland_(general)', 'summary': 'Edward Harland ( June 24 , 1832 - March 9 , 1915 ) was a Union general during the American Civil War . He was associated with early battles of the IX Corps as well as Union involvement in North Carolina and the Tidewater region of Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harney , William Selby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_S._Harney', 'summary': 'William Selby Harney ( August 22 , 1800 - May 9 , 1889 ) was a Tennessee-born cavalry officer in the U.S. Army , who became known ( and controversial ) during the Indian Wars and the Mexican-American War . One of four general officers in the U.S. Army at the beginning of the Civil War , he was removed from overseeing the Department of the West due to his Confederate sympathies early in the war ( although he did keep Missouri from joining the Confederacy ) . Under President Andrew Johnson , he served with on the Indian Peace Commission , negotiating several treaties , before spending his retirement partly in St. Louis and partly trading reminiscences with Jefferson Davis in Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( June 14 , 1858 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harris , Thomas Maley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Maley_Harris', 'summary': 'Thomas Maley Harris ( 1817-1906 ) was a physician and Union general during the American Civil War . Born and raised in Harrisville , Virginia ( now part of West Virginia ) , Harris originally set out to be a teacher , but changed career paths to study medicine . He received his medical degree from Louisville Medical College in 1843 and returned to Virginia to practice medicine until 1861 , when he closed his practice when the Civil War began .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( March 29 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioner on Lincoln assassination trial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination', 'summary': "Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14 , 1865 , while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C . Shot in the head as he watched the play , Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 am , in the Petersen House opposite the theater . He was the first U.S. president to be assassinated , with his funeral and burial marking an extended period of national mourning . Occurring near the end of the American Civil War , the assassination was part of a larger conspiracy intended by Booth to revive the Confederate cause by eliminating the three most important officials of the United States government . Conspirators Lewis Powell and David Herold were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward , and George Atzerodt was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson . Beyond Lincoln 's death , the plot failed : Seward was only wounded and Johnson 's would-be attacker lost his nerve . After a dramatic initial escape , Booth was killed at the climax of a 12-day manhunt . Powell , Herold , Atzerodt and Mary Surratt were later hanged for their roles in the conspiracy ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrison , Benjamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison', 'summary': "Benjamin Harrison ( August 20 , 1833 - March 13 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893 . He was a grandson of the ninth president , William Henry Harrison , creating the only grandfather-grandson duo to have held the office . He was also a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V , a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence . Harrison was born on a farm by the Ohio River and studied law at the University of Cincinnati . After moving to Indianapolis , Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney , Presbyterian church leader , and politician in Indiana . During the American Civil War , he served in the Union Army as a colonel , and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865 . Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876 . The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate , where he served from 1881 to 1887 . A Republican , Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888 , defeating the Democratic incumbent , Grover Cleveland . Hallmarks of Harrison 's administration included unprecedented economic legislation , including the McKinley Tariff , which imposed historic protective trade rates , and the Sherman Antitrust Act . Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891 . During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator from Indiana ( 1881-1887 ) 23rd President of the United States ( 1889-1893 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrow , William', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Harrow', 'summary': 'William Harrow ( November 14 , 1822 - September 27 , 1872 ) was a lawyer in Indiana , United States of America , and a controversial Union general in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relieved , September 1864 Resigned , April 7 , 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartranft , John F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_F._Hartranft', 'summary': 'John Frederick Hartranft ( December 16 , 1830 - October 17 , 1889 ) was the United States military officer who read the death warrant to the individuals who were executed on July 7 , 1865 for conspiring to assassinate American President Abraham Lincoln . Previously having achieved the rank of major general of the Union Army during the American Civil War , he had also been awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his actions in the First Battle of Bull Run . Post-war , he served as the 17th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1879 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 12 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MOH , First Battle of Bull Run Provost Marshal , Lincoln Assassination trial Commander-in-chief , GAR ( 1875-1877 ) Governor of Pennsylvania ( 1873-1879 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run', 'summary': "The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was the first major battle of the American Civil War and was a Confederate victory . The battle was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington , D.C . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the Confederacy . Yielding to political pressure , Brig . Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig . Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Provost_Marshal', 'summary': 'Provost marshal is a title given to a person in charge of a group of military police ( MP ) . The title originated with an older term for military police , provosts . While a provost marshal is now usually a senior commissioned officer , he/she may be a person of any rank , who commands any number of MPs ; historically , the title was sometimes applied to civilian officials , especially under conditions of martial law , or when a military force had day-to-day responsibility for some or all aspects of civilian law enforcement ( such as some British colonies ) . A provost marshal may also oversee security services , imprisonment , fire/emergency services and ambulances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvania 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment , but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons . There have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania , with two governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 55 terms in both offices . The longest term was that of the first governor , Thomas Mifflin , who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as president . The shortest term belonged to John Bell , who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor , Edward Martin resigned . The current governor is Democrat Tom Wolf , whose term began on January 20 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartsuff , George Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_L._Hartsuff', 'summary': 'George Lucas Hartsuff ( May 28 , 1830 - May 16 , 1874 ) was an American soldier , born at Tyre , New York . He graduated at West Point in 1852 , graduating 19th out of 43 in his class . He served on the frontier and in Florida , where , during a fight with the Seminole Indians near Fort Myers in December 1855 , he received a wound which eventually caused his death . Hartsuff survived the wreck of the steamer Lady Elgin on Lake Michigan on September 8 , 1860 . On March 22 , 1861 , Hartsuff was appointed assistant adjutant general with the brevet rank of captain and was assigned to duty under Rosecrans in West Virginia . He held under staff positions , eventually serving briefly as chief of staff of the Mountain Department . Hartsuff became a brigadier general on April 15 , 1862 . He served in third corps Army of Virginia and then in the Army of the Potomac . Hartsuff was severely wounded in the hip at Antietam while leading a brigade in second division I Corps . Immediately after the battle he was made a brevet colonel in the regular army for gallant and meritorious services . Hartsuff was promoted to the rank of major general on November 29 , 1863 . Returning to active duty , he commanded XXIII Corps in the Army of the Ohio from May 28 , 1863 to September 24 , of the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel , USA Major general , USV ( November 19 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1852', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Union generals -- H', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Civil_War_Generals_(Union)_7', 'intro': 'The following lists show the names, substantive ranks, and brevet ranks (if applicable) of all general officers who served in the United States Army during the Civil War, in addition to a small selection of lower-ranked officers who received brevets as general officers; while some 1,600 officers received or were nominated for brevets as general officers in the course of the war (or immediately following it for service during the war), only a small selection is listed here; only those who were killed in action, served as department heads within the army, had revoked or incomplete appointments or became U.S. President are listed here. In addition to their names and ranks, there is a small set of notes after every entry listing Medal of Honor or Thanks of Congress citations, West Point graduation dates, important political or Army offices held, retirements or deaths during the war (whether in action or other means), notable relations, rejections or expiration of appointments, or unique facts pertaining to this article (i.e. youngest general, last surviving general, etc. ); for all other information on their lives and accomplishments, please refer to their individual entries. If available, ranks are followed by the to rank from dates (i.e. the date on which the commission is effective) rather than the date of appointment or confirmation, which were generally months if not years later; this is particularly true in the case of brevets, most of which were granted after the war between 1866 and 1869. Note on abbreviations:'} | null | null | What is the gross state product in billions in 2017 of the state noted for the General who facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891 ? | 359.12 |
0b56fa0d02328149 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_Super_League_venues', 'title': 'List of current and former Super League venues', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Location', 'Country', 'Attendance', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bramall Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bramall_Lane', 'summary': "Bramall Lane is a football stadium in Sheffield , South Yorkshire , England . It is the home of Premier League club Sheffield United . As the largest stadium in Sheffield during the 19th century , it hosted most of the city 's most significant matches including the final of the world 's first football tournament , first floodlit match and several matches between the Sheffield and London Football Associations that led to the unification of their respective rules . It was also used by Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield F.C . for major matches . It has been the home of Sheffield United since the club 's establishment in 1889 . It is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional association football matches . The stadium was built on a Sheffield road named after the Bramall family ( who were file and graver manufacturers ) . The Bramalls owned 'The Old White House ' on the corner of Bramall Lane and Cherry Street , and subsequently built the Sheaf House , now a public house that still stands at the top of Bramall Lane . The stadium was originally opened as a cricket ground . It was also used for football games in the 19th century by Sheffield F.C . and Sheffield Wednesday but since 1889 it has been the home of Sheffield United ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheffield , South Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield', 'summary': "Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , its name derives from the River Sheaf , which runs through the city . With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base . The population of the City of Sheffield is 582,506 ( mid-2018 est . ) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group . Sheffield is the third-largest English district by population . The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000 . The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines , and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries , the Loxley , the Porter Brook , the Rivelin and the Sheaf . Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield 's entire area is green space , and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park . There are more than 250 parks , woodlands and gardens in the city , which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees . Sheffield played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution , with many significant inventions and technologies developed in the city . In the 19th century , the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade , when stainless steel and crucible steel were developed locally , fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Yorkshire', 'summary': "South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 . It has an area of 1,552 square kilometres ( 599 sq mi ) and consists of four metropolitan boroughs , Barnsley , Doncaster , Rotherham and Sheffield . South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . Its largest settlement is Sheffield . Lying on the east side of the Pennines , South Yorkshire is landlocked , and borders Derbyshire to the west and south-west , West Yorkshire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north , the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north-east , Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire to the south-east . The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom , and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county 's population living within it . South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region , reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire 's two largest cities . South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its metropolitan boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities , although the metropolitan county continues to exist in law . As a ceremonial county , South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire ( the administrative county and four independent county boroughs ) , with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire . In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom 's membership of the European Union , South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain , making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,265 & 4,000 & 5,103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff Arms Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park', 'summary': 'Cardiff Arms Park ( Welsh : Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd ) , also known as The Arms Park and the BT Sport Cardiff Arms Park for sponsorship reasons from September 2014 , is situated in the centre of Cardiff , Wales . It is primarily known as a rugby union stadium , but it also has a bowling green . The Arms Park was host to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1958 , and hosted four games in the 1991 Rugby World Cup , including the third-place play-off . The Arms Park also hosted the inaugural Heineken Cup Final of 1995-96 and the following year in 1996-97 . The history of the rugby ground begins with the first stands appearing for spectators in the ground in 1881-1882 . Originally the Arms Park had a cricket ground to the north and a rugby union stadium to the south . By 1969 , the cricket ground had been demolished to make way for the present day rugby ground to the north and a second rugby stadium to the south , called the National Stadium . The National Stadium , which was used by Wales national rugby union team , was officially opened on 7 April 1984 , however in 1997 it was demolished to make way for the Millennium Stadium in 1999 , which hosted the 1999 Rugby World Cup and became the national stadium of Wales . The rugby ground has remained the home of the semi-professional Cardiff RFC yet the professional Cardiff Blues regional rugby union team moved to the Cardiff City Stadium in 2009 , but returned three years later . The site is owned by Cardiff Athletic Club and has been host to many sports , apart from rugby union and cricket ; they include athletics , association football , greyhound racing , tennis , British baseball and boxing . The site also has a bowling green to the north of the rugby ground , which is used by Cardiff Athletic Bowls Club , which is the bowls section of the Cardiff Athletic Club . The National Stadium also hosted many music concerts including Michael Jackson , David Bowie , Bon Jovi , The Rolling Stones and U2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff , City of Cardiff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,708 & 4,431', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anfield', 'summary': "Anfield is a football stadium in Anfield , Liverpool , Merseyside , England , which has a seating capacity of 54,074 , making it the seventh largest football stadium in England . It has been the home of Liverpool F.C . since their formation in 1892 . It was originally the home of Everton F.C . from 1884 to 1891 , before they moved to Goodison Park after a dispute with the club president . The stadium has four stands : the Spion Kop , the Main Stand , the Sir Kenny Dalglish Stand and the Anfield Road End . The record attendance of 61,905 was set at a match between Liverpool and Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1952 . The ground converted to an all-seater stadium in 1994 as a result of the Taylor Report , which reduced its capacity . Two gates at the stadium are named after former Liverpool managers : Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley . Both managers have been honoured with statues outside the stadium : Shankly 's unveiled in 1997 by the Kop Stand and Paisley 's in 2020 by the Main Stand . The ground is 2 miles ( 3 km ) from Liverpool Lime Street railway station . It was proposed in 2002 to replace the stadium with a new one in the adjacent Stanley Park , but after the acquisition of Liverpool F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool , Merseyside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool', 'summary': "Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside , England . As of 2018 , the population is approximately 494,814 . Liverpool is the ninth-largest English district by population , and the largest in Merseyside and the Liverpool City Region . It lies within the United Kingdom 's sixth-most populous urban area . Liverpool 's metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom , with a population of 2.24 million . Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary , and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the southwest of the county of Lancashire in North West England . It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880 . In 1889 , it became a county borough independent of Lancashire . Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution . Along with handling general cargo , freight , and raw materials such as coal and cotton , the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade . In the 19th century , it was a major port of departure for English and Irish emigrants to North America . Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line , and was the port of registry of the ocean liners RMS Titanic , RMS Lusitania , RMS Queen Mary , and RMS Olympic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Merseyside', 'summary': 'Merseyside ( /ˈmɜːrzisaɪd/ MUR-zee-syde ) is a metropolitan county in North West England , with a population of 1.38 million . It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary and comprises five metropolitan boroughs : Knowsley , St Helens , Sefton , Wirral , and the city of Liverpool . Merseyside , which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , takes its name from the River Mersey . Merseyside spans 249 square miles ( 645 km2 ) of land which border Lancashire ( to the north-east ) , Greater Manchester ( to the east ) , Cheshire ( to the south and south-east ) and the Irish Sea to the west . North Wales is across the Dee Estuary . There is a mix of high density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside , but overwhelmingly the land use is urban . It has a focused central business district , formed by Liverpool City Centre , but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . The Liverpool Urban Area is the fifth most populous conurbation in England , and dominates the geographic centre of the county , while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Merseyside County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) are now effectively unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and several county-wide services are co-ordinated by authorities and joint-boards , such as Merseytravel ( for public transport ) , Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service and the Merseyside Police ( for law-enforcement ) ; as a ceremonial county , Merseyside has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . As the Lancashire county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries , the High Sheriff of Merseyside , along with those of Lancashire and Greater Manchester are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,329 & 10,058', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II & III', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Parc des Sports et de l'Amitie", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Parc_des_Sports_et_de_l'Amitie", 'summary': "The Parc des Sports et de l'Amitié is a multi-use stadium in Narbonne , France . The stadium is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of RC Narbonne . The stadium is able to hold 12,000 people and was built in 1979 . On 12 February , 2016 , it hosted a Six Nations Under 20s Championship match between France and Ireland with France winning 34 - 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Narbonne , Languedoc-Roussillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narbonne', 'summary': 'Narbonne ( /nɑːrˈbɒn/ , also US : /-ˈbɔːn , -ˈbʌn/ , French : [ naʁbɔn ] ; Occitan : Narbona [ naɾˈbunɔ ] ; Latin : Narbo [ ˈna ( ː ) rboː ] ; Late Latin : Narbona ) is a commune in southern France in the Occitanie region . It lies 849 km ( 528 mi ) from Paris in the Aude department , of which it is a sub-prefecture . It is located about 15 km ( 9 mi ) from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and was historically a prosperous port , but declined from the 14th century following a change in the course of the Aude River . It is marginally the largest commune in Aude , although the prefecture is the slightly smaller commune of Carcassonne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon', 'summary': "Languedoc-Roussillon ( French : [ lɑ̃ɡ ( ə ) dɔk ʁusijɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; Catalan : Llenguadoc-Rosselló ) is a former administrative region of France . On 1 January 2016 , it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to became Occitanie . It comprises five departments , and borders the other French regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Rhône-Alpes , Auvergne , Midi-Pyrénées on the one side , and Spain , Andorra and the Mediterranean Sea on the other side . It is the southernmost region of mainland France ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,743 & 4,479 & 5,070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II & XI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sixfields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sixfields_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sixfields Stadium , currently known as The PTS Academy Stadium for sponsorship reasons , is a 7,798-capacity all-seater sports stadium in the Sixfields area on the west side of Northampton , England . It has been the home ground of Northampton Town Football Club following their move from the County Ground in October 1994 . It was also rented by Coventry City between July 2013 and August 2014 . Aside from being a sports venue , Sixfields also houses conference facilities .'}]}, {'value': 'Northampton , East Midlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northampton', 'summary': 'Northampton /nɔːrˈθæmptən/ ( listen ) is a large market town and the county town of Northamptonshire in the East Midlands of England . It lies on the River Nene , 60 miles ( 97 km ) north-west of London and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south-east of Birmingham . One of the largest towns in England , it had a population of 212,100 at the 2011 census ( 223,000 est . 2019 ) . Northampton is also home to Northampton Cathedral which is an established cathedral for the Diocese of Northampton . Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates to the Bronze Age , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . In the Middle Ages , the town rose to national significance with the establishment of Northampton Castle , an occasional royal residence which regularly hosted the Parliament of England . Medieval Northampton had many churches , monasteries and the University of Northampton , all enclosed by the town walls . It was granted a town charter by Richard I in 1189 and a mayor was appointed by King John in 1215 . The town was also the site of two medieval battles , in 1264 and 1460 . Northampton supported the Parliamentary Roundheads in the English Civil War , and Charles II ordered the destruction of the town walls and most of the castle . The Great Fire of Northampton in 1675 destroyed much of the town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Midlands', 'summary': 'The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Lincolnshire ( except North and North East Lincolnshire ) , Northamptonshire , Nottinghamshire and Rutland . The region has an area of 15,627 km2 ( 6,034 sq mi ) , with a population over 4.5 million in 2011 . There are six main urban centres , Derby , Leicester , Lincoln , Mansfield , Northampton and Nottingham . Others include Boston , Chesterfield , Corby , Grantham , Hinckley , Kettering , Loughborough , Newark-on-Trent , Skegness , and Wellingborough . Relative proximity to London and its position on the national motorway and trunk road networks help the East Midlands to thrive as an economic hub . Nottingham and Leicester are each classified as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The region is primarily served by East Midlands Airport , which lies between Derby , Loughborough and Nottingham .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,087', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tynecastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tynecastle Park is a football stadium situated in the Gorgie area of Edinburgh , which is the home ground of Scottish Professional Football League club Heart of Midlothian ( Hearts ) . It has also hosted Scotland international matches , and been used as a neutral venue for Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup semi-finals . Tynecastle has a seating capacity of 19,852 , which makes it the sixth-largest football stadium in Scotland . Hearts have played at the present site of Tynecastle since 1886 .'}]}, {'value': 'Edinburgh , City of Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,863 & 4,978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'III & IV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vetch Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vetch_Field', 'summary': "The Vetch Field was a football stadium in Swansea , Wales . It was used for football matches and was the home ground of Swansea City until the club moved to the newly built Liberty Stadium in 2005 . Opened in 1912 , the ground held around 12,000 at the time of its closure , but upwards of 30,000 at its peak . As well as being home to the Swans , the Vetch also hosted games for the Wales national football team , with 18 internationals played at the Vetch between 1921 and 1988 . Other sports also found a home at the Vetch , with 8 rugby league matches played there between 1990 and 1999 . In 1960 , local boy Brian Curvis beat the Australian boxer George Barnes at the Vetch to win the Commonwealth ( British Empire ) Welterweight title . The stadium also operated as a music venue , hosting The Who in 1976 and Stevie Wonder in 1984 . The Vetch 's final Football League fixture was a 1-0 win for Swansea over Shrewsbury Town on 30 April 2005 . The last ever game of football to be held at the Vetch was the 2005 FAW Premier Cup final , which saw Swansea beat Wrexham 2-1 . The Vetch continues to be the subject of much nostalgia amongst Swansea fans who often feel that it had a more vibrant and authentic atmosphere than the Liberty Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Swansea , City of Swansea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,572', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakwell', 'summary': "Oakwell is a multi-purpose sports development in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , England used primarily by Barnsley Football Club for playing their home fixtures , and those of their reserves . While the name 'Oakwell ' generally refers to the main stadium , it also includes several neighbouring venues which form the facilities of the Barnsley F.C . academy - an indoor training pitch , a smaller stadium with seating on the south and west sides for around 2,200 spectators , and several training pitches used by the different Barnsley FC squads . Oakwell was the first stadium in English football to have a designated stand for disabled supporters . Until 2003 the stadium and the vast amount of land that surrounds it were owned by Barnsley Football Club themselves ; however , after the club fell into administration in 2002 , the council purchased the main Oakwell Stadium to allow the club to pay its creditors and remain participants in the Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Barnsley , South Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnsley', 'summary': "Barnsley ( /ˈbɑːrnzli/ ) is a town in South Yorkshire , England , located between Leeds and Sheffield . Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire , the town centre lies on the west bank of the Dearne Valley . Barnsley is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley , of which Barnsley is the largest and its administrative centre . At the 2011 Census , Barnsley had a population of 91,297 . Barnsley is a former industrial town centred on linen in its former years and coal mining , glassmaking and textiles . The industries declined in the 20th century . Barnsley 's culture is rooted in its industrial heritage and it has a tradition of brass bands , originally created as social clubs by its mining communities . It is also home of the Barnsley chop . The town is accessed from junctions 36 , 37 and 38 of the M1 motorway and has a railway station on the Hallam and Penistone Lines . Barnsley F.C . is the local football club , which has competed in the second tier of British football for most of its history . Barnsley F.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Yorkshire', 'summary': "South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England . It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 . It has an area of 1,552 square kilometres ( 599 sq mi ) and consists of four metropolitan boroughs , Barnsley , Doncaster , Rotherham and Sheffield . South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . Its largest settlement is Sheffield . Lying on the east side of the Pennines , South Yorkshire is landlocked , and borders Derbyshire to the west and south-west , West Yorkshire to the north-west , North Yorkshire to the north , the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north-east , Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire to the south-east . The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom , and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county 's population living within it . South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region , reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshire 's two largest cities . South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its metropolitan boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities , although the metropolitan county continues to exist in law . As a ceremonial county , South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire ( the administrative county and four independent county boroughs ) , with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire . In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom 's membership of the European Union , South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain , making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,556', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saltergate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saltergate', 'summary': "Saltergate , officially the Recreation Ground , was the historic home of Chesterfield Football Club , and was in use from 1871 until the club 's relocation in July 2010 , a 139-year history that made it one of the oldest football grounds in England at the time of its closure . The name 'Saltergate ' became predominant in popular usage from the 1920s . Tightly surrounded by housing , the football stadium was located near Chesterfield 's town centre on the thoroughfare of the same name . The ground underwent only limited additional development after a new main stand was opened in 1936 . Although plans to develop the site were explored , the club 's fans ultimately voted in favour of pursuing a new ground in a 2003 ballot , with the site confirmed by a 2006 poll . The final Chesterfield fixture at Saltergate , a Football League Two game against Bournemouth , was held on 8 May 2010 . From the 2010-11 season , the team switched to the new Proact Stadium located in the Whittington Moor area of the town . An October 2010 publication from the club , Saltergate Sunset by Stuart Basson , chronicled the story of the ground . In January 2012 , the football club sold the Saltergate site to Barratt Homes . Its demolition to make way for a new housing development began in April and was completed in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chesterfield , Derbyshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesterfield', 'summary': "Chesterfield is a large market town and borough in Derbyshire , England , 24 miles ( 39 km ) north of Derby and 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of Sheffield at the confluence of the rivers Rother and Hipper . With Whittington , Brimington and Staveley it had a population of about 103,801 in 2012 , making it Derbyshire 's second largest town . It has been traced to a soon-abandoned Roman fort of the 1st century AD . The name of the later Anglo-Saxon village comes from the Old English ceaster ( a Roman fort ) and feld ( grazing land ) . Its sizeable street market is held three days a week . The town sits on a coalfield , but little visual evidence of mining remains . Its biggest landmark is the Church of St Mary and All Saints with its crooked spire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Derbyshire', 'summary': "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welford Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welford_Road_Stadium', 'summary': 'Welford Road is a rugby union stadium in Leicester , England , and is the home ground for Leicester Tigers . The ground was opened on 10 September 1892 and is located between Aylestone Road and Welford Road on the southern edge of the city centre . The ground was developed in two main periods , either side of the First World War stands were built on both sides and then between 1995 and 2016 both ends were developed and the north side redeveloped . The stadium has a capacity of 25,849 , making it the largest purpose-built club rugby union ground in England . It hosted five full England national team matches between 1902 and 1923 , and staged a single match at each of the 1991 and 1999 Rugby World Cups .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester , East Midlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester', 'summary': 'Leicester ( /ˈlɛstər/ ( listen ) LEST-ər ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England , and the county town of Leicestershire . The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest . It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry , south of Nottingham , and west of Peterborough . The 2016 mid year estimate of the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 348,300 , an increase of approximately 18,500 ( 5.6% ) from the 2011 census figure of 329,839 , making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region . The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England and the 13th most populous in the United Kingdom . Leicester is at the intersection of two major railway lines - the north-south Midland Main Line and the east/west Birmingham to London Stansted CrossCountry line ; as well as the confluence of the M1/M69 motorways and the A6/A46 trunk routes . Leicester is the home to football club Leicester City and rugby club Leicester Tigers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Midlands', 'summary': 'The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Lincolnshire ( except North and North East Lincolnshire ) , Northamptonshire , Nottinghamshire and Rutland . The region has an area of 15,627 km2 ( 6,034 sq mi ) , with a population over 4.5 million in 2011 . There are six main urban centres , Derby , Leicester , Lincoln , Mansfield , Northampton and Nottingham . Others include Boston , Chesterfield , Corby , Grantham , Hinckley , Kettering , Loughborough , Newark-on-Trent , Skegness , and Wellingborough . Relative proximity to London and its position on the national motorway and trunk road networks help the East Midlands to thrive as an economic hub . Nottingham and Leicester are each classified as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The region is primarily served by East Midlands Airport , which lies between Derby , Loughborough and Nottingham .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,233 & 5,259 & 3,589', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IV & VI & IX', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stade d'Albert Domec", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stade_d'Albert_Domec", 'summary': 'Stade Albert Domec is a multi-use municipal stadium in Carcassonne , France . It has a capacity of 10,000 spectators . It is the home ground of Pro D2 rugby union club Union Sportive Carcassonnaise and Elite One Championship rugby league club Association Sportive de Carcassonne XIII . It is also used by the association football club Football Agglomération Carcassonne for their big matches . Built in 1899 , it is one of the oldest stadiums in France , and was renovated in 2002 , and again in 2012 when US Carcassonne entered the Pro D2 . The stadium is named after the French rugby union player Albert Domec , who died 20 September 1948 , and who represented France in 1939 . The stadium is also equipped for athletics and has an eight lane 400m track . The stadium has been used in Rugby League World Cups . The ground has hosted many French rugby league championship and cup finals as well as French rugby league internationals , the first being in 1967 when Great Britain national rugby league team won 16-13 in front of 10,650 spectators'}]}, {'value': 'Carcassonne , Aude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carcassonne', 'summary': 'Carcassonne ( /ˌkɑːrkəˈsɒn/ , also US : /-ˈsɔːn , -ˈsoʊn/ , French : [ kaʁkasɔn ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Carcassona [ kaɾkaˈsunɔ ] ; Latin : Carcaso ) is a French fortified city in the department of Aude , in the region of Occitanie . A prefecture , it has a population of about 50,000 . Inhabited since the Neolithic period , Carcassonne is located in the plain of the river Aude between historic trade routes , linking the Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea and the Massif Central to the Pyrénées . Its strategic importance was quickly recognized by the Romans , who occupied its hilltop until the demise of the Western Roman Empire . In the fifth century , it was taken over by the Visigoths , who founded the city . Its strategic location led successive rulers to expand its fortifications until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 . Its citadel , known as the Cité de Carcassonne , is a medieval fortress dating back to the Gallo-Roman period and restored by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in 1853 . It was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 . Consequently , Carcassonne relies heavily on tourism but also counts manufacturing and wine-making as some of its other key economic sectors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aude', 'summary': "Aude ( French : [ od ] ; Occitan : [ ˈawðe ] ) is a department in Southern France , located in the Occitanie region and named after the Aude River . The departmental council also calls it Cathar Country ( French : Pays cathare ) after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th century . Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne . As of 2016 , it had a population of 368,025 . Aude is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries , deriving initially from Aude or Oda , a wife of Bertrand , Duke of Aquitaine , and mother of Eudo , brother of Saint Hubertus . Aude was the name of Roland 's fiancée in the chansons de geste ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000 & 6,109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VII & XI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talbot Athletic Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot_Athletic_Ground', 'summary': "The Talbot Athletic Ground is a sports stadium located in central Port Talbot , Wales , with a maximum capacity of 3,000 . The ground is home to Welsh rugby union team Aberavon RFC , and the Wales women 's national team ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Talbot , Neath Port Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Talbot', 'summary': 'Port Talbot ( /ˌpɔːrt ˈtɔːlbət/ , UK also /pɔːr- , pə- , -ˈtælbət , -ˈtɒlbət/ ) is a town and community in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot , Wales . It is 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the east of Swansea across the Swansea Bay , with a population , in 2011 , was 37,276 . It is best known for Port Talbot Steelworks , one of the biggest in the world . The steelworks has for many years been under threat of closure .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot', 'summary': 'Neath Port Talbot ( Welsh : Castell-nedd Port Talbot ) is a county borough and one of the unitary authority areas of Wales . Neath Port Talbot is the eighth most populous local authority area in Wales and the third most populous county borough . The actual population taken at the 2011 census was 139,812 . The coastal areas are mainly English-speaking , however there are many Welsh-speaking communities in the Valleys to the north of the borough . The county borough borders the other principal areas of Bridgend and Rhondda Cynon Taf to the east , Powys and Carmarthenshire to the north and Swansea to the west . Its principal towns are Neath , Port Talbot and Pontardawe .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VIII', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stade Saint-Michel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canet-en-Roussillon , Pyrénées-Orientales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canet-en-Roussillon', 'summary': 'Canet-en-Roussillon ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.nɛ.ɑ̃.ʁu.si.jɔ̃ ] ; Catalan : Canet de Rosselló ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pyrénées-Orientales', 'summary': 'Pyrénées-Orientales ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ piʁene ɔʁjɑ̃tal ] ; Catalan : Pirineus Orientals [ piɾiˈneus uɾiənˈtals ] ; Occitan : Pirenèus Orientals ; Eastern Pyrenees ) , also known as Northern Catalonia , is a department of the Occitanie region of Southern France , adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea . It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia , and thus has two distinct borders with Spain . In 2016 , it had a population of 474,369 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,551', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadi_Olímpic_Lluís_Companys', 'summary': "Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys ( Catalan pronunciation : [ əsˈtaði uˈlimpiɡ ʎuˈis kumˈpaɲs ] , formerly known as the Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc and Estadio de Montjuic ) is a stadium in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Originally built in 1927 for the 1929 International Exposition in the city ( and Barcelona 's bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics , which were awarded to Berlin ) , it was renovated in 1989 to be the main stadium for the 1992 Summer Olympics . It is now used mainly as the home stadium of local amateur side FC Penger . With its current capacity of 60,713 seats ( 67,007 during the 1992 Olympics ) , Estadi Lluís Companys is the 5th-largest stadium in Spain and the 2nd-largest in Catalunya . The stadium is located in the Anella Olímpica , in Montjuïc , a large hill to the southwest of the city which overlooks the harbor . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Barcelona , Catalonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catalonia', 'summary': "Catalonia ( /ˌkætəˈloʊniə/ ; Catalan : Catalunya [ kətəˈluɲə ] ; Aranese : Catalonha [ kataˈluɲɔ ] ; Spanish : Cataluña [ kataˈluɲa ] ) is an autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain , self-designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy . [ c ] Catalonia consists of four provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union . It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia ( with the remainder Roussillon now part of France 's Pyrénées-Orientales , Occitanie ) . It is bordered by France ( Occitanie ) and Andorra to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the east , and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south . The official languages are Catalan , Spanish , and the Aranese dialect of Occitan . In the late 8th century , the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by the Frankish kingdom as feudal vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions . The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal , the count of Barcelona . In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became independent de facto . In 1137 , Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon . The de jure end of Frankish rule was ratified by French and Aragonese monarchs in the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258 . The Principality of Catalonia developed its own institutional system , such as courts ( parliament ) , and constitutions , becoming the base for the Crown of Aragon 's naval power , trade and expansionism in the Mediterranean ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XIV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stade de la Méditerranée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_la_Méditerranée', 'summary': 'Stade de la Méditerranée is a multi-purpose stadium in Béziers , France . The stadium is able to hold 18,555 ( 16110 seated ) people and was built in 1989 . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of AS Béziers Hérault . On October 4 , 1991 , it hosted a 1991 Rugby World Cup Pool 4 match between France and Romania with France winning 30 - 3 . It hosted the first two Pool C matches of the 1999 Rugby World Cup . On October 1 , it hosted Fiji versus Namibia with Fiji winning 67 - 18 . The following day , it hosted quin-hosts France versus Canada with France winning 33 . - 20 . In addition to AS Béziers Hérault matches , the stadium has hosted a Castres Olympique rugby union match versus Toulouse in August 2010 , and versus Stade Français in August 2014 . On 9 March , 2018 , it hosted Six Nations Under 20s Championship between France and England with France losing 6-22 . The stadium is also used to host Rugby league Internationals . On December 4 , 1994 , France hosted Australia in Béziers .'}]}, {'value': 'Béziers , Hérault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Béziers', 'summary': 'Béziers ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ bezje ] ; Occitan : Besièrs ) is a town and commune in the Occitanie region of Southern France ; it is a subprefecture of the Hérault department . In 2014 , it had a population of 75,701 . [ citation needed ] Béziers hosts the famous Feria de Béziers , centred on bullfighting , every August . A million visitors are attracted to the five-day event . Béziers is also a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hérault', 'summary': 'Hérault ( French : [ eʁo ] ; Occitan : Erau ; [ eˈɾaw ] ) is a department the Occitanie region of Southern France . Named after the Hérault River , its prefecture is Montpellier . It had a population of 1,132,481 in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XIV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodney Parade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodney_Parade', 'summary': "Rodney Parade is a stadium in the city of Newport , South Wales , owned and operated by the Welsh Rugby Union . It is located on the east bank of the River Usk in Newport city centre . The ground is on Rodney Road , a short walk from the city 's central bus and railway stations via Newport Bridge or Newport City footbridge . There is no spectator car park at the ground but a number of multi-storey car parks are nearby . Rodney Parade is the home ground of Dragons regional rugby union team and rugby union club Newport RFC . It is also the home ground of Newport County football club , and is the second-oldest sports venue in the Football League , after Deepdale . Stadium capacity is reduced from rugby levels for football matches . Newport Squash Club has four courts at Rodney Parade ."}]}, {'value': 'Newport , City of Newport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Wales', 'summary': "Newport ( Welsh : Casnewydd ; [ kasˈnɛwɨð ] ) is a city and unitary authority area in south east Wales , on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary , 12 miles ( 19 km ) northeast of Cardiff . At the 2011 census , it was the third largest city in Wales , with a population of 145,700 . The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area , with a population of 1,097,000 . Newport has been a port since medieval times , when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans . The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon , immediately upstream , and gained its first charter in 1314 . It grew significantly in the 19th century , when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern South Wales Valleys . Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s , Newport was Wales ' largest coal-exporting port . Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain , the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists . This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School . In the 20th century , the docks declined in importance , but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre . It was granted city status in 2002 . Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010 and was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,597', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XIV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gnoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gnoll', 'summary': "The Gnoll ( Welsh : Y Gnol ) in Neath , Wales is a sports ground , with a capacity of 6,000 ( formerly 15,000 ) . It is used primarily for rugby union and rugby league , although it has also been used previously for association football and cricket . The stadium has hosted international rugby matches , with it being the home ground of the Wales women 's national rugby union team , and men 's matches included one during the 2013 Rugby League World Cup against the Cook Islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Neath , Neath Port Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neath', 'summary': 'Neath ( /niːθ/ ; Welsh : Castell-nedd ) is a town and community situated in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot , Wales with a population of 19,258 in 2011 . The wider urban area , which includes neighbouring settlements , had a population of 50,658 in 2011 . Historically in Glamorgan , the town is located on the river of the same name , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east northeast of Swansea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot', 'summary': 'Neath Port Talbot ( Welsh : Castell-nedd Port Talbot ) is a county borough and one of the unitary authority areas of Wales . Neath Port Talbot is the eighth most populous local authority area in Wales and the third most populous county borough . The actual population taken at the 2011 census was 139,812 . The coastal areas are mainly English-speaking , however there are many Welsh-speaking communities in the Valleys to the north of the borough . The county borough borders the other principal areas of Bridgend and Rhondda Cynon Taf to the east , Powys and Carmarthenshire to the north and Swansea to the west . Its principal towns are Neath , Port Talbot and Pontardawe .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,495', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stade Yves-du-Manoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir_(Montpellier)', 'summary': 'GGL Stadium ( or previously known as Altrad Stadium and Stade Yves-du-Manoir ) is a multi-use stadium in Montpellier , France . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of Montpellier Hérault RC . The stadium is able to hold 15,697 spectators ( 12,734 seated ) . Rugby league side Catalans Dragons used the venue on 5 June 2011 with their tie against Wigan Warriors . In 2014 , Ligue 1 Association football team Montpellier HSC temporarily used the stadium during their 2014-15 season for home games after October floods in Montpellier . Their stadium Stade de la Mosson faced numerous floods and subsequent damages meant the team were unable to use its facility . Altrad held 5 fixtures during this time , 4 Ligue 1 matches and 1 Coupe de la Ligue game which lasted from 28 October up to their last game on 13 December 2014 , before the team returned to their home stadium . The stadium is named after GGL , a property company based in Montpellier .'}]}, {'value': 'Montpellier , Languedoc-Roussillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montpellier', 'summary': 'Montpellier ( UK : /mɒntˈpɛlieɪ/ , US : /ˌmoʊnpɛlˈjeɪ/ , French : [ mɔ̃pəlje , -pɛl- ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Montpelhièr [ mumpeˈʎɛ ] ) is a city near the south coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea . It is the capital of the Hérault department . It is located in the Occitanie region . In 2016 , 607,896 people lived in the urban area and 281,613 in the city itself . Nearly one third of the population are students from three universities and from three higher education institutions that are outside the university framework in the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon', 'summary': "Languedoc-Roussillon ( French : [ lɑ̃ɡ ( ə ) dɔk ʁusijɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; Catalan : Llenguadoc-Rosselló ) is a former administrative region of France . On 1 January 2016 , it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to became Occitanie . It comprises five departments , and borders the other French regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Rhône-Alpes , Auvergne , Midi-Pyrénées on the one side , and Spain , Andorra and the Mediterranean Sea on the other side . It is the southernmost region of mainland France ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XVI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priestfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priestfield_Stadium', 'summary': "Priestfield Stadium ( popularly known simply as Priestfield and officially known from 2007 to 2010 as KRBS Priestfield Stadium and from 2011 as MEMS Priestfield Stadium for sponsorship purposes ) is a football stadium in Gillingham , Kent . It has been the home of Gillingham Football Club since the club 's formation in 1893 , and was also the temporary home of Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club for two seasons during the 1990s . The stadium has also hosted women 's and youth international football matches and a London Broncos rugby league match . The stadium underwent extensive redevelopment during the late 1990s , which has brought its capacity down from nearly 20,000 to a current figure of 11,582 . It has four all-seater stands , all constructed since 1997 , although one is only of a temporary nature . There are also conference and banqueting facilities and a nightspot named The Factory . Despite having invested heavily in its current stadium , Gillingham F.C . has plans to relocate to a new stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gillingham , Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillingham,_Kent', 'summary': "Gillingham ( /ˈdʒɪlɪŋəm/ ( listen ) JIL-ing-əm ) is a town in the county of Kent in South East England . For local government purposes it is also in the unitary authority of Medway . The town includes the settlements of Brompton , Hempstead , Wigmore , Parkwood , Rainham which has its own significant retail and leisure hub , Rainham Mark and Twydall . Gillingham means a homestead of Gylla 's family , from Old English ham ( village , homestead ) and ingas ( family , followers ) , and was first recorded in the 10th century as Gyllingeham . The town 's name is pronounced with a soft ' g ' , compared to the hard ' g ' used for Gillingham , Dorset ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kent', 'summary': 'Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north-west , Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west . The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames ( connected by land via High Speed 1 and the Dartford Crossing ) , and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel . The county town is Maidstone . Kent was among the first British territories conquered and settled by Anglo-Saxons . Canterbury Cathedral in Kent has been the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , leader of the Church of England , since the Reformation . Prior to that it was built by Catholics , dating back to the conversion of England to Catholicism by Saint Augustine that began in the 6th century . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury . The last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole . Rochester Cathedral is also in Kent , in Medway . It is the second-oldest cathedral in England , with Canterbury Cathedral being the oldest . Between London and the Strait of Dover , which separates it from mainland Europe , Kent has seen both diplomacy and conflict , ranging from the Leeds Castle peace talks of 1978 and 2004 to the Battle of Britain in World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,930 & 3,041', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XVII & XVIII', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stade de la Mosson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_la_Mosson', 'summary': "Stade de la Mosson ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ stad də la mɔˈsɔ̃ ] ) is a football stadium in Montpellier , France . It is the home of Montpellier HSC ( Ligue 1 ) and has a capacity of 32,900 . Formerly a 16,000-seater stadium , it was entirely rebuilt in 1998 to host 6 games of the 1998 FIFA World Cup . It was also used as a venue for group stage matches in the 2007 Rugby World Cup and was one of nine venues used in the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Montpellier , Languedoc-Roussillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montpellier', 'summary': 'Montpellier ( UK : /mɒntˈpɛlieɪ/ , US : /ˌmoʊnpɛlˈjeɪ/ , French : [ mɔ̃pəlje , -pɛl- ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Montpelhièr [ mumpeˈʎɛ ] ) is a city near the south coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea . It is the capital of the Hérault department . It is located in the Occitanie region . In 2016 , 607,896 people lived in the urban area and 281,613 in the city itself . Nearly one third of the population are students from three universities and from three higher education institutions that are outside the university framework in the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon', 'summary': "Languedoc-Roussillon ( French : [ lɑ̃ɡ ( ə ) dɔk ʁusijɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; Catalan : Llenguadoc-Rosselló ) is a former administrative region of France . On 1 January 2016 , it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to became Occitanie . It comprises five departments , and borders the other French regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Rhône-Alpes , Auvergne , Midi-Pyrénées on the one side , and Spain , Andorra and the Mediterranean Sea on the other side . It is the southernmost region of mainland France ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,858', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XVII', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadiums -- On the Road matches', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_current_and_former_Super_League_venues_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of current and former Super League venues.'} | null | null | When was the stadium in Chesterfield used as a Super League venue first used ? | 1871 |
0b5781dfc6dc2b96 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_and_palaces_in_Sweden', 'title': 'List of castles and palaces in Sweden', 'header': ['Name', 'Swedish name', 'Location', 'Date', 'Condition'], 'data': [{'value': 'Carlsten Fortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsten', 'summary': 'Carlsten ( Swedish : Karlstens fästning ) is a stone fortress located at Marstrand , on the western coast of Sweden . The fortress was built on the orders of King Carl X of Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde , 1658 to protect the newly acquired province of Bohuslän from hostile attacks . The site of Marstrand was chosen because of its location and its access to an ice free port . The fortress was decommissioned as a permanent defense installation in 1882 , but remained in military use until the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlstens fästning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bohuslän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohuslän', 'summary': "Bohuslän ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbûːhʉːsˌlɛːn ] ( listen ) ; Danish/Norwegian : Båhuslen ) is a Swedish province in Götaland , on the northernmost part of the country 's west coast . It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast , Västergötland to the southeast , the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the west , and the county of Østfold , in Norway , to the north . Bohuslän is named after the medieval Norwegian castle of Bohus . Under the name Baahuslen , it was a Norwegian county from the Norwegian conquest of the region from the Geats and subsequent unification of the country in the 870s until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 , when the union of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede this county , as well as Skåneland ( part of Denmark proper ) to Sweden . As of 31 December 2016 [ update ] , the number of inhabitants was 299,087 , giving a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 180/sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottenborg manor house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottenborg_manor_house', 'summary': 'Charlottenborg ( Charlottenborgs slott ) is a manor house in Motala on the shores of Motala ström in Östergötland county , Sweden . The manor was built in the mid 17th century by count Ludvig Wierich Lewenhaupt ( 1622-1668 ) and named in honour of his wife , Charlotte von Hohenlohe-Neuenstein ( 1626-1666 ) . Charlottenborg was the former residence of both General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt ( 1659-1719 ) and engineer Daniel Fraser ( 1787-1849 ) . The mid-seventeenth-century house that is shown in an engraving in the topography Suecia antiqua et hodierna by Erik Dahlberg ( 1625-1703 ) was rebuilt in more modern fashion in the eighteenth century . Since 1959 , the manor has been owned by Motala Municipality . Today Charlottenborg houses the Motala Museum , with exhibitions on local history . The museum also exhibits art from the 17th century to the 20th century . Among the artists represented are works by Bruno Liljefors ( 1860-1939 ) and Johan Krouthén ( 1858-1932 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlottenborgs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östergötland', 'summary': 'Östergötland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ; English exonym : East Gothland ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) in the south of Sweden . It borders Småland , Västergötland , Närke , Södermanland and the Baltic Sea . In older English literature , one might also encounter the Latinized version , Ostrogothia . The corresponding administrative county , Östergötland County , covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces .'}]}, {'value': '1651', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottenlund Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottenlund_Castle', 'summary': 'Charlottenlund Castle ( Swedish : Charlottenlund slott ) is a castle in Ystad Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlottenlunds slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion_at_Drottningholm', 'summary': "The Chinese Pavilion ( Swedish : Kina slott ) , located in the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace park , is a Chinese-inspired royal pavilion originally built between 1753-1769 . The pavilion is currently one of Sweden 's Royal Palaces and a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Kina slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1769', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christinehof Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christinehof_Castle', 'summary': 'Christinehof Castle ( Swedish : Christinehofs slott ) is a castle in Tomelilla Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden . It was built between 1737 and 1740 in the German Baroque style . The first estate mentioned on the site was situated in the 14th-century , and named Sjöstrup , according to tradition owned by a German noble named Snakenborg . In 1387 , the estates Kolstrup and Sjöstrup was united to the estate Andrarum , which was bought by Christina Piper in 1725 . The present castle was built in 1737-40 by its owner at the time , Christina Piper , and named Christinehof after her .'}]}, {'value': 'Christinehofs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1740', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claestorp Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claestorp_Castle', 'summary': 'Claestorp Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Claestorps slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1754', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalaborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalaborg', 'summary': 'Dalaborg is a ruined castle in Sweden . Dalaborg was built in 1304 by the Dukes Erik and Valdemar , the sons of Magnus Ladulås , on the western coast of Sweden , It was destroyed in 1434 during the Engelbrekt feud with King Birger . It was at Dalaborg that Queen Margareta , regent of Norway and Denmark , was recognised as regent of Sweden in 1388 . The moat , ramparts , a terrace and the cellar of a blockhouse still survive . A model of Dalaborg can be seen at the Mellerud Museum in Mellerud , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalaborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalsland', 'summary': "Dalsland is a Swedish traditional province , or landskap , situated in Götaland in southern Sweden . Lying to the west of Lake Vänern , it is bordered by Värmland to the north , Västergötland to the southeast , Bohuslän to the west , and Norway to the northwest . The province has a low population density of around 14 inhabitants/km2 and just one town of significant size : Åmål . The total population numbers 50,604 . The uninhabited areas are characterized by dense forests in the northwestern uplands and lakes in the east , giving rise to the epithet , commonly used for Dalsland , of Sweden 's lake province . The Latinized name Dalia , which was often used to name Dalsland in older prints , can still sometimes be encountered ."}]}, {'value': '1304', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dagsnäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dagsnäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Dagsnäs Castle is a castle in Sweden , located 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) south of Skara at Lake Hornborga .'}]}, {'value': 'Dagsnäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västergötland', 'summary': 'Västergötland ( Swedish : [ ˈvɛ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ) , also known as West Gothland or the Latinized version Westrogothia in older literature , is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) , situated in the southwest of Sweden . Västergötland is home to Gothenburg , the second largest city in Sweden , which is situated along a short stretch of the Kattegat strait . The province is bordered by Bohuslän , Dalsland , Värmland , Närke , Östergötland , Småland and Halland , as well as the two largest Swedish lakes Vänern and Vättern . Crown Princess Victoria is Duchess of Västergötland .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djursholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djursholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Djursholm Castle ( Djursholms slott ) is a castle in Sweden . Djursholm is located in Danderyd Municipality , within Stockholm urban area . The castle includes building components from the late Middle Ages . It was the main building on the estate Djursholm , which was owned by the House of Banér from 1508-1813 . Nils Eskilsson ( Banér ) , who was lord of Djursholm 1508 to 1520 , built a new palace at the place where Djursholm Castle remains . Djursholm Castle was the residence of both Privy Councillour Gustaf Banér and his son , Field Marshal Johan Banér . Svante Gustavsson Banér gave the castle its present appearance in the 17th century . By the mid 17th century the castle was its present size . The main hall was fitted at this time , with plaster ceilings , stairs castle was of limestone and oak , and walls hung with art wallpaper full of gilt leather ( leather wallpaper ) and other materials . In 1891 , Djursholms secondary school ( Djursholms samskola ) was started in the building . Until 1910 , Djursholms secondary school operated on the premises . The first inspector of Djursholms samskolas was author Viktor Rydberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Djursholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drottningholm Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace', 'summary': "The Drottningholm Palace ( Swedish : Drottningholms slott ) is the private residence of the Swedish royal family . It is located in Drottningholm . Built on the island Lovön ( in Ekerö Municipality of Stockholm County ) , it is one of Sweden 's Royal Palaces . It was originally built in the late 16th century , and it served as a regular summer residence of the Swedish royal court for most of the 18th century . Apart from being the private residence of the Swedish royal family , the palace is a popular tourist attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Drottningholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1580', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence , museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dybäck Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dybäck_Castle', 'summary': 'Dybäck Castle ( Swedish : Dybäcks slott ) is a castle in Skurup Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Dybäcks slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '14th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edsberg Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edsberg_Castle', 'summary': 'Edsberg Castle is a manor house and estate located by the bay of Edsviken in Sollentuna Municipality , north of Stockholm , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Edsbergs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekenäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekenäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekenäs Castle ( Ekenäs slott in Swedish ) is a castle located outside Linköping in Linköping Municipality , Östergötland , Sweden . The castle consists of a three-story main building with a high steep roof and three square towers featuring Baroque tower domes . The present castle was built in the 17th century on top of the foundations of a medieval fortress from the 14th century . The lake surrounding the castle hill created a natural defense ; however , this was drained in the late 19th century to create more arable land in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekenäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östergötland', 'summary': 'Östergötland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ; English exonym : East Gothland ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) in the south of Sweden . It borders Småland , Västergötland , Närke , Södermanland and the Baltic Sea . In older English literature , one might also encounter the Latinized version , Ostrogothia . The corresponding administrative county , Östergötland County , covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces .'}]}, {'value': '15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekebyholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekebyholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekebyholm Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekebyholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekebyhov Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekebyhov_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekebyhov Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekebyhovs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1670s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekensholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekensholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekensholm Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekensholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1820s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eketorp Fort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eketorp', 'summary': 'Eketorp is an Iron Age fort in southeastern Öland , Sweden , which was extensively reconstructed and enlarged in the Middle Ages . Throughout the ages the fortification has served a variety of somewhat differing uses : from defensive ringfort , to medieval safe haven and thence a cavalry garrison . In the 20th century it was further reconstructed to become a heavily visited tourist site and a location for re-enactment of medieval battles . Eketorp is the only one of the 19 known prehistoric fortifications on Öland that has been completely excavated , yielding a total of over 24,000 individual artifacts . The entirety of southern Öland has been designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . The Eketorp fortification is often referred to as Eketorp Castle .'}]}, {'value': 'Eketorps fornborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Öland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Öland', 'summary': 'Öland ( UK : /ˈɜːlænd/ , US : /ˈɜːrlɑːnd , ˈʌl-/ ; Swedish : [ ˈø̌ːland ] ( listen ) ; sometimes written Øland in other Scandinavian languages , and often Oland internationally ; Latin : Oelandia ) is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden . Öland has an area of 1,342 square kilometres ( 518 square miles ) and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland . The island has 26,000 inhabitants . It is separated from the mainland by the Kalmar Strait and connected to it by the 6-kilometre ( 3.7 mi ) Öland Bridge , which opened on 30 September 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '5th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum , ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekholmen Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekholmen_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekholmen Castle ( Swedish : Ekholmens slott ) is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekholmens slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekolsund Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekolsund_Castle', 'summary': 'Ekolsund Castle is a castle in Sweden . It is situated in Enköping Municipality . The current building consists of two wings designed in the second half of the 17th century by Simon de la Vallée and Nicodemus Tessin . A mansion is known to have been situated on the spot since the 14th century . In the 15th century , it was owned by Bengt Jönsson ( Oxenstierna ) . After having been acquired by the King in 1542 , it was used by the royal family : It was the residence of Princess Sophia of Sweden from 1578 to 1611 . In 1747 , it was granted to the future King Gustav III of Sweden , who often used it as his summer residence until he acquired Drottningholm Palace in 1777 , especially as Crown Prince . In 1785 , Gustav III sold it to the Seton family , who owned it until 1912 . In 2002 , the property was acquired by Raija Axell Ohlin . It has since been used as a health center specialized in Cardiovascular disease called Ekolsund Heart Centre-Hälsans Slott .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekolsunds slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elghammar Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elghammar_Castle', 'summary': "Elghammar Castle is a castle in Södermanland County , Sweden . Initially owned by the Kruse family of Elghammar , then by Johan Adolf Welander , the existing manor was sold in 1807 to Marshall Curt von Stedingk , who ordered new constructions in the French Empire style . His son died in 1875 and the property was inherited by a daughter , who married the 5th Duke of Otrante ( the duke had as an ancestor Joseph Fouché , who was the French Minister of Police during the reign of Emperor Napoleon ) . The castle -- or manor/Italian villa as the owner , the Duchess Christina d'Otrante , prefers it to be perceived -- is surrounded by forests and a farm ."}]}, {'value': 'Elghammars slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'C-E', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_castles_and_manor_houses_in_Sweden_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of castles and palaces in Sweden. In the Swedish language the word slott is used for both castles, châteaus and palaces; this article lists all of them as well as fortresses.'} | null | null | Who owned the castle currently used as an office from 1508-1813 ? | House of Banér |
0b57eba6c9be8a91 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang', 'title': 'Tian Zhuangzhuang', 'header': ['Year', 'English title', 'Original title', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Our Corner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '我们的小院', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short , co-directed with Xie Xiaojing and Cui Xiaoqin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Courtyard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '校园', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '红象', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-directed with Zhang Jianya and Xie Xiaojing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Jianya', 'summary': 'Zhang Jianya ( Chinese : 张建亚 , pronounced [ ʈʂɑ́ŋ tɕi̯ɛ̂ni̯â ] ) ( born 1951 ) is a Chinese film director . As a graduate of the 1982 class of the Beijing Film Academy , Zhang is a founding member of the so-called Fifth Generation , a group that also includes in its numbers directors such as Zhang Yimou , Chen Kaige , and Tian Zhuangzhuang .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 1984 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The year 's highest-grossing film was Beverly Hills Cop . Ghostbusters overtook it , however , with a re-release the following year . It was the first time in five years that the top-grossing film did not involve George Lucas or Steven Spielberg although Spielberg directed the third placed Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and executive produced the fourth placed Gremlins . U.S. boxoffice grosses reached $ 4 billion for the first time and it was the first year that two films had returned over $ 100 million to their distributors with both Ghostbusters and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom achieving this . Beverly Hills Cop made it three for films released in 1984 after its performance during 1985 took it to rentals of $ 108 million . Other popular films included The NeverEnding Story , which was the most expensive film produced in West Germany , The Karate Kid and Romancing the Stone . A high number of sci-fi/fantasy films were released in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'September', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/September_(1984_film)', 'summary': "September is a 1984 Chinese film directed by the fifth generation filmmaker Tian Zhuangzhuang . Though not his first film as director , September is considered Tian 's first major feature . The film is also known by the title In September . The film tells the story about a young teacher in the first seventeen years of the People 's Republic of China who approaches the teaching of her students with a humanistic philosophy , an approach which leads to problems with authorities ."}]}, {'value': '九月', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as In September', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'On the Hunting Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': '猎场扎撒', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1986 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Horse Thief', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Horse_Thief', 'summary': "The Horse Thief is a 1986 Chinese film by director Tian Zhuangzhuang . It follows one of Tian 's favorite topics , Chinese minorities , a topic he touched upon in 1984 's On the Hunting Ground and would return to in 2004 's documentary , Delamu . Like these other films , The Horse Thief shows Tian 's fascination with China 's ethnic minorities , and in particular the Buddhist ceremonies that these peoples practice . Film director Martin Scorsese listed the film ( which was not widely released in the United States until the 1990s ) as his favourite from the 1990s on the television show Roger Ebert & the Movies . The Horse Thief was produced by the Xi'an Film Studio ."}]}, {'value': '盗马贼', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1987 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Paramount Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Street Players', 'urls': []}, {'value': '鼓书艺人', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as The Drum Singers ; based on the novel by Lao She', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lao_She', 'summary': 'Shu Qingchun ( 3 February 1899 - 24 August 1966 ) , courtesy name Sheyu , best known by his pen name Lao She , was a Chinese novelist and dramatist . He was one of the most significant figures of 20th-century Chinese literature , and best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse ( 茶館 ) . He was of Manchu ethnicity , and his works are known especially for their vivid use of the Beijing dialect .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1988 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Rain Man was awarded the Academy Award for Best Picture , marking one of the few instances where the top-grossing film of the year was also the winner of such an award that year .'}]}, {'value': "Rock ' n ' Roll Kids", 'urls': []}, {'value': '摇滚青年', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as Rock Kids', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1989 involved many significant films .'}]}, {'value': 'Unforgettable Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unforgettable_Life', 'summary': 'Unforgettable Life ( also known as Special Operating Room and Illegal Lives ) is the first movie concerning premarital pregnancy in China , directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang in 1988 . It is reported that this film has been banned for 17 years because of its sensitive topic .'}]}, {'value': '特别手术室', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as Special Operating Room and Illegal Lives', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1991 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Li Lianying : The Imperial Eunuch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Lianying:_The_Imperial_Eunuch', 'summary': 'Li Lianying : The Imperial Eunuch , also known as The Last Eunuch , is a 1991 Chinese biographical film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang . It tells the story of Li Lianying , a eunuch who wielded power in the waning days of the Qing Dynasty . The film was entered into the 41st Berlin International Film Festival , where it won an Honourable Mention .'}]}, {'value': '大太监李莲英', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won an Honourable Mention at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival', 'summary': 'The 41st annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 15 to 26 February 1991 . The festival opened with Uranus by Claude Berri . The Golden Bear was awarded to Italian film La casa del sorriso directed by Marco Ferreri . The retrospective dedicated to Cold War films was shown at the festival .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1993 in film involved many significant films , including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park , The Fugitive and The Firm . ( For more about films in foreign languages , check sources in those languages . ) Walt Disney Studios celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Blue Kite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Blue_Kite', 'summary': "The Blue Kite ( simplified Chinese : 蓝风筝 ; traditional Chinese : 藍風箏 ; pinyin : Lán fēngzheng ) is a 1993 drama film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang . Though banned by the Chinese government upon its completion ( along with a ten-year ban on filmmaking imposed on Tian ) , the film soon found a receptive international audience . Along with Zhang Yimou 's To Live and Chen Kaige 's Farewell My Concubine , The Blue Kite serves as one of the quintessential examples of China 's Fifth Generation filmmaking , and in particular reveals the impact the various political movements , including Anti-Rightist Movement and Cultural Revolution , had upon directors who grew up in the 1950s and 1960s . The film won the Grand Prix at the Tokyo International Film Festival , and Best Film at the Hawaii International Film Festival , both in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '蓝风筝', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Screened at the Directors ' Fortnight of the 1993 Cannes Film Festival", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Directors'_Fortnight", 'summary': "The Directors ' Fortnight ( French : Quinzaine des Réalisateurs ) is an independent section held in parallel to the Cannes Film Festival . It was started in 1969 by the French Directors Guild after the events of May 1968 resulted in cancellation of the Cannes festival as an act of solidarity with striking workers . The Directors ' Fortnight showcases a programme of shorts and feature films and documentaries worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1993_Cannes_Film_Festival', 'summary': "The 46th Cannes Film Festival was held from 13 to 24 May 1993 . The Palme d'Or went to Farewell My Concubine by Chen Kaige and The Piano by Jane Campion . The festival opened with My Favorite Season , directed by André Téchiné and closed with Toxic Affair , directed by Philomène Esposito . Jeanne Moreau was the mistress of ceremonies ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2002 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Springtime in a Small Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springtime_in_a_Small_Town', 'summary': "Springtime in a Small Town ( Chinese : 小城之春 ; pinyin : Xiǎochéng zhī chūn ) is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang . The film is a remake of director Fei Mu 's 1948 film and its original screenwriter is Li Tianji ( Chinese : 李天濟 ; pinyin : Lǐ Tiānjì ) , Spring in a Small Town . Though the two movies are referred to by different English titles , they share the same title in Chinese . Springtime in a Small Town marks the return of Tian Zhuangzhuang to the director 's chair , following a nearly nine-year absence since his last film , The Blue Kite ( 1993 ) . It was funded by several production companies from China ( Beijing Film Studio , Beijing Rosart Film ) , France ( Orly Films , Paradis Films ) , and the Netherlands ( Fortissimo Films ) . Unlike Kite , which deployed a large cast , spanned decades , and carried a political message , Springtime is a small intimate chamber-piece ."}]}, {'value': '小城之春', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_in_film', 'summary': '2004 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , a list of country-specific lists of films released , notable deaths and film debuts .'}]}, {'value': 'Delamu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delamu', 'summary': "Delamu ( simplified Chinese : 茶马古道：德拉姆 ; traditional Chinese : 茶馬古道：德拉姆 ; pinyin : Cha ma gudao : de la mu ) is an award winning 2004 documentary film directed by the acclaimed Fifth Generation Chinese filmmaker , Tian Zhuangzhuang . Delamu documents the people living in the Nujiang River Valley , along the Tea Horse Road , an ancient trade route between China 's Yunnan province and Tibet . The film was jointly produced by companies in the People 's Republic of China , and Japan . It had its American premier at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival . The title Delamu refers to the Tibetan word for peaceful angel , and the name of one of the mules owned by a villager in the film ."}]}, {'value': '茶马古道：德拉姆', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 2006 , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Go Master', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Go_Master', 'summary': "The Go Master ( 呉清源 極みの棋譜 , Go Seigen : Kiwami no Kifu ) ( simplified Chinese : 吴清源 ; traditional Chinese : 吳清源 ; pinyin : Wú Qīngyuán ) is a 2006 biopic film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang of the renowned twentieth century Go master Wu Qingyuan , better known as Go Seigen , the Japanese pronunciation of his name . The film , which premiered at the 44th New York Film Festival , focuses on the life of this extraordinary player from his meteoric rise as a child prodigy to fame and fortune as a revolutionary strategic thinker , as well as the tumultuous global conflicts between his homeland and his adopted nation . The film also features a scene involving the Atomic bomb go game . The film also screened at the AFI 's China Film Festival in Silver Spring , Maryland ."}]}, {'value': '吴清源', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2009 saw the release of many films . Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films . Also in 2009 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of that year , their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees , rather than five ( the first time since the 1943 awards ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Warrior and the Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Warrior_and_the_Wolf', 'summary': "The Warrior and the Wolf ( simplified Chinese : 狼灾记 ; traditional Chinese : 狼災記 ; pinyin : láng zāi jì ) is a 2009 Chinese historical action film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang . It tells the story of the battle between two ancient warriors . It is Tian 's latest directorial effort since 2006 's The Go Master . Filming began in fall 2008 in China 's northwest Xinjiang Autonomous Region . The film was released in late 2009 . The Warrior and the Wolf is being co-produced by companies from Hong Kong ( Edko Films ) , Singapore ( MediaCorp Raintree Pictures ) and China ( Perfect World Culture ) ."}]}, {'value': '狼灾记', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- As director', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tian_Zhuangzhuang_0', 'intro': "Tian Zhuangzhuang (simplified Chinese: 田壮壮; traditional Chinese: 田壯壯; pinyin: Tián Zhuàngzhuàng, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰi̯ɛ̌n ʈʂu̯ɑ̂ŋʈʂu̯ɑ̂ŋ]; born April 1952 in Beijing, China) is a Chinese film director, producer and actor. Tian was born to an influential actor and actress in China. Following a short stint in the military, Tian began his artistic career first as an amateur photographer and then as an assistant cinematographer at the Beijing Agricultural Film Studio. In 1978, he was accepted to the Beijing Film Academy, from which he graduated in 1982, together with classmates Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou. The class of 1982 collectively would soon gain fame as the so-called Fifth Generation film movement, with Tian Zhuangzhuang as one of the movement's key figures. Tian's early career was marked both with avant-garde documentary infused films (On the Hunting Ground (1985), The Horse Thief (1986)) to more commercial fare (Li Lianying: The Imperial Eunuch (1991)). In 1991, Tian began work on a quiet epic about one of modern China's darkest moments. This film, The Blue Kite (1993), would eventually result in Tian's nearly decade long exile from the film industry, an exile he returned from with Springtime in a Small Town (2001). Throughout the 2000s, Tian Zhuangzhuang returned to the fore of Chinese cinema, directing films like the biopic The Go Master (2006) and the historical action film The Warrior and the Wolf (2009). Since his banning after the release of The Blue Kite, Tian has also emerged as a mentor for some of China's newest film talents, and he has helped produce several important films for these new generations of directors."} | null | null | What Year is the Title that tells the story of the battle between two ancient warriors ? | 2009 |
0b5876feb7f823aa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni', 'title': 'List of Dickinson College alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Henry Louis Baugher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Louis_Baugher', 'summary': 'Henry Louis Baugher ( July 18 , 1804 - April 14 , 1868 ) was an American Lutheran clergyman and academic . He was the President of Gettysburg College from 1850 until 1868 .'}]}, {'value': '1826', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Pennsylvania ( Gettysburg ) College , Gettysburg , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gettysburg_College', 'summary': "Gettysburg College is a private liberal arts college in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1832 , the 225-acre ( 91 ha ) campus is adjacent to the Gettysburg Battlefield . Gettysburg College has about 2,600 students , with roughly equal numbers of men and women . Gettysburg students come from 41 states , Washington , D.C. , and 39 countries . The school hosts 24 NCAA Division III men 's and women 's teams , known as the Bullets , and many club , intramural , and recreational programs . The college is also the home of The Gettysburg Review , a literary magazine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Gettysburg ( locally /ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; non-locally /ˈɡɛtizbɜːrɡ/ ) is a borough and the county seat of Adams County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The Battle of Gettysburg ( 1863 ) and President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address are named for this town . The town hosts visitors to the Gettysburg National Battlefield in the Gettysburg National Military Park . As of the 2010 census , the borough had a population of 7,620 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeremiah Chamberlain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremiah_Chamberlain', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Chamberlain ( 1794-1851 ) was an American Presbyterian minister , educator and college administrator . Educated at Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary , he served as the president of Centre College in Kentucky from 1822 to 1825 . He was founding president of the Presbyterian-affiliated Oakland College in Claiborne County , Mississippi , serving from 1830 to his death in 1851 . Known to favor abolition of slavery , he was a co-founder with major planters of the Mississippi Colonization Society . Affiliated with the American Colonization Society , it was formed to relocate free people of color from the state to West Africa , in the colony that developed as Liberia . In 1850 Chamberlain still owned three slaves . The following year he was murdered during an argument with a pro-slavery planter .'}]}, {'value': '1814', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Centre College and the Centenary College of Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centre_College', 'summary': 'Centre College is a private liberal arts college in Danville , Kentucky . It is an undergraduate college with an enrollment of approximately 1,400 students . Centre was founded by Presbyterian leaders , and it maintains a loose affiliation with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) . It was officially chartered by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1819 . The college is a member of the Associated Colleges of the South and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Centenary_College_of_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Centenary College of Louisiana is a private college in Shreveport , Louisiana . The college is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . Founded in 1825 , it is the oldest chartered liberal arts college west of the Mississippi River and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Pierce Corson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Pierce_Corson', 'summary': 'Fred Pierce Corson ( 11 April 1896 - 16 February 1985 ) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church , elected in 1944 . He also distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor and district superintendent ; as the twentieth president of Dickinson College , Carlisle , Pennsylvania ; and as an ecumenical Christian leader .'}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twentieth president of Dickinson College ; Bishop of the Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop', 'summary': 'A bishop is an ordained , consecrated , or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight . Within the Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Moravian , Anglican , Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches , as well as the Assyrian Church of the East , bishops claim apostolic succession , a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles . Within these churches , bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood and can ordain clergy , including other bishops . Some Protestant churches , including the Lutheran and Methodist churches , have bishops serving similar functions as well , though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way . A person ordained as a deacon , priest , and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the ( ministerial ) priesthood , given responsibility by Christ to govern , teach , and sanctify the Body of Christ . Priests , deacons and lay ministers co-operate and assist their bishops in pastoral ministry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Methodist_Church_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Methodist Church was the official name adopted by the Methodist denomination formed in the United States by the reunion on May 10 , 1939 , of the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church ( which had split earlier in 1844 over the issue of slavery and the impending Civil War in America . During the American Civil War , the denomination was known briefly as The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America ) along with the earlier separated Methodist Protestant Church of 1828 . Its book of liturgy used for the reunited denomination was The Book of Worship for Church and Home , editions of which were published in 1945 and later revised in 1965 . They had two official hymnals , the first being The Methodist Hymnal , published in 1935 and 1939 by the same three church bodies that later became The Methodist Church . It was replaced in 1966 by The Book of Hymns . The Methodist Church then later merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church on April 23 , 1968 , to form The United Methodist Church with its headquarters , offices and publishing houses in Nashville , Tennessee . Over the next few years most of the individual local congregations in the two bodies under the names of Methodist Church or Evangelical United Brethren Church changed the latter part of their name to : -- -- -- United Methodist Church . The new U.M.C . became one of the largest and most widespread denominations in America . Earlier in 1946 , some Methodists formed the Evangelical Methodist Church , separating from the Methodist Church , citing the influence of modernism in that Church as the reason for entering into schism .'}]}, {'value': 'William Durden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Durden', 'summary': "William G. Durden is the former president of Dickinson College . He was a Fulbright scholar and a recipient of the Klingenstein Fellowship from Teacher 's College , Columbia University ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Dickinson College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Goucher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Goucher', 'summary': "John Franklin Goucher ( June 7 , 1845 - July 19 , 1922 ) was an American Methodist pastor and missionary and the namesake of Goucher College , formerly the Women 's College of Baltimore City . He was one of the college 's co-founders along with fellow clergyman John B . Van Meter and served as its second president ."}]}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder , President , and namesake of Goucher College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goucher_College', 'summary': "Goucher College ( /ˈɡaʊtʃər/ ( listen ) GOW-chər ) is a private liberal arts college in Towson , Maryland . The college was chartered in 1885 following a conference in Baltimore led by local leaders of the Methodist Episcopal Church , including John F. Goucher , for whom the school is named . It was formerly a women 's college until becoming coeducational in 1986 . As of 2020 [ update ] , the school had around 1,480 undergraduates studying in 33 majors and six interdisciplinary fields and 700 graduate students . Goucher also grants professional certificates in areas including writing and education and offers a postbaccalaureate premedical program . Originally situated in central Baltimore , the school established its current campus in 1953 on a 287-acre plot of land in downtown Towson . A member of the Landmark Conference , Goucher competes in the NCAA 's Division III in sports including lacrosse , tennis , soccer , volleyball , basketball , and horseback riding . Goucher is among the few colleges in the United States to require a study abroad of all undergraduates and was one of 40 institutions profiled in Colleges That Change Lives by Loren Pope . Among its alumni are noted journalist Jonah Goldberg , former First Lady of Puerto Rico Lucé Vela , 27th Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Sally Brice-O'Hara , former president of First Republic Bank Katherine August-DeWilde , and president of California State University , San Marcos , Karen S. Haynes ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Harvey Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Harvey_Green', 'summary': 'Francis Harvey Green ( May 19 , 1861 - January 23 , 1951 ) was an American educator , poet and lecturer . He served as Chair of English at West Chester Normal School for 30 years and as Headmaster of the Pennington School .'}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chair of English at West Chester Normal School and Headmaster of the Pennington School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Chester_University', 'summary': "West Chester University of Pennsylvania ( WCU or WCUPA ) is a public university located in Chester County , Pennsylvania , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Philadelphia . The university 's North Campus is partially in West Chester borough and partially in West Goshen Township . The South Campus is partially in West Goshen Township and partially in East Bradford Township . There is also a West Chester University campus located in the City of Philadelphia . WCU is the largest of the 14 state universities of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . It is the most competitive college out of the 14 colleges within the PASSHE to be accepted into . West Chester was ranked 55th in the Master 's Universities ( North ) category by U.S. News & World Report for 2019 and ranked 12th for Public Universities ( North ) . The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools ( MSACS ) . MONEY Magazine named West Chester University a best college value university ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pennington_School', 'summary': "The Pennington School is a selective , private ( independent ) , coeducational college preparatory school for day and boarding students in sixth through twelfth grades , located in Pennington , a small community in the northeastern United States midway between New York City and Philadelphia in Mercer County , New Jersey . The Head of School is Dr. William S. Hawkey , who assumed the position in July 2014 . As of the 2015-16 school year , the school had an enrollment of 506 students and 77.9 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student-teacher ratio of 6.5:1 . The school 's student body was 64.0% White , 13.0% Asian , 5.9% Black , 3.8% Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander , 3.0% Hispanic , 0.2% American Indian / Alaska Native and 10.1% two or more races . Pennington is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools , the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools , the Association of Delaware Valley Independent Schools , and the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry of the United Methodist Church . The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1930 ; the accreditation expires in May 2025 ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis E. McComas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_E._McComas', 'summary': 'Louis Emory McComas ( October 28 , 1846 - November 10 , 1907 ) was a United States Senator and a United States Representative from Maryland , an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and an Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia , now the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit .'}]}, {'value': '1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of International Law at Georgetown University Law Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center', 'summary': "The Georgetown University Law Center is one of the professional graduate schools of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Established in 1870 , it is the second largest law school in the United States by student body and receives more full-time applications than any other law school in the country . Georgetown consistently ranks among the top law schools in the United States and the world . For 2019 , the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) ranked Georgetown Law as the 7th-best law school in the world ( and 6th-best in the world for 2018 and 2017 ) . According to the 2019 QS World University Rankings , Georgetown Law is the 8th-best law school in the U.S. and 17th best in the world . In the 2019 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , Georgetown Law was ranked 12th in the U.S. and 26th in the world . From 1996 to 2017 , Georgetown has held an average rank of 13.82 on the U.S. News & World Report 's annual ranking of best law schools . According to the 2019 USNWR 's rankings by sub-category , Georgetown is # 1 in the country for clinical programs , # 2 in tax law , # 3 in international law , and # 5 in trial advocacy . In 2017 , Georgetown ranked 6th in the U.S. in terms of graduates with the highest salaries . Georgetown has been recognized as a feeder school to large law firms in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Miller_(theologian)', 'summary': 'Samuel Miller ( October 31 , 1769 - January 7 , 1850 ) was a Presbyterian theologian who taught at Princeton Theological Seminary .'}]}, {'value': '1793', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presbyterian professor at Princeton Theological Seminary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary', 'summary': 'Princeton Theological Seminary ( PTS ) is a private Presbyterian school of theology in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1812 under the auspices of Archibald Alexander , the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church , and the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) , it is the second-oldest seminary in the United States . It is also the largest of ten seminaries associated with the Presbyterian Church . Princeton Seminary has long been influential in theological studies , with many leading biblical scholars , theologians , and clergy among its faculty and alumni . In addition , it operates one of the largest theological libraries in the world and maintains a number of special collections , including the Karl Barth Research Collection in the Center for Barth Studies . The seminary also manages an endowment of $ 1.13 billion , making it the third-wealthiest institution of higher learning in the state of New Jersey - after Princeton University and Rutgers University . Today , Princeton Seminary enrolls approximately 500 students . While around 40 percent of them are candidates for ministry specifically in the Presbyterian Church , the majority are completing such candidature in other denominations , pursuing careers in academia across a number of different disciplines , or receiving training for other , non-theological fields altogether . Seminarians hold academic reciprocity with Princeton University as well as the Westminster Choir College of Rider University , New Brunswick Theological Seminary , Jewish Theological Seminary , and the School of Social Work at Rutgers University . The institution also has an ongoing relationship with the Center of Theological Inquiry .'}]}, {'value': 'Chad Mirkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Mirkin', 'summary': 'Chad Alexander Mirkin ( born November 23 , 1963 ) is an American chemist . He is the George B. Rathmann professor of chemistry , professor of medicine , professor of materials science and engineering , professor of biomedical engineering , and professor of chemical and biological engineering , and director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly at Northwestern University . Mirkin is known for his development of nanoparticle-based biodetection schemes , the invention of dip-pen nanolithography ( recognized by National Geographic as one of the top 100 scientific discoveries that changed the world ) , and contributions to supramolecular chemistry , nanoelectronics , and nanooptics . In 2010 , he was listed as the most cited chemist in the world over the last decade in terms of total citations , the second highest most cited chemist in terms of impact factor , and the top most cited nanomedicine researcher . He was the first chemist to be elected into all three branches of the National Academies . He has published over 750 manuscripts ( Google Scholar H-index = 171 ) and has over 1100 patents and patent applications ( over 350 issued , over 80% licensed as of December 1 , 2018 ) . These discoveries and innovations have led to over 2000 commercial products that are being used worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Rathmann Professor of Chemistry and Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology at Northwestern University , recipient of the Kabiller Prize , the Wilhelm Exner Medal , the William H. Nichols Medal , the Dan David Prize , the Linus Pauling Award , and the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Institute_for_Nanotechnology', 'summary': "The International Institute for Nanotechnology ( IIN ) was established by Northwestern University in 2000 . It was the first institute of its kind in the United States and is one of the premier nanoscience research centers in the world . Today , the IIN represents and unites more than $ 1 billion in nanotechnology research , educational programs , and supporting infrastructure . IIN faculty includes 20 members of the National Academy of Sciences , the National Academy of Engineering , and the Institute of Medicine . One of Northwestern University 's largest collaborative efforts , IIN brings together more than 240 chemists , engineers , biologists , physicians , and business experts , to focus on society 's most perplexing problems . But the IIN 's influence extends far beyond Northwestern 's campus . It has developed collaborative partnerships with academic institutions in 30 countries , as well as with more than a dozen U.S. federal agencies and 100 countries . Since its inception , more than 2,000 products and systems have been commercialized worldwide . Twenty-three start-up companies have been launched based upon IIN research , and they have attracted over $ 1 billion in venture capital funding . The IIN is changing the face of research in fields from medical diagnostics to materials science . The IIN drives innovation-based business formation , employment and economic growth . The IIN embodies an extraordinary combination of scientific capabilities , outreach programs , and partnerships that provide a unique and fertile ground from which to continue to make substantial contributions to the field and ensure that the U.S. remains a world leader in nanotechnology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_University', 'summary': "Northwestern University ( NU ) is a private research university based in Evanston , Illinois , with other campuses in Chicago and Doha , Qatar , and academic programs and facilities in Miami , Florida ; Washington , D.C. ; and San Francisco , California . Along with its selective undergraduate programs , Northwestern is known for its Kellogg School of Management , Pritzker School of Law , Feinberg School of Medicine , Bienen School of Music , Medill School of Journalism , Media , Integrated Marketing Communications , School of Communication , and McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science . Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program , attracting nearly $ 800 million in sponsored research each year . As of January 2020 , Northwestern has the twelfth-largest university endowment in the United States , valued at $ 11.1 billion . The university 's former and present faculty and alumni include 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 38 Pulitzer Prize winners , six MacArthur Genius Fellows , 16 Rhodes Scholars , 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and two Supreme Court Justices . Northwestern 's School of Communication is a leading producer of Academy Award , Emmy Award and Tony Award-winning actors , actresses , playwrights , writers and directors . Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the city of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders . Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory , an area that includes the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota . Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869 . Today , the main campus is a 240-acre ( 97 ha ) parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago . The university 's law , medical , and professional schools , along with its nationally ranked affiliated Northwestern Memorial Hospital , are located on a 25-acre ( 10 ha ) campus in Chicago 's Streeterville neighborhood . In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal', 'summary': 'The Wilhelm Exner Medal has been awarded by the Austrian Industry Association , Österreichischer Gewerbeverein [ de ] ( ÖGV ) , for excellence in research and science since 1921 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_H._Nichols_Medal', 'summary': 'The William H. Nichols Medal is awarded annually for original research in chemistry . Nominees must have made a significant and original contribution in any field of chemistry during the five years preceding the presentation date . The medallist receives a gold medal , a bronze replica and $ 5000 . The award was established in 1902 by the New York Section of the American Chemical Society ( ACS ) through a gift from chemist and businessman William H. Nichols . It was the first award to be approved by the ACS . The medal was first awarded in 1903 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_David_Prize', 'summary': 'The Dan David Prize grants annually three prizes of US $ 1 million each for outstanding achievement . Fields are chosen for Past , Present and Future . The Dan David Prize is awarded for innovative and interdisciplinary research . Prize laureates donate 10 percent of their prize money to doctoral scholarships for outstanding Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scholarships for outstanding researchers in their own field from around the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Award', 'summary': 'The Linus Pauling Award is an award recognizing outstanding achievement in chemistry . It is awarded annually by the Puget Sound , Oregon , and Portland sections of the American Chemical Society , and is named after the US chemist Linus Pauling ( 1901-1994 ) , to whom it was first awarded in 1966 . Another Linus Pauling Award is given annually by the Chemistry Department at Buffalo State College .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists_Gold_Medal', 'summary': 'The American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal is the highest award of the American Institute of Chemists and has been awarded since 1926 . It is presented annually to a person who has most encouraged the science of chemistry or the profession of chemist or chemical engineer in the United States of America , giving exemplary service .'}]}, {'value': 'Elijah Barrett Prettyman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elijah_Barrett_Prettyman', 'summary': 'Elijah Barrett Prettyman ( 1830 - 1907 ) was the second principal of Maryland State Normal School ( now Towson University ) . Prettyman graduated from Dickinson College . He was a teacher and principal in Anne Arundel County for over 15 years . He later became the State Superintendent of Public Instruction and Principal of the Normal School .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second principal of the Maryland State Normal School , now Towson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson_University', 'summary': "Towson University ( TU or Towson ) is a public university in Towson , Maryland . It is a part of the University System of Maryland . Founded in 1866 as Maryland 's first training school for teachers , Towson University has evolved into a university with eight colleges and over 20,000 students . Towson is one of the largest public universities in Maryland and still produces the most teachers of any university in the state . Towson University is ranked as the 98th-best public university and 197th-best overall university nationally in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Rossbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Rossbacher', 'summary': "Dr. Lisa A. Rossbacher , is the president emerita of Southern Polytechnic State University and the outgoing President of Humboldt State University . She served as president of Southern Polytechnic State University from August 1998 to June 30 , 2014 . A geologist , writer , professor , former Vice Chancellor of the University System of Georgia , and community leader , she is also a past Chair of Metro Atlanta 's Cobb Chamber of Commerce , an author of several books on geology , and a Geotimes Magazine columnist ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of Humboldt State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_State_University', 'summary': "Humboldt State University ( HSU , Humboldt State , or Humboldt ) is a public university in Arcata , California . It is the northernmost campus of the 23-school California State University ( CSU ) system . The main campus , situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest , has commanding views overlooking Arcata , much of Humboldt Bay , and the Pacific Ocean . The college town setting on the California North Coast , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Eureka , 279 miles ( 449 km ) north of San Francisco , and 654 miles ( 1052.51 km ) north of Los Angeles is notable for its natural beauty . The university is divided into three colleges : the College of Arts , Humanities , and Social Sciences ; the College of Natural Resources and Sciences ; and the College of Professional Studies . It offers 48 types of bachelor 's degrees , 12 different master 's degrees , 61 minors , and 13 credential programs . HSU does not offer doctoral degrees . In addition to the main campus , HSU has multiple off-campus facilities and education-related properties , including an ocean-side marine biology research center , a wildlife care facility , a public natural history museum , a public art gallery , a bay-side aquatics facility , a mountain-top astronomy observatory , an ocean-going marine research and teaching vessel ( Coral Sea ) , and a demonstration forest ( Arcata Community Forest ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Schaeffer Huff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Schaeffer_Huff', 'summary': 'Helen Schaeffer Huff ( 1883-1913 ) was an American physicist . She received her PhD in physics from Bryn Mawr College in 1908 , with a minor in pure and applied mathematics . Her dissertation was entitled A Study of the Electric Spark in a Magnetic Field .'}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Among the first women to receive a PhD in physics from a US institution', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Stewart_(poet)', 'summary': 'Susan Stewart ( born March 15 , 1952 ) is an American poet , university professor and literary critic .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avalon Foundation University Professor in the Humanities and Professor of English at Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Academics and education', 'section_text': 'Henry Louis Baugher', 'uid': 'List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Dickinson College alumni. This list covers alumni from the first graduating class in July 1787 to the present.'} | null | null | For the alumni who 's notability includes Pennington School , how many years was he headmaster ? | 30 |
0b59e81f69e8a5d4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Breakthrough_Group_of_the_Year', 'title': 'Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2003', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2003 were presented in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada on 6 April 2003 . The primary awards ceremony was hosted that evening by Shania Twain at the Corel Centre ( now Canadian Tire Centre ) and televised on CTV .'}]}, {'value': 'Theory of a Deadman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theory_of_a_Deadman', 'summary': 'Theory of a Deadman ( abbreviated as Theory or TOAD ) is a Canadian rock band from Delta , British Columbia . Formed in 2001 , the band is currently signed to Roadrunner Records as well as 604 Records . The band also includes traits of other music styles , such as country and acoustic , as well as their post-grunge and alternative rock base . They have had eight top 10 hits on the US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , including three No . 1 hits , Bad Girlfriend , Lowlife and Rx ( Medicate ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bet.e & Stef Crush One Ton Simple Plan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bet.e_&_Stef', 'summary': 'Bet.e & Stef is a Canadian bossa nova and jazz group from Montreal , Quebec , consisting of vocalist and percussionist Elizabeth Bet.e Provencher and vocalist and guitarist Stéphane Stef Carreau . They are best known for their 2002 album Day by Day , which sold 200,000 copies , and were shortlisted for the Juno Award for New Group of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crush_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': 'Crush was a Canadian band based in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Leading band members were Paul Lamb and Cory Tetford . Other members included Santiago Serna , Scott MacFarlane and Brian Talbot .'}, {'url': '/wiki/One_Ton', 'summary': "One Ton was a Canadian dance music group , active in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Incorporating world music influences such as reggae and flamenco , the band released two albums and garnered a Juno Award nomination for New Group of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2003 . Initially consisting of Byron Mikaloff , Cristobal Tapia de Veer , Kyle Girgan and Billy Martin , the group was formed in Quebec City in 1997 as The Blokes . They released one album , The Blokes ' Greatest Hits , under that band name . After Girgan and Martin left the band , Mikaloff and Tapia de Veer added new musicians Zita Laverdière , Saïmon and DJ Nerve , changing their name to One Ton . They released their debut album under their new name , Beginning of a New Race , in 1999 . In 2000 , Laverdière sang vocals on Les Respectables ' hit single Amalgame . As a trio consisting of Mikaloff , Tapia de Veer and Laverdière , One Ton 's second album Abnormal Pleasures followed in 2002 . The album spawned the single Supersexworld , which reached the top 10 on the Canadian charts . In addition to their Juno Award nomination , the band also garnered a Félix Award nomination for Best Non-French Album , and Supersexworld won the SOCAN award for Best Dance Song . The band did not record or release another album after Abnormal Pleasures . Mikaloff went on to the projects Bunka Busta and The Lost Fingers , while Tapia de Veer became a composer for film and television ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Simple_Plan', 'summary': "Simple Plan is a Canadian rock band from Montreal , Quebec . Since its formation in 1999 , the band 's lineup has consisted of lead vocalist Pierre Bouvier , lead guitarist Jeff Stinco , rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Sébastien Lefebvre , bassist and backing vocalist David Desrosiers , and drummer Chuck Comeau . The band has released five studio albums : No Pads , No Helmets.Just Balls ( 2002 ) , Still Not Getting Any . ( 2004 ) , Simple Plan ( 2008 ) , Get Your Heart On ! ( 2011 ) , and Taking One for the Team ( 2016 ) . The band has also released an EP titled Get Your Heart On - The Second Coming ! ( 2013 ) , in addition to two live albums : Live in Japan 2002 ( 2003 ) and MTV Hard Rock Live ( 2005 ) . The band performed at the Vans Warped Tour every year from 1999 to 2005 , and in 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , and 2018 . The band also performed at the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony , along with The X Factor Australia . In December 2012 , the band performed at Mood Indigo , the college festival of IIT Bombay in Mumbai , India . In 2004 , the band participated in the movie New York Minute , starring the Olsen twins , Mary-Kate and Ashley . Simple Plan also performed at the 2016 NHL Winter Classic ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2004', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2004 were presented on April 4 , 2004 at Rexall Place in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada and were hosted by Alanis Morissette . Singer-songwriters Nelly Furtado , Sarah McLachlan , and Nickelback led the nominations with five nominations each . Céline Dion , received four nominations ; Billy Talent , Our Lady Peace and Sam Roberts each received three ; Avril Lavigne , Barenaked Ladies , Christina Aguilera , Lillix , Michael Bublé , R. Murray Schafer , Shania Twain , and Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra got two nominations each . Producer/musician Bob Ezrin is this year 's inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Walt Grealis , who founded in 1970 what became the Juno Awards , will posthumously receive the award that bears his name , the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Billy Talent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Talent', 'summary': "Billy Talent is a Canadian rock band from Mississauga , Ontario . They formed in 1993 with lead vocalist Benjamin Kowalewicz , guitarist Ian D'Sa , bassist Jon Gallant , and drummer Aaron Solowoniuk . There have been no lineup changes , although Solowoniuk is currently taking a hiatus from the band due to an MS relapse , and Jordan Hastings from Alexisonfire , Cunter , and Say Yes is currently filling in for him . In the 25 years since their inception , Billy Talent has sold over 900,000 physical albums in Canada alone and nearly 3 million albums internationally . Between 1995 and 2016 , Billy Talent were the 27th best-selling Canadian artist in Canada and among the top 10 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada . The band existed for almost a decade before mainstream success . The members met and played in Our Lady of Mount Carmel Secondary School under the name Pezz and remained underground in Toronto 's indie music scene until 2001 . The band renamed itself Billy Talent after running into legal trouble with the old name . It was then that Kowalewicz 's connection with an employee of Warner Music Canada 's A & R department landed the band a record deal and launched them into mainstream success . Since then , Billy Talent has made three multi-platinum records in Canada and continues to expand their success overseas ; this included touring for 20 months supporting their second album . They released their third album , Billy Talent III , on July 14 , 2009 , and their fourth album , Dead Silence , on September 4 , 2012 . Dead Silence was followed up by a full UK tour throughout October and November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lillix The Dears The Trews Three Days Grace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lillix', 'summary': 'Lillix ( /ˈlɪlɪks/ ) was a pop/rock band from Cranbrook , British Columbia , Canada , formed under the name Tigerlily in 1997 when the early members were in high school . The band was originally an all-girls band composed of guitarist Tasha-Ray Evin , keyboardist Lacey-Lee Evin , bassist Louise Burns , and drummer Sierra Hills . In 2001 the band was signed by Maverick Records and changed their name to Lillix as there was another band called Tigerlily . Hills left in 2002 and was replaced by Kim Urhahn , and later by Alicia Warrington . The Evin sisters announced that as of late 2006 the band was considered on hiatus due to the folding of their label , Maverick . The band announced its return in 2009 , and released their third album Tigerlily independently in Canada on 24 August 2010 . Sales of the album were poor and band activity ceased shortly thereafter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Dears', 'summary': 'The Dears are a Canadian indie rock band from Montreal , Quebec . The band is led by the husband-and-wife duo of singer-guitarist Murray Lightburn and keyboardist Natalia Yanchak .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Trews', 'summary': 'The Trews are a Canadian hard rock band from Antigonish , Nova Scotia , consisting of vocalist Colin MacDonald , guitarist John-Angus MacDonald , bassist Jack Syperek , and drummer Chris Gormley . The band is currently based in Hamilton , Ontario . From their formation in 1997 to 2016 , The Trews were among the Top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 40 selling Canadian bands in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Three_Days_Grace', 'summary': "Three Days Grace is a Canadian rock band formed in Norwood , Ontario in 1997 . Based in Toronto , the band 's original line-up consisted of guitarist and lead vocalist Adam Gontier , drummer and backing vocalist Neil Sanderson , and bassist Brad Walst . In 2003 , Barry Stock was recruited as the band 's lead guitarist , making them a four-member band . In 2013 , Gontier left the band and was replaced by My Darkest Days ' vocalist Matt Walst , who is also the younger brother of bassist Brad Walst . Currently signed to RCA Records , they have released six studio albums , each at three-year intervals : Three Days Grace in 2003 , One-X in 2006 , Life Starts Now in 2009 , Transit of Venus in 2012 , Human in 2015 , and Outsider in 2018 . The first three albums have been RIAA certified 2x platinum , 3x platinum , and platinum , respectively , in the United States . In Canada , they have been certified by Music Canada as platinum , double platinum , and platinum , respectively . The band has a record 15 No . 1 songs on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and three No . 1 hits on Alternative Songs ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2005', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2005 were held 3 April at the MTS Centre in Winnipeg , Manitoba and were hosted by comedian Brent Butt . Avril Lavigne and k-os won three awards each , while Billy Talent and Feist won 2 apiece . Nominations were announced 7 February 2005 . The Tragically Hip were this year 's Canadian Music Hall of Fame recipient . Dan Aykroyd was originally scheduled to present this honour , but inexplicably cancelled several days before the awards ceremony . Sarah Harmer presented the Hall of Fame award in his place . Both Aykroyd and Harmer have ties to the Kingston , Ontario community in which The Tragically Hip are based . Neil Young was scheduled to appear at these awards , based on a promise that he would attend if the ceremonies were held in Winnipeg . But the 1982 Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductee cancelled his appearance shortly before the Juno ceremonies following surgery to correct a brain aneurysm . Other Juno Weekend events included the JunoFest concert series held at venues around the city , the Songwriters Circle on Sunday afternoon , and the Juno Fan Fare autograph session with Keshia Chanté , Great Big Sea , Kardinal Offishall , The Tea Party , Thornley , and other Canadian bands and artists . The following awards were presented during the primary ceremonies , with other categories awarded at a non-televised ceremony the previous night :"}]}, {'value': 'Alexisonfire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexisonfire', 'summary': "Alexisonfire ( pronounced Alexis on fire ) is a five-piece Canadian post-hardcore band that formed in St. Catharines , Ontario in 2001 . They describe their music as the sound of two Catholic high-school girls in mid-knife-fight ( a reference to their song A Dagger Through the Heart of St. Angeles , also the inspiration for their debut album cover art ) . When the band emerged in late 2001 , it was enough to impress critics as well as earning their self-titled debut album a platinum certification in Canada . The band has released three subsequent successful studio albums since then : Watch Out ! in 2004 , Crisis in 2006 , and Old Crows/Young Cardinals in 2009 , each achieving platinum certification in their native country . Plus three special edition live albums from Manchester Academy , Birmingham Academy , and Brixton Academy . Their accolades include a 2005 Juno Award for New Group of the Year . In August 2011 , front man George posted a message to fans on the band 's official website stating that , following the departure of two members , that they would issue several special releases and complete a farewell tour before parting ways . On March 9 , 2015 the band announced a reunion tour , their first since their farewell tour in 2012 , including dates at Reading and Leeds festivals , Sonic Boom , Heavy Montréal , X-Fest and Riot Fest . On September 19 , 2015 , at Riot Fest in Toronto , the band announced their official reunion , although in a post on their official Facebook page afterwards , the band clarified that despite the fact they were as good friends as they had ever been , there were no immediate plans for the future . In June 2016 , the band was announced to headline the UNIFY gathering 2017 in Australia and later announced a small tour across Australia and New Zealand with The Dirty Nil set to take place January 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Death From Above The Marble Index The Waking Eyes Thornley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_from_Above_1979', 'summary': "Death from Above ( also known as Death from Above 1979 ) is a Canadian rock duo consisting of bassist Jesse F. Keeler and drummer and vocalist Sebastien Grainger from Toronto , Ontario , formed in 2001 . The band broke up in 2006 after releasing only one studio album , You 're a Woman , I 'm a Machine . In 2011 they reformed and later released their first album in almost a decade , The Physical World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Marble_Index_(band)', 'summary': 'The Marble Index is a Canadian rock band from Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The group formed in 2001 , and comprised Brad Germain ( guitars and vocals ) , Ryan Tweedle ( bass ) , and Adam Knickle ( drums ) . The band is named after the album The Marble Index by Nico . Not be to be confused with the American rock band The Marble Index from Austin , Texas , which formed in 1993 and disbanded in 1995 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Waking_Eyes', 'summary': 'The Waking Eyes is a Canadian rock band from Winnipeg and Steinbach , Manitoba .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Thornley', 'summary': 'Ian Thornley ( born July 21 , 1972 ) is a Canadian rock guitarist , vocalist , and songwriter . He is best known for his band Big Wreck as well as Thornley , his solo project during the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2006', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2006 were held in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada on the weekend of 31 March to 2 April 2006 . These ceremonies honour music industry achievements in Canada during the previous year . The primary ceremonies were hosted by Pamela Anderson at the Halifax Metro Centre on 2 April and televised on CTV . Buck 65 was the ceremony 's introduction and preview announcer . Music artists Bedouin Soundclash , Broken Social Scene , Divine Brown , Hedley , Massari and Nickelback performed songs at these ceremonies . Also performing were the co-winners for the 2006 International Album of the Year , The Black Eyed Peas and Coldplay . Bryan Adams was the 2006 inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Chris Martin of Coldplay introduced Adams at the primary ceremony . Michael Bublé won four awards , more than any other individual that year . Besides winning Artist of the Year , his album It 's Time won in both the Album of the Year and Pop Album of the Year categories . His song Home from that album was declared Single of the Year . Awards for most categories were presented on 1 April in a non-televised ceremony at the Halifax World Trade and Convention Centre hosted by Jully Black , with performances by Kardinal Offishall , The Road Hammers and Martha Wainwright ."}]}, {'value': 'Bedouin Soundclash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedouin_Soundclash', 'summary': "Bedouin Soundclash is a Canadian band currently based in Toronto . Their sound has been described as reggae and ska . Bedouin Soundclash was formed in 2001 , and has released four studio albums since its formation . The band released an album most recently in 2019 , though a single was released in 2017 , its first new album in almost nine years . Jay Malinowski is the band 's lead vocalist , while Eon Sinclair plays bass , and Chuck Treece plays drums ."}]}, {'value': 'Boys Night Out Hedley Pocket Dwellers Silverstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boys_Night_Out_(band)', 'summary': 'Boys Night Out is a Canadian emo/post-hardcore band from Burlington , Ontario , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hedley_(band)', 'summary': 'Hedley is a Canadian pop rock group originating in Abbotsford , British Columbia , originally formed in 2003 . They are named after the unincorporated community of Hedley , British Columbia , a name chosen after members heard that it was for sale for $ 346,000 . After lead singer Jacob Hoggard placed third on the second season of Canadian Idol in 2004 , the group signed with Universal Music Canada and released their self-titled debut studio album the following year . After signing an international recording contract with Capitol Records in 2006 , which brought them an increased American following , Hedley saw commercial success with their subsequent studio albums , including Famous Last Words ( 2007 ) , The Show Must Go ( 2009 ) , Storms ( 2011 ) , Wild Life ( 2013 ) , and Hello ( 2015 ) . Following the release of their seventh studio album Cageless ( 2017 ) and its accompanying tour , current members of Hedley faced accusations of sexual misconduct with young women over the course of their career . After Hoggard faced additional accusations of sexual assault by two women , the group confirmed they would enter an indefinite hiatus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pocket_Dwellers', 'summary': "The Pocket Dwellers are a Canadian seven-member experimental hip-hop group from the Toronto area . The band 's main genre is hip-hop , but their music is influenced by jazz , funk , soul and breakbeat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silverstein_(band)', 'summary': "Silverstein ( /ˈsɪl.vər.stiːn/ ) is a Canadian rock band from Burlington , Ontario that formed in 2000 . Their band name is a reference to the famous children 's author Shel Silverstein , whom the band had admired and read the stories of as children . They have released a total of ten studio albums , four EPs , a compilation album and a live DVD/CD . Their lineup had remained unchanged for eleven years since December 2001 , consisting of lead vocalist Shane Told , lead guitarist Neil Boshart , rhythm guitarist Josh Bradford , bassist Billy Hamilton , and drummer Paul Koehler . In September 2012 , the band had announced that Neil Boshart had been fired and would be replaced by Paul Marc Rousseau , who also joined Billy Hamilton on backing vocals . The band achieved moderate success with their second studio album , Discovering the Waterfront , which was nominated for a Juno Award and reached No . 34 on the Billboard 200 charts , with the following two albums charting at similar positions . Silverstein has sold over 1,000,000 albums worldwide . The band left long-time record label , Victory Records , in 2010 . Following a period with Hopeless Records and another with Rise Records , they are now signed to UNFD . They released their 9th studio album , Dead Reflection , in July 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2007', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2007 were hosted in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada on the weekend ending 1 April 2007 . These ceremonies honoured music industry achievements in Canada during most of 2006 . The event was well known for a possible tape delay by the CTV television network so the network could syndicate The Amazing Race .'}]}, {'value': 'Mobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_(band)', 'summary': 'Mobile are a Canadian alternative rock band from Montreal initially composed of Mathieu Joly ( vocals ) , Christian Brais ( guitar ) , Pierre-Marc Hamelin ( drums ) , Dominic Viola ( bass ) and Frank Williamson ( guitar ) . Their debut album , Tomorrow Starts Today , was released in 2006 . The band was nominated for two Juno Awards in 2007 and went on to win the award for New Group of the Year . Hamelin left the band and was replaced by Martin Lavallée .'}]}, {'value': 'Evans Blue Idle Sons Jets Overhead Stabilo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evans_Blue', 'summary': 'Evans Blue is a Canadian rock band from Toronto , Ontario , Canada founded in 2005 . Altogether , they have sold over one million albums worldwide , including five studio albums and one live album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Idle_Sons', 'summary': 'Idle Sons was a Burlington , Ontario-based rock band that formed in 1994 under the name Slurpymundae .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jets_Overhead', 'summary': 'Jets Overhead are a Canadian alternative rock band formed in 2003 and based in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stabilo_(band)', 'summary': "Stabilo ( originally Stabilo Boss ) was a Canadian rock band from Maple Ridge , British Columbia . It formed in 1999 and is best known for its songs Everybody , One More Pill , Do n't Look In Their Eyes , Flawed Design , and Kidding Ourselves ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2008', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2008 were held in Calgary , Alberta , Canada on the weekend ending 6 April 2008 . These ceremonies honoured music industry achievements in Canada in the latter part of 2006 and in most of 2007 . Country performer and multiple Juno Award winner Paul Brandt received the 2008 Humanitarian Award which is now named after CHUM-FM Radio founder , Allan Waters . Moses Znaimer , who led the development of Citytv and MuchMusic , received the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award . Nominations for all remaining categories were announced on 5 February 2008. Notable among winners was Feist , winning all five awards in her nominated categories , three of which were presented in the televised gala .'}]}, {'value': 'Wintersleep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wintersleep', 'summary': "Wintersleep is a Canadian indie rock band from Yarmouth , Nova Scotia The band received a Juno Award in 2008 . As of 2016 the members of Wintersleep are Paul Murphy , Loel Campbell , and Tim D'Eon ."}]}, {'value': 'Dragonette Faber Drive illScarlett State of Shock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragonette', 'summary': "Dragonette is a Canadian electronic music band from Toronto , Ontario , formed in 2005 . The band consists of singer-songwriter Martina Sorbara , her common law husband bassist and producer Dan Kurtz ( also in The New Deal ) , and drummer Joel Stouffer . Dragonette released a self-titled EP in 2005 before being signed to Mercury Records and relocating to London , where they recorded and released their debut studio album , Galore , in August 2007 to moderate critical appreciation . A second studio album , Fixin to Thrill , was released in September 2009 . The group 's third studio album , Bodyparts , was released in September 2012 and their fourth , Royal Blues , followed in November 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faber_Drive', 'summary': "Faber Drive is a four-piece Canadian pop punk band from Mission , British Columbia , formed in 2004 . The band currently consist lead vocalist Dave Faber , lead guitarist Jordan Pritchett , bass guitarist Jeremy Krikit Liddle and drummer Seamus O'Neill ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IllScarlett', 'summary': 'IllScarlett ( styled as illScarlett ; /ˌɪlˈskɑːrlɪt/ ) is a Canadian rock and reggae band formed in 2001 . Their most prominent influence is California-based band Sublime . The band found their break when they set up their equipment ( using a generator ) and played for concertgoers waiting in line to enter the 2004 Vans Warped Tour venue in Barrie , Ontario . Kevin Lyman , the Warped Tour organizer and co-owner of Warcon Enterprises , noticed them and invited them to play at his personal barbecue . Subsequently , they were offered spots on the tour for the following two years . IllScarlett has five major studio albums : ILLP , Clearly in Another Fine Mess , All Day With It , 1UP ! , and most recently illScarlett . The album All Day With It reached gold status in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/State_of_Shock_(band)', 'summary': "State of Shock is a Canadian band from Vancouver , British Columbia . Formed by Jesse Wainwright and Johnny Philippon , they made their debut in June 2004 with their album Guilty by Association after winning CFOX-FM 's Seeds contest , and won Favourite New Group of the Year at the 2005 Canadian Music Awards . They became better known in early 2007 , with the release of their album Life , Love & Lies . Included in the album was their successful debut single , Money Honey , which won the band a Juno Award nomination for New Group of the Year , two Canadian Radio Music Awards in the category of Best New Group for both rock and CHR formats , as well as a Canadian Indie Music Award for Favourite Single of the Year . The single eventually reached the double platinum sales mark for digital sales in Canada and stayed on Billboard 's Canadian Hot 100 chart for nearly a year . With their second single Hearts that Bleed , the band enjoyed a top-ten slot at MuchMusic and rock radio . During the summer of 2007 , State of Shock went on a Canada-wide tour supporting bands such as Nickelback and Puddle of Mudd , and opening for Aerosmith in front of 27,000 people at Sarnia Bayfest . State of Shock released their third and most recent studio album , Rock N ' Roll Romance , on September 20 , 2011 . Both albums were produced by Jeff Dawson and mixed by Mike Fraser . In 2014 , Jesse Wainwright ( guitar , backing vocals ) teamed up with country singer Stacey McKitrick as a new country duo , Austin Belle , with Kadooh ( Simon Clow ) playing guitar for Austin Belle 's live shows ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2009', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2009 honoured music industry achievements in Canada in the latter part of 2007 and in most of 2008 . These ceremonies were held in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada during the weekend ending 29 March 2009 . Loverboy was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , and Sarah McLachlan received the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award . Long-time broadcast executive Fred Sherratt , a former CHUM Limited executive , received the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award .'}]}, {'value': 'The Stills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Stills', 'summary': 'The Stills were a Canadian rock band from Montreal , Quebec , formed in 2000 and disbanded in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beast Cancer Bats Crystal Castles Plants and Animals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beast_(Canadian_band)', 'summary': "Beast is a Canadian electronic music duo based out of Montreal , Quebec . Beast 's members include vocalist and lyricist Béatrice Bonifassi and composer/producer Jean-Philippe Goncalves . Beast has been described as an experimental hip hop project filled with psychedelic trip hop-style electronica , aggressive guitars and loud drum beats , or ( as Bonifassi describes it ) trip rock . Beast 's self-titled debut album was made available internationally on iTunes on November 4 , 2008 and their first single , Mr. Hurricane , was offered for free on iTunes as the Single of the Week in 6 major markets including the US , the UK , France and Australia . The album 's official commercial release date in Canada is November 18 , 2008 , with international releases yet to be announced ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cancer_Bats', 'summary': 'Cancer Bats are a Canadian hardcore punk band from Toronto , Ontario . They have released six studio albums and six extended plays . The band is composed of vocalist Liam Cormier , guitarist Scott Middleton , drummer Mike Peters and bassist Jaye R. Schwarzer . Cancer Bats take a wide variety of influences from heavy metal subgenres and fuse them into hardcore and punk rock , and also include elements of Southern rock . Their sound has been likened to sludge metal , as well as to that of metalcore bands such as Converge and Hatebreed . The members of Cancer Bats have also toured and recorded as a Black Sabbath cover band under the name Bat Sabbath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crystal_Castles_(band)', 'summary': "Crystal Castles is a Canadian electronic music group formed in 2006 in Toronto , Ontario , by songwriter-producer Ethan Kath and singer-songwriter Alice Glass . The current band members are Ethan Kath and Edith Frances . Crystal Castles are known for their chaotic live shows and lo-fi melancholic homemade productions . They released many limited vinyl singles between 2006 and 2007 before releasing a trilogy of critically acclaimed albums between 2008 and 2012 . Producer Kath and vocalist Glass first collaborated in 2006 on the track Alice Practice , a proof-of-concept which was initially shelved for six months . After being posted online , this track garnered attention and the duo decided to re-form for a formal release . In 2006 the group released their first physical four-track EP Alice Practice on vinyl . Their debut album , Crystal Castles , was released in 2008 . In 2009 , it was listed on NME 's Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade list at No . 39 . In 2010 , their second album , titled ( II ) , charted on the Billboard 200 , and includes their first worldwide charting single , Not In Love , featuring vocalist Robert Smith of The Cure . Their third album , ( III ) , was released on November 12 , 2012 , and was the number one album of 2012 on Tumblr and Hype Machine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Plants_and_Animals', 'summary': 'Plants and Animals are a Canadian indie-rock band from Montreal ( featuring two members originally from Halifax , Nova Scotia ) which comprises guitarist-vocalists Warren Spicer and Nic Basque and drummer-vocalist Matthew Woody Woodley . The trio began playing together as kids and emerged on the international scene in 2008 . They are signed to Secret City Records . Their first full-length album , Parc Avenue , was shortlisted for the 2008 Polaris Music Prize and was nominated for a 2009 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year ; the band were also nominated for New Group of the Year . In February 2016 , the band announced they would release their fourth full-length album Waltzed in from the Rumbling on April 29 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2010', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2010 honoured music industry achievements in Canada for the latter part of 2008 and for most of 2009 . These ceremonies were in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada during the weekend ending 18 April 2010 . Primary ceremonies were held at the Mile One Centre and at an outdoor venue on George Street . This also marks the first time to not feature a host . April Wine was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , Bryan Adams received the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for his part in numerous charitable concerts and campaigns during his career . Ross Reynolds , an original board member of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and former head of Universal Music Canada received the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award . CARAS , the association responsible for the awards , awarded the 2010 ceremonies to the Newfoundland and Labrador capital based on a bid which included government support commitments totalling $ 1.5 million ( CA $ ) , half funded by the province , $ 250,000 from the St. John 's municipal government and the remainder from the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkells', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkells', 'summary': 'Arkells are a Canadian rock band , formed in Hamilton , Ontario . In 2006 , they signed with Dine Alone Records , and have since signed with Universal Records Canada and Last Gang Records . They are managed by Last Gang Management . They have released five albums , two EPs and a number of singles that have charted in Canada . The band has won multiple Juno Awards , including one for their album High Noon in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Down With Webster Stereos Ten Second Epic The New Cities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Down_With_Webster', 'summary': 'Down with Webster was a Canadian rap rock band from The Beaches area of Toronto who signed with Universal Motown in April 2009 . Down with Webster was originally formed for a middle school talent show . The band released their first official EP , Time to Win , Vol . 1 , on October 6 , 2009 . The band has achieved success from all three singles from the album , and all three were certified Platinum in Canada . The album itself was certified Platinum in Canada . Their second release , Time to Win , Vol . 2 , was released on October 31 , 2011 . In 2014 , they put out their second full-length album , Party For Your Life . Down with Webster has sold over 1 million albums and nearly 1 million singles . The band has been nominated for Juno Awards , MuchMusic Video Awards , and Canadian Radio Music Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stereos', 'summary': 'Stereos are a Juno-nominated pop band from Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , formed in 2008 . Their musical style fuses aspects of electronic music , rock , and pop . Their breakout came from appearing on the MuchMusic original series , disBAND . In October 2009 , they released their debut self-titled album , Stereos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ten_Second_Epic', 'summary': 'Ten Second Epic was a Canadian five-piece alternative rock band from Edmonton . The band formed in 2002 consisting of Andrew Usenik ( vocals ) , Daniel Carriere ( guitar ) , Craig Spelliscy ( guitar ) , Sandy MacKinnon ( bass guitar ) and Patrick Birtles ( drums ) . TSE released three full-length albums in the course of their career , Count Yourself In , Hometown and Better Off . The band officially announced their breakup on February 25 , 2014 , and did their final tour in May 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_New_Cities', 'summary': 'The New Cities is a Juno Award and ADISQ Award nominated band originating from Trois-Rivières , Quebec , Canada and currently based in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The current members of The New Cities are David Brown , Christian Bergeron , Nicolas Denis , Francis Fugere , Philippe Lachance , and Julien Martre .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2011', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2011 honoured Canadian music industry achievements in the latter part of 2009 and in most of 2010 . The awards were presented in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , during the weekend of 26 and 27 March 2011 . A week of related events began on 21 March 2011 . This occasion marked 40 years since the 1971 Juno Awards , the first year the ceremonies were conducted by that name . The primary ceremony on 27 March was televised nationally by CTV . Deane Cameron , president of EMI Music Canada since 1988 , was designated the 2011 recipient of the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award . Shania Twain was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Neil Young was presented with the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for his work in such causes as Farm Aid . Drake received six nominations . Arcade Fire earned five nods . Broken Social Scene , Justin Bieber and Hedley each received four nominations . Johnny Reid and Sarah McLachlan each earned two nods .'}]}, {'value': 'Said the Whale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Said_the_Whale', 'summary': 'Said the Whale is a Juno Award-winning Vancouver B.C.-based indie rock band started by Ben Worcester and Tyler Bancroft in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Die Mannequin Hollerado Misteur Valaire My Darkest Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Mannequin', 'summary': "Die Mannequin is an alternative rock band from Toronto , Ontario , Canada founded by guitar player and singer Care Failure ( born Caroline Kawa ) in 2005 . The band has toured across Canada several times , opening for Buckcherry , Guns N ' Roses , Marilyn Manson and Sum 41 . They have also toured Europe on several occasions , alone and as an opening act for Danko Jones in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollerado', 'summary': 'Hollerado was a Canadian indie rock band from Ottawa , Ontario . Formed in 2007 , the band consisted of Menno Versteeg ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Nixon Boyd ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Dean Baxter ( bass , backing vocals ) and Jake Boyd ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band toured extensively , including time in North America , South America , Europe and China , playing with bands such as The Flaming Lips , Weezer , Fucked Up , Billy Talent , Black Lips and Passion Pit . They were nominated for the Best New Group Award at the 2011 Juno Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Misteur_Valaire', 'summary': 'Valaire , formerly known as Misteur Valaire , are a French Canadian electropop group based in Sherbrooke , Quebec and later Montreal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Darkest_Days', 'summary': "My Darkest Days was a Canadian rock band based in Peterborough , Ontario consisting of lead singer Matt Walst , bassist Brendan McMillan , drummer Doug Oliver , and keyboardist Reid Henry . They were discovered by Chad Kroeger of Nickelback , who signed them to his record label , 604 Records . They are best known for their 2010 single Porn Star Dancing . In June 2010 the band went on tour with Sick Puppies , Janus , and It 's Alive , and shot the video for Porn Star Dancing in Las Vegas . In August 2010 , they toured with Trapt , Skillet , and Papa Roach . Chad Kroeger appears and sings in the Porn Star Dancing video , as does American rapper Ludacris ( in the extended version only ) and Black Label Society frontman Zakk Wylde , playing lead guitar for the single . Matt Walst is currently the lead vocalist of his brother Brad 's band Three Days Grace ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2012', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2012 honoured Canadian music industry achievements in the latter part of 2010 and in most of 2011 . The awards were presented in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada during the weekend of 31 March and 1 April 2012 . A week of related events began on 26 March 2012 . Blue Rodeo was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . Broadcast executive Gary Slaight was designated the 2012 recipient of the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award .'}]}, {'value': 'The Sheepdogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sheepdogs', 'summary': "The Sheepdogs are a Canadian mainstream rock band formed in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan in 2006 . The group consists of lead singer and guitarist Ewan Currie , lead guitarist Jimmy Bowskill , bass guitarist Ryan Gullen , drummer Sam Corbett , and Shamus Currie , brother of Ewan , playing trombone , keyboards , tambourine , and electric guitar . The Sheepdogs became the first unsigned band to make the cover of Rolling Stone in 2011 and have since grown to popularity in Canada and the United States . Frontman Ewan Currie describes the band 's retro , guitar-driven blues-rock style as pure , simple , good-time music . Their distinctive sound has been called the Guitar-mony ( a portmanteau of guitar and harmony ) because of the use of harmony in guitar solos and vocals . Currie often credits groups Sly and the Family Stone , Humble Pie , Creedence Clearwater Revival , and The Allman Brothers Band as influences on his style . The Sheepdogs tour frequently between recordings , and have played at a number of large festivals including South by Southwest in Austin , Texas , Edgefest in Toronto , and Ottawa 's Bluesfest and CityFolk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Braids Hey Rosetta ! Mother Mother The Rural Alberta Advantage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braids_(band)', 'summary': "Braids ( formerly stylized as BRAIDS ) is an art rock band from Calgary , Alberta , currently based in Montreal , Quebec . Braids currently consists of Raphaelle Standell-Preston , Austin Tufts and Taylor Smith . The band ( along with former members Katie Lee and Vince Man ) met at a young age and began collaborating in high school . Their debut album , Native Speaker , was released on January 18 , 2011 in Canada and the United States to generally positive reviews . The album was shortlisted for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize . The band 's second album , Flourish // Perish , was released on August 20 , 2013 . Their third , Deep in the Iris , was released on April 28 , 2015 , and was awarded the 2015 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hey_Rosetta!', 'summary': "Hey Rosetta ! is a Canadian seven-piece indie rock band from St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador and led by singer/songwriter Tim Baker . Known for their energized live shows , the band created a large , layered sound by incorporating piano , violin , cello , and brass into the traditional four-piece rock setup . On October 13 , 2017 , the group announced via a lengthy Facebook post that they would be taking an indefinite hiatus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mother_Mother', 'summary': "Mother Mother is a Canadian indie rock band based in Vancouver , British Columbia . The band consists of Ryan Guldemond on guitar and vocals , Molly Guldemond on vocals and keyboard , Jasmin Parkin on keyboard and vocals , Ali Siadat on drums , and Mike Young on bass . Longtime bassist Jeremy Page left the band in 2016 . In 2005 , they independently released their self-titled debut album under the band name Mother . They later changed their name to Mother Mother , and re-released the album on Last Gang Records in 2007 . Retitled Touch Up , the reissue also featured several new songs . The band 's second album , O My Heart , was released on September 16 , 2008 ; their third album , Eureka , was released on March 15 , 2011 ; their fourth album , The Sticks , was released on September 18 , 2012 ; and their fifth album , Very Good Bad Thing was released on November 4 , 2014 , with an American release of April 7 , 2015 , on Def Jam Recordings . Their sixth album , No Culture , was released on February 10 , 2017 , with yet another Def Jam Recordings release in the US . The seventh and newest album , Dance and Cry was released November 2 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rural_Alberta_Advantage', 'summary': 'The Rural Alberta Advantage is a Canadian indie rock band that formed in 2005 in Toronto , Ontario . The band consists of Nils Edenloff on lead vocals and guitar , Amy Cole ( Robin Hatch between September 2016 and January 2018 ) on keyboards , bass , and backing vocals , and Paul Banwatt on drums . They have released four albums and are signed to Paper Bag Records in Canada and Saddle Creek Records internationally . In 2011 they were nominated for a Polaris Music Prize .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- New Group of the Year ( 2003–2012 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Juno_Award_for_Breakthrough_Group_of_the_Year_2', 'intro': 'The Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year is presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to the best new musical group in Canada. The award has been given annually since 1974, and was previously called Most Promising Group of the Year (1974-1993), Best New Group (1994-2002), and New Group of the Year (2003-2012).'} | null | null | What date did the winner of the 2005 Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year announce a reunion tour after breaking up ? | March 9 , 2015 |
0b5adcb94fd1c6a8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Democrats', 'title': 'Australian Democrats', 'header': ['Senator', 'State', 'Term'], 'data': [{'value': 'Janine Haines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janine_Haines', 'summary': "Janine Winton Haines , AM ( née Carter , 8 May 1945 - 20 November 2004 ) was an Australian politician who was a Senator for South Australia from 1977 to 1978 and again from 1981 to 1990 . She represented the Australian Democrats , and served as the party 's leader from 1986 to 1990 , becoming the first female federal parliamentary leader of an Australian political party . She was pivotal in shaping the Australian Democrats into a powerful political entity that held the balance of power in the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977-1978 ; 1981-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Chipp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Chipp', 'summary': 'Donald Leslie Chipp , AO ( 21 August 1925 - 28 August 2006 ) was an Australian politician who was the inaugural leader of the Australian Democrats , leading the party from 1977 to 1986 . He began his career as a member of the Liberal Party , winning election to the House of Representatives in 1960 and serving as a government minister for a cumulative total of six years . Chipp left the Liberals in 1977 to help create a new party , the Democrats , and famously promised to keep the bastards honest . He won election to the Senate later that year , and led the party at four federal elections ; after 1983 it held the sole balance of power in the Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Mason', 'summary': "Colin Victor James Mason ( born 28 October 1926 ) is a New Zealand-born Australian journalist , author and former politician . Mason worked for 14 years as the first foreign correspondent of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and became deeply involved in Asian affairs . In 1968 , he wrote Dragon Army , a popular history of Asian communism . He joined the Australia Party and rose to become its national convener ( 1976 ) . He joined the Australian Democrats and was elected to the Senate at the 1977 election as a senator for New South Wales . He and Don Chipp ( Victoria ) were the first two Australian Democrats elected to the Senate , although Janine Haines ( South Australia ) had earlier been appointed to a casual vacancy . He was re-elected at the 1983 double-dissolution election for a three-year term , and again at the 1984 election for a three-year term ending on 30 June 1988 . He retired in 1987 when another double-dissolution election was called . He later wrote A Short History of Asia ( 2000 ) , concerning imperialism and the modern history of many individual countries in Asia . In 2003 , Mason released The 2030 Spike : Countdown to Global Catastrophe , in which he describes a confluence of six 'drivers ' that he argues will converge in the decade of 2030 : depleted fuel supplies , massive population growth , poverty , global climate change , famine , growing water shortages and international lawlessness . He describes more than 100 steps to be taken to mitigate this convergence , including a form of world government . In 2006 he released a revised edition , A Short History Of The Future : Surviving the 2030 Spike A copy of The 2030 Spike was found among 39 English-language books in the compound where Osama bin Laden was killed ."}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Macklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Macklin', 'summary': 'Michael John Macklin ( born 25 February 1943 in London ) is an English-born former Australian Franciscan friar , educator and fundraiser who was an Australian Democrats senator for Queensland ( 1981-1990 ) . He later served as executive dean of the faculty of Arts , Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of New England ( 2002-2007 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Siddons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Siddons', 'summary': 'John Royston Siddons AO ( 5 October 1927 - 22 September 2016 ) was an Australian politician . He was a businessman and the executive chairman of Siddons Industries Ltd. before entering politics . In 1980 , he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Democrats senator for Victoria . He was defeated at the 1983 election , when he was required to take second place on the Democrats ticket in deference to party leader Don Chipp . He was , however , re-elected in the 1984 election , when seven places were up for election due to the expansion of the Parliament . In 1986 , he left the Democrats , claiming that the party had moved too far to the left . In 1987 , he registered the Unite Australia Party , amalgamating two other minor parties , the Advance Australia Party and the remnants of the Australia Party . He was joined in the Senate by South Australian Democrat David Vigor . The new party contested the 1987 election but received under 1% in all states contested . Siddons and Vigor were both defeated . He died in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981-1983 ; 1985-1986 ( 1987 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Evans_(Australian_politician)', 'summary': 'John Gordon Jack Evans ( 28 November 1928 - 2 October 2009 ) was an Australian businessman and politician who served as an Australian Democrats senator for Western Australia from 1983 to June 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Vigor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Vigor', 'summary': "David Bernard Vigor ( 26 June 1939 - 9 April 1998 ) was a member of the Australian Senate , representing the Australian Democrats and the Unite Australia Party . Born in Elboeuf , France to an English mother and French father , the infant Vigor and his family caught the last ferry to England prior to the start of World War II . After returning to France at war 's end , the Vigor family migrated to Adelaide , Australia in 1951 . Vigor attended Adelaide Boys High School and the University of Adelaide , graduating in pure mathematics and French , and then transferred to Monash University as one of its first intake of research students . It was here Vigor met his future wife , Susan . Following his period at Monash , Vigor lectured in Glasgow for three years while he conducted ground breaking research into data representation and machine intelligence , placing him at the forefront of Information Technology research . After a period based in London working as a consultant on IT and data collection issues , Vigor returned to Adelaide in 1971 as the director of the South Australian Institute of Technology ( now the University of South Australia ) Computer Centre . Vigor joined the Liberal Movement soon after its formation and drafted its education and rural policies . Following the party 's dissolution , Vigor joined the New LM of Robin Millhouse and was heavily involved in founding the Australian Democrats in 1977 . After unsuccessfully contesting the 1980 and 1983 federal elections , Vigor gained pre-selection to the No . 1 position on the South Australian Democrats ' Senate ticket at the 1984 election and gained election as a senator for that state . As a senator , Vigor was notable for his lengthy questioning of government policy during Senate committees and Question Time ."}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norm Sanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norm_Sanders', 'summary': 'Norman Karl Sanders ( born 15 October 1932 ) is an Australian former politician , representing the Australian Democrats in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1980 to 1982 and the Australian Senate from 1985 to 1990 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janet Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janet_Powell', 'summary': 'Janet Frances Powell AM ( née McDonald , 29 September 1942 - 30 September 2013 ) was an Australian politician . A native of Nhill , Victoria , Powell was educated at Ballarat Grammar School and Nhill High School . She graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education . She then worked as a secondary school teacher at Kerang High School and Nhill High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-1992 ( 1993 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Coulter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Coulter_(politician)', 'summary': "Dr John Richard Coulter ( born 3 December 1930 ) is an Australian medical researcher and former politician . He was the fourth elected parliamentary Senate leader of the Australian Democrats , serving from 2 October 1991 to 29 April 1993 . His understanding of conservation and environment principles was exceptional for the time , though his concern about Australian immigration and population growth occasionally brought him into conflict with the party 's non-discriminatory humanitarian and human-rights platforms and got him nicknamed Doctor Who by the Australian media . Coulter was born in Perth , Western Australia . He gained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree at the University of Adelaide . He became a medical practitioner and researcher , and was also a university lecturer . He was a member of Campbelltown Council in Adelaide during 1973-74 . In 1980 he joined the Democrats . He first took office in the Senate in 1987 , representing South Australia , and resigned from the Senate on 20 November 1995 , due to ill health . Natasha Stott Despoja was appointed as his replacement three days later , having earlier been employed by him as a researcher . In 1999 , he was publicly critical of Meg Lees 's leadership of the Democrats , especially of her handling of the Goods and Services Tax legislation . He believed Stott Despoja would make a better leader , and was working towards that goal , which she in fact attained in April 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul McLean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_McLean_(politician)', 'summary': 'Paul Alexander McLean ( born 13 March 1937 ) is an Australian advocate of banking reform and former Australian Democrats senator for New South Wales ( 1987-1991 ) . Following the announcement of the 1987 Senate election results , McLean was one of four senators who received a six-year term as a consequence of which method was chosen to allocate the seats . On 12 February 1991 , he was prevented by the President of the Senate from tabling sensitive sub-judice documents on the Westpac foreign loans controversy . On 7 March , the President informed the Senate that the documents in question had been ordered to be published by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Finance and Public Administration , that the Managing Director of Westpac Banking Corporation had indicated to the Committee that the bank would not contest the action to have the injunctions removed , and that in view of these developments , the ruling of 12 February was no longer operative . Senator McLean then tabled the documents by leave . He resigned his Senate seat on 22 August 1991 , in protest against an internal party coup to depose the leader Janet Powell , and was replaced by Karin Sowada . He is the co-author ( with James Renton ) of the book Bankers and Bastards ( Hudson Publishing , Hawthorn , 1992 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Jenkins_(politician)', 'summary': 'Jean Alice Jenkins ( born 16 March 1938 ) is an Australian educator in languages and served as an Australian Democrats senator for Western Australia from 1987 to 1990 . She is also noted as an originator in Western Australia of NAATI-accredited level 2 ( paraprofessional ) courses in translation and interpreting , and as a campaigner for human rights and preservation of built heritage . She has been a patron of the Art Deco Society of Western Australia since 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicki Bourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicki_Bourne', 'summary': "Vicki Worrall Bourne ( born 22 October 1954 ) is a former Australian Democrats Senator for New South Wales from 1990 to 2002 . Bourne was born in Sydney ; she attended the selective High School Fort Street , and then UNSW where she obtained a BSc and MSc . She was employed as a research officer for Democrats Senator Colin Mason in 1978 ; in 1980 she joined the party . Following Mason 's resignation she was a research officer for Senator Paul McLean . Bourne was elected to the Senate in the 1990 Australian federal election ; her term began on 1 July 1990 . She was elected for a second term in the 1996 Australian federal election . After she was defeated by Australian Greens candidate Kerry Nettle in the 2001 Australian federal election , her term ended on 30 June 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sid Spindler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sid_Spindler', 'summary': 'Siegfried Emil Sid Spindler ( 9 July 1932 - 1 March 2008 ) was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for Victoria from 1990 to 1996 , representing the Australian Democrats .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheryl Kernot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheryl_Kernot', 'summary': 'Cheryl Zena Kernot ( née Paton , formerly Young ; born 5 December 1948 ) is an Australian politician , academic , and political activist . She was a member of the Australian Senate representing Queensland for the Australian Democrats from 1990 to 1997 , and the fifth leader of the Australian Democrats from 1993 to 1997 . In 1997 , she resigned from the Australian Democrats , joined the Australian Labor Party , and won the seat of Dickson at the 1998 federal election . She was defeated at the 2001 federal election . Kernot was an unsuccessful independent candidate to represent New South Wales in the Australian Senate in the 2010 federal election .'}]}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Bell_(Australian_politician)', 'summary': 'Robert John Bell ( 22 July 1950 - 5 September 2001 ) was an Australian politician . Born in Hobart , he was educated at the University of Tasmania and the University of New England before becoming a teacher and youth employment co-ordinator . He was later an electorate assistant and served on Hobart City Council . In 1990 , he was appointed to the Australian Senate as a Democrat Senator for Tasmania , filling the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Norm Sanders . He held the seat until his defeat in 1996 . Bell died in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karin Sowada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karin_Sowada', 'summary': 'Karin Nicole Sowada ( born 1 November 1961 ) is an Australian archaeologist and former politician . She served two years as an Australian Democrats senator for New South Wales between 1991 and 1993 . In 1998 , she was a republican delegate to the Constitutional Convention . From 1996-2005 , she was the assistant curator of the Nicholson Museum at the University of Sydney . From 2008-2015 , she was Chief Executive Officer of the Anglican Deaconess Institution Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Woodley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Woodley', 'summary': 'John Woodley ( born Brisbane , Queensland , 9 February 1938 ) is a Christian Minister of religion and was a Senator representing the state of Queensland , Australia , in the Australian Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Queensland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meg Lees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meg_Lees', 'summary': "Meg Heather Lees AO ( née Francis , born 19 October 1948 ) is a former member of the Australian Senate from 1990 to 2005 , representing the state of South Australia . She represented the Australian Democrats from 1990 to 2002 , and was her party 's leader from 1997 - 2001 . After being deposed by Natasha Stott Despoja , she quit the party to sit as an independent senator in 2002 , adopting the party designation Australian Progressive Alliance from 2003 until her electoral defeat in 2005 . As party leader , she controversially facilitated passage of the Howard Government 's Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-2002 ( 2005 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natasha Stott Despoja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natasha_Stott_Despoja', 'summary': 'Natasha Jessica Stott Despoja AO ( born 9 September 1969 ) is an Australian politician , diplomat , advocate and author . She is the founding Chair of the Board of Our Watch , the national foundation to prevent violence against women and their children , and was previously the Australian Ambassador for Women and Girls at the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade from 2013 to 2016 . She was also a Member of the World Bank Gender Advisory Council from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of the United Nations High Level Working Group on the Health and Human Rights of Women , Children and Adolescents in 2017 . Stott Despoja began her parliamentary career after being appointed to the Senate at the age of 26 serving as an Australian Democrats Senator for South Australia from 1995 to 2008 . She went on to serve as the Deputy Leader and Leader of the Australian Democrats . She holds the record for being the youngest woman to sit in the Parliament of Australia and the longest serving Australian Democrats Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'South Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-2008', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Parliamentarians -- Senators', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Australian_Democrats_1', 'intro': "The Australian Democrats is a centrist political party in Australia. Founded in 1977 from a merger of the Australia Party and the New Liberal Movement, both of which were descended from Liberal Party splinter group, it was Australia's largest minor party from its formation in 1977 through to 2004 and frequently held the balance of power in the Senate during that time. The party's inaugural leader was Don Chipp, a former Liberal cabinet minister, who famously promised to keep the bastards honest. At the 1977 federal election, the Democrats polled 11.1 percent of the Senate vote and secured two seats. The party would retain a presence in the Senate for the next 30 years, at its peak (between 1999 and 2002) holding nine out of 76 seats, though never securing a seat in the lower house. The party's share of the vote collapsed at the 2004 election and was further diminished in 2007 with the last senators leaving office in 2008. Due to the party's numbers in the Senate, both Liberal and Labor governments required the assistance of the Democrats to pass contentious legislation, most notably in the case of the Howard Government's goods and services tax (GST). Ideologically, the Democrats were usually regarded as centrists, occupying the political middle ground between the Liberal Party and the Labor Party. The party was formally deregistered in 2016 for not having the required 500 members. In 2018 the Australian Democrats merged with Country Minded, an Australian political party seeking accountable regional and agricultural representation. On 7 April 2019 the merged entity regained registration of the name Australian Democrats with the Australian Electoral Commission. The party unsuccessfully contested the lower-house seat of Adelaide and a total of six Senate seats (two in each state of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia) at the 2019 federal election."} | null | null | What party did Sid Spindler represent one the senate ? | Democrat |
0b5b899a91c9d29f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'title': '2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series', 'header': ['No', 'Race', 'Pole position', 'Most laps led', 'Winning driver', 'Winning manufacturer'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NextEra Energy Resources 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NextEra_Energy_Resources_250', 'summary': 'The NextEra Energy 250 is the first race of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series at Daytona International Speedway and as of 2004 has been held under the lights . It is the Truck Series event of Speedweeks - the series of races leading up to the Daytona 500 . Winners of the event include Mike Wallace , Joe Ruttman , Robert Pressley , Rick Crawford , Carl Edwards , Bobby Hamilton , Mark Martin , Jack Sprague , Todd Bodine ( twice ) , Timothy Peters , Michael Waltrip , John King , Johnny Sauter ( Three times ) , Kyle Busch , Tyler Reddick , Kaz Grala , and Austin Hill . The Truck Series does not run restrictor plates , devices used by the Xfinity and Cup stock cars to reduce horsepower and slow the cars down at Daytona and Talladega . However , a restrictor in the space , a spacer plate , and aerodynamic disadvantages in the trucks compensate for the lack of a restrictor plate . Grant Enfinger is the 2020 winner of the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_White_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Jason White ( born June 5 , 1979 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E-Z-GO 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_Pest_Control_200', 'summary': "The Georgia 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 2004 until 2012 , and returned to the schedule in 2015 as part of the Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 weekend , where the track held a same-day doubleheader with the Xfinity Series ' Rinnai 250 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kroger 250', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kroger_250', 'summary': 'The TruNorth Global 250 , stylized as the TrüNorth Global 250 , was a NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Martinsville Speedway in the spring . Joe Ruttman won the inaugural event , while Kyle Busch is the final champion after winning in 2019 . The race was discontinued in 2020 as the date was given to the NASCAR Xfinity Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bully_Hill_Vineyards_200', 'summary': 'The Bully Hill Vineyards 200 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race that was held at Nashville Superspeedway on Good Friday . It was the first of two Camping World Truck Series events held in Nashville , the second being the Lucas Deep Clean 200 , which was held in July . It was sponsored by Bully Hill Vineyards . 2010 marked the inaugural event of the Nashville 200 . In October 2009 , the parent company of the Superspeedway , Dover Motorsports , Inc. announced that it would be closing Memphis Motorsports Park , which was previously scheduled to host a Truck Series race on June 26 . It was announced shortly afterward that the Memphis race would be replaced with a second race at Nashville . The race , which was scheduled for April 2 , would mark the opening race of a doubleheader with the Nationwide Series , which would race the following day at the track . With the first race , Nashville Superspeedway would become the only race track on the schedule to host two Camping World Truck Series races and not host a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series event . The race was only run twice , as the track was shut down following the 2011 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Reilly Auto Parts 250", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Reilly_Auto_Parts_250", 'summary': 'The Digital Ally 250 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Kansas Speedway in Kansas City , Kansas . The race consists of 167 laps , 250.5 miles ( 403.1 km ) . The inaugural race was run on July 7 , 2001 , and was won by Ricky Hendrick .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sauter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sauter', 'summary': 'Jonathan Joseph Johnny Sauter ( born May 1 , 1978 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver currently competing full-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 13 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing . Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter , the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter , and the uncle of Travis Sauter . He is the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dover 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JEGS_200', 'summary': 'The JEGS 200 is an annual 200-mile ( 321.869 km ) NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Dover International Speedway in Dover , Delaware . The race was the only race to be shown on tape delay during the past several seasons , but since 2012 has been televised live .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aric Almirola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aric_Almirola', 'summary': 'Aric Michael Almirola ( born March 14 , 1984 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 10 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . A graduate of Hillsborough High School in Tampa , Almirola attended the University of Central Florida to work on a degree in mechanical engineering before leaving to pursue a career in racing . His nickname is The Cuban Missile because of his Cuban heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina Education Lottery 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Education_Lottery_200_(Charlotte)', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Education Lottery 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held in mid-May at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina . The race is currently held as a companion event to the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race in mid May .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WinStar World Casino 400', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WinStar_World_Casino_400', 'summary': "The SpeedyCash.com 400 is an annual 250.5-mile ( 403.14 km ) NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at the Texas Motor Speedway near Fort Worth , Texas . It is normally held the Friday before the IndyCar Series ' DXC Technology 600 ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VFW 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corrigan_Oil_200', 'summary': 'The Corrigan Oil 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Michigan International Speedway . The event was started in 1999 and was won by Greg Biffle . In 2001 Michigan did not hold a Truck race because of date conflicts with the CART event which it had been associated . The 2004 race marked the first win for Toyota in a national NASCAR series when Travis Kvapil won for Bang ! Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Aric Almirola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aric_Almirola', 'summary': 'Aric Michael Almirola ( born March 14 , 1984 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 10 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . A graduate of Hillsborough High School in Tampa , Almirola attended the University of Central Florida to work on a degree in mechanical engineering before leaving to pursue a career in racing . His nickname is The Cuban Missile because of his Cuban heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucas Oil 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Oil_200_(Iowa)', 'summary': "The M & M 's 200 presented by Caseys General Stores is a 200-lap NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race held at Iowa Speedway in Newton , Iowa ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CampingWorld.com 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gateway_200', 'summary': 'The CarShield 200 presented by CK Power is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race at World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway held since 1998 , and ran until 2010 when the track closed . With new ownership in place in 2012 , the race returned to the schedule in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAA Insurance 200 presented by J. D. Byrider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AAA_Insurance_200_(LOR)', 'summary': "The AAA Insurance 200 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race that took place at Lucas Oil Raceway in the suburb of Clermont , Indiana , located west of Indianapolis . It took place the same weekend as the Kroger 200 , and served as an unofficial support race for the Brickyard 400 at nearby Indianapolis Motor Speedway until the Trucks ' departure from the track in 2011 . From 1995-2000 , the race was held on Thursday night . From 2001-2011 , the race was held on Friday night ."}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pocono Mountains 125', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pocono_Mountains_125', 'summary': 'The Gander RV 150 is a 150-mile-long ( 241.402 km ) annual race on the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series at the Pocono Raceway .'}]}, {'value': 'Elliott Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliott_Sadler', 'summary': "Elliott William Barnes Sadler ( born April 30 , 1975 ) is an American retired professional stock car racing driver . He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 10 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing . Sadler is one of 31 drivers who have at least one win in each of NASCAR 's top three series . Sadler was born in Emporia , Virginia ; he is the younger brother of former NASCAR driver Hermie Sadler ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliott Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliott_Sadler', 'summary': "Elliott William Barnes Sadler ( born April 30 , 1975 ) is an American retired professional stock car racing driver . He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 10 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing . Sadler is one of 31 drivers who have at least one win in each of NASCAR 's top three series . Sadler was born in Emporia , Virginia ; he is the younger brother of former NASCAR driver Hermie Sadler ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliott Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliott_Sadler', 'summary': "Elliott William Barnes Sadler ( born April 30 , 1975 ) is an American retired professional stock car racing driver . He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 10 Chevrolet Camaro for Kaulig Racing . Sadler is one of 31 drivers who have at least one win in each of NASCAR 's top three series . Sadler was born in Emporia , Virginia ; he is the younger brother of former NASCAR driver Hermie Sadler ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Deep_Clean_200', 'summary': 'The Lucas Deep Clean 200 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at Nashville Superspeedway in Gladeville , Tennessee . The race , originally held in August , moved to July for the 2011 season . The event replaces a race that was held on the same date at nearby Nashville Speedway USA from 1996 to 2000 . The race was removed from the schedule after 2011 along with the spring race due to the track shutting down in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Too Tough To Tame 200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Too_Tough_To_Tame_200', 'summary': 'The Too Tough To Tame 200 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at Darlington Raceway . The distance of the race was a little over 200 miles contested over 147 laps . First ran in 2001 , it was taken off the schedule after the 2004 season . In 2009 , they announced after a six-year hiatus , Darlington would return to the Truck Series in August 2010 . At the end of the year , they moved the race from August to mid-March for 2011 . The race had been held under the lights since 2004 . Then on November 21 , 2011 , it was announced that the race would once again be removed from the schedule .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Timothy Peters Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Peters', 'summary': 'Timothy Peters ( born August 29 , 1980 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 44 Chevrolet Silverado for Niece Motorsports . He was a former member of the Bobby Hamilton Racing and Richard Childress Racing driver development programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Reilly 200", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNOH_200', 'summary': 'The UNOH 200 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place in August at Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol , Tennessee . It was usually held on the Wednesday night prior to the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Saturday night race , the Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race ; though in 2018 , the race took place on Thursday night and was broadcast in primetime on Fox . When first held in 1995 , the race was 150 laps . It was increased to 200 laps the following year , and has remained at that distance since . There were no Truck races held at BMS between 2000-2002 . Starting in the 2019 event , it became the first race of the playoffs , while in 2020 it switched to the final race in the round of 8 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EnjoyIllinois.com 225', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Overton's_225", 'summary': 'The Camping World 225 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built Ford Tough 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_201', 'summary': "The Kentucky 201 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at Kentucky Speedway in Sparta , Kentucky . The race , originally held in June or July , was moved to September in 2010 . One year later , the race was moved to October . The race , beginning in 2000 , was the only Truck Series event at the track until 2010 , when they added another event , the UNOH 225 . In 2012 , the event 's distance was shortened from 225 to 201 miles , marking the first time the race was n't 225 miles in length . The race was removed for the 2013 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TheRaceDayRaffleSeries.com 175', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNOH_175', 'summary': 'The UNOH 175 was a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race held at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon , New Hampshire from 1996 to 2017 . Since 2013 it was held the day before the Sprint Cup Series Sylvania 300 , the second event in the Chase for the Sprint Cup . The race was 200 laps in length from 1996 until 2010 , when the distance was shortened to 175 laps . After a two-year absence from the 2012 and 2013 Truck Series schedules , it returned to the series schedule in 2014 . On March 8 , 2017 it was announced that Las Vegas Motor Speedway would get a second Cup date , second Xfinity date , and second Truck date . The Cup and Truck races that will be given to Vegas will come from New Hampshire , making the 2017 running the last race .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Busch', 'summary': "Kyle Thomas Busch ( born May 2 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Rowdy and Wild Thing for his driving style and The Candy Man due to his longtime sponsorship with Mars , Incorporated , is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing , part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota Supra for JGR , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports . KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team . Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series champion . Busch is the younger brother of 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Kurt Busch . He currently holds several records in NASCAR competition , including the most race wins in a season across the top three NASCAR series , with 24 wins , which he accomplished in 2010 . He holds the record for most all-time wins in all three of NASCAR 's national touring series with 208 ( as of November 17 , 2019 ) . Furthermore , he holds the record for the most Xfinity Series wins in a season with 13 in 2010 , and the most overall with 96 . Busch also holds the record for most overall wins in the Gander Outdoor Truck Series with 56 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Smith 's Food and Drug Store 350", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stratosphere_200', 'summary': 'The Strat 200 is a 134-lap , 200-mile long NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Las Vegas Motor Speedway .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Results and standings -- Races', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series_0', 'intro': "The 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season was the sixteenth season of the third highest stock car racing series in the United States. Beginning at Daytona International Speedway, the season included twenty-five races, which ended with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. During the 2009 off season, NASCAR announced few calendar changes, returning to Darlington Raceway for the first time in six years. Kyle Busch Motorsports won the owners' championship in their inaugural season, while Todd Bodine won the drivers' championship during the Lucas Oil 150 at Phoenix International Raceway, one race before the final. Toyota won the manufacturers' championship with 193 points."} | null | null | Of the winner of the Dover 200 and the winner of the O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 , which winner was born second ? | Aric Michael Almirola |
0b5bf8e4b62fdff1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ViacomCBS_television_programs', 'title': 'List of ViacomCBS television programs', 'header': ['Title', 'Original run', 'Network'], 'data': [{'value': 'Frontier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_(1955_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Frontier is an American Western anthology series that aired on NBC from September 1955 to September 1956 . The series de-emphasizes gunplay and focuses on the hazards of the settlement of the American West . It was only the second anthology Western series in television history , having been preceded by Death Valley Days . Frontier aired premiered on September 25 , 1955 , and ran sporadically in its last five months . Walter Coy narrated the series and starred in occasional episodes , which are dramatizations based on actual events . The program was produced by Worthington Miner .'}]}, {'value': '1955-1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'The Adventures of Hiram Holliday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hiram_Holliday', 'summary': 'The Adventures of Hiram Holliday is an American adventure sitcom that aired on NBC from October 3 , 1956 to February 27 , 1957 . Starring Wally Cox in the title role , the series is based on the 1939 novel of the same name by Paul Gallico .'}]}, {'value': '1956-1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Boots and Saddles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boots_and_Saddles_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Boots and Saddles is an American Western television series created by Robert A. Cinader which aired in syndication from 1957 to 1958 . It was a lonely land then , the vast frontier held by the last scattered remnants of the once great armies that fought the Civil War . To such as these , all but forgotten , doing a dirty , thankless job , without reward or glory , the army was a way of life , the only one they knew or wanted .'}]}, {'value': '1957-1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'The Silent Service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Silent_Service_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Silent Service is an American syndicated anthology television series based on actual events in the submarine section of the United States Navy . The Silent Service was narrated by Rear Admiral Thomas M. Dykers , who retired from the Navy in 1949 after twenty-two years of service . He began each episode with this refrain : Tonight , we bring you another thrilling episode of Silent Service stories , of warfare under the sea . Many of the episodes focused on the history of specific submarines , including :'}]}, {'value': '1957-1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'Flight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flight_(1958_TV_show)', 'summary': 'Flight was an American television anthology series that aired in syndication from 1958 to 1959 . The series originally aired for one season , with 38 half-hour episodes produced . It was created with the assistance of the United States Air Force and featured retired General George C. Kenney as the host and opening narrator .'}]}, {'value': '1958-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'Union Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Pacific_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Union Pacific is a Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings that aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . This show was inspired by the 1939 film also named Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea , Barbara Stanwyck , and Robert Preston .'}]}, {'value': '1958-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'Philip Marlowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Marlowe_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Philip Marlowe is a 1959-1960 half-hour ABC crime series , featuring Philip Carey as Marlowe , the fictional detective created by Raymond Chandler . The private detective Marlowe - - as portrayed by Carey - - departed very much from the original character . [ citation needed ] NBC-TV financed the original pilot for a Marlowe series starring Carey , but it sold the program and Carey to ABC , which revamped it . The show debuted on October 6 , 1959 , with the episode : The Ugly Duckling with Virginia Gregg and Rhys Williams . The program 's lack of success was attributed to its similarity to other contemporary detective series . Sponsors were Brown & Williamson and American Home Products ."}]}, {'value': '1959-1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Pony Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pony_Express_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Pony Express is an American western television series about the adventures of an agent in the 1860s of the Central Overland Express Company , better known as the Pony Express . The half-hour program starring Grant Sullivan was created by California National Productions . Pony Express ran for thirty-five episodes in syndication from the fall of 1959 until May 1960 .'}]}, {'value': '1959-1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'The Lawless Years', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lawless_Years', 'summary': "The Lawless Years is an American crime drama series that aired on NBC from April 16 , 1959 , to September 22 , 1961 . The series is the first of its kind , set during the Roaring 20s , having pre-dated ABC 's far more successful The Untouchables by six months . The series stars James Gregory and Robert Karnes ."}]}, {'value': '1959-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'The Blue Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Blue_Angels_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Blue Angels is a 1960-1961 American syndicated television series about the Blue Angels of the United States Navy . The program starred Dennis Cross as Commander Arthur Richards , the head of a four-man squadron which tours the country to give flight exhibitions . Don Gordon starred as Lieutenant Hank Bertelli , Michael Galloway as Lieutenant Russ MacDonald , Morgan Jones as Commander Donovan , Warner Jones as Captain Wilbur Scott , Robert Knapp as crewman Zeke Powers , and Ross Elliott as crewman Cort Ryker . Simeon G. Gallu , Jr. , produced the series . Burt Reynolds appeared twice ( Fire Flight and Powder Puff Mechanic ) as Chuck Corman , and William Bryant twice played the role of Charlie Robinson in Sierra Survival and The Diamond Goes to War . Selected Blue Angels episodes and guest stars include : Angel on Trial , the series premiere , The Jarheads ( with Ed Nelson as a cocky flight instructor named Lieutenant Dayl Martin ) , Fire Flight with Burt Reynolds and Dick Jones , Tiger Blood ( Judy Lewis as a girlfriend of Lieutenant MacDonald who has trouble with her brother ) , Carrier Test ( Eddie Foy , III , as Jimmy Wallace ) , Do n't Scream at a Jet ( Stephen Talbot and Will Wright ) , Sierra Survival ( William Bryant ) , Alien Entry ( Don Haggerty as Joe Wine ) , The Duster ( Bing Russell ) , The Blue Leaders ( Ernest Borgnine ) , The Sticking Season ( Barbara Stuart ) . The Blue Angels was released by California National Productions ."}]}, {'value': '1960-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'The Jim Backus Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jim_Backus_Show', 'summary': 'The Jim Backus Show is a 39-episode American television sitcom that aired in broadcast syndication in 1960 and 1961 . The series was also known as Hot Off the Wire .'}]}, {'value': '1960-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Spelling Television -- Republic Pictures Television', 'section_text': 'China Smith ( 1952–1955 ) ( Currently owned by Richard Duryea and Bernard Tabakin ) Sheriff of Cochise/U.S . Marshall ( 1956–1958 ) How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1957–1959 ) Man Without a Gun ( 1957–1959 ) Official Detective ( 1957–1958 ) The Walter Winchell File ( 1957–1958 ) The Adventures of William Tell ( 1958–1959 ) ( produced by ITC Entertainment ) African Patrol ( 1958–1959 ) This is Alice ( 1958–1959 ) Mantovani ( 1959 ) Grand Jury ( 1959 ) The Third Man ( 1959–1965 ) ( co-production with British Broadcasting Prestige Productions ) Assignment : Underwater ( 1960–1962 ) Q. T. Hush ( 1960–1961 ) The Crime Reporter A Day with Doodles ( 1964 ) NBC Films ( pre-1973 ) [ edit ] California National Productions [ edit ]', 'uid': 'List_of_television_series_produced_by_Paramount_Television_30', 'intro': "This is a list of television series produced and/or owned by ViacomCBS' brands, including Paramount Television Studios, CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, CBS News, and ViacomCBS media networks. This list also includes shows produced or distributed by ViacomCBS' predecessor companies, including CBS Productions, Viacom Productions/Enterprises, the older incarnation of Paramount Television, Rysher Entertainment, Republic Pictures Television, Worldvision Enterprises/Taft Entertainment, Group W Productions, KingWorld, Desilu Productions and Spelling Television."} | null | null | What is the network of the show in which Burt Reynolds appeared twice as Chuck Corman ? | Syndication |
0b5d1a7226bc4a19 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies', 'title': 'List of private spaceflight companies', 'header': ['Company name', 'Engine', 'Engine type', 'Applications', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Accion Systems Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MAX-1 , TILE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'electrospray ion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colloid_thruster', 'summary': 'A colloid thruster ( or electrospray thruster ) is a type of low thrust electric propulsion rocket engine that uses electrostatic acceleration of charged liquid droplets for propulsion . In a colloid thruster , charged liquid droplets are produced by an electrospray process and then accelerated by a static electric field . The liquid used for this application tends to be a low-volatility ionic liquid . Like other ion thrusters , its benefits include high efficiency , thrust density , and specific impulse ; however it has very low total thrust , on the order of micronewtons . It provides very fine attitude control or efficient acceleration of small spacecraft over long periods of time .'}]}, {'value': 'small satellite / CubeSat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_satellite', 'summary': 'A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size , usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . While all such satellites can be referred to as small , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction . Miniature satellites , especially in large numbers , may be more useful than fewer , larger ones for some purposes - for example , gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CubeSat', 'summary': 'A CubeSat ( U-class spacecraft ) is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm cubic units . CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms ( 2.9 lb ) per unit , and often use commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) components for their electronics and structure . CubeSats are commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station , or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle . More than 1200 CubeSats have been launched as of January 2020 . More than 1100 have been successfully deployed in orbit and more than 80 have been destroyed in launch failures . In 1999 , California Polytechnic State University ( Cal Poly ) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design , manufacture , and testing of small satellites intended for low Earth orbit ( LEO ) that perform a number of scientific research functions and explore new space technologies . Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013 , when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes , and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ad Astra Rocket Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ad_Astra_Rocket_Company', 'summary': "The Ad Astra Rocket Company is an American rocket propulsion company dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology . Located in Webster , Texas , three miles away from NASA 's Johnson Space Center , the company was incorporated on January 14 , 2005 . The President and CEO of Ad Astra Rocket Company is retired astronaut , Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz . The company has been working on Chang Díaz 's concept of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket , known by its acronym VASIMR . The VASIMR is intended to achieve several advantages over current chemical rocket designs , including lunar cargo transport , in-space refueling , and ultra-high speeds for distant space missions . The Ad Astra Rocket Company Costa Rica ( AARC CR ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ad Astra Rocket Company . AARC CR was formed in 2005 . The facility is located approximately 10 km west of the city of Liberia , capital of the province of Guanacaste , on the campus of EARTH University . On December 13 , 2006 , the Costa Rican team of AARC generated its first plasma . After extensive testing of a 200 kW ground-test VASIMR unit , the company is aiming for a three-year flight test mission . In March 2015 , NASA selected Ad Astra for the NextSTEP program ."}]}, {'value': 'VASIMR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VASIMR', 'summary': 'The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket ( VASIMR ) is an electrothermal thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion . It uses radio waves to ionize and heat an inert propellant , then a magnetic field to accelerate the resulting plasma , generating thrust . It is a plasma propulsion engine , one of several types of spacecraft electric propulsion systems . The VASIMR method for heating plasma was originally developed during nuclear fusion research . VASIMR is intended to bridge the gap between high thrust , low specific impulse chemical rockets and low thrust , high specific impulse electric propulsion , but has not yet demonstrated high thrust . The VASIMR concept originated in 1977 with former NASA astronaut Franklin Chang Díaz , who has been developing the technology ever since .'}]}, {'value': 'plasma propulsion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine', 'summary': "A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma . This is in contrast to ion thruster engines , which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the plasma source , which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes . These exist in many forms ( see electric propulsion ) . Plasma thrusters do not typically use high voltage grids or anodes/cathodes to accelerate the charged particles in the plasma , but rather uses currents and potentials which are generated internally in the plasma to accelerate the plasma ions . While this results in a lower exhaust velocity by virtue of the lack of high accelerating voltages , this type of thruster has a number of advantages . The lack of high voltage grids of anodes removes a possible limiting element as a result of grid ion erosion . The plasma exhaust is 'quasi-neutral ' , which means that ions and electrons exist in equal number , which allows simple ion-electron recombination in the exhaust to neutralize the exhaust plume , removing the need for an electron gun ( hollow cathode ) . This type of thruster often generates the source plasma using radio frequency or microwave energy , using an external antenna . This fact , combined with the absence of hollow cathodes ( which are very sensitive to all but the few noble gases ) allows the intriguing possibility of being able to use this type of thruster on a huge range of propellants , from argon , to carbon dioxide , air mixtures , to astronaut urine . Plasma engines are better suited for long-distance interplanetary space travel missions . In recent years , many agencies have developed several forms of plasma-fueled engines , including the European Space Agency , Iranian Space Agency and Australian National University , which have co-developed a more advanced type described as a double layer thruster . However , this form of plasma engine is only one of many types ."}]}, {'value': 'space tug/orbital transfer vehicle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket', 'summary': 'The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket ( VASIMR ) is an electrothermal thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion . It uses radio waves to ionize and heat an inert propellant , then a magnetic field to accelerate the resulting plasma , generating thrust . It is a plasma propulsion engine , one of several types of spacecraft electric propulsion systems . The VASIMR method for heating plasma was originally developed during nuclear fusion research . VASIMR is intended to bridge the gap between high thrust , low specific impulse chemical rockets and low thrust , high specific impulse electric propulsion , but has not yet demonstrated high thrust . The VASIMR concept originated in 1977 with former NASA astronaut Franklin Chang Díaz , who has been developing the technology ever since .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ARCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ARCA_(NGO)', 'summary': 'Romanian Cosmonautics and Aeronautics Association ( Romanian : Asociația Română pentru Cosmonautică și Aeronautică ) , also known as ARCAspace , is an aerospace company based in Las Cruces , New Mexico , United States . It builds space rockets and other manned and unmanned aircraft intended for space exploration . It was founded in 1999 as a non-governmental organization in Romania by the Romanian engineer Dumitru Popescu and other rocket and aeronautics enthusiasts . Since then ARCA has launched two stratospheric rockets , four large scale stratospheric balloons including a cluster balloon and was awarded two governmental contracts with the Romanian government and one contract with the European Space Agency . ARCA Aerospace is currently developing a single stage to orbit rocket designed to be cost-effective rather than re-usable .'}]}, {'value': 'Executor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Executor_(rocket_engine)', 'summary': 'Executor is a rocket engine developed by ARCA for use on its Haas rocket series and on IAR 111 Excelsior supersonic airplane . Executor uses kerosene and liquid oxygen as propellants in a gas-generator power cycle . The injector of Executor is of the pintle type that was first used in the Apollo Program for the lunar module landing engine . Propellants are fed via a single shaft , dual inducer-impeller turbo-pump . The turbine exhaust gases are used for attitude control of the Haas 2 rocket .'}]}, {'value': 'LOX / RP-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RP-1', 'summary': 'RP-1 ( alternately , Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1 ) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel , used as rocket fuel . RP-1 has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen ( LH2 ) , but is cheaper , stable at room temperature , far less of an explosion hazard , and far denser . RP-1 is significantly more powerful than LH2 by volume . RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine , another room-temperature liquid fuel .'}]}, {'value': 'IAR 111 , Haas 2 , Haas 2b , Super Haas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IAR_111', 'summary': 'IAR-111 Excelsior is a supersonic mothership project , [ citation needed ] designed by ARCA Space Corporation , intended to transport a rocket payload up to 18,000 m ( 59,000 ft ) and for developing space tourism related technologies . The aircraft is to be constructed almost entirely from composite materials , and will be designed for take-off and landing from the sea surface . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Haas_(rocket)', 'summary': 'Haas is a family of rocket space launchers developed by the ARCAspace for the Google Lunar X Prize competition and for their national manned space program . It consists of Haas balloon-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2 airplane-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2b ground-launched suborbital rocket and Super Haas ground-launched orbital rocket . It was named after Conrad Haas , a medieval rocket pioneer who lived and worked in what is now Romania , and was the first person to describe a multistage rocket in writing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Haas_(rocket)', 'summary': 'Haas is a family of rocket space launchers developed by the ARCAspace for the Google Lunar X Prize competition and for their national manned space program . It consists of Haas balloon-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2 airplane-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2b ground-launched suborbital rocket and Super Haas ground-launched orbital rocket . It was named after Conrad Haas , a medieval rocket pioneer who lived and worked in what is now Romania , and was the first person to describe a multistage rocket in writing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Haas_(rocket)', 'summary': 'Haas is a family of rocket space launchers developed by the ARCAspace for the Google Lunar X Prize competition and for their national manned space program . It consists of Haas balloon-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2 airplane-launched orbital rocket , Haas 2b ground-launched suborbital rocket and Super Haas ground-launched orbital rocket . It was named after Conrad Haas , a medieval rocket pioneer who lived and worked in what is now Romania , and was the first person to describe a multistage rocket in writing .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Origin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Origin', 'summary': "Blue Origin , LLC is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company headquartered in Kent , Washington . Founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos , the company is led by CEO Bob Smith and is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability . Blue Origin is employing an incremental approach from suborbital to orbital flight , with each developmental step building on its prior work . The company motto is Gradatim Ferociter , Latin for Step by Step , Ferociously . Blue Origin is developing a variety of technologies , with a focus on rocket-powered vertical takeoff and vertical landing ( VTVL ) vehicles for access to suborbital and orbital space . The company 's name refers to the blue planet , Earth , as the point of origin . Initially focused on suborbital spaceflight , the company has designed , built and flown multiple testbeds of its New Shepard spacecraft at its facilities in Culberson County , Texas . Developmental test flights of the New Shepard , named after the first American in space Alan Shepard , began in April 2015 , and flight testing continued into 2018 . Blue has moved the date for first passengers back several times , with one recent planned timeframe being 2019 as of September 2018 . In the event , it has not yet begun commercial passenger flights , nor announced a firm date for when they would begin . On nearly every one of the test flights since 2015 , the uncrewed vehicle has reached a test altitude of more than 100 km ( 330,000 ft ) and achieved a top speed of more than Mach 3 ( 3,675 km/h ; 2,284 mph ) , reaching space above the Kármán line , with both the space capsule and its rocket booster successfully soft landing . Blue Origin moved into the orbital spaceflight technology business in 2014 , initially as a rocket engine supplier for others via a contractual agreement to build a new large rocket engine , the BE-4 , for major US launch system operator United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'BE-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BE-3', 'summary': "The BE-3 ( Blue Engine 3 ) is a LH2/LOX rocket engine developed by Blue Origin . The engine began development in the early 2010s , and completed acceptance testing in early 2015 . The engine is being used on the Blue Origin New Shepard suborbital rocket , for which test flights began in 2015 . The engine was under consideration by United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) for use in a new second stage , the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage , in ULA 's Vulcan orbital launch vehicle with first flight in the 2020s ."}]}, {'value': 'LH2 / LOX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LH2', 'summary': 'Liquid hydrogen ( LH2 or LH2 ) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen . Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form . To exist as a liquid , H2 must be cooled below its critical point of 33 K. However , for it to be in a fully liquid state without boiling at atmospheric pressure , H2 needs to be cooled to 20.28 K ( −252.87 °C ; −423.17 °F ) . One common method of obtaining liquid hydrogen involves a compressor resembling a jet engine in both appearance and principle . Liquid hydrogen is typically used as a concentrated form of hydrogen storage . As for any gas , storing it as liquid takes less space than storing it as a gas at normal temperature and pressure . However , the liquid density is very low compared to other common fuels . Once liquefied , it can be maintained as a liquid in pressurized and thermally insulated containers . There are two spin isomers of hydrogen ; liquid hydrogen consists of 99.79% parahydrogen and 0.21% orthohydrogen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LOX', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}]}, {'value': 'New Shepard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Shepard', 'summary': "New Shepard is a vertical-takeoff , vertical-landing ( VTVL ) , human-rated suborbital rocket that is being developed by Blue Origin as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism . Blue Origin is owned and led by Amazon.com founder and businessman Jeff Bezos and aerospace engineer Rob Meyerson . NASA Silver Snoopy Award winner Robert Smith is the company 's chief executive officer . The name New Shepard makes reference to the first American astronaut in space , Alan Shepard , one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts , who ascended to space on a suborbital trajectory similar to that planned for New Shepard . Prototype engine and vehicle flights began in 2006 , while full-scale engine development started in the early 2010s and was complete by 2015 . Uncrewed flight testing of the complete New Shepard vehicle ( propulsion module and space capsule ) began in 2015 . On 23 November 2015 , after reaching 100.5 km ( 62.4 mi ) altitude ( outer space ) , the suborbital New Shepard booster successfully performed a powered vertical soft landing , the first time a suborbital booster rocket had returned from space to make a successful vertical landing . The test program continued in 2016 and 2017 with four additional test flights made with the same vehicle ( NS2 ) in 2016 and the first test flight of the new NS3 vehicle made in 2017 . Blue Origin planned their first crewed test flight to occur in 2019 , ( however , this did not occur ) , and has announced that tickets would begin to be sold for commercial flights ."}]}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Origin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Origin', 'summary': "Blue Origin , LLC is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company headquartered in Kent , Washington . Founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos , the company is led by CEO Bob Smith and is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability . Blue Origin is employing an incremental approach from suborbital to orbital flight , with each developmental step building on its prior work . The company motto is Gradatim Ferociter , Latin for Step by Step , Ferociously . Blue Origin is developing a variety of technologies , with a focus on rocket-powered vertical takeoff and vertical landing ( VTVL ) vehicles for access to suborbital and orbital space . The company 's name refers to the blue planet , Earth , as the point of origin . Initially focused on suborbital spaceflight , the company has designed , built and flown multiple testbeds of its New Shepard spacecraft at its facilities in Culberson County , Texas . Developmental test flights of the New Shepard , named after the first American in space Alan Shepard , began in April 2015 , and flight testing continued into 2018 . Blue has moved the date for first passengers back several times , with one recent planned timeframe being 2019 as of September 2018 . In the event , it has not yet begun commercial passenger flights , nor announced a firm date for when they would begin . On nearly every one of the test flights since 2015 , the uncrewed vehicle has reached a test altitude of more than 100 km ( 330,000 ft ) and achieved a top speed of more than Mach 3 ( 3,675 km/h ; 2,284 mph ) , reaching space above the Kármán line , with both the space capsule and its rocket booster successfully soft landing . Blue Origin moved into the orbital spaceflight technology business in 2014 , initially as a rocket engine supplier for others via a contractual agreement to build a new large rocket engine , the BE-4 , for major US launch system operator United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'BE-4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BE-4', 'summary': "The Blue Engine 4 or BE-4 is an oxygen rich liquefied-natural-gas-fueled staged-combustion rocket engine under development by Blue Origin . The BE-4 is being developed with private and public funding . The engine has been designed to produce 2,400 kilonewtons ( 550,000 lbf ) of thrust at sea level . It was initially planned for the engine to be used exclusively on a Blue Origin proprietary launch vehicle , New Glenn , the company 's first orbital rocket . However , it was announced in 2014 that the engine would also be used on the United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) Vulcan launch vehicle , the successor to the Atlas V launch vehicle . Final engine selection by ULA happened in September 2018 . Although previously planned to fly as early as 2019 , the first flight test of the new engine is now expected no earlier than 2021 on either the Vulcan or the New Glenn ."}]}, {'value': 'LOX / CH 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liquid_methane', 'summary': "Methane ( US : /ˈmɛθeɪn/ or UK : /ˈmiːθeɪn/ ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 ( one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen ) . It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane , and is the main constituent of natural gas . The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel , although capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure . Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground and under the seafloor , and is formed by both geological and biological processes . The largest reservoir of methane is under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates . When methane reaches the surface and the atmosphere , it is known as atmospheric methane . The Earth 's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750 , and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases . Methane has also been detected on other planets , including Mars , which has implications for astrobiology research ."}]}, {'value': 'Vulcan , New Glenn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)', 'summary': "Vulcan is a next generation heavy-lift launch vehicle under development by the United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) to meet the demands of the United States Air Force 's National Security Space Launch ( NSSL ) competition and launch program . The maiden flight is planned to take place in July 2021 , launching Astrobotic 's Peregrine lunar lander ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Glenn', 'summary': "The New Glenn ( named for John Glenn ) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin . Design work on the vehicle began in 2012 . The vehicle itself , and the high-level specifications , were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016 . New Glenn is described as a two-stage rocket with a diameter of 7 meters ( 23 ft ) . Its first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also being designed and manufactured by Blue Origin . Like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle that preceded it , the New Glenn 's first stage is designed to be reusable . Blue Origin aims to launch New Glenn in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CU Aerospace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PUC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'microcavity discharge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electrothermal_propulsion', 'summary': "An electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical , and possibly also magnetic fields , to change the velocity of a spacecraft . Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems work by electrically expelling propellant ( reaction mass ) at high speed . Electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed ( operate at a higher specific impulse ) than chemical rockets . Due to limited electric power the thrust is much weaker compared to chemical rockets , but electric propulsion can provide a small thrust for a long duration of time . Electric propulsion can achieve high speeds over long periods and thus can work better than chemical rockets for some deep space missions . Electric propulsion is now a mature and widely used technology on spacecraft . Russian satellites have used electric propulsion for decades and it is predicted that by 2020 , half of all new satellites will carry full electric propulsion . As of 2019 [ update ] , over 500 spacecraft operated throughout the Solar System use electric propulsion for station keeping , orbit raising , or primary propulsion . In the future , the most advanced electric thrusters may be able to impart a Delta-v of 100 km/s , which is enough to take a spacecraft to the outer planets of the Solar System ( with nuclear power ) , but is insufficient for interstellar travel . An electric rocket with an external power source ( transmissible through laser on the photovoltaic panels ) has a theoretical possibility for interstellar flight . However , electric propulsion is not a method suitable for launches from the Earth 's surface , as the thrust for such systems is too weak ."}]}, {'value': 'small satellite / CubeSat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_satellite', 'summary': 'A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size , usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . While all such satellites can be referred to as small , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction . Miniature satellites , especially in large numbers , may be more useful than fewer , larger ones for some purposes - for example , gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CubeSat', 'summary': 'A CubeSat ( U-class spacecraft ) is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm cubic units . CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms ( 2.9 lb ) per unit , and often use commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) components for their electronics and structure . CubeSats are commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station , or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle . More than 1200 CubeSats have been launched as of January 2020 . More than 1100 have been successfully deployed in orbit and more than 80 have been destroyed in launch failures . In 1999 , California Polytechnic State University ( Cal Poly ) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design , manufacture , and testing of small satellites intended for low Earth orbit ( LEO ) that perform a number of scientific research functions and explore new space technologies . Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013 , when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes , and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CU Aerospace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHIPS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'resistojet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resistojet_rocket', 'summary': 'A resistojet is a method of spacecraft propulsion ( electric propulsion ) that provides thrust by heating a , typically non-reactive , fluid . Heating is usually achieved by sending electricity through a resistor consisting of a hot incandescent filament , with the expanded gas expelled through a conventional nozzle . Resistojets have been flown in space since 1965 on board military Vela satellites . However , they only became used in commercial applications in 1980 with the launch of the first satellites in the INTELSAT-V program . Many GEO spacecraft , and all 95 Iridium , used Aerojet MR-501/MR-502 series resistojet engines . Nowadays resistojet propulsion is used for orbit insertion , attitude control , and deorbit of LEO satellites , and do well in situations where energy is much more plentiful than mass , and where propulsion efficiency needs to be reasonably high but low thrust is acceptable . [ citation needed ] Resistojets have also been proposed as means of using biowaste as reaction mass , particularly in conjunction with hydrazine . Studies focus on the characteristics of steam and carbon dioxide as major constituents of a biowaste stream , and typically use cubic zirconia as a heating element .'}]}, {'value': 'small satellite / CubeSat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_satellite', 'summary': 'A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size , usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . While all such satellites can be referred to as small , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction . Miniature satellites , especially in large numbers , may be more useful than fewer , larger ones for some purposes - for example , gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CubeSat', 'summary': 'A CubeSat ( U-class spacecraft ) is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm cubic units . CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms ( 2.9 lb ) per unit , and often use commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) components for their electronics and structure . CubeSats are commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station , or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle . More than 1200 CubeSats have been launched as of January 2020 . More than 1100 have been successfully deployed in orbit and more than 80 have been destroyed in launch failures . In 1999 , California Polytechnic State University ( Cal Poly ) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design , manufacture , and testing of small satellites intended for low Earth orbit ( LEO ) that perform a number of scientific research functions and explore new space technologies . Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013 , when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes , and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CU Aerospace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPT-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pulsed plasma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster', 'summary': 'A pulsed plasma thruster ( PPT ) , also known as a plasma jet engine , is a form of electric spacecraft propulsion . PPTs are generally considered the simplest form of electric spacecraft propulsion and were the first form of electric propulsion to be flown in space , having flown on two Soviet probes ( Zond 2 and Zond 3 ) starting in 1964 . PPTs are generally flown on spacecraft with a surplus of electricity from abundantly available solar energy .'}]}, {'value': 'small satellite / CubeSat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Small_satellite', 'summary': 'A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size , usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . While all such satellites can be referred to as small , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction . Miniature satellites , especially in large numbers , may be more useful than fewer , larger ones for some purposes - for example , gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CubeSat', 'summary': 'A CubeSat ( U-class spacecraft ) is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm cubic units . CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms ( 2.9 lb ) per unit , and often use commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) components for their electronics and structure . CubeSats are commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station , or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle . More than 1200 CubeSats have been launched as of January 2020 . More than 1100 have been successfully deployed in orbit and more than 80 have been destroyed in launch failures . In 1999 , California Polytechnic State University ( Cal Poly ) and Stanford University developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design , manufacture , and testing of small satellites intended for low Earth orbit ( LEO ) that perform a number of scientific research functions and explore new space technologies . Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013 , when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes , and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reaction Engines Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reaction_Engines_Limited', 'summary': 'Reaction Engines Limited ( REL ) is a British aerospace manufacturer based in Oxfordshire , England .'}]}, {'value': 'SABRE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reaction_Engines_SABRE', 'summary': "SABRE ( Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine ) is a concept under development by Reaction Engines Limited for a hypersonic precooled hybrid air-breathing rocket engine . The engine is being designed to achieve single-stage-to-orbit capability , propelling the proposed Skylon spaceplane to low Earth orbit . SABRE is an evolution of Alan Bond 's series of liquid air cycle engine ( LACE ) and LACE-like designs that started in the early/mid-1980s for the HOTOL project . The design comprises a single combined cycle rocket engine with two modes of operation . The air-breathing mode combines a turbo-compressor with a lightweight air precooler positioned just behind the inlet cone . At high speeds this precooler cools the hot , ram-compressed air , which would otherwise reach a temperature that the engine could not withstand , leading to a very high pressure ratio within the engine . The compressed air is subsequently fed into the rocket combustion chamber where it is ignited along with stored liquid hydrogen . The high pressure ratio allows the engine to provide high thrust at very high speeds and altitudes . The low temperature of the air permits light alloy construction to be employed and allow a very lightweight engine - essential for reaching orbit . In addition , unlike the LACE concept , SABRE 's precooler does not liquefy the air , letting it run more efficiently . After shutting the inlet cone off at Mach 5.14 , and at an altitude of 28.5 km , the system continues as a closed-cycle high-performance rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen from on-board fuel tanks , potentially allowing a hybrid spaceplane concept like Skylon to reach orbital velocity after leaving the atmosphere on a steep climb . An engine derived from the SABRE concept called Scimitar has been designed for the company 's A2 hypersonic passenger jet proposal for the European Union-funded LAPCAT study ."}]}, {'value': 'hybrid air-breathing /chemical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Precooled_jet_engine', 'summary': "The precooled jet engine is a concept that enables jet engines with turbomachinery , as opposed to ramjets , to be used at high speeds . Precooling restores some or all of the performance degradation of the engine compressor ( by preventing rotating stall/choking/reduced flow ) , as well as that of the complete gas generator ( by maintaining a significant combustor temperature rise within a fixed turbine temperature limit ) , which would otherwise prevent flight with high ram temperatures . For higher flight speeds precooling may feature a cryogenic fuel-cooled heat exchanger before the air enters the compressor . After gaining heat and vapourising in the heat exchanger , the fuel ( e.g . H2 ) burns in the combustor . Precooling using a heat exchanger has not been used in flight , but is predicted to have significantly high thrust and efficiency at speeds up to Mach 5.5 . Precooled jet engine cycles were analyzed by Robert P. Carmichael in 1955.:138 Pre-cooled engines avoid the need for an air condenser because , unlike liquid air cycle engines ( LACE ) , pre-cooled engines cool the air without liquefying it . For lower flight speeds precooling can be done with mass injection , known as WIPCC ( water injection precompressor cooling ) This method has been used for short duration ( due to limited coolant capacity ) increases to an aircraft 's normal maximum speed . Operation Skyburner , which gained a world speed record with a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II , and the Mikoyan Ye-266 ( Mig 25 ) . Both used a water/alcohol spray to cool the air ahead of the compressor . Precooling ( as well as combustion chamber water injection ) is used at the lowest flight speeds , i.e . during take off , to increase thrust at high ambient temperatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Skylon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reaction_Engines_Skylon', 'summary': "Skylon is a series of designs for a single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane by the British company Reaction Engines Limited ( REL ) , using SABRE , a combined-cycle , air-breathing rocket propulsion system . The vehicle design is for a hydrogen-fuelled aircraft that would take off from a purpose-built runway , and accelerate to Mach 5.4 at 26 kilometres ( 85,000 ft ) altitude ( compared to typical airliners ' 9-13 kilometres or 30,000-40,000 feet ) using the atmosphere 's oxygen before switching the engines to use the internal liquid oxygen ( LOX ) supply to take it into orbit . :5 It could carry 17 tonnes ( 37,000 lb ) of cargo to an equatorial low Earth orbit ( LEO ) ; up to 11 tonnes ( 24,000 lb ) to the International Space Station , almost 45% more than the capacity of the European Space Agency 's Automated Transfer Vehicle ; or 7.3 tonnes ; 7,300 kilograms ( 16,000 lb ) to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit ( GTO ) , over 24% more than SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle ( As of 2018 [ update ] . ) The relatively light vehicle would then re-enter the atmosphere and land on a runway , being protected from the conditions of re-entry by a ceramic composite skin . When on the ground , it would undergo inspection and necessary maintenance , with a turnaround time of approximately two days , and be able to complete at least 200 orbital flights per vehicle . As work on the project has progressed , information has been published on a number of design versions , including A4 , :Fig 1 p165 C1 , C2 , and D1 . Testing of the key technologies was successfully completed in November 2012 , allowing Skylon 's design to advance from its research phase to a development phase . As of 2017 [ update ] , an engine test facility was being built at Westcott [ needs update ] and if all goes to plan , the first ground-based engine tests could happen in 2020 , and SABRE engines could be performing uncrewed test flights by 2025 . In paper studies , the cost per kilogram of payload carried to LEO in this way is hoped to be reduced from the current £1,108/kg ( as of December 2015 [ update ] ) , including research and development , to around £650/kg , with costs expected to fall much more over time after initial expenditures have amortised . In 2004 , the developer estimated the total lifetime cost of the Skylon C1 programme to be about $ 12 billion . As of 2017 [ update ] , only a small portion of the funding required to develop and build Skylon had been secured . For the first couple of decades the work was privately funded , with public funding beginning in 2009 through a European Space Agency ( ESA ) contract ."}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpaceDev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceDev', 'summary': "SpaceDev , a part of the Space Systems Business of Sierra Nevada Corporation , is prominent for its spaceflight and microsatellite work . It designed and built components for the hybrid rocket motors for Paul Allen 's Tier One suborbital SpaceShipOne space program operated by Scaled Composites . It is also developing micro- and nano-satellites , a small expendable launch vehicle , the SpaceDev Streaker , and has designed a piloted suborbital and orbital spaceship of its own , the SpaceDev Dream Chaser , in collaboration with NASA . SpaceDev is based near San Diego in Poway , California . Its objective is to make routine commercial spaceflight possible and to help open space for all of humanity . Previously a publicly traded company ( OTCBB : SPDV ) , on 20 October 2008 SpaceDev officials announced that the company would be acquired by Sierra Nevada Corporation , a privately owned company . The announced acquisition price was 38 million dollars . The role of SpaceDev will be melded into another of Sierra Nevada 's subsidiary companies , MicroSat , to create a more complete space technology unit . On December 16 , 2008 SpaceDev announced its acquisition by Sierra Nevada Corporation had been completed ."}]}, {'value': 'RocketMotorOne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RocketMotorOne', 'summary': "SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 900 m/s ( 3,000 ft/s ) , using a hybrid rocket motor . The design features a unique feathering atmospheric reentry system where the rear half of the wing and the twin tail booms folds 70 degrees upward along a hinge running the length of the wing ; increasing drag while remaining stable . SpaceShipOne completed the first crewed private spaceflight in 2004 . That same year , it won the US $ 10 million Ansari X Prize and was immediately retired from active service . Its mother ship was named White Knight . Both craft were developed and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures , which was a joint venture between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites , Burt Rutan 's aviation company . Allen provided the funding of approximately US $ 25 million . Rutan has indicated that ideas about the project began as early as 1994 and the full-time development cycle time to the 2004 accomplishments was about three years . [ citation needed ] The vehicle first achieved supersonic flight on December 17 , 2003 , which was also the one-hundredth anniversary of the Wright Brothers ' historic first powered flight . SpaceShipOne 's first official spaceflight , known as flight 15P , was piloted by Mike Melvill . A few days before that flight , the Mojave Air and Space Port was the first commercial spaceport licensed in the United States . A few hours after that flight , Melvill became the first licensed U.S. commercial astronaut ."}]}, {'value': 'hybrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hybrid_rocket', 'summary': 'A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases : one solid and the other either gas or liquid . The hybrid rocket concept can be traced back at least 75 years . Hybrid rockets avoid some of the disadvantages of solid rockets like the dangers of propellant handling , while also avoiding some disadvantages of liquid rockets like their mechanical complexity . Because it is difficult for the fuel and oxidizer to be mixed intimately ( being different states of matter ) , hybrid rockets tend to fail more benignly than liquids or solids . Like liquid rocket engines , hybrid rocket motors can be shut down easily and the thrust is throttleable . The theoretical specific impulse ( I s p { \\displaystyle I_ { sp } } ) performance of hybrids is generally higher than solid motors and lower than liquid engines . I s p { \\displaystyle I_ { sp } } as high as 400s has been measured in a hybrid rocket using metalized fuels . Hybrid systems are more complex than solid ones , but they avoid significant hazards of manufacturing , shipping and handling solid rocket motors by storing the oxidizer and the fuel separately .'}]}, {'value': 'SpaceShipOne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceShipOne', 'summary': "SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 900 m/s ( 3,000 ft/s ) , using a hybrid rocket motor . The design features a unique feathering atmospheric reentry system where the rear half of the wing and the twin tail booms folds 70 degrees upward along a hinge running the length of the wing ; increasing drag while remaining stable . SpaceShipOne completed the first crewed private spaceflight in 2004 . That same year , it won the US $ 10 million Ansari X Prize and was immediately retired from active service . Its mother ship was named White Knight . Both craft were developed and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures , which was a joint venture between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites , Burt Rutan 's aviation company . Allen provided the funding of approximately US $ 25 million . Rutan has indicated that ideas about the project began as early as 1994 and the full-time development cycle time to the 2004 accomplishments was about three years . [ citation needed ] The vehicle first achieved supersonic flight on December 17 , 2003 , which was also the one-hundredth anniversary of the Wright Brothers ' historic first powered flight . SpaceShipOne 's first official spaceflight , known as flight 15P , was piloted by Mike Melvill . A few days before that flight , the Mojave Air and Space Port was the first commercial spaceport licensed in the United States . A few hours after that flight , Melvill became the first licensed U.S. commercial astronaut ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpaceX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceX', 'summary': "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. , trading as SpaceX , is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne , California . It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars . SpaceX has developed several launch vehicles and the Dragon spacecraft . SpaceX 's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit ( Falcon 1 in 2008 ) , the first private company to successfully launch , orbit , and recover a spacecraft ( Dragon in 2010 ) , the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ( Dragon in 2012 ) , the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2015 ) , the first reuse of an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2017 ) , and the first private company to launch an object into orbit around the sun ( Falcon Heavy 's payload of a Tesla Roadster in 2018 ) . SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station ( ISS ) under a partnership with NASA . NASA also awarded SpaceX a further development contract in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a human-rated Dragon , which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth . SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its Dragon 2 spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight ( Crew Dragon Demo-1 ) on March 2 , 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Dragon 2 in March 2020 . In December 2015 , a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive vertical landing . This was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight . In April 2016 , with the launch of CRS-8 , SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform . In May 2016 , in another first , SpaceX again landed the first stage , but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission . In March 2017 , SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket ."}]}, {'value': 'Kestrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kestrel_(rocket_engine)', 'summary': 'The SpaceX Kestrel was an LOX/RP-1 pressure-fed rocket engine . The Kestrel engine was developed in the 2000s by SpaceX for upper stage use on the Falcon 1 rocket . Kestrel is no longer being manufactured ; the last flight of Falcon 1 was in 2009 . Kestrel was built around the same pintle architecture as the SpaceX Merlin engine but does not have a turbo-pump and is fed only by tank pressure . Kestrel is ablatively cooled in the chamber and throat and radiatively cooled in the nozzle , which is fabricated from a high strength niobium alloy . As a metal , niobium is highly resistant to cracking compared to carbon-carbon . According to SpaceX , an impact from orbital debris or during stage separation might dent the metal but have no meaningful effect on engine performance . Helium pressurant efficiency is substantially increased via a titanium heat exchanger on the ablative/niobium boundary . Thrust vector control is provided by electro-mechanical actuators on the engine dome for pitch and yaw . Roll control ( and attitude control during coast phases ) is provided by helium cold gas thrusters . A TEA-TEB pyrophoric ignition system is used to provide multiple restart capability on the upper stage . In a multi-manifested mission , this design would allow for drop off at different altitudes and inclinations .'}]}, {'value': 'LOX / RP-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RP-1', 'summary': 'RP-1 ( alternately , Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1 ) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel , used as rocket fuel . RP-1 has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen ( LH2 ) , but is cheaper , stable at room temperature , far less of an explosion hazard , and far denser . RP-1 is significantly more powerful than LH2 by volume . RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine , another room-temperature liquid fuel .'}]}, {'value': 'Falcon 1 second stage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falcon_1', 'summary': "The Falcon 1 was an expendable launch system privately developed and manufactured by SpaceX during 2006-2009 . On 28 September 2008 , Falcon 1 became the first privately-developed liquid-fuel launch vehicle to go into orbit around the Earth . :203 The two-stage-to-orbit rocket used LOX/RP-1 for both stages , the first powered by a single Merlin engine and the second powered by a single Kestrel engine . It was designed by SpaceX from the ground up . The vehicle was launched a total of five times . Falcon 1 achieved orbit on its fourth attempt , in September 2008 with a mass simulator as a payload . On 14 July 2009 , Falcon 1 made its final flight and successfully delivered the Malaysian RazakSAT satellite to orbit on SpaceX 's first commercial launch ( fifth launch overall ) . Following its fifth launch , the Falcon 1 was retired and succeeded by Falcon 9 . SpaceX had announced an enhanced variant , the Falcon 1e , but development was stopped in favor of Falcon 9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpaceX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceX', 'summary': "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. , trading as SpaceX , is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne , California . It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars . SpaceX has developed several launch vehicles and the Dragon spacecraft . SpaceX 's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit ( Falcon 1 in 2008 ) , the first private company to successfully launch , orbit , and recover a spacecraft ( Dragon in 2010 ) , the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ( Dragon in 2012 ) , the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2015 ) , the first reuse of an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2017 ) , and the first private company to launch an object into orbit around the sun ( Falcon Heavy 's payload of a Tesla Roadster in 2018 ) . SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station ( ISS ) under a partnership with NASA . NASA also awarded SpaceX a further development contract in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a human-rated Dragon , which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth . SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its Dragon 2 spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight ( Crew Dragon Demo-1 ) on March 2 , 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Dragon 2 in March 2020 . In December 2015 , a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive vertical landing . This was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight . In April 2016 , with the launch of CRS-8 , SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform . In May 2016 , in another first , SpaceX again landed the first stage , but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission . In March 2017 , SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket ."}]}, {'value': 'Merlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merlin_1D', 'summary': 'The SpaceX Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1 , Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles . Merlin engines use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle . The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse . The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the pintle type that was first used in the Apollo Lunar Module landing engine ( LMDE ) . Propellants are fed via a single shaft , dual impeller turbopump . The turbopump also provides high-pressure fluid for the hydraulic actuators , which then recycles into the low-pressure inlet . This eliminates the need for a separate hydraulic drive system and means that thrust vectoring control failure by running out of hydraulic fluid is not possible .'}]}, {'value': 'LOX / RP-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RP-1', 'summary': 'RP-1 ( alternately , Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1 ) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel , used as rocket fuel . RP-1 has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen ( LH2 ) , but is cheaper , stable at room temperature , far less of an explosion hazard , and far denser . RP-1 is significantly more powerful than LH2 by volume . RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine , another room-temperature liquid fuel .'}]}, {'value': 'Falcon 1 , Falcon 9 , Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falcon_1', 'summary': "The Falcon 1 was an expendable launch system privately developed and manufactured by SpaceX during 2006-2009 . On 28 September 2008 , Falcon 1 became the first privately-developed liquid-fuel launch vehicle to go into orbit around the Earth . :203 The two-stage-to-orbit rocket used LOX/RP-1 for both stages , the first powered by a single Merlin engine and the second powered by a single Kestrel engine . It was designed by SpaceX from the ground up . The vehicle was launched a total of five times . Falcon 1 achieved orbit on its fourth attempt , in September 2008 with a mass simulator as a payload . On 14 July 2009 , Falcon 1 made its final flight and successfully delivered the Malaysian RazakSAT satellite to orbit on SpaceX 's first commercial launch ( fifth launch overall ) . Following its fifth launch , the Falcon 1 was retired and succeeded by Falcon 9 . SpaceX had announced an enhanced variant , the Falcon 1e , but development was stopped in favor of Falcon 9 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Falcon_9', 'summary': "Falcon 9 is a partially reusable two-stage-to-orbit medium lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX in the United States . It is powered by Merlin engines , also developed by SpaceX , burning cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene ( RP-1 ) as propellants . Its name is derived from the Millennium Falcon and the nine engines of the rocket 's first stage . The rocket evolved with versions v1.0 ( 2010-2013 ) , v1.1 ( 2013-2016 ) , v1.2 Full Thrust ( 2015-present ) , including the Block 5 Full Thrust variant , flying since May 2018 . Unlike most rockets , which are expendable launch systems , since the introduction of the Full Thrust version , Falcon 9 is partially reusable , with the first stage capable of re-entering the atmosphere and landing back vertically after separating from the second stage . This feat was achieved for the first time on flight 20 with the v1.2 version in December 2015 . Falcon 9 can lift payloads of up to 22,800 kilograms ( 50,300 lb ) to low Earth orbit , 8,300 kg ( 18,300 lb ) to geostationary transfer orbit ( GTO ) when expended , and 5,500 kg ( 12,100 lb ) to GTO when the first stage is recovered . The heaviest GTO payloads flown have been Intelsat 35e with 6,761 kg ( 14,905 lb ) , and Telstar 19V with 7,075 kg ( 15,598 lb ) , although the latter was launched into a lower-energy GTO orbit achieving an apogee well below the geostationary altitude . In 2008 , SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services ( CRS ) contract in NASA 's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) program to deliver cargo to the International Space Station ( ISS ) using the Falcon 9 and Dragon capsule . The first mission under this contract launched on October 8 , 2012 . SpaceX intends to certify the Falcon 9 to be human-rated for transporting NASA astronauts to the ISS as part of the NASA Commercial Crew Development program . Currently , Falcon 9 has been certified for the National Security Space Launch program and NASA Launch Services Program as Category 3 , which can launch the priciest , most important , and most complex NASA missions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Falcon_Heavy', 'summary': "The Falcon Heavy is a partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX . It is derived from the Falcon 9 vehicle and consists of a strengthened Falcon 9 first stage as the center core with two additional first stages as strap-on boosters . The Falcon Heavy has the highest payload capacity of any currently operational launch vehicle , the second-highest capacity of any rocket ever to reach orbit , trailing the Saturn V , and the third-highest capacity of any orbital-class rocket ever launched ( behind the Saturn V and Energia ) . SpaceX conducted the Falcon Heavy 's maiden launch on February 6 , 2018 , at 3:45 p.m. EST ( 20:45 UTC ) . The rocket carried a Tesla Roadster belonging to SpaceX founder Elon Musk , as a dummy payload . The second Falcon Heavy launch occurred on April 11 , 2019 and all three booster rockets successfully returned to earth . The third Falcon Heavy launch successfully occurred on June 25 , 2019 . Since then , the Falcon Heavy has been certified for the National Security Space Launch program . The Falcon Heavy was designed to be able to carry humans into space beyond low Earth orbit , although as of February 2018 [ update ] , SpaceX does not plan to transport people on the Falcon Heavy , nor pursue the human-rating certification process to transport NASA astronauts . The Falcon Heavy and Falcon 9 will be replaced by the Starship launch system ."}]}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpaceX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceX', 'summary': "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. , trading as SpaceX , is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne , California . It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars . SpaceX has developed several launch vehicles and the Dragon spacecraft . SpaceX 's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit ( Falcon 1 in 2008 ) , the first private company to successfully launch , orbit , and recover a spacecraft ( Dragon in 2010 ) , the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ( Dragon in 2012 ) , the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2015 ) , the first reuse of an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2017 ) , and the first private company to launch an object into orbit around the sun ( Falcon Heavy 's payload of a Tesla Roadster in 2018 ) . SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station ( ISS ) under a partnership with NASA . NASA also awarded SpaceX a further development contract in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a human-rated Dragon , which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth . SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its Dragon 2 spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight ( Crew Dragon Demo-1 ) on March 2 , 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Dragon 2 in March 2020 . In December 2015 , a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive vertical landing . This was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight . In April 2016 , with the launch of CRS-8 , SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform . In May 2016 , in another first , SpaceX again landed the first stage , but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission . In March 2017 , SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket ."}]}, {'value': 'Merlin Vacuum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merlin_1D_Vacuum', 'summary': 'The SpaceX Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1 , Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles . Merlin engines use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle . The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse . The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the pintle type that was first used in the Apollo Lunar Module landing engine ( LMDE ) . Propellants are fed via a single shaft , dual impeller turbopump . The turbopump also provides high-pressure fluid for the hydraulic actuators , which then recycles into the low-pressure inlet . This eliminates the need for a separate hydraulic drive system and means that thrust vectoring control failure by running out of hydraulic fluid is not possible .'}]}, {'value': 'LOX / RP-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RP-1', 'summary': 'RP-1 ( alternately , Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1 ) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel , used as rocket fuel . RP-1 has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen ( LH2 ) , but is cheaper , stable at room temperature , far less of an explosion hazard , and far denser . RP-1 is significantly more powerful than LH2 by volume . RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine , another room-temperature liquid fuel .'}]}, {'value': 'Falcon 9 second stage , Falcon Heavy second stage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falcon_9', 'summary': "Falcon 9 is a partially reusable two-stage-to-orbit medium lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX in the United States . It is powered by Merlin engines , also developed by SpaceX , burning cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene ( RP-1 ) as propellants . Its name is derived from the Millennium Falcon and the nine engines of the rocket 's first stage . The rocket evolved with versions v1.0 ( 2010-2013 ) , v1.1 ( 2013-2016 ) , v1.2 Full Thrust ( 2015-present ) , including the Block 5 Full Thrust variant , flying since May 2018 . Unlike most rockets , which are expendable launch systems , since the introduction of the Full Thrust version , Falcon 9 is partially reusable , with the first stage capable of re-entering the atmosphere and landing back vertically after separating from the second stage . This feat was achieved for the first time on flight 20 with the v1.2 version in December 2015 . Falcon 9 can lift payloads of up to 22,800 kilograms ( 50,300 lb ) to low Earth orbit , 8,300 kg ( 18,300 lb ) to geostationary transfer orbit ( GTO ) when expended , and 5,500 kg ( 12,100 lb ) to GTO when the first stage is recovered . The heaviest GTO payloads flown have been Intelsat 35e with 6,761 kg ( 14,905 lb ) , and Telstar 19V with 7,075 kg ( 15,598 lb ) , although the latter was launched into a lower-energy GTO orbit achieving an apogee well below the geostationary altitude . In 2008 , SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services ( CRS ) contract in NASA 's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) program to deliver cargo to the International Space Station ( ISS ) using the Falcon 9 and Dragon capsule . The first mission under this contract launched on October 8 , 2012 . SpaceX intends to certify the Falcon 9 to be human-rated for transporting NASA astronauts to the ISS as part of the NASA Commercial Crew Development program . Currently , Falcon 9 has been certified for the National Security Space Launch program and NASA Launch Services Program as Category 3 , which can launch the priciest , most important , and most complex NASA missions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Falcon_Heavy', 'summary': "The Falcon Heavy is a partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX . It is derived from the Falcon 9 vehicle and consists of a strengthened Falcon 9 first stage as the center core with two additional first stages as strap-on boosters . The Falcon Heavy has the highest payload capacity of any currently operational launch vehicle , the second-highest capacity of any rocket ever to reach orbit , trailing the Saturn V , and the third-highest capacity of any orbital-class rocket ever launched ( behind the Saturn V and Energia ) . SpaceX conducted the Falcon Heavy 's maiden launch on February 6 , 2018 , at 3:45 p.m. EST ( 20:45 UTC ) . The rocket carried a Tesla Roadster belonging to SpaceX founder Elon Musk , as a dummy payload . The second Falcon Heavy launch occurred on April 11 , 2019 and all three booster rockets successfully returned to earth . The third Falcon Heavy launch successfully occurred on June 25 , 2019 . Since then , the Falcon Heavy has been certified for the National Security Space Launch program . The Falcon Heavy was designed to be able to carry humans into space beyond low Earth orbit , although as of February 2018 [ update ] , SpaceX does not plan to transport people on the Falcon Heavy , nor pursue the human-rating certification process to transport NASA astronauts . The Falcon Heavy and Falcon 9 will be replaced by the Starship launch system ."}]}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpaceX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceX', 'summary': "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. , trading as SpaceX , is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne , California . It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars . SpaceX has developed several launch vehicles and the Dragon spacecraft . SpaceX 's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit ( Falcon 1 in 2008 ) , the first private company to successfully launch , orbit , and recover a spacecraft ( Dragon in 2010 ) , the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ( Dragon in 2012 ) , the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2015 ) , the first reuse of an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2017 ) , and the first private company to launch an object into orbit around the sun ( Falcon Heavy 's payload of a Tesla Roadster in 2018 ) . SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station ( ISS ) under a partnership with NASA . NASA also awarded SpaceX a further development contract in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a human-rated Dragon , which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth . SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its Dragon 2 spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight ( Crew Dragon Demo-1 ) on March 2 , 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Dragon 2 in March 2020 . In December 2015 , a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive vertical landing . This was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight . In April 2016 , with the launch of CRS-8 , SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform . In May 2016 , in another first , SpaceX again landed the first stage , but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission . In March 2017 , SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket ."}]}, {'value': 'Raptor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)', 'summary': "The SpaceX Raptor is a full-flow , staged-combustion , methane-fueled rocket engine manufactured by SpaceX . The engine is powered by cryogenic liquid methane and liquid oxygen ( LOX ) , rather than the RP-1 kerosene and LOX used in SpaceX 's prior Merlin and Kestrel rocket engines . The earliest concepts for Raptor considered liquid hydrogen ( LH2 ) as fuel rather than methane . The Raptor engine has about two times the thrust of the Merlin 1D engine that powers the current Falcon 9 launch vehicle . Raptor will be used in both stages of the two-stage-to-orbit , super heavy-lift launch vehicle Starship . The Raptor engine is a highly reusable methalox staged-combustion engine that will power the next generation of SpaceX launch vehicles designed to replace all existing SpaceX vehicles , including the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles and the Dragon 2 . Raptor engines are expected to be used in various applications , including existing Earth-orbit satellite delivery market , the exploration and colonization of Mars . Raptor engines began flight testing on the Starhopper in July 2019 and became the first full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine ever flown ."}]}, {'value': 'LOX / CH 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liquid_methane', 'summary': "Methane ( US : /ˈmɛθeɪn/ or UK : /ˈmiːθeɪn/ ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 ( one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen ) . It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane , and is the main constituent of natural gas . The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an attractive fuel , although capturing and storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure . Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground and under the seafloor , and is formed by both geological and biological processes . The largest reservoir of methane is under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates . When methane reaches the surface and the atmosphere , it is known as atmospheric methane . The Earth 's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750 , and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases . Methane has also been detected on other planets , including Mars , which has implications for astrobiology research ."}]}, {'value': 'SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_transportation_infrastructure', 'summary': "Elon Musk and SpaceX have proposed the development of Mars transportation infrastructure in order to facilitate the eventual colonization of Mars . The mission architecture includes fully reusable launch vehicles , human-rated spacecraft , on-orbit propellant tankers , rapid-turnaround launch/landing mounts , and local production of rocket fuel on Mars via in situ resource utilization ( ISRU ) . SpaceX 's aspirational goal is to land the first humans on Mars by 2024 . The key element of the infrastructure is supposed to be the SpaceX Starship , a fully reusable space vehicle . To achieve a large payload , the spacecraft would first enter Earth orbit , where it is expected to be refueled before it departs to Mars . After landing on Mars , the spacecraft would be loaded with locally-produced propellants to return to Earth . The expected payload of Super Heavy is for the Starship upper stage to inject between 100-150 tonnes ( 220,000-330,000 lb ) to Mars . SpaceX intends to concentrate its resources on the transportation part of the Mars colonization project , including the design of a propellant plant based on the Sabatier process that will be deployed on Mars to synthesize methane and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants from the local supply of atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-accessible water ice . However , Musk advocates a larger set of long-term Mars settlement objectives , going far beyond what SpaceX projects to build ; a successful colonization would ultimately involve many more economic actors - whether individuals , companies , or governments - to facilitate the growth of the human presence on Mars over many decades ."}]}, {'value': 'Testing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TGV Rockets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RT30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LOX / JP-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquid_Oxygen', 'summary': 'Liquid oxygen - abbreviated LOx , LOX or Lox in the aerospace , submarine and gas industries - is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard an application which has continued to the present .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JP-8', 'summary': "JP-8 , or JP8 ( for Jet Propellant 8 ) is a jet fuel , specified and used widely by the US military . It is specified by MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defence Standard 91-87 , and similar to commercial aviation 's Jet A-1 , but with the addition of corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives . A kerosene-based fuel , JP-8 is projected to remain in use at least until 2025 . It was first introduced at NATO bases in 1978 . Its NATO code is F-34 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michelle B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin Galactic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Galactic', 'summary': "Virgin Galactic is a spaceflight company within the Virgin Group . It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists and suborbital launches for space science missions . SpaceShipTwo , Virgin Galactic 's suborbital spacecraft , is air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two . Virgin Galactic 's founder , Richard Branson , had initially suggested that he hoped to see a maiden flight by the end of 2009 , but this date has been delayed on a number of occasions , most seriously by the October 2014 in-flight loss of SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise . Branson stated that Virgin Galactic was in the best position in the world to provide rocket-powered , point-to-point 3000 mph air travel on Earth . While Branson suggested , in October 2017 , that he could travel to space aboard a SpaceShipTwo within six months , it was not until 13 December 2018 that VSS Unity achieved the project 's first suborbital space flight , reaching an altitude of 82.7 kilometres ( 51.4 mi ) , officially entering outer space by US standards . The project carried a third person as a passenger in February 2019 , when a member of the team sat and floated within the cabin during a flight that reached 89.9 kilometres ( 55.9 mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'RocketMotorTwo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RocketMotorTwo', 'summary': "RocketMotorTwo ( RM2 ) is a family of hybrid rocket engines that are being developed for the Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane . The first-generation engine was developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation ( SNC ) , from the late 2000s to May 2014 . It was first ignited in flight during a SpaceShipTwo test launch in April 2013 . This engine design was subsequently flown in only two additional flight tests during 2013 and January 2014 . SNC was a subcontractor to Scaled Composites through May 2014 when their involvement in the program ended after Virgin Galactic elected to replace SNC 's version of RocketMotorTwo powered by HTPB rubber fuel , with its own internally developed hybrid motor for SpaceShipTwo . The second-generation RocketMotorTwo engine is a variant of the earlier SNC basic design , but is fueled by polyamide plastic fuel , while continuing to use the same nitrous oxide oxidizer . The second-generation engine is now made in-house by Virgin Galactic rather than by SNC ."}]}, {'value': 'hybrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hybrid_rocket', 'summary': 'A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases : one solid and the other either gas or liquid . The hybrid rocket concept can be traced back at least 75 years . Hybrid rockets avoid some of the disadvantages of solid rockets like the dangers of propellant handling , while also avoiding some disadvantages of liquid rockets like their mechanical complexity . Because it is difficult for the fuel and oxidizer to be mixed intimately ( being different states of matter ) , hybrid rockets tend to fail more benignly than liquids or solids . Like liquid rocket engines , hybrid rocket motors can be shut down easily and the thrust is throttleable . The theoretical specific impulse ( I s p { \\displaystyle I_ { sp } } ) performance of hybrids is generally higher than solid motors and lower than liquid engines . I s p { \\displaystyle I_ { sp } } as high as 400s has been measured in a hybrid rocket using metalized fuels . Hybrid systems are more complex than solid ones , but they avoid significant hazards of manufacturing , shipping and handling solid rocket motors by storing the oxidizer and the fuel separately .'}]}, {'value': 'SpaceShipTwo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpaceShipTwo', 'summary': "The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo ( SS2 ) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism . It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company , a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic . SpaceShipTwo is carried to its launch altitude by a Scaled Composites White Knight Two , before being released to fly on into the upper atmosphere powered by its rocket engine . It then glides back to Earth and performs a conventional runway landing . The spaceship was officially unveiled to the public on 7 December 2009 at the Mojave Air and Space Port in California . On 29 April 2013 , after nearly three years of unpowered testing , the first one constructed successfully performed its first powered test flight . Virgin Galactic plans to operate a fleet of five SpaceShipTwo spaceplanes in a private passenger-carrying service and has been taking bookings for some time , with a suborbital flight carrying an updated ticket price of US $ 250,000 . The spaceplane could also be used to carry scientific payloads for NASA and other organizations . On 31 October 2014 , during a test flight , the first SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise broke up in flight and crashed in the Mojave desert . A preliminary investigation suggested that the craft 's descent device deployed too early . One pilot , Michael Alsbury , was killed ; the other was treated for a serious shoulder injury after parachuting from the stricken spacecraft . The second SpaceShipTwo spacecraft , VSS Unity , was unveiled on 19 February 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Development', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Propulsion manufacturers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_private_spaceflight_companies_6', 'intro': 'This page is a list of non-governmental entities that currently offer - or are planning to offer - equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human.'} | null | null | The company located outside of the US uses which type of jet engine ? | Precooled |
0b5d8c21109a8db8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Kazmaier_Award', 'title': 'Patty Kazmaier Award', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandy Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandy_Fisher', 'summary': "Brandy Fisher ( born October 28 , 1975 ) is an American former ice hockey forward . She played for the New Hampshire Wildcats women 's ice hockey program and was the first ever winner of the Patty Kazmaier Award , awarded to the top female ice hockey player in the NCAA . Brandy was born in Potsdam , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The New Hampshire Wildcats represent the University of New Hampshire . They have won five ECAC championships between 1986 and 1996 . When the Wildcats joined Hockey East , they won four Hockey East titles from 2006 to 2009 . The Wildcats have more wins than any other women 's ice hockey program at 668 in its first 32 years . The Wildcats went undefeated in their initial 74 games ( 73-0-1 ) spanning the 1978 through 1982 seasons . A UNH goaltender has been declared Hockey East Goaltending Champion in the first six years of the league 's existence . From 2007 to 2009 , UNH hosted NCAA Tournament Regional home games ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.J . Mleczko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.J._Mleczko', 'summary': "Allison Jaime A.J . Mleczko is an American ice hockey player and analyst . She won a gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Born June 14 , 1975 in Nantucket , Massachusetts , Mleczko attended New Canaan Country School and is a graduate of The Taft School in Watertown , Connecticut . Mleczko played college hockey at Harvard University , where she led Crimson to a national title in 1999 . That same year she became the second winner of the Patty Kazmaier Award , which is awarded annually to the best female college ice hockey player in the United States . On September 24 , 2002 she was inducted into the New England Women 's Hall of Fame . She is a hockey commentator for the NBC Sports Group and MSG Networks , and she became the first woman to commentate an NHL playoff game . Allison was inducted June 20 , 2019 into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame located in Troy , Michigan . Her paternal great-grandparents were Polish immigrants . She currently resides in Concord , Massachusetts with her husband , Jason , and their four children ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Brewer', 'summary': 'Alison Brewer is an American former ice hockey goaltender . She was goaltender for Brown University and was the 2000 winner of the Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award . Brewer was inducted into Browns Hall of Fame in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Brown', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brown_Bears_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Brown Bears womens ice hockey program is a NCAA Division I ice hockey team that represents Brown University . The Bears play at the Meehan Auditorium in Providence , Rhode Island . Brown women 's hockey is the oldest women 's hockey program in the United States . It was the first collegiate women 's ice hockey program in the United States , started in 1964 . The team was led from 1989 to 2011 by Head Coach Margaret ( Digit ) Murphy , who became the winningest coach in Division I women 's ice hockey history during her 18th season at Brown ( 2006-2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jennifer Botterill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Botterill', 'summary': "Jennifer Botterill , OM ( born May 1 , 1979 in Ottawa , Ontario ) is a retired women 's hockey player who played for Harvard University , the Canadian national team , the Mississauga Chiefs , and the Toronto Aeros . She assisted on the game-winning goal in her final international game , Canada 's 2-0 win over the United States for the gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics . Although born in Ottawa , Ontario , she claims a hometown of Winnipeg , Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooke Whitney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooke_Whitney', 'summary': 'Brooke Whitney ( born October 12 , 1979 in Snohomish , Washington ) is a former ice hockey player for the Northeastern Huskies . In 2002 , she was awarded the Patty Kazmaier Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Northeastern women 's ice hockey team represents Northeastern University . The Huskies play in the Hockey East conference ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jennifer Botterill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Botterill', 'summary': "Jennifer Botterill , OM ( born May 1 , 1979 in Ottawa , Ontario ) is a retired women 's hockey player who played for Harvard University , the Canadian national team , the Mississauga Chiefs , and the Toronto Aeros . She assisted on the game-winning goal in her final international game , Canada 's 2-0 win over the United States for the gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics . Although born in Ottawa , Ontario , she claims a hometown of Winnipeg , Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Ruggiero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Ruggiero', 'summary': "Angela Marie Ruggiero ( born January 3 , 1980 ) is an American former ice hockey defenseman . She is a member of the International Olympic Committee . She served as an ex officio member the Executive Board of the IOC from being elected the Chairperson of the IOC Athletes ' Commission , the body that represents all Olympic athletes worldwide , a post which she held from 2016 to 2018 . Ruggiero is a four-time Olympian in ice hockey . In her career , she was named as the best player in the NCAA , and in the world , by the Hockey News . She was a member of the United States women 's national ice hockey team , medaling in four successive Winter Olympic Games , including one gold medal in 1998 , two silvers in 2002 and 2010 , and one bronze in 2006 . She competed in ten Women 's World Championships , winning four gold medals and six silver . On June 29 , 2015 , Ruggiero was announced as a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame 's Class of 2015 . She was inducted on November 9 , 2015 . She is only the fourth woman and the second American woman to be inducted . She is also the only person to be inducted that was born in California . She is the all-time leader in games played for Team USA , male or female , with 256 games ."}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krissy Wendell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krissy_Wendell', 'summary': "Kristin Elizabeth Krissy Wendell-Pohl ( born September 12 , 1981 , known as Krissy Wendell until 2007 ) is an American women 's ice hockey player . During the 2004-05 season , Wendell set an NCAA record for most short-handed goals in one season , with seven . At the conclusion of her college career , she held the record for most career short-handed goals , with 16 . Both marks have since been equaled by Meghan Agosta . Wendell is currently in the Top 10 for all-time NCAA scoring , with 237 career points ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers women 's ice hockey team plays for the University of Minnesota at the Twin Cities campus in Minneapolis . The team is one of the members of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in Division I . The Golden Gophers have won six NCAA Championships as well as an American Women 's College Hockey Alliance Championship . In the WCHA , they have also been regular season champions 8 times and tournament champions five times . In addition to their overall success as a competitive team , the Gophers have also been ranked in the nation 's top two teams for attendance since becoming a varsity sport , and the team holds the second largest single-game attendance record for women 's collegiate hockey , drawing 6,854 fans for the first Minnesota women 's hockey game on November 2 , 1997 . The team also holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in women 's or men 's college hockey at 62 games from February 17 , 2012 to November 17 , 2013 , winning back-to-back NCAA titles during the stretch . In 2004-2005 , Minnesota also won back-to-back NCAA Championships . Natalie Darwitz was a three-time All American , and three-time finalist for the Patty Kazmaier award . Darwitz left the program with the career scoring mark at Minnesota in three years and set two NCAA single-season record with 114 points ( 42 Goals , 72 Assists ) and most assists in 40 games in her final season . Minnesota Gophers women 's hockey players have won the Patty Kazmaier Award twice ( Krissy Wendell and Amanda Kessel ) , as well as having all three finalists in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sara Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sara_Bauer', 'summary': "Sara Bauer ( born May 11 , 1984 ) played for the Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey program . In four years , she accumulated 218 points . Bauer won the Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award in 2006 . During the 2008-09 NCAA season , the WCHA honored its Top 10 Players from the First Decade . Among the group of 10 was former Wisconsin forward Sara Bauer ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the University of Wisconsin in Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Chu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Chu', 'summary': "Julie Wu Chu ( born March 13 , 1982 ) is an American Olympic ice hockey player who plays the position of forward on the United States women 's ice hockey team and the position of defense on Les Canadiennes . She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player while at Harvard University . She finished her collegiate career as the all-time assists leader and points scorer in NCAA history with 284 points until the record was snapped in 2011 . She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history . She was selected by fellow Team USA members to be the flag bearer at the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Chu was an assistant coach for University of Minnesota Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women 's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship in 2008 and served as coach at Union College in 2010-2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarah Vaillancourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Vaillancourt', 'summary': "Sarah Marie Vaillancourt ( born May 8 , 1985 ) is a Canadian women 's ice hockey player . She is a member of the Canada women 's national team and a member of Montreal Stars ( CWHL ) . 2-time Olympic Gold Medallist / World Championships Gold / 4-time World Championships Silver / Clarkson Cup Champion ( 2010-11 ) . From 2003 to 2009 Vaillancourt played 88 international games for Team Canada and scored 36 goals adding 39 assists . She won 2 Olympic Gold medals for Canada , in 2006 and 2010 . While playing for Harvard University she was named the Ivy League and ECAC Hockey Player of the Year . She led Harvard in scoring , and was ranked fourth overall in the NCAA in 2007-08 . In 2008 , she won the coveted Patty Kazmaier Award . Vaillancourt started skating at the age of two years and a half and playing hockey at five years . She made the national team when she was 18 and one of her favourite hockey moments is winning gold on home soil at the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games . She studied psychology at Harvard University and works as a skills coach . Vaillancourt is openly lesbian ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson women 's ice hockey team represents Harvard University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I women 's hockey . Harvard competes as a member of the ECAC Conference and plays its home games at the Bright Hockey Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessie Vetter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessie_Vetter', 'summary': "Jessica Ann Jessie Vetter ( born December 19 , 1985 ) is an American ice hockey player and a member of the United States women 's national ice hockey team . She was also a member of the 2008-09 Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team , which won an NCAA title . She was drafted 20th overall by the Boston Blades in the 2011 CWHL Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the University of Wisconsin in Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicki Bendus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicki_Bendus', 'summary': "Vicki Bendus ( born April 17 , 1989 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who last played for the Brampton Thunder of the Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) . While playing collegiate hockey with the Mercyhurst Lakers , she was the winner of the 2010 Patty Kazmaier Award , awarded to the top player in women 's NCAA hockey . She was also selected for the Canadian national women 's team that will compete in the 2010 Four Nations Cup . Bendus was the leading scorer at the 2011 MLP Cup . Since 2016 , Bendus has worked as a coach for Canada 's National Women 's Under-18 Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Mercyhurst', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mercyhurst_Lakers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Mercyhurst Lakers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the Mercyhurst College in Erie , Pennsylvania . The program started in 1999 and Michael Sisti has been the only coach in the history of the program . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers were part of the Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association . While in the Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association , the Lakers qualified for the GLWHA twice ( in 2001 , and 2002 ) . The Lakers were regular season champions in 2000-01 and 2001-02 , and won the playoff championships in 2002 . Starting in the 2002-03 season , the Lakers joined the College Hockey America conference ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meghan Duggan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meghan_Duggan', 'summary': "Meghan Duggan ( born September 3 , 1987 ) is an American ice hockey forward who played for the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics , winning two silver medals ; she was the captain of the U.S. team at the 2018 Winter Olympics , where she won a gold medal . She also represented the United States at eight Women 's World Championships , capturing seven gold medals and one silver medal . Duggan played collegiate hockey with the Wisconsin Badgers between 2006 and 2011 . After her senior season ( 2010-11 ) , Duggan was named the winner of the Patty Kazmaier Award , presented annually to the top women 's ice hockey player in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . After her career at Wisconsin , Duggan was the team 's all-time leading scorer . She was drafted 8th overall by the Boston Blades in the 2011 CWHL Draft . She currently plays for the Boston Pride of the National Women 's Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the University of Wisconsin in Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brianna Decker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brianna_Decker', 'summary': "Brianna Decker ( born May 13 , 1991 ) is an American women 's ice hockey player for the Calgary Inferno of the Canadian Women 's Hockey League . She is a member of the United States women 's national ice hockey team . She was awarded the 2012 Patty Kazmaier Award while playing for the University of Wisconsin , recognizing the best female ice hockey player in NCAA Division I play . With the Boston Pride , Decker would score the first hat trick in NWHL history on October 25 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the University of Wisconsin in Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amanda Kessel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amanda_Kessel', 'summary': "Amanda Kessel ( born August 28 , 1991 ) is an American professional ice hockey player for the Metropolitan Riveters of the National Women 's Hockey League . She has also been a member of the United States women 's national ice hockey team . She played four seasons for the Minnesota Golden Gophers women 's ice hockey program ( 2010-2011 through 2012-13 , and 2015-16 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers women 's ice hockey team plays for the University of Minnesota at the Twin Cities campus in Minneapolis . The team is one of the members of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in Division I . The Golden Gophers have won six NCAA Championships as well as an American Women 's College Hockey Alliance Championship . In the WCHA , they have also been regular season champions 8 times and tournament champions five times . In addition to their overall success as a competitive team , the Gophers have also been ranked in the nation 's top two teams for attendance since becoming a varsity sport , and the team holds the second largest single-game attendance record for women 's collegiate hockey , drawing 6,854 fans for the first Minnesota women 's hockey game on November 2 , 1997 . The team also holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in women 's or men 's college hockey at 62 games from February 17 , 2012 to November 17 , 2013 , winning back-to-back NCAA titles during the stretch . In 2004-2005 , Minnesota also won back-to-back NCAA Championships . Natalie Darwitz was a three-time All American , and three-time finalist for the Patty Kazmaier award . Darwitz left the program with the career scoring mark at Minnesota in three years and set two NCAA single-season record with 114 points ( 42 Goals , 72 Assists ) and most assists in 40 games in her final season . Minnesota Gophers women 's hockey players have won the Patty Kazmaier Award twice ( Krissy Wendell and Amanda Kessel ) , as well as having all three finalists in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Lee Rattray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Rattray', 'summary': "Jamie Lee Rattray ( born September 30 , 1992 ) is a Canadian women 's ice hockey player for the Markham Thunder . As a member of the gold medal winning squad at the 2010 IIHF World Women 's U18 Championship , a hockey card of her was featured in the Upper Deck 2010 World of Sports card series . While in college , she played for the Clarkson Golden Knights . In 2014 , she was the winner of the Patty Kazmaier Award and helped Clarkson win their first NCAA women 's hockey championship . She was selected sixth overall by the Brampton Thunder in the 2014 CWHL Draft . She made her debut with the Canada women 's national ice hockey team at the 2014 4 Nations Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Clarkson Golden Knights women 's hockey team is an NCAA Division I ice hockey team that represents Clarkson University in rural Potsdam , New York . The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 2004 , and play home games in Cheel Arena on the Clarkson University campus ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Carpenter', 'summary': "Alexandra Carpenter ( born April 13 , 1994 ) is an American ice hockey player with the Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays in the Russian Women 's Hockey League . She was a member of the 2014 United States Olympic team and is the daughter of former NHL player Bobby Carpenter . In her junior season at Boston College , she was the recipient of the 2015 Patty Kazmaier Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Boston College Eagles women 's ice hockey team represent Boston College in the NCAA and participate in Hockey East . The Eagles are coached by former Olympic gold medallist Katie King-Crowley and play their home games at Conte Forum ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kendall Coyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kendall_Coyne', 'summary': "Kendall Coyne Schofield ( born May 25 , 1992 ) is an American professional ice hockey player who last played for the Minnesota Whitecaps in the NWHL and is a member of the United States women 's national ice hockey team . She is also a color commentator for the San Jose Sharks . With the national team , she has won five gold medals at the IIHF World Women 's Championships and the gold medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics . In 2016 , she was the winner of the Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award . In January 2017 , Coyne was recognized as the recipient of the NCAA Today 's Top 10 Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Northeastern women 's ice hockey team represents Northeastern University . The Huskies play in the Hockey East conference ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann-Renée Desbiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann-Renée_Desbiens', 'summary': "Ann-Renée Desbiens ( born April 10 , 1994 ) is a Canadian ice hockey player with the University of Wisconsin ( 2013-2017 ) and appeared with the Canadian national team . She participated at the 2015 IIHF Women 's World Championship and the 2018 Winter Olympics . She was the first Canadian selected at the 2016 NWHL Draft , grabbed in the first round by the Boston Pride ."}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the University of Wisconsin in Madison , Wisconsin ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Award winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Patty_Kazmaier_Award_0', 'intro': "The Patty Kazmaier Award is given to the top female college ice hockey player in the United States. The award is presented during the women's annual ice hockey championship, the Frozen Four. The award was first presented in 1998. The award is named in honor of the late Patty Kazmaier-Sandt, a four-year varsity letter winner and All Ivy League honoree for the Princeton University women's ice hockey team from 1981 through 1986. She also played field hockey and lacrosse. She died on February 15, 1990 at the age of 28 from a rare blood disease. Patty was the daughter of Heisman Trophy winner Dick Kazmaier."} | null | null | Where is the home rink of the university attended by A.J . Mleczko ? | Bright Hockey Center |
0b5dbb861a7157a3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City', 'title': 'List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City', 'header': ['Name', 'Neighborhood', 'Borough', 'Type', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bard Graduate Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bard_Graduate_Center', 'summary': 'The Bard Graduate Center : Decorative Arts , Design History , Material Culture is a graduate research institute and gallery located in New York City . It is affiliated with Bard College , located in Annandale-on-Hudson , New York . The gallery occupies a six-story townhouse at 18 West 86th Street while the academic building and library are located at 38 West 86th Street . Students at Bard Graduate Center focus on the study of the cultural history of the material world . The institution is committed to the encyclopedic study of things , drawing on methodologies and approaches from art and design history , economic and cultural history and history of technology , philosophy , anthropology , and archaeology . Students enrolled in the M.A . and PhD programs work closely with a distinguished faculty of active scholars in exploring the interrelationships between works of art and craft , design , places , ideas and social and cultural practice in courses ranging from antiquity to the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper West Side', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_West_Side', 'summary': "The Upper West Side , sometimes abbreviated UWS , is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan , New York City , bounded by Central Park and the Hudson River , and West 59th Street and West 110th Street . Like the Upper East Side , the Upper West Side is an affluent , primarily residential area with many of its residents working in commercial areas of Midtown and Lower Manhattan . Similarly to the Museum Mile district on the Upper East Side , the Upper West Side is considered one of Manhattan 's cultural and intellectual hubs , with Columbia University and Barnard College located just past the north end of the neighborhood , and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School located at the south end . The Upper West Side is among New York City 's wealthiest neighborhoods . The Upper West Side is part of Manhattan Community District 7 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10023 , 10024 , 10025 , and 10069 . It is patrolled by the 20th and 24th Precincts of the New York City Police Department ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annually organizes two to three exhibitions related to decorative arts , architecture and design', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AIGA National Design Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flatiron District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flatiron_District', 'summary': "The Flatiron District is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan , named after the Flatiron Building at 23rd Street , Broadway and Fifth Avenue . Generally the Flatiron District is bounded by 14th Street , Union Square and Greenwich Village to the south ; the Avenue of the Americas ( Sixth Avenue ) and Chelsea to the west ; 23rd Street and Madison Square ( or NoMad ) to the north ; and Park Avenue South and Gramercy Park to the east . Broadway cuts through the middle of the district , and Madison Avenue begins at 23rd Street and runs north . At the north ( uptown ) end of the district is Madison Square Park , which was completely renovated in 2001 . The Flatiron District encompasses within its boundaries the Ladies ' Mile Historic District and the birthplace of Theodore Roosevelt , a National Historic Site . The Flatiron District was also the birthplace of Silicon Alley , a metonym for New York 's high technology sector , which has since spread beyond the area . The Flatiron District is part of Manhattan Community District 5 . Residents are represented by the Flatiron Alliance neighborhood association and nearby businesses by the Flatiron/23rd Street Partnership business improvement district , though the two have different ( partially overlapping ) boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , public gallery of the AIGA dedicated to presenting examples of outstanding contemporary design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AIGA', 'summary': "The American Institute of Graphic Arts ( AIGA ) is a professional organization for design . Its members practice all forms of communication design , including graphic design , typography , interaction design , branding and identity . The organization 's aim is to be the standard bearer for professional ethics and practices for the design profession . There are currently over 22,000 members and 73 chapters , and more than 200 student groups around the United States . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Center for Architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_for_Architecture', 'summary': 'The Center for Architecture is located in the neighborhood of Greenwich Village at 536 LaGuardia Place , between West 3rd Street and Bleecker Street in Manhattan , New York City . In recent years , the center , operated by the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects , has become an increasingly important cultural institution through its revolving exhibits on architecture , urban planning , urban design , and environmental planning . The center also offers an extensive calendar of seminars , public feedback forums , project unveilings , and educational programs , as well as events and changing exhibitions . The Center for Architecture opened to the public in October 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwich Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Village', 'summary': "Greenwich Village ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch , /ˈɡrɪn-/ GRIN- , /-ɪdʒ/ -\u2060ij ) , often referred to by locals as simply the Village , is a neighborhood on the west side of Manhattan , New York City , within Lower Manhattan . Broadly , Greenwich Village is bounded by 14th Street to the north , Broadway to the east , Houston Street to the south , and the Hudson River to the west . Greenwich Village also contains several subsections , including the West Village west of Seventh Avenue and the Meatpacking District in the northwest corner of Greenwich Village . The neighborhood 's name comes from Groenwijck , one of the Dutch names for the village ( meaning Green District ) , which was Anglicized to Greenwich . [ a ] In the 20th century , Greenwich Village was known as an artists ' haven , the Bohemian capital , the cradle of the modern LGBT movement , and the East Coast birthplace of both the Beat and '60s counterculture movements . Greenwich Village contains Washington Square Park , as well as two of New York 's private colleges , New York University ( NYU ) and the New School . Greenwich Village is part of Manhattan Community District 2 and is patrolled by the 6th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Greenwich Village has undergone extensive gentrification and commercialization ; the four ZIP codes that constitute the Village - 10011 , 10012 , 10003 , and 10014 - were all ranked among the ten most expensive in the United States by median housing price in 2014 , according to Forbes , with residential property sale prices in the West Village neighborhood typically exceeding US $ 2,100 per square foot ( $ 23,000/m2 ) in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exhibits of architecture , urban planning , urban design and environmental planning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cooper-Hewitt , National Design Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooper–Hewitt,_National_Design_Museum', 'summary': "Cooper Hewitt , Smithsonian Design Museum is a design museum located in the Upper East Side 's Museum Mile in Manhattan , New York City . It is one of 19 museums that fall under the wing of the Smithsonian Institution and is one of three Smithsonian facilities located in New York City , the other two being the George Gustav Heye Center in Bowling Green and the Archives of American Art New York Research Center in the Flatiron District . It is the only museum in the United States devoted to historical and contemporary design . Its collections and exhibitions explore approximately 240 years of design aesthetic and creativity ."}]}, {'value': 'Museum Mile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Museum_Mile,_New_York_City', 'summary': 'Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It stretches north from Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village to West 143rd Street in Harlem . It is considered one of the most expensive and elegant streets in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Design_museum', 'summary': 'A design museum is a museum with a focus on product , industrial , graphic , fashion and architectural design . Many design museums were founded as museums for applied arts or decorative arts and started only in the late 20th century to collect design . The first museum of this kind was the Victoria and Albert Museum in London . In Germany the first museum of decorative arts was the Deutsches-Gewerbe-Museum zu Berlin ( now Kunstgewerbemuseum ) , founded in 1868 in Berlin . Also some museums of contemporary or modern art have important design collections , like the MoMA in New York , the Centre Pompidou in Paris . A special concept has been realised in the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich , in which four independent museums cooperate , one of them being Die Neue Sammlung - the largest design museum in the world . Today corporate museums like the Vitra Design Museum , Museo Alessi or Museo Kartell play an important role .'}]}, {'value': 'Part of the Smithsonian , decorative arts and design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smithsonian', 'summary': "The Smithsonian Institution ( /smɪθˈsoʊniən/ smith-SOH-nee-ən ) , also known simply as the Smithsonian , is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States . It was founded on August 10 , 1846 , for the increase and diffusion of knowledge . The institution is named after its founding donor , British scientist James Smithson . It was originally organized as the United States National Museum , but that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967 . Termed the nation 's attic for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items , the Institution 's 19 museums , 21 libraries , nine research centers , and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks , mostly located in the District of Columbia . Additional facilities are located in Arizona , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York City , Pittsburgh , Texas , Virginia , and Panama . More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states , [ note 1 ] Puerto Rico , and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates . The Institution 's 30 million annual visitors are admitted without charge . Its annual budget is around $ 1.2 billion , with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations . Other funding comes from the Institution 's endowment , private and corporate contributions , membership dues , and earned retail , concession , and licensing revenue . Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines ."}]}, {'value': 'Museum of Arts and Design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design', 'summary': 'The Museum of Arts and Design ( MAD ) , based in Manhattan , New York City , collects , displays , and interprets objects that document contemporary and historic innovation in craft , art , and design . In its exhibitions and educational programs , the Museum celebrates the creative process through which materials are crafted into works that enhance contemporary life .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper West Side', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_West_Side', 'summary': "The Upper West Side , sometimes abbreviated UWS , is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan , New York City , bounded by Central Park and the Hudson River , and West 59th Street and West 110th Street . Like the Upper East Side , the Upper West Side is an affluent , primarily residential area with many of its residents working in commercial areas of Midtown and Lower Manhattan . Similarly to the Museum Mile district on the Upper East Side , the Upper West Side is considered one of Manhattan 's cultural and intellectual hubs , with Columbia University and Barnard College located just past the north end of the neighborhood , and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School located at the south end . The Upper West Side is among New York City 's wealthiest neighborhoods . The Upper West Side is part of Manhattan Community District 7 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10023 , 10024 , 10025 , and 10069 . It is patrolled by the 20th and 24th Precincts of the New York City Police Department ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Features contemporary hand-made objects in a variety of media , including clay , glass , metal , fiber and wood ; located at Columbus Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Circle', 'summary': "Columbus Circle is a traffic circle and heavily trafficked intersection in the New York City borough of Manhattan , located at the intersection of Eighth Avenue , Broadway , Central Park South ( West 59th Street ) , and Central Park West , at the southwest corner of Central Park . The circle is the point from which official highway distances from New York City are measured , as well as the center of the 25 miles ( 40 km ) restricted-travel area for C-2 visa holders . The circle is named after the monument of Christopher Columbus in the center , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The name is also used for the neighborhood that surrounds the circle for a few blocks in each direction . To the southwest of the circle lies Hell 's Kitchen ( also known as Clinton ) , to the southeast is the Theater District , and to the north is the Upper West Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Museum at FIT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': 'The Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT ) is a public college in Manhattan , New York City . It is part of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) and focuses on art , business , design , mass communication , and technology connected to the fashion industry . It was founded in 1944 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan', 'summary': "Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City . The district 's boundaries are roughly 14th Street to the south , the Hudson River and West Street to the west , and Sixth Avenue to the east , with its northern boundary variously described as near the upper 20s or 34th Street , the next major crosstown street to the north . To the northwest of Chelsea is the neighborhood of Hell 's Kitchen , as well as Hudson Yards ; to the northeast are the Garment District and the remainder of Midtown South ; to the east are NoMad and the Flatiron District ; to the southwest is the Meatpacking District ; and to the south and southeast are the West Village and the remainder of Greenwich Village . [ b ] Chelsea is named after the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London , England . Chelsea contains the Chelsea Historic District and its extension , which were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970 and 1981 respectively . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 , and expanded in 1982 to include contiguous blocks containing particularly significant examples of period architecture . The neighborhood is primarily residential , with a mix of tenements , apartment blocks , city housing projects , townhouses , and renovated rowhouses , but its many retail businesses reflect the ethnic and social diversity of the population . The area has a large LGBTQ population . Chelsea is also known as one of the centers of the city 's art world , with over 200 galleries in the neighborhood . As of 2015 [ update ] , due to the area 's gentrification , there is a widening income gap between the wealthy living in luxury buildings and the poor living in housing projects , who are , at times , across the street from each other . Chelsea is part of Manhattan Community District 4 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10001 and 10011 . It is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the New York City Police Department ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Textile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fashion museum , part of Fashion Institute of Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': 'The Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT ) is a public college in Manhattan , New York City . It is part of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) and focuses on art , business , design , mass communication , and technology connected to the fashion industry . It was founded in 1944 .'}]}, {'value': 'National Academy of Design', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design', 'summary': 'The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists , founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse , Asher Durand , Thomas Cole , Martin E. Thompson , Charles Cushing Wright , Ithiel Town , and others to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition .'}]}, {'value': 'Museum Mile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Museum_Mile,_New_York_City', 'summary': 'Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It stretches north from Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village to West 143rd Street in Harlem . It is considered one of the most expensive and elegant streets in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exhibits of art and architecture from its collections', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York School of Interior Design Gallery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midtown Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan', 'summary': "Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan . Midtown is home to some of the city 's most iconic buildings , including the Empire State Building , the Chrysler Building , the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project , the headquarters of the United Nations , Grand Central Terminal , and Rockefeller Center , as well as Broadway and Times Square . Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the world and ranks among the most expensive pieces of real estate ; Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the world 's highest retail rents , with average annual rents at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) in 2017 . However , due to the high price of retail spaces in Midtown , there are also many vacant storefronts in the neighborhood . Midtown is the country 's largest commercial , entertainment , and media center , and also a growing financial center . The majority of New York City 's skyscrapers , including its tallest hotels and apartment towers , are in Midtown . The area hosts commuters and residents working in its offices , hotels , and retail establishments , tourists and students . Times Square , the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , is a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . Sixth Avenue also has the headquarters of three of the four major U.S. television networks . Midtown is part of Manhattan Community District 5 . It is patrolled by the 14th and 18th Precincts of the New York City Police Department ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , free gallery with exhibits about interior design', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parsons The New School for Design Sheila C. Johnson Design Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design', 'summary': 'Parsons School of Design , known colloquially as Parsons , is a private art and design college located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City . It is one of the five colleges of The New School . The school was founded in 1896 by William Merritt Chase in search of individualistic artistic expression . It was the first of its kind in the country to offer programs in fashion design , advertising , interior design , and graphic design . The school offers undergraduate and graduate programs ranging from architectural design , curatorial studies , to textiles and design and urban ecologies . Among Parsons alumni are many famous fashion designers , photographers , designers , illustrators , and artists who have made significant contributions to their respective fields . The college is a member of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenwich Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenwich_Village', 'summary': "Greenwich Village ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch , /ˈɡrɪn-/ GRIN- , /-ɪdʒ/ -\u2060ij ) , often referred to by locals as simply the Village , is a neighborhood on the west side of Manhattan , New York City , within Lower Manhattan . Broadly , Greenwich Village is bounded by 14th Street to the north , Broadway to the east , Houston Street to the south , and the Hudson River to the west . Greenwich Village also contains several subsections , including the West Village west of Seventh Avenue and the Meatpacking District in the northwest corner of Greenwich Village . The neighborhood 's name comes from Groenwijck , one of the Dutch names for the village ( meaning Green District ) , which was Anglicized to Greenwich . [ a ] In the 20th century , Greenwich Village was known as an artists ' haven , the Bohemian capital , the cradle of the modern LGBT movement , and the East Coast birthplace of both the Beat and '60s counterculture movements . Greenwich Village contains Washington Square Park , as well as two of New York 's private colleges , New York University ( NYU ) and the New School . Greenwich Village is part of Manhattan Community District 2 and is patrolled by the 6th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Greenwich Village has undergone extensive gentrification and commercialization ; the four ZIP codes that constitute the Village - 10011 , 10012 , 10003 , and 10014 - were all ranked among the ten most expensive in the United States by median housing price in 2014 , according to Forbes , with residential property sale prices in the West Village neighborhood typically exceeding US $ 2,100 per square foot ( $ 23,000/m2 ) in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contains two galleries : The Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Gallery and the smaller Arnold and Sheila Aronson Galleries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skyscraper Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skyscraper_Museum', 'summary': "The Skyscraper Museum is an architecture museum located in Battery Park City , Manhattan , New York City and founded in 1996 . As the name suggests , the museum focuses on high-rise buildings as products of technology , objects of design , sites of construction , investments in real estate , and places of work and residence . The Skyscraper Museum also celebrates the architectural heritage of New York and the forces and people who created New York 's skyline . Before moving to the current and permanent location in Battery Park City in 2004 , the museum was a nomadic institution , holding pop-up exhibitions in four temporary donated spaces around Lower Manhattan since 1996 . The Skyscraper Museum was founded and is directed by Carol Willis , a professor of architectural history and urban studies at Columbia University . It includes two exhibition spaces for both permanent and temporary exhibitions , a bookstore , and a mezzanine with its office , situated above the bookstore . The museum can be reached by a ramp starting in the basement ."}]}, {'value': 'Battery Park City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battery_Park_City', 'summary': 'Battery Park City is a mainly residential 92-acre ( 37 ha ) planned community on the west side of the southern tip of the island of Manhattan in New York City . It is bounded by the Hudson River on the west , the Hudson River shoreline on the north and south , and the West Side Highway on the east . The neighborhood is named for Battery Park , located directly to the south . More than one-third of the development is parkland . The land upon which it is built was created by land reclamation on the Hudson River using over 3 million cubic yards ( 2.3×10^6 m3 ) of soil and rock excavated during the construction of the World Trade Center , the New York City Water Tunnel , and certain other construction projects , as well as from sand dredged from New York Harbor off Staten Island . The neighborhood includes Brookfield Place ( formerly the World Financial Center ) , along with numerous buildings designed for housing , commercial , and retail . Battery Park City is part of Manhattan Community District 1 . It is patrolled by the 1st Precinct of the New York City Police Department .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan', 'summary': "Manhattan ( /mænˈhætən , mən-/ ) , often referred to by residents of the New York City area as the City , is the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City , and coextensive with the County of New York , one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York . Manhattan serves as the city 's economic and administrative center , cultural identifier , and historical birthplace . The borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island , bounded by the Hudson , East , and Harlem rivers ; as well as several small adjacent islands . Manhattan additionally contains Marble Hill , a small neighborhood now on the U.S. mainland , that was connected using landfill to the Bronx and separated from the rest of Manhattan by the Harlem River . Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components , each aligned with the borough 's long axis : Lower , Midtown , and Upper Manhattan . Manhattan has been described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world , and the borough hosts the United Nations Headquarters . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and Manhattan is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization : the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan , and the borough has been the setting for numerous books , films , and television shows . Manhattan real estate has since become among the most expensive in the world , with the value of Manhattan Island , including real estate , estimated to exceed US $ 3 trillion in 2013 ; median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US $ 1,600 per square foot ( $ 17,000/m2 ) as of 2018 , with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world , at US $ 3,000 per square foot ( $ 32,000/m2 ) per year in 2017 . Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . Manhattan is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders , which equals roughly $ 1059 in current terms . The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York ."}]}, {'value': 'Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Currently the only museum in the world dedicated to skyscrapers', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Museums -- Artistic medium', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City_11', 'intro': 'New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. This list contains the most famous or well-regarded organizations, based on their mission.'} | null | null | What was done to the Dutch name of the NYC neighborhood that contains the Center for Architecture to form its present name ? | Anglicized |
0b5e67ffc2a2a827 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bradford_City_A.F.C._players', 'title': 'List of Bradford City A.F.C. players', 'header': ['Name', 'Nation', 'Years', 'Apps', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hope Akpan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hope_Akpan', 'summary': "Hope Ini Ita Akpan ( born 14 August 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bradford City . He came through the youth ranks at Everton , making his first-team debut in 2009 . He later played for Hull City ( on loan ) , Crawley Town , Reading , Blackburn Rovers , Burton Albion and Bradford City . He became Bradford City 's captain in March 2019 . Born in England , he represents Nigeria at international level ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Nigeria national football team represents Nigeria in men 's international football nicknamed as the Super Eagles and it 's governed by the Nigeria Football Federation ( NFF ) . They are three-time Africa Cup of Nations winners , with their most recent title in 2013 , after defeating Burkina Faso in the final . The Super Eagles are considered the greatest African football team of all time due to their numerous achievements and records , The team has qualified for six FIFA World Cups missed out in 2006 and The team represents FIFA and Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . In April 1994 , the Super Eagles were ranked 5th in the FIFA rankings , the highest FIFA ranking position ever achieved by an African football team . Throughout history , the team has qualified for six of the last seven FIFA World Cups ( as of 2018 ) , missing only the 2006 edition and have reached the round of 16 three times . Their first World Cup appearance was the 1994 edition ."}]}, {'value': '2018-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jermaine Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Anderson_(English_footballer)', 'summary': 'Jermaine Barrington Anderson ( born 16 May 1996 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bradford City .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dylan Connolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dylan_Connolly', 'summary': 'Dylan Edward Connolly ( born 2 May 1995 ) is an Irish professional football winger who plays for Bradford City , on loan from AFC Wimbledon .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Republic of Ireland national football team ( Irish : Foireann peile náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann ) represents Ireland in international football . It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) and stages its home fixtures at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin . The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics , reaching the quarter-finals . Between 1924 and 1936 , the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950 , it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland . In 1953 , FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams may enter , the FAI team would be officially called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland was allowed to use the title Ireland by FIFA in the Home International Competition until it was discontinued in 1984 . The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home in a fixture played at Goodison Park , Liverpool , in 1949 . The team also reached the quarter-final stage of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , where they lost to the eventual champions Spain . Under the guidance of Jack Charlton , the team enjoyed its most successful era , reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993 , and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship , reaching the quarter-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals , as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition . Charlton 's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup , making it to the last 16 . Under Giovanni Trapattoni , the team narrowly lost out on qualification for the 2010 World Cup during a controversial play-off , but went on to qualify for Euro 2012 . The team failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , marking the end of Trapattoni 's tenure as manager ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Callum Cooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callum_Cooke', 'summary': 'Callum James Cooke ( born 21 February 1997 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Bradford City , on loan from Peterborough United , as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Devine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Devine_(English_footballer)', 'summary': 'Daniel Steven Devine ( born 4 September 1997 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Bradford City , as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2016-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Devitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Devitt', 'summary': 'Jamie Martin Devitt ( born 6 July 1990 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Bradford City , on loan from Blackpool . He has also played for Hull City , Darlington , Shrewsbury Town , Grimsby Town , Bradford City , Accrington Stanley , Rotherham United , Chesterfield , Morecambe and Carlisle United .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Republic of Ireland national football team ( Irish : Foireann peile náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann ) represents Ireland in international football . It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) and stages its home fixtures at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin . The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics , reaching the quarter-finals . Between 1924 and 1936 , the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950 , it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland . In 1953 , FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams may enter , the FAI team would be officially called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland was allowed to use the title Ireland by FIFA in the Home International Competition until it was discontinued in 1984 . The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home in a fixture played at Goodison Park , Liverpool , in 1949 . The team also reached the quarter-final stage of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , where they lost to the eventual champions Spain . Under the guidance of Jack Charlton , the team enjoyed its most successful era , reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993 , and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship , reaching the quarter-finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals , as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition . Charlton 's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup , making it to the last 16 . Under Giovanni Trapattoni , the team narrowly lost out on qualification for the 2010 World Cup during a controversial play-off , but went on to qualify for Euro 2012 . The team failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , marking the end of Trapattoni 's tenure as manager ."}]}, {'value': '2011-2012 , 2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton Donaldson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_Donaldson', 'summary': "Clayton Andrew Donaldson ( born 7 February 1984 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for League Two club Bradford City . Donaldson started his career with Hull City in 2002 , scoring on his first-team debut in the Football League Trophy later that year . He was sent out on loan to non-League clubs on four occasions , and with chances in the first team at Hull limited , he was released in 2005 and subsequently joined York City . In his first season at the club , he was voted as their Clubman of the Year and his second season saw him finish as the team 's highest scorer and third highest scorer in the league . He joined Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in July 2007 , after signing a pre-contract agreement with them in January whilst with York . After a season at the club he left to return to England with Crewe Alexandra . After three years with Crewe , being the top goalscorer in League Two in his last season , he joined Brentford in 2011 . He spent three years with the club , helping them gain promotion into the Championship in 2013-14 , before signing for Birmingham City at the end of that season when his contract expired . After three seasons with Birmingham , he signed for another Championship club , Sheffield United , in August 2017 . Spending just a year with the club , he moved to Bolton Wanderers in June 2018 . He played internationally for the England National Game XI , who represent England at non-League level , with whom he earned two caps , before accepting an invitation to represent Jamaica in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Jamaica national football team , nicknamed the Reggae Boyz , represents Jamaica in international football . The team 's first match was against Haiti in 1925 . The squad is under the supervising body of the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) , which is a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , and the global jurisdiction of FIFA . Jamaica 's home matches have been played at Independence Park since its opening in 1962 . The national team has participated in three major football competitions . Their sole appearance in the FIFA World Cup was in 1998 , where the team finished third in its group and failed to advance . The team also competed in the Caribbean Cup winning six times . Jamaica also competes in the CONCACAF Gold Cup , appearing thirteen times and finishing twice as runners-up to Mexico in 2015 and the United States in 2017 . They also have been invited to the Copa América in 2015 , and 2016 with both times being eliminated in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_French', 'summary': 'Tyler Jay French ( born 12 February 1999 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Bradford City , as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Gibson', 'summary': 'Jordan Lewis Gibson ( born 26 February 1998 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Bradford City , as a winger .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2017-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliot Goldthorp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eliot_Goldthorp', 'summary': 'Eliot Goldthorp ( born 2000/2001 ) is an English footballer who plays for Matlock Town , on loan from Bradford City , as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2018-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Henley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Henley', 'summary': 'Adam David Henley ( born 14 June 1994 ) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bradford City . He primarily operates in the right-back , but can also be deployed at left-back . Born in Tennessee , USA to a Welsh mother and American father , he moved with his family when he was two years old to England , where he was raised .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Wales national football team ( Welsh : Tîm pêl-droed cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international football . It is controlled by the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the governing body for football in Wales and the third-oldest national football association in the world . Although part of the United Kingdom , Wales has always had a representative side that plays in major professional tournaments , though not in the Olympic Games , as the International Olympic Committee has always recognised United Kingdom representative sides . During their history , Wales have qualified for three major international tournaments . Wales reached the quarter-finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup . They reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and have qualified for UEFA Euro 2020 , and also progressed through UEFA Euro 1976 qualifying to the quarter-finals , though this was played on a two-legged , home-and-away basis and not considered part of the finals tournament . At all levels , including the youth teams , the Welsh national team draws players primarily from clubs in the English football league system . The main professional Welsh clubs play in the English leagues , with some full-time and part-time professional clubs playing in the Welsh football league system .'}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Hornby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Hornby', 'summary': 'Samuel Connor Hornby ( born 2 February 1995 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for National League club A.F.C . Fylde , on loan from EFL League Two side Bradford City . He spent his youth with Hednesford Town and Redditch United , before turning professional at Burton Albion in June 2015 . He spent the 2015-16 and 2016-17 seasons on loan at Brackley Town and Kidderminster Harriers respectively , before he was transferred to Port Vale in June 2017 . He was loaned out to Chester in December 2017 and left the club permanently to sign for Bradford City in May 2019 . He was loaned out to A.F.C . Fylde in October 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeli Ismail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeli_Ismail', 'summary': 'Zeli Ismail ( born 12 December 1993 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right midfielder for League Two side Bradford City . He has represented England at both under-16 and under-17 level .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson Longridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Longridge', 'summary': 'Jackson Longridge ( born 12 April 1995 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left back for Torquay United , on loan from Bradford City . Longridge previously played for Ayr United , Stranraer , Livingston and Dunfermline Athletic .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association . It competes in the three major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup , UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship . Scotland , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games . The majority of Scotland 's home matches are played at the national stadium , Hampden Park . Scotland is the joint oldest national football team in the world , alongside England , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . Scotland has a long-standing rivalry with England , whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989 . The teams have met only seven times since then , most recently in June 2017 . Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice , but have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals tournament . The last major tournament they qualified for was the 1998 World Cup . The team have achieved some noteworthy results , such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3-2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967 . Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3-2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands , who reached the final of the tournament . In their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008 , Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners-up France 1-0 in both fixtures ."}]}, {'value': '2019-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shay McCartan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shay_McCartan', 'summary': 'Seamus Vincent McCartan ( born 18 May 1994 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for League Two side Bradford City . McCartan joined Burnley in May 2010 on a two-year scholarship , having previously played for Glenavon and Banbridge Town . He made his debut for the club in April 2012 . He later went on to play for Accrington Stanley before joining Bradford City in June 2017 . He moved on loan to Lincoln City in July 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Northern Ireland national football team represents Northern Ireland in international association football . From 1882 to 1920 , all of Ireland was represented by a single side , the Ireland national football team , organised by the Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . In 1921 , the jurisdiction of the IFA was reduced to Northern Ireland following the secession of clubs in the soon-to-be Irish Free State , although its team remained the national team for all of Ireland until 1950 , and used the name Ireland until the 1970s . [ n 1 ] The Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) organises the separate Republic of Ireland national football team . Although part of the United Kingdom , Northern Ireland has always had a representative side that plays in major professional tournaments - whether alongside the rest of Ireland pre-1922 or as its own entity - though not in the Olympic Games , as the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) has always recognised United Kingdom representative sides . Northern Ireland has competed in three FIFA World Cups , reaching the quarter-final stage in the 1958 and 1982 tournaments . At UEFA Euro 2016 , the team made its first appearance at the European tournament and reached the round of 16 .'}]}, {'value': '2017-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke McGee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_McGee', 'summary': 'Luke Paul McGee ( born 2 September 1995 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bradford City on loan from Portsmouth .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2020-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelvin Mellor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelvin_Mellor', 'summary': 'Kelvin Mellor ( born 25 January 1991 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Bradford City .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2018-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Middleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Middleton', 'summary': 'Glenn Bell Dollar Middleton ( born 1 January 2000 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Bradford City , on loan from Rangers in the Scottish Premiership . He also plays for Scotland U21s .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association . It competes in the three major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup , UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship . Scotland , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games . The majority of Scotland 's home matches are played at the national stadium , Hampden Park . Scotland is the joint oldest national football team in the world , alongside England , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . Scotland has a long-standing rivalry with England , whom they played annually from 1872 until 1989 . The teams have met only seven times since then , most recently in June 2017 . Scotland have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice , but have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals tournament . The last major tournament they qualified for was the 1998 World Cup . The team have achieved some noteworthy results , such as beating the 1966 FIFA World Cup winners England 3-2 at Wembley Stadium in 1967 . Archie Gemmill scored what has been described as one of the greatest World Cup goals ever in a 3-2 win during the 1978 World Cup against the Netherlands , who reached the final of the tournament . In their qualifying group for UEFA Euro 2008 , Scotland defeated 2006 World Cup runners-up France 1-0 in both fixtures ."}]}, {'value': '2020-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dylan Mottley-Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dylan_Mottley-Henry', 'summary': 'Dylan Mottley-Henry ( born 2 August 1997 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for League Two club Bradford City , as a winger .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2014-2016 , 2020-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Novak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Novak', 'summary': "Lee Paul Novak ( born 28 September 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for League Two club Bradford City . A former youth team player for Wallsend Boys Club , he began his senior career with Scottish club Gretna , before returning to his hometown with non-league side Newcastle Blue Star . He joined Gateshead for £3,000 in 2008 . He won a £150,000 move to Huddersfield Town in January 2009 , though immediately returned to Gateshead on loan and helped the club to promotion out of the Conference North as he ended the 2008-09 season as the division 's top-scorer . He helped the Terriers to win promotion out of League One with victory in the 2012 play-off final . He signed for Championship club Birmingham City in 2013 , and spent the 2015-16 season on loan to League One Chesterfield . Released by Birmingham in 2016 , he joined Charlton Athletic , and just over a season later , he signed for yet another League One club , Scunthorpe United ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_football_team', 'summary': "The England national football team represents England in men 's international football and it 's governed by The Football Association , the governing body for football in England . It competes in the three major international tournaments ; the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . England , as a country of the United Kingdom , is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and therefore the national team does not compete at the Olympic Games . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters is at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup 15 times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being third-place finishes in 1968 and 1996 , the latter as hosts ."}]}, {'value': '2020-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current players', 'section_text': 'As of 2 February 2020', 'uid': 'List_of_Bradford_City_A.F.C._players_0', 'intro': 'Bradford City A.F.C. is an English professional association football club based in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Bradford City been a member of the Football League since its formation in 1903. The following contains two lists; a list of all current players who have made at least one appearance in the Football League, and a list of former players who have made 50 or more appearances in the Football League for Bradford City.'} | null | null | What year did the nation that the player Adam Henley belongs to reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup ? | 1958 |
0b5f0c1d1e20c275 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_big_cats_in_animation', 'title': 'List of fictional big cats in animation', 'header': ['Name', 'Work', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bagheera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagheera', 'summary': "Bagheera ( Hindi : बघीरा ; Urdu : بگیڑہ Baghīrā/Bagīdah ) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli stories in The Jungle Book ( coll . 1894 ) and The Second Jungle Book ( coll . 1895 ) . He is a black panther ( melanistic Indian leopard ) who serves as friend , protector and mentor to the man-cub Mowgli . The word bagheera is Hindi/Urdu for black panther , although the root word bagh means tiger ."}]}, {'value': 'The Jungle Book The Jungle Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)', 'summary': "The Jungle Book is a 1967 American animated musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's book of the same name , it is the 19th Disney animated feature film . Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman , it was the last film to be produced by Walt Disney , who died during its production . The plot follows Mowgli , a feral child raised in the Indian jungle by wolves , as his friends Bagheera the panther and Baloo the bear try to convince him to leave the jungle before the evil tiger Shere Khan arrives . The early versions of both the screenplay and the soundtrack followed Kipling 's work more closely , with a dramatic , dark , and sinister tone which Disney did not want in his family film , leading to writer Bill Peet and composer Terry Gilkyson being replaced . The casting employed famous actors and musicians Phil Harris , Sebastian Cabot , George Sanders and Louis Prima , as well as Disney regulars such as Sterling Holloway , J. Pat O'Malley and Verna Felton , and the director 's son , Bruce Reitherman , as Mowgli . The Jungle Book was released on October 18 , 1967 , to positive reception , with acclaim for its soundtrack , featuring five songs by the Sherman Brothers and one by Gilkyson , The Bare Necessities . The film initially became Disney 's second-highest-grossing animated film in the United States and Canada , and was also successful during its re-releases . The film was also successful throughout the world , becoming Germany 's highest-grossing film by number of admissions . Disney released a live-action adaptation in 1994 and an animated sequel , The Jungle Book 2 , in 2003 ; a live-action remake directed by Jon Favreau was released in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)', 'summary': "The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live-action/CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self-discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli , along with voice and motion capture performances from Ben Kingsley , Bill Murray , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong ' o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer-generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in the United States in Disney Digital 3-D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D-Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 966 million worldwide , making it the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2016 and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the original animated film . It won accolades for achievements in visual effects at the 89th Academy Awards , 22nd Critics ' Choice Awards and 70th British Academy Film Awards . A sequel is in development , with Favreau and Marks set to return as director/producer and writer , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Black leopard - a clever , serious and responsible character , quite similar to the Bagheera in the novel , except that in the novel Bagheera spoiled Mowgli more . In the film , it is Bagheera and not the wolves who first finds Mowgli , a young village child and he is the one who takes him back to the village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_leopard', 'summary': 'A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of any Panthera , particularly of the leopard ( P. pardus ) in Asia and Africa , and the jaguar ( P. onca ) in the Americas .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarzan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)', 'summary': "Tarzan is a 1999 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures . The 37th Disney animated feature film , the tenth and last released during the Disney Renaissance era , it is based on the story Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs , being the first animated major motion picture version of the story . Directed by Chris Buck and Kevin Lima from a screenplay by Tab Murphy , Bob Tzudiker , and Noni White , the film stars the voices of Tony Goldwyn , Minnie Driver , Glenn Close , Rosie O'Donnell , Brian Blessed , Lance Henriksen , Wayne Knight , and Nigel Hawthorne . Pre-production of Tarzan began in 1995 , with Lima selected as director and Buck joining him the same year . Following Murphy 's first draft , Tzudiker , White , and Dave Reynolds were brought in to reconstruct the third act and add additional material to the screenplay . English recording artist Phil Collins was recruited to compose and record songs integrated with a score by Mark Mancina . Meanwhile , the production team embarked on a research trip to Uganda and Kenya to study the gorillas . The animation of the film combines 2D traditional hand-drawn animation with the extensive use of computer-generated imagery , and it was done in California , Orlando , and Paris , with the pioneering computer animation software system Deep Canvas being predominantly used to create three-dimensional backgrounds . Tarzan premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on June 12 , 1999 , and was released in the United States on June 16 , 1999 . It received a positive reaction from critics , who praised its animation and music . Against a production budget of $ 130 million ( then the most expensive animated film ever made until Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within in 2001 ) , the film grossed $ 448.2 million worldwide , becoming the fifth-highest film release in 1999 , the second-highest animation release of 1999 behind Toy Story 2 , and the first Disney animated feature to open at first place at the North American box office since Pocahontas ( 1995 ) . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( You 'll Be in My Heart by Phil Collins ) ."}]}, {'value': "A vicious leopard , who killed Kala 's son , along with Tarzan 's parents , but was killed by an adult Tarzan", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makucha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'A cream African leopard who tracks Ajabu an Okapi to the Pride Lands . He is also the leader of his clan of the back lands . Makucha meansClaws in the Swahili language and is voiced by Steve Blum . He became the main antagonist in Season 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African_leopard', 'summary': 'The African leopard ( Panthera pardus pardus ) is the nominate subspecies of the leopard , native to many countries in Africa . It is widely distributed in most of sub-Saharan Africa , but the historical range has been fragmented in the course of habitat conversion . Leopards have been recorded in North Africa as well .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Okapi', 'summary': 'The okapi ( /oʊˈkɑːpiː/ ; Okapia johnstoni ) , also known as the forest giraffe , Congolese giraffe , or zebra giraffe , is an artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa . Although the okapi has striped markings reminiscent of zebras , it is most closely related to the giraffe . The okapi and the giraffe are the only living members of the family Giraffidae . The okapi stands about 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) tall at the shoulder and has a typical body length around 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) . Its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg ( 440 to 770 lb ) . It has a long neck , and large , flexible ears . Its coat is a chocolate to reddish brown , much in contrast with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs , and white ankles . Male okapis have short , hair-covered , horn-like protuberances on their heads called ossicones , less than 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) in length . Females possess hair whorls , and ossicones are absent . Okapis are primarily diurnal , but may be active for a few hours in darkness . They are essentially solitary , coming together only to breed . Okapis are herbivores , feeding on tree leaves and buds , grasses , ferns , fruits , and fungi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swahili_language', 'summary': 'Swahili , also known as Kiswahili ( translation : language of the Swahili people ) , is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people . It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa , including Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , some parts of Malawi , Somalia , Zambia , Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . Comorian , spoken in the Comoros Islands , is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili , though other authorities consider it a distinct language . The exact number of Swahili speakers , be it native or second-language speakers , is unknown and a matter of debate . Various estimates have been put forward and they vary widely , ranging from 100 million to 150 million . Swahili serves as a national language of the DRC , Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda . Shikomor , the official language in Comoros and also spoken in Mayotte ( Shimaore ) , is related to Swahili . Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and officially recognised as a lingua franca of the East African Community . In 2018 , South Africa legalized the teaching of Swahili in South African schools as an optional subject to begin in 2020 . A significant fraction of Swahili vocabulary derives from Arabic , in part conveyed by Arabic-speaking Muslim inhabitants . For example , the Swahili word for book is kitabu , traceable back to the Arabic word كتاب kitāb ( from the root K-T-B write ) . However , the Swahili plural form of this word ( books ) is vitabu , rather than the Arabic plural form كتب kutub , following the Bantu grammar in which ki- is reanalysed as a nominal class prefix , whose plural is vi- .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Blum', 'summary': 'Steven Jay Blum ( /bluːm/ born April 29 , 1960 ) is an American voice actor for anime , animation and video games , known for his distinctively deep voice .'}]}, {'value': 'Badilli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'An African leopard who is a victim to Mapigano . He eventually overcomes his fear by standing up for himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mapigano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'An African leopard who bullied Badilli upon his territory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tai Lung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tai_Lung', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters from the DreamWorks animated film media franchise Kung Fu Panda , with their shorts and specials Secrets of the Furious Five , Kung Fu Panda Holiday , Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , and Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll , as well as the video games and TV show Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness and Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny .'}]}, {'value': 'Kung Fu Panda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda', 'summary': "Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated wuxia comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . [ a ] It was directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne in their directorial debuts , and stars the voices of Jack Black , Dustin Hoffman , Angelina Jolie , Ian McShane , Seth Rogen , Lucy Liu , David Cross , Randall Duk Kim , James Hong , Dan Fogler , Michael Clarke Duncan , and Jackie Chan . The film is set in a version of ancient China populated by anthropomorphic talking animals and revolves around a bumbling panda named Po , a kung fu enthusiast . When an evil kung fu warrior named Tai Lung is foretold to escape from prison , Po is unwittingly named the Dragon Warrior , that was destined to defeat him . The film was originally conceived by Michael Lachance , a DreamWorks Animation executive . It was originally intended to be a parody of martial arts films , but director Stevenson decided instead to make an action comedy wuxia film that incorporates the hero 's journey narrative archetype for the lead character . The computer animation in the film was more complex than anything DreamWorks had done before . As with most DreamWorks Animation films , Hans Zimmer ( this time collaborating with John Powell ) scored Kung Fu Panda . He visited China to absorb the culture and get to know the China National Symphony Orchestra as part of his preparation . Kung Fu Panda premiered in the United States on June 6 , 2008 . The film received positive reviews upon release . Kung Fu Panda opened in 4,114 theaters , grossing $ 20.3 million on its opening day and $ 60.2 million on its opening weekend , resulting in the number one position at the box office ."}]}, {'value': 'A Snow Leopard who is the main antagonist who tries to snatch the dragon scroll from Shifu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuluun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'A snow leopard who frightens the red pandas . After being defeated by Bunga , she joins forces with Makucha to visit the Tree of Life', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phango', 'summary': "Gaius Fuficius Fango or Phango ( d. 40 BCE ) was an Ancient Roman military leader and politician . Originally a common soldier , probably of African origin , he was raised to the rank of senator by Julius Caesar . When , in 40 BCE , Octavianus annexed Numidia and part of Roman Africa to his share of the triumviral provinces , he appointed Fango his prefect . But his title in Numidia was opposed by Titus Sextius , the prefect of Mark Antony . Military conflict ensued , and after mutual defeats and victories , Fango was driven into the hills that bounded the Roman province to the north-west . There , mistaking the rushing of a troop of wild buffaloes for a night attack of Numidian horse , he killed himself . In Cicero 's letters to Atticus , Frangones is probably a misreading for Fangones , and refers to Fango ."}]}, {'value': 'Khumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khumba', 'summary': 'Khumba is a 2013 3D South African computer-animated comedy film directed and produced by Anthony Silverston , written by Silverston and Raffaella Delle Donne . The film stars the voices of Jake T. Austin , Steve Buscemi , Loretta Devine , Laurence Fishburne , Richard E. Grant , AnnaSophia Robb , Catherine Tate , and Liam Neeson . It was the second movie made by Triggerfish Animation Studios and is distributed by Millennium Entertainment in the US . The International distribution rights are being licensed by Cinema Management Group . The film is about Khumba , a zebra who is half-striped like a quagga and blamed for the lack of rain by the rest of his insular , abusive , superstitious herd , except his dad , mom and Tombi . He embarks on a quest to earn his stripes . The film was dedicated in memory of The Quagga Breeding Project founder Reinhold Rau , who died on 11 February 2006 . Rau was known for efforts to use selective-breeding to recreate the extinct quagga , a close relative of the plains zebra . The film premiered at the TIFF on 8 September 2013 and was released on 25 October 2013 by Indigenous Film Distribution . The film earned $ 28.42 million on a $ 20 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'A leopard born blind in one eye who is the main antagonist and plans to kill Khumba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Dog', 'summary': "Rock Dog ( simplified Chinese : 摇滚藏獒 ; traditional Chinese : 搖滾藏獒 ; pinyin : Yáogǔn Zàng'áo literally Rock and Roll Tibetan Mastiff ) is a 2016 Chinese-American computer-animated comedy film produced by Mandoo Pictures and Huayi Brothers . The film is directed by Ash Brannon , written by Brannon and Kurt Voelker , based on the Chinese graphic novel Tibetan Rock Dog by Zheng Jun . It features the voices of Luke Wilson , Eddie Izzard , J. K. Simmons , Lewis Black , Kenan Thompson , Mae Whitman , Jorge Garcia , Matt Dillon , and Sam Elliott . The film follows a young Tibetan Mastiff who leaves his home village in the mountains to become a rock musician in the big city after a radio falls from the sky . It was released on July 8 , 2016 , in China by Huayi Brothers and on February 24 , 2017 , in the United States by Summit Premiere . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $ 24 million worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'A Snow Leopard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugrats Go Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugrats_Go_Wild', 'summary': 'Rugrats Go Wild is a 2003 American animated comedy crossover film based on the Nickelodeon animated television series Rugrats and The Wild Thornberrys . It is the third and final animated film in the Rugrats film series as well as the second film in The Wild Thornberrys series . Christine Cavanaugh , the voice of Chuckie Finster , was replaced by Nancy Cartwright . The film was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and Klasky Csupo and released in theaters on June 13 , 2003 , by Paramount Pictures . With a worldwide gross of $ 55.4 million , it is the lowest grossing of the three Rugrats films . The film used Odorama , which allowed people to smell odors and aromas from the film using scratch and sniff cards ( reminiscent of 1960s Smell-O-Vision ) , and it was not used again theatrically for eight years , until the release of Spy Kids : All the Time in the World .'}]}, {'value': 'A Clouded Leopard and the main antagonist . Voiced by Chrissie Hynde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clouded_Leopard', 'summary': 'The clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) is a wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into southern China . Since 2008 , it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals , with a decreasing population trend , and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults . It is also called mainland clouded leopard to distinguish it from the Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) . It is the state animal of the Indian state of Meghalaya .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chrissie_Hynde', 'summary': 'Christine Ellen Hynde ( born September 7 , 1951 ) is an American singer-songwriter and musician . She is better known as a founding member and the guitarist , lead vocalist , and primary songwriter of the English-American rock band The Pretenders , as well as its only constant member . Hynde formed The Pretenders in 1978 with Pete Farndon , James Honeyman-Scott and Martin Chambers . She has also released a number of songs with other musicians including Frank Sinatra , Cher and UB40 , and she released the solo album Stockholm in 2014 . Hynde was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005 as a member of The Pretenders . She performed at Live Aid in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yun Mibu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'A Clouded Leopard that the Lion Guard encountered in the forest during their journey to the Tree of Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clouded_Leopard', 'summary': 'The clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) is a wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into southern China . Since 2008 , it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals , with a decreasing population trend , and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults . It is also called mainland clouded leopard to distinguish it from the Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) . It is the state animal of the Indian state of Meghalaya .'}]}, {'value': 'Sultan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi Safari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi_Safari', 'summary': "Delhi Safari is a 2012 Indian computer-animated comedy film directed by Nikkhil Advani . It has been produced by Krayon Pictures ( a Pune-based 3D animation studio ) . The film is based on a story and concept by Advani and features the voices of Akshaye Khanna , Govinda , Sunil Shetty , Boman Irani , and Urmila Matondkar . The screenplay of the film is written by Girish Dhamija and Suresh Nair . The film traces the journey of five animals and birds from Mumbai to Delhi . The music of the film is composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy , while the lyrics are penned by Sameer . It is India 's first stereoscopic 3D animation feature film . The film released in India on 17 October 2012 . Delhi Safari has been granted exemption from entertainment tax in the states of Maharashtra and Delhi . At the 60th National Film Awards , it won the National Film Award for Best Animated Film . The English version of the film has voices by Tom Kenny , Jason Alexander , Cary Elwes , Tara Strong , Christopher Lloyd , Jane Lynch , Vanessa Williams and Brad Garrett . The international sales of the film is being handled by Fantastic Films International ."}]}, {'value': "Yuvraj 's father", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvraj', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi Safari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi_Safari', 'summary': "Delhi Safari is a 2012 Indian computer-animated comedy film directed by Nikkhil Advani . It has been produced by Krayon Pictures ( a Pune-based 3D animation studio ) . The film is based on a story and concept by Advani and features the voices of Akshaye Khanna , Govinda , Sunil Shetty , Boman Irani , and Urmila Matondkar . The screenplay of the film is written by Girish Dhamija and Suresh Nair . The film traces the journey of five animals and birds from Mumbai to Delhi . The music of the film is composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy , while the lyrics are penned by Sameer . It is India 's first stereoscopic 3D animation feature film . The film released in India on 17 October 2012 . Delhi Safari has been granted exemption from entertainment tax in the states of Maharashtra and Delhi . At the 60th National Film Awards , it won the National Film Award for Best Animated Film . The English version of the film has voices by Tom Kenny , Jason Alexander , Cary Elwes , Tara Strong , Christopher Lloyd , Jane Lynch , Vanessa Williams and Brad Garrett . The international sales of the film is being handled by Fantastic Films International ."}]}, {'value': 'A leopard cub who lost his father Sultan', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Leopards', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_big_cats_in_animation_1', 'intro': 'This List of fictional big cats in animation is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals and is a collection of various notable feline characters that appear in various animated works of fiction. It is limited to well-referenced examples of large felines portrayed in animated television shows or feature-length films.'} | null | null | When did the tv series that features the fictional cat Makucha first air ? | January 15 , 2016 |
0b5f3afdaaf8cfbb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'title': 'Kansas City, Missouri', 'header': ['Club', 'Sport', 'Founded', 'League', 'Venue'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . ( It is not associated with the NFL Dallas Texans . ) In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City and assumed its current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $ 2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark is the operating head of the franchise ; he represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 . They became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , was the final such competition before the leagues ' merger went into full effect ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': '1960 ( as the Dallas Texans ) 1963 ( as Kansas City Chiefs )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Football League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrowhead Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrowhead_Stadium', 'summary': 'Arrowhead Stadium is an American football stadium in Kansas City , Missouri , United States . It primarily serves as the home venue of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It is part of the Truman Sports Complex with adjacent Kauffman Stadium , the home of the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Arrowhead Stadium has a seating capacity of 76,416 , making it the 27th largest stadium in the United States and the sixth largest NFL stadium . It is also the largest sports facility by capacity in the state of Missouri . A $ 375 million renovation was completed in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Royals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals', 'summary': "The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City , Missouri . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member team of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969 , and has participated in four World Series , winning in 1985 and 2015 , and losing in 1980 and 2014 . The name Royals pays homage to the American Royal , a livestock show , horse show , rodeo , and championship barbeque competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899 as well as the identical names of two former negro league baseball teams that played in the first half of the 20th century ( one a semi-pro team based in Kansas City in the 1910s and 1920s that toured the Midwest and a California Winter League team based in Los Angeles in the 1940s that was managed by Chet Brewer and included Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson on its roster ) . The Los Angeles team had personnel connections to the Monarchs but could not use the Monarchs name . The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city , including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL , the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA , and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League . In 1968 , the team held a name-the-team contest that received more than 17,000 entries . Sanford Porte , a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park , Kansas was named the winner for his Royals entry . His reason had nothing to do with royalty . Kansas Citys new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouris billion-dollar livestock income , Kansas Citys position as the nations leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant , Porte wrote . The team 's board voted 6-1 on the name , with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman , who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him . Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots , the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Kauffman Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kauffman_Stadium', 'summary': "Kauffman Stadium ( /ˈkɔːfmən/ ) , often called The K , is a baseball park located in Kansas City , Missouri , that is home to the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . It is part of the Truman Sports Complex together with the adjacent Arrowhead Stadium , home of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League . The ballpark is named for Ewing Kauffman , the founder and first owner of the Royals . It opened in 1973 as Royals Stadium and was named for Kauffman on July 2 , 1993 . The ballpark 's listed seating capacity since 2009 is 37,903 . Kauffman Stadium was built specifically for baseball during an era when building multisport cookie-cutter stadiums was commonplace . It is often held up along with Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles as one of the best examples of modernist stadium design . It is currently the only ballpark in the American League to be named after a person and is also one of ten stadiums in Major League Baseball that does not have a corporate-sponsored name . The stadium is the sixth-oldest stadium in Major League Baseball and has hosted the 1973 and the 2012 MLB All-Star Games , along with Royals home games during the 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , and 2015 World Series . Between 2007 and 2009 , Kauffman Stadium underwent a $ 250 million renovation , which included updates and upgrades in fan amenities , a new Royals hall of fame area , and other updates throughout the facility ."}]}, {'value': 'Sporting Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Soccer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Soccer', 'summary': "Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a men 's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport 's highest level in the United States and Canada . The league comprises 26 teams - 23 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada and constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries . The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC and Charlotte in 2021 , then Sacramento Republic FC and a St. Louis franchise in 2022 . The regular season starts in late February or early March and goes through mid-October , with each team playing 34 games ; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters ' Shield . Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs through October and November , culminating in the championship game , the MLS Cup . MLS teams also play in domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship . MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League . With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game , MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide . Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States ' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams . MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years : the league lost millions of dollars , teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums , and two teams folded in 2002 . Since then , MLS has expanded to 26 teams , soccer-specific stadiums have proliferated around the league , average attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Designated Player Rule allows teams to sign star players such as David Beckham , MLS secured national TV contracts , and the league is now profitable ."}]}, {'value': "Children 's Mercy Park ( Kansas City , Kansas )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Children's_Mercy_Park", 'summary': "Children 's Mercy Park is a soccer-specific stadium in Kansas City , Kansas , United States , and is the home of Sporting Kansas City . The stadium is located near Kansas Speedway , on the far west side of Wyandotte County , near the Johnson County , and Leavenworth County Kansas borders , and it opened during the 2011 season of Major League Soccer on June 9 , 2011 with a match against the Chicago Fire . The stadium has a seating capacity of 18,467 seats , which can expand to 25,000 for concerts . Most SKC games attract around 21,000 because of different stadium modes . The stadium is Sporting Kansas City 's third home venue ; then known as the Kansas City Wizards , the team played in Arrowhead Stadium from 1996 to 2007 and CommunityAmerica Ballpark from 2008 to 2010 . In 2013 , the stadium hosted the MLS All-Star Game , the United States men 's national soccer team , and the MLS Cup , three of the most prestigious matches in the United States , and is the only stadium to host all three in the same year . Since 2019 the stadium has hosted the Kansas Jayhawks football team for national signing day ceremonies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Kansas City , abbreviated as KCK , is the third-largest city in the State of Kansas , the county seat of Wyandotte County , and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area . It is situated at Kaw Point , which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers . It borders Johnson County , Kansas to the south and Kansas City , Missouri'}]}, {'value': 'Swope Park Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swope_Park_Rangers', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City II are a USL Championship club affiliated with Sporting Kansas City of Major League Soccer . SKC II play their home games at Children 's Mercy Park in Kansas City , Kansas . They were formerly known as the Swope Park Rangers ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USL Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USL_Championship', 'summary': "The USL Championship ( USLC ) , is a professional men 's soccer league in the United States that began its inaugural season in 2011 . The USL is sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation ( U.S. Soccer ) as a Division II Professional League since 2017 , placing it under Major League Soccer ( Division I ) in the hierarchy . The USL is headquartered in Tampa , Florida . The league is owned and operated by United Soccer League ( originally United Soccer Leagues ) and was formed as result of the merger of their USL First ( USL-1 ) and Second Divisions ( USL-2 ) , following the controversial 2010 season which saw neither the USL-1 nor the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) receive Division II sanctioning from the USSF , resulting in the temporary USSF Division 2 Pro League . United Soccer Leagues stated that the merger would strengthen the league 's position within the American professional soccer landscape through stability , commercial growth and the professional development of soccer in four main regions throughout the United States and Canada . Formerly known as United Soccer League ( USL ) and USL Pro , in January 2013 , United Soccer Leagues and MLS reached an agreement to integrate the USL league competition with the MLS Reserve League , primarily to improve player development in North America , strengthen league competition and build ties between leagues in the American soccer pyramid . This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL team affiliations and player loans , aiming to have more games for teams and developing players . As of the 2020 season , 14 USL Championship teams are affiliated to MLS teams . Most teams have an affiliate in either the USL Championship or third-level USL League One ( USL1 ) , but Columbus Crew SC , FC Cincinnati , Los Angeles FC , Montreal Impact , Nashville SC , and Vancouver Whitecaps FC have no affiliated team in these leagues ."}]}, {'value': "Children 's Mercy Park ( Kansas City , Kansas )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Children's_Mercy_Park", 'summary': "Children 's Mercy Park is a soccer-specific stadium in Kansas City , Kansas , United States , and is the home of Sporting Kansas City . The stadium is located near Kansas Speedway , on the far west side of Wyandotte County , near the Johnson County , and Leavenworth County Kansas borders , and it opened during the 2011 season of Major League Soccer on June 9 , 2011 with a match against the Chicago Fire . The stadium has a seating capacity of 18,467 seats , which can expand to 25,000 for concerts . Most SKC games attract around 21,000 because of different stadium modes . The stadium is Sporting Kansas City 's third home venue ; then known as the Kansas City Wizards , the team played in Arrowhead Stadium from 1996 to 2007 and CommunityAmerica Ballpark from 2008 to 2010 . In 2013 , the stadium hosted the MLS All-Star Game , the United States men 's national soccer team , and the MLS Cup , three of the most prestigious matches in the United States , and is the only stadium to host all three in the same year . Since 2019 the stadium has hosted the Kansas Jayhawks football team for national signing day ceremonies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Kansas City , abbreviated as KCK , is the third-largest city in the State of Kansas , the county seat of Wyandotte County , and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area . It is situated at Kaw Point , which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers . It borders Johnson County , Kansas to the south and Kansas City , Missouri'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Mavericks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Mavericks', 'summary': 'The Kansas City Mavericks are an ice hockey team in the ECHL . Founded in 2009 as the Missouri Mavericks , the team plays in Independence , Missouri , a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri , at the Silverstein Eye Centers Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ECHL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ECHL', 'summary': "The ECHL ( formerly the East Coast Hockey League ) is a mid-level professional ice hockey league based in Princeton , New Jersey , with teams scattered across the United States and two franchises in Canada . It is a tier below the American Hockey League . The ECHL and the AHL are the only minor leagues recognized by the collective bargaining agreement between the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players ' Association , meaning any player signed to an entry-level NHL contract and designated for assignment must report to a club in either the ECHL or the AHL . Additionally , the league 's players are represented by the Professional Hockey Players ' Association in negotiations with the ECHL itself . Some 662 players have played at least one game in the NHL after appearing in the ECHL . For the 2019-20 season , 25 of 31 National Hockey League teams have affiliations with an ECHL team with the Anaheim Ducks , Columbus Blue Jackets , Florida Panthers , Los Angeles Kings , Montreal Canadiens , and San Jose Sharks having no official affiliations . The ECHL has one independent team in the Norfolk Admirals . However , unaffiliated NHL teams do sometimes lend contracted players to ECHL teams for development and increased playing time . The league 's regular season begins in October and ends in April . The current ECHL champion is the Newfoundland Growlers , a 2018-19 expansion team that won the title in its inaugural season ."}]}, {'value': 'Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( Independence )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverstein_Eye_Centers_Arena', 'summary': 'The Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( formerly the Independence Events Center ) is a 5,800-seat multi-purpose arena in Independence , Missouri , United States . It was opened in November 2009 . It serves as the home arena and administrative offices for Kansas City Mavericks in the ECHL , as well as hosts the home games of the Kansas City Comets of the Major Arena Soccer League . The arena will host more than 100 events every year , with a very large spectrum of its events including : trade shows , professional sporting events , festivals , community events , concerts and its primary tenant , Kansas City Mavericks . The arena which is owned by the city of Independence is just southeast of the Interstate 70/Interstate 470 interchange . The privately owned Independence Center shopping center is just north of it across Interstate 70 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Independence,_Missouri', 'summary': "Independence is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri . It lies within Jackson County , of which it is the county seat . Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City , Missouri , and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area . In 2010 , it had a total population of 116,830 . Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California , Oregon , and Santa Fe Trails . Independence was also the hometown of U.S. President Harry S. Truman ; the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city , and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here . The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints , with Joseph Smith 's 1831 Temple Lot being located here , as well as the headquarters of several Latter Day Saint factions ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Comets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Comets_(2010–)', 'summary': 'The Kansas City Comets are an indoor soccer team based in Independence , Missouri , near Kansas City . Originally called the Missouri Comets , the team joined the Major Indoor Soccer League as an expansion team in the 2010-2011 season . They play their home games at the Silverstein Eye Centers Arena and are currently members of the Major Arena Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Soccer , Indoor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indoor_soccer', 'summary': 'Indoor soccer or arena soccer ( known internationally as indoor football , minifootball , fast football , floorball or showball ) , is a game derived from association football adapted for play in a walled indoor arena . Indoor soccer , as it is most often known in the United States and Canada , was originally developed in these two countries as a way to play soccer during the winter months , when snow would make outdoor play difficult . In those countries , gymnasiums are adapted for indoor soccer play . In other countries the game is played in either indoor or outdoor arenas surrounded by walls , and is referred to by different names ( such as fast football ( futbol rapido ) in Mexico , showbol in South America , and indoor football ( futbol indoor ) in Spain ) . Indoor soccer has different regulations from other versions of association football designed for indoor play , such as futsal and five-a-side football . Unlike futsal , which is played on wooden or ceramic surfaces , indoor soccer is played on synthetic turf ( or , in the case of the British Masters Football variety , synthetic carpet ) . Indoor soccer courts are either delimited by walls or lines , and there are no player throw-ins . FIFA , the international body that oversees international association football competitions , does not sanction the synthetic turf version of indoor soccer , having developed its own code of indoor football ( which they refer to as futsal ) . Indoor soccer is most popular in the United States , Canada , and Mexico , with several amateur , collegiate and professional leagues functioning . While internationally less popular than futsal , indoor soccer is also played at the league level in many countries outside North America . The World Minifootball Federation ( WMF ) is the governing body of indoor soccer at the international level , having replaced the International Fast Football Federation ( FIFRA ) . The term minifootball , which was originally coined in Europe , has been adopted by the WMF as a standard international name for the sport .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major Arena Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League', 'summary': 'The Major Arena Soccer League ( MASL ) is a North American indoor soccer league representing the highest level of professional arena soccer in the world . The MASL features teams across North America , with teams playing coast-to-coast in the United States and Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( Independence )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverstein_Eye_Centers_Arena', 'summary': 'The Silverstein Eye Centers Arena ( formerly the Independence Events Center ) is a 5,800-seat multi-purpose arena in Independence , Missouri , United States . It was opened in November 2009 . It serves as the home arena and administrative offices for Kansas City Mavericks in the ECHL , as well as hosts the home games of the Kansas City Comets of the Major Arena Soccer League . The arena will host more than 100 events every year , with a very large spectrum of its events including : trade shows , professional sporting events , festivals , community events , concerts and its primary tenant , Kansas City Mavericks . The arena which is owned by the city of Independence is just southeast of the Interstate 70/Interstate 470 interchange . The privately owned Independence Center shopping center is just north of it across Interstate 70 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Blues_(USA_Rugby)', 'summary': 'The Kansas City Blues play in the USA Rugby Division 1 competition , which is the highest level of amateur competition within USA Rugby . We also field a Division 2 team that offers new or inexperienced players a chance to learn the game while allowing them the opportunity to advance onto the D1 side . During the Summer , the Blues also feature one of the most successful 7s programs in the country . The Blues have been a prominent team both regionally and nationally since their inception in 1966 and have a long history of success with many tournament & league championships and several National Championship & National Final Four appearances . The club has also produced many USA National Team players in both 15s & 7s and has hosted dozens of National Team players from other countries as well . Today the Blues are made up of men from all walks of life and various athletic backgrounds . The Blues currently practice and play their home matches at the Childrens Mercy Training Facility at Swope Soccer Village and the D1 side competes in the Midwest Rugby Premiership against teams from Chicago , Minneapolis , Milwaukee , Cincinnati , Columbus & Iowa .'}]}, {'value': 'Rugby Union', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USA Rugby Division 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swope Park Training Complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Storm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Storm', 'summary': "The Kansas City Storm is a women 's tackle football team based in Kansas City . The Storm was founded in 2004 and has been serving Kansas City area women since then with a mission to provide a safe , positive and fun opportunity for women in Kansas City and surrounding areas to play tackle football . Home games are played April-June at North Kansas City High School Stadium in nearby North Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': "Football , Women 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_American_football", 'summary': "Women 's gridiron football , more commonly known as women 's American football , women 's Canadian football , or simply women 's football , is a form of gridiron football ( American or Canadian ) played by women . Most leagues play by the same rules as their male counterparts , with one exception : women 's leagues use a slightly smaller football . Women primarily play on a semi-professional or amateur level in the United States . Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls . However , on occasion , it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team . The first evidence of women playing organized football was in 1926 . It was then that an NFL team called the Frankford Yellow Jackets ( the predecessors to the modern Philadelphia Eagles ) employed a women 's team for halftime entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WTFA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Kansas City High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Kansas_City_High_School', 'summary': 'North Kansas City High School , also known as NKCHS , NKC , and Northtown , is a high school in North Kansas City , Missouri with 1900+ students , ranging from freshmen to seniors . It is a part of the North Kansas City School District . The first graduating class found of record was in 1917 with three known graduates . The school began as an all-white school , due to the inhabitants of the community , and is now one of the most diverse and integrated schools in the nation . Since July 2001 , Northtown has been an International Baccalaureate World School with Dr. Jane Reed as the program coordinator .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Sports', 'section_text': 'The Kansas City Royals , 1985 and 2015 World Series Champions . Arrowhead Stadium , home of the Kansas City Chiefs . Main article : Sports in Kansas City Professional sports teams in Kansas City include the Kansas City Chiefs in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the Kansas City Royals in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The following table lists the professional teams in the Kansas City metropolitan area :', 'uid': 'Kansas_City,_Missouri_2', 'intro': "Kansas City (abbreviated KC or KCMO) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018, making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States. It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area, which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, and Platte counties. The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City, Kansas, (KCK/Wyandotte County) in Kansas. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west. On June 1, 1850, the town of Kansas was incorporated; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued, and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after. In 2017, the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high. Sitting on Missouri's western boundary with Kansas, with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles (826.3 km2), making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States. Along with Independence, one of its major suburbs, it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County. Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City."} | null | null | A Kansas City team that rebranded in 2010 , plus one other team , use what soccer-specific stadium located near the Kansas Speedway ? | Children 's Mercy Park |
0b60abed10b4c64e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Garbo', 'title': 'Greta Garbo', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Christie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Christie_(1930_English-language_film)', 'summary': "Anna Christie is a 1930 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pre-Code drama film adaptation of the 1922 play of the same name by Eugene O'Neill . It was adapted by Frances Marion , produced and directed by Clarence Brown with Paul Bern and Irving Thalberg as co-producers . The cinematography was by William H. Daniels , the art direction by Cedric Gibbons and the costume design by Adrian . The film stars Greta Garbo , Charles Bickford , George F. Marion , and Marie Dressler . It was marketed using the slogan Garbo Talks ! , as it was her first sound film . Of all its stars , Garbo was the one that MGM kept out of talking films the longest for fear that one of their bigger stars , like so many others , would not succeed in them . Her famous first line is : Gim me a whisky , ginger ale on the side , and do n't be stingy , baby ! In fact , Garbo 's English was so good by the time she appeared in this film , she had to add an accent in several retakes to sound more like the Swedish Anna . In addition to the English and German-language version of this film , a silent version with titles was also made . George F. Marion performed the role of Anna 's father in the original Broadway production and in both the 1923 and 1930 film adaptations . It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress ( Greta Garbo ) , Best Cinematography and Best Director ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Christie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romance_(1930_film)', 'summary': "Romance is a 1930 American Pre-Code Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film directed by Clarence Brown , starring Greta Garbo , Lewis Stone , and Gavin Gordon . The movie was adapted by Edwin Justus Mayer and Bess Meredyth from the 1913 play by Edward Sheldon . An earlier silent film also called Romance was one of the first releases by then new United Artists and starred Doris Keane , the actress in Sheldon 's 1913 play ."}]}, {'value': 'Madame Rita Cavallini', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Christie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Christie_(1931_film)', 'summary': "Anna Christie is a 1930 German-language film adapted from the Eugene O'Neill play of the same title and filmed following the release of the English-language original version of the same adaptation earlier the same year . Both versions feature leading actress Greta Garbo . In the early years of sound films , Hollywood studios produced foreign-language versions of some of their films using the same sets and sometimes the same costumes , with native speakers of the language usually replacing some or all of the original cast . The German-language version of Anna Christie is one of the few that survives . The film was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at their Culver City , California studio in July and August 1930 ( the English-language original had been filmed there in October and November 1929 ) . It premiered in Cologne , Germany on December 2 , 1930 . Garbo is the only cast member appearing in both versions and looks noticeably different in the two . The German dialog was written by Walter Hasenclever and Frank Reicher , for the most part very closely following Frances Marion 's original adaptation . The film was directed by Jacques Feyder using the same cinematographer , Garbo favorite William H. Daniels , but a different crew ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Christie', 'urls': []}, {'value': "MGM 's German version of Anna Christie was also released in 1930", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inspiration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inspiration_(1931_film)', 'summary': "Inspiration is a 1931 American Pre-Code Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adapted from the Alphonse Daudet short novel Sappho ( 1884 ) . The film was adapted by Gene Markey , directed by Clarence Brown and produced by Irving Thalberg . The cinematography was by William H. Daniels , the art direction by Cedric Gibbons and the costume design by Adrian . The film features Greta Garbo playing Yvonne Valbret , an artist 's model and kept woman . Robert Montgomery , Lewis Stone and Marjorie Rambeau co-starred . The film is a romantic melodrama that portrays a Parisian belle whose past returns to haunt her . ( Inspiration is the only film in which Garbo played opposite Montgomery . ) According to the critics , Garbo played her role easily and convincingly , contributing sparkling bits of light comedy , and making the awkward dialogue believable . She illuminates every scene , shining in her different styles of coiffure and striking costumes ."}]}, {'value': 'Yvonne Valbret', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Lenox ( Her Fall and Rise )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Lenox_(Her_Fall_and_Rise)', 'summary': "Susan Lenox ( Her Fall and Rise ) is a 1931 American pre-Code film directed and produced by Robert Z. Leonard and starring Greta Garbo and Clark Gable . The film was based on the novel by David Graham Phillips and made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It was the only film in which Greta Garbo was paired with Clark Gable . However , they did n't like each other . The notoriety of the novel alone was enough for British censors to ban it from release . With a few cuts , it was finally approved in the UK with a new title : The Rise of Helga ."}]}, {'value': 'Susan Lenox', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mata Hari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mata_Hari_(1931_film)', 'summary': "Mata Hari is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice loosely based on the life of Mata Hari , an exotic dancer and courtesan executed for espionage during World War I . The Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film stars Greta Garbo in the title role . It was Garbo 's most commercially successful vehicle . Only a censored version of the film is currently available ."}]}, {'value': 'Mata Hari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mata_Hari', 'summary': 'Margaretha Geertruida Margreet MacLeod ( née Zelle ; 7 August 1876 - 15 October 1917 ) , better known by the stage name Mata Hari ( /ˈmɑːtə ˈhɑːri/ ) , was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I and executed by firing squad in France .'}]}, {'value': "After the multi-star Grand Hotel , Garbo 's highest-grossing film", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(1932_film)', 'summary': "Grand Hotel is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Edmund Goulding and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The screenplay by William A. Drake is based on the 1930 play of the same title by Drake , who had adapted it from the 1929 novel Menschen im Hotel by Vicki Baum . To date , it is the only film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture without being nominated in any other category . The film was remade as Week-End at the Waldorf in 1945 , and also served as the basis for the 1989 stage musical Grand Hotel . Another remake , to be directed by Norman Jewison , was considered in 1977 which was to take place at Las Vegas ' MGM Grand Hotel , but the project eventually fell through . Grand Hotel has proven influential in the years since its original release . The line I want to be alone , famously delivered by Greta Garbo , placed number 30 in AFI 's 100 Years.100 Movie Quotes . In 2007 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Grusinskaya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Academy Award for Best Picture', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As You Desire Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_You_Desire_Me_(film)', 'summary': "As You Desire Me is a 1932 American pre-Code film adaptation of the play by Luigi Pirandello released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It was produced and directed by George Fitzmaurice with Irving Thalberg as co-producer . The adaptation was by Gene Markey , the cinematography by William H. Daniels , the art direction by Cedric Gibbons and the costume design by Adrian . The film stars Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas with Erich von Stroheim , Owen Moore and Hedda Hopper . Its running time is less than 71 minutes , making it the shortest of all Garbo 's Hollywood films . This is also the only film in which Garbo appears as a blonde . It made $ 1,362,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Zara aka Marie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen Christina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Christina_(film)', 'summary': "Queen Christina is a pre-Code Hollywood biographical film , produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1933 by Walter Wanger and directed by Rouben Mamoulian . It stars Swedish-born actress Greta Garbo and John Gilbert in their fourth and last film together . The film portrays the life of Queen Christina of Sweden , who became monarch at the age of six in 1632 and grew to be a powerful and influential leader . As well as the demands of being a war-leader during the Thirty Years ' War , Queen Christina is expected to marry a suitable royal figure and produce an heir . However , she falls in love with a visiting Spanish envoy whom she is forbidden to marry as he is a Roman Catholic and must choose between love and her royal duty . The film was a major commercial and critical success in the United States and worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Christina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden', 'summary': "Christina ( 18 December 1626 - 19 April 1689 ) became Queen of Sweden at the age of almost six . [ note 1 ] As a member of the House of Vasa , she succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Lützen , but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of 18 . Christina is remembered as one of the most learned women of the 17th century . She was fond of books , manuscripts , paintings , and sculptures . With her interest in religion , philosophy , mathematics and alchemy , she attracted many scientists to Stockholm , wanting the city to become the Athens of the North . She caused a scandal when she decided not to marry , and in 1654 when she abdicated her throne and converted to Roman Catholicism . Christina 's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy , and the financial difficulties caused public unrest after ten years of ruling . At the age of 28 , the Minerva of the North relinquished the throne to her cousin and moved to Rome . The Pope described Christina as a queen without a realm , a Christian without faith , and a woman without shame . Notwithstanding , she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical community and protected many Baroque artists , composers , and musicians . Being the guest of five consecutive popes , and a symbol of the Counter Reformation , she is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto . Her unconventional lifestyle and masculine dressing have been featured in countless novels , plays , operas , and film ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Painted Veil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(1934_film)', 'summary': 'The Painted Veil is a 1934 American drama directed by Richard Boleslawski and starring Greta Garbo . The film was produced by Hunt Stromberg for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Based on the 1925 novel The Painted Veil by W. Somerset Maugham , with a screenplay by John Meehan , Salka Viertel , and Edith Fitzgerald , the film is about a woman who accompanies her new husband to China while he conducts medical research . Feeling neglected by her husband , the woman soon falls in love with a handsome diplomatic attaché . The film score was by Herbert Stothart , the cinematography by William H. Daniels , the art direction by Cedric Gibbons , and the costume design by Adrian . The film earned $ 1,658,000 at the box office .'}]}, {'value': 'Katrin Koerber Fane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Karenina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1935_film)', 'summary': "Anna Karenina is a 1935 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy and directed by Clarence Brown . The film stars Greta Garbo , Fredric March , Basil Rathbone and Maureen O'Sullivan . There are several other film adaptations of the novel . In New York , the film opened at the Capitol Theatre , the site of many prestigious MGM premieres . The film earned $ 2,304,000 at the box office , and won the Mussolini Cup for best foreign film at the Venice Film Festival . Greta Garbo received a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress for her role as Anna . In addition , the film was ranked # 42 on the American Film Institute 's list of AFI 's 100 Years.100 Passions ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Karenina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': 'The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honor the finest achievements in filmmaking .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camille_(1936_film)', 'summary': "Camille is a 1936 American romantic drama film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer directed by George Cukor , and produced by Irving Thalberg and Bernard H. Hyman , from a screenplay by James Hilton , Zoë Akins , and Frances Marion . The picture is based on the 1848 novel and 1852 play , La Dame aux Camélias , by Alexandre Dumas , fils . The film stars Greta Garbo , Robert Taylor , Lionel Barrymore , Elizabeth Allan , Jessie Ralph , Henry Daniell , and Laura Hope Crews . It grossed $ 2,842,000 . The film inspired Milton Benjamin to write and publish a song called I 'll Love Like Robert Taylor , Be My Greta Garbo . Camille was included in Time Magazine 's All-Time 100 Movies in 2005 . It was also included at # 33 in AFI 's 100 Years.100 Passions ."}]}, {'value': 'Marguerite Gautier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Camellias', 'summary': 'La Dame aux Camélias ( literally The Lady with the Camellias , commonly known in English as Camille ) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils , first published in 1848 and subsequently adapted by Dumas for the stage . La Dame aux Camélias premiered at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris , France on February 2 , 1852 . The play was an instant success , and Giuseppe Verdi immediately set about putting the story to music . His work became the 1853 opera La traviata , with the female protagonist , Marguerite Gautier , renamed Violetta Valéry . In the English-speaking world , La Dame aux Camélias became known as Camille and 16 versions have been performed at Broadway theatres alone . The title character is Marguerite Gautier , who is based on Marie Duplessis , the real-life lover of author Dumas , fils .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress National Board of Review Best Acting Award Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': 'The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honor the finest achievements in filmmaking .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures', 'summary': 'The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures is an organization in the United States dedicated to discussing and selecting what its members regard as the best film works of each year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Awards_1937', 'summary': 'The 9th National Board of Review Awards were announced on 30 December 1937 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conquest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conquest_(1937_film)', 'summary': 'Conquest ( also called Marie Walewska ) is a 1937 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film which tells the story of the Polish Countess Marie Walewska , who becomes the mistress of Napoleon in order to influence his actions towards her homeland . It stars Greta Garbo , Charles Boyer , Reginald Owen , Alan Marshal , Henry Stephenson , Leif Erickson , Dame May Whitty , George Zucco , and Maria Ouspenskaya . The movie was adapted by S.N . Behrman , Samuel Hoffenstein , Helen Jerome and Salka Viertel from the novel Pani Walewska by Wacław Gąsiorowski . It was directed by Clarence Brown and Gustav Machatý ( uncredited ) . It was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Charles Boyer ) and Best Art Direction ( Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning ) . Its worldwide gross amounted to $ 2,141,000 . But its massive budget led to a loss of $ 1,397,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Countess Marie Walewska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Countess_Marie_Walewska', 'summary': "Marie Countess Walewska ( née Łączyńska ; Polish : Maria Walewska ; 7 December 1786 - 11 December 1817 ) was a Polish noblewoman and a mistress of Emperor Napoleon I . In her later years she married count Philippe Antoine d'Ornano , an influential Napoleonic officer ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninotchka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninotchka', 'summary': "Ninotchka is a 1939 American comedy film made for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by producer and director Ernst Lubitsch and starring Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas . It was written by Billy Wilder , Charles Brackett , and Walter Reisch , based on a screen story by Melchior Lengyel . Ninotchka is Greta Garbo 's first full comedy , and her penultimate film . It is one of the first American movies which , under the cover of a satirical , light romance , depicted the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin as being rigid and gray , in this instance comparing it with the free and sunny Parisian society of pre-war years ."}]}, {'value': 'Nina Ivanovna Ninotchka Yakushova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Board of Review Best Acting Award Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': 'The National Board of Review Award for Best Actress is one of the annual film awards given ( since 1945 ) by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': "The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The award is traditionally presented by the previous year 's Best Actor winner . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actresses were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . One actress has been nominated posthumously , Jeanne Eagels . Since its inception , the award has been given to 76 actresses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Actress', 'summary': 'The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honor the finest achievements in filmmaking .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two-Faced Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two-Faced_Woman', 'summary': "Two-Faced Woman is a 1941 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor and starring Greta Garbo , Melvyn Douglas , Constance Bennett , and Roland Young . The movie was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Garbo plays a wife who pretends to be her own fictitious twin sister in order to recapture the affections of her estranged husband ( Douglas ) , who has left her for a former girlfriend ( Bennett ) . The film is generally regarded as a box-office bomb and an unsuccessful attempt to modernize or Americanize Garbo 's image in order to increase her fan base in the United States . By mutual agreement , Garbo 's contract with MGM was terminated shortly after Two-Faced Woman was released , and it became her last film ."}]}, {'value': 'Karin Borg Blake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Acting Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Board_of_Review', 'summary': 'The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures is an organization in the United States dedicated to discussing and selecting what its members regard as the best film works of each year .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Greta_Garbo_1', 'intro': "Greta Garbo[a] (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson;[b] 18 September 1905 - 15 April 1990) was a Swedish film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gösta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She stirred interest with her first American silent film, Torrent (1926). Garbos performance in Flesh and the Devil (1927), her third movie, made her an international star. Garbo's first talking film was Anna Christie (1930). MGM marketers enticed the public with the tagline Garbo talks! That same year, she starred in Romance. For her performances in these films, she received the first of three Academy Award nominations for best actress. Academy rules at the time allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination for his or her work in more than one film. In 1932, her success allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract, and she became increasingly selective about her roles."} | null | null | How much did the 1932 film in which Greta Garbo played Zara aka Marie make ? | $ 1,362,000 |
0b635f25c1eb3fbd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Skate_Israel', 'title': '2005 Skate Israel', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nation', 'Total Points', 'SP', 'FS'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Serov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Serov', 'summary': 'Roman Serov ( born 16 December 1976 in Moscow ) is a Russian-born figure skater and skating coach who has also competed for Israel . He won two medals on the Grand Prix series and is a two-time Israeli national champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '169.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikhail Magerovski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikhail_Magerovski', 'summary': 'Mikhail Alexandrovich Magerovski ( Russian : Михаил Александрович Магеровский ; born 7 April 1986 in Moscow ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . He won silver at the 2005 Skate Israel and two gold medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series . He also qualified to compete at two Junior Grand Prix Finals . He was coached by Viktor Kudriavtsev in Moscow . He is the younger brother of Sergei Magerovski , an ice dancer who represented the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '168.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Shubin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Shubin', 'summary': 'Alexander Alexandrovich Shubin ( Russian : Александр Александрович Шубин ; born 14 July 1983 ) is a Russian former competitive figure skater . He is the 2003 World Junior champion and the 2002 JGP Final champion . He retired from competition in 2007 . He works as a coach in Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '168.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anton Kovalevski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anton_Kovalevski', 'summary': 'Anton Volodymyrovych Kovalevski ( Ukrainian : Антон Володимирович Ковалевський ; born 9 March 1985 in Kiev ) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater . He won medals at the Crystal Skate of Romania , Golden Spin of Zagreb , Ice Challenge , and Ondrej Nepela Memorial , and is a four-time ( 2006-07 , 2009-10 ) Ukrainian national champion . He decided to take a break from competitive skating after the 2010-11 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '148.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maxim Shipov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxim_Shipov', 'summary': 'Maxim Alexeyevich Shipov ( Russian : Максим Алексеевич Шипов ; born 10 May 1987 , in Moscow ) is a Russian-born figure skater who competed mainly for Israel . Shipov represented Russia at one international competition , the 2005 Skate Israel . After switching to Israel and sitting out the mandatory wait period , he began appearing internationally for Israel in 2007 . A three-time Israeli national champion , he competed at eight ISU Championships and qualified to the free skate at the 2011 European Championships in Bern , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '129.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Bychenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Bychenko', 'summary': "Alexei Bychenko ( Hebrew : אולקסי ביצ'נקו ; Ukrainian : Олексій Юрійович Биченко ; born 5 February 1988 ) is a Ukrainian-born Israeli figure skater . He represented Ukraine through 2009 , and Israel thereafter . He is the 2016 European silver medalist and 2016 Rostelecom Cup bronze medalist . He is the first Israeli skater to medal at the European Championships . Bychenko competed for Israel at the 2018 Winter Olympics . He placed fourth at 2018 Worlds ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '110.93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evgeni Krasnapolski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evgeni_Krasnapolski', 'summary': 'Evgeni Krasnopolski ( Hebrew : יבגני קרסנופולסקי , born 4 October 1988 ) is an Israeli pair skater . Krasnopolski and Andrea Davidovich were the first pair representing Israel to qualify for the 2014 Olympics . They finished 15th in Sochi . Krasnopolski competed with Danielle Montalbano from 2009 to 2012 . He competed for Israel at the 2018 Winter Olympics with Paige Conners in Figure Skating in pairs skating and a team event in Pyeongchang , South Korea . He is famous for the frequency in which he changes partners .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '106.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yan Tales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '95.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nazar Mahmud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nazar_Mahmud', 'summary': 'Nazar Mahmud ( Arabic : نزار محمود , Hebrew : נזאר מחמוד ; born February 18 , 1988 in the USSR ) is an Israeli-Druze figure skater . His father is an Israeli-Druze from the Golan Heights , and his mother is a Ukrainian Christian . Mahmud was born while his family were living in the USSR . They moved to Israel soon after his birth . Mahmud is a three-season competitor on the Junior Grand Prix . He , along with younger brother Ruslan Mahmud , are the first Druze skaters to represent Israel internationally . Mahmud is currently serving in the Israeli Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '91.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_Skate_Israel_0', 'intro': "The 2005 Skate Israel was the Skate Israel competition for the 2005-2006 figure skating season. It was the 8th edition of Skate Israel to be held. Skate Israel is a senior-level international figure skating competition held in Israel. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies singles, and ice dancing. The 2005 Skate Israel was held between September 23 and September 25 in the Canada Centre in Metulla."} | null | null | Who is the brother of the Russian with the highest amount of points ? | Sergei Magerovski |
0b63dff46afab7fd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Gospel_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Performing artists', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Take_6', 'summary': 'Take 6 is an American a cappella gospel sextet formed in 1980 on the campus of Oakwood College in Huntsville , Alabama . The group integrates jazz with spiritual and inspirational lyrics . Take 6 has received Grammy Awards as well as Dove Awards , a Soul Train Award and nominations for the NAACP Image Award . The band has worked with Ray Charles , Nnenna Freelon , Gordon Goodwin , Don Henley , Whitney Houston , Al Jarreau , Quincy Jones , k.d . lang , Queen Latifah , The Manhattan Transfer , Brian McKnight , Luis Miguel , Marcus Miller , Joe Sample , Ben Tankard , CeCe Winans , and Stevie Wonder . All original members grew up in the Seventh-day Adventist church .'}]}, {'value': 'So Much 2 Say', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/So_Much_2_Say', 'summary': "So Much 2 Say , released in 1990 on Reprise Records , is a Gospel music album by the American contemporary Gospel music group Take 6 . 'So Much 2 Say won Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album at the 33rd annual Grammy Awards in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': "The Winans - Return The Richard Smallwood Singers - Portrait Edwin Hawkins - Face to Face Daryl Coley - He 's Right On Time/Live from Los Angeles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Winans', 'summary': 'The Winans are an American Gospel music quartet from Detroit , Michigan consisting of brothers Marvin , Carvin , Michael and Ronald Winans .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daryl_Coley', 'summary': "Daryl Lynn Coley ( October 30 , 1955 - March 15 , 2016 ) was an American Christian singer . At 14 , Coley was a member of the ensemble Helen Stephens and the Voices of Christ . He began performing with Edwin Hawkins in the Edwin Hawkins Singers and then worked with James Cleveland , Tramaine Hawkins , Sylvester , Pete Escovedo and others . Albums of his include Just Daryl , He 's Right On Time : Live From Los Angeles , When The Music Stops and others ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'BeBe & CeCe Winans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BeBe_&_CeCe_Winans', 'summary': "BeBe & CeCe Winans are an American gospel music brother and sister duo . BeBe and CeCe Winans are the seventh and eighth of the Winans family 's ten children , most of whom have had gospel music careers . Together , they have received several awards , including three Grammys ."}]}, {'value': 'Different Lifestyles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Different_Lifestyles', 'summary': "Different Lifestyles is the fourth album released by brother and sister duo BeBe & CeCe Winans , released in the summer of 1991 . The album featuring the singles 'Addictive Love and a cover of The Staple Singers ' I 'll Take You There featuring Mavis Staples . Both singles topped the R & B charts . Rapper MC Hammer also made an appearance on the single The Blood at the height of his career . It was one of the Top Ten albums featured on CCM Magazine 's CCM Presents : The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music . Different Lifestyles also won the Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album award at the 1992 Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Helen Baylor - Look a Little Closer Witness - Mean What You Say The Rance Allen Group - Phenomenon Ricky Dillard 's New Generation Chorale - The Promise", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Witness_(Gospel_quartet)', 'summary': 'Witness was a contemporary gospel group from Detroit , Michigan . Often called the female version of Commissioned , an all-male contemporary gospel group , they were the brainchild of and chiefly produced by Michael A. Brooks , an original member and producer of Commissioned .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rance_Allen_Group', 'summary': "The Rance Allen Group is a gospel music group formed in Monroe , Michigan , and based in Toledo , Ohio . The group 's incorporation of rock and soul into traditional gospel music prefigures the crossover success of such artists as Amy Grant , Andrae Crouch , and The Winans . The Rance Allen Group was formed by vocalist , guitarist , pianist , and songwriter Rance Allen ( b. Monroe , Michigan ) with his brothers Tom ( drums ) and Steve ( bass guitar ) ; another brother , Esau ( percussionist ) , joined the group on an intermittent basis . :256 During an appearance at a gospel talent contest in Detroit , Michigan , they came to the attention of one of the judges , record promoter Dave Clark , who worked for Stax Records . :255-256 The group was the first to be signed to the Stax imprint Gospel Truth , and they recorded for the Stax organization throughout the 1970s . :256 In 1972 , the group appeared in the documentary film Wattstax . :270 Following this appearance , the group was named Best Religious Group by the National Association of Television and Radio Announcers ( NATRA ) . :272 David Porter co-produced the group 's 1975 album A Soulful Experience , for which he wrote an autobiographical song , Just Found Me . :363 The group 's incorporation of rock and soul into traditional black gospel music prefigures the crossover success of such artists as Amy Grant , Andrae Crouch , and The Winans . In 1978 , the group had a Top 30 R & B hit , I Belong to You . The group released Miracle Worker in spring 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Dillard', 'summary': 'Ricky Rydell Dillard ( born February 25 , 1965 in Chicago ) is an American gospel music singer .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mervyn Warren ( producer ) & Various Artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mervyn_Warren', 'summary': "Mervyn Edwin Warren ( born February 29 , 1964 ) is an American film composer , record producer , music conductor , music arranger , lyricist , songwriter , pianist , and vocalist . Warren is a five-time Grammy Award winner and a 10-time Grammy Award nominee . Warren has written the underscore and songs for many feature and television films and has written countless arrangements in a variety of musical styles for producers Quincy Jones , David Foster , Arif Mardin , and dozens of popular recording artists , including extensive work on Jones ' Back on the Block , Q 's Jook Joint , and Q : Soul Bossa Nostra . Warren has also produced numerous jazz , pop , R & B , contemporary Christian , and gospel artists , typically arranging those recordings , often performing on them ( on piano , keyboards , or vocals ) , and often writing or co-writing the melodies and lyrics . Warren is best known as an original member of the a cappella vocal group Take 6 , for having composed the underscore to the number-1 film The Wedding Planner ( 2001 ) , for producing and arranging songs for the hit film Sister Act 2 ( 1993 ) , and for producing and arranging most of the soundtrack to the 1996 Whitney Houston film The Preacher 's Wife - the best-selling Gospel album of all time ."}]}, {'value': "Handel 's Messiah : A Soulful Celebration", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Handel's_Messiah:_A_Soulful_Celebration", 'summary': "Handel 's Messiah : A Soulful Celebration is a gospel album by various artists , released in 1992 on Warner Alliance . Executive produced by Norman Miller , Gail Hamilton and Mervyn Warren , it is a reinterpretation of the 1741 oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel , and has been widely praised for its use of multiple genres of African-American music , including spirituals , blues , ragtime , big band , jazz fusion , R & B and hip hop . The album received the 1992 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album , as well as the 1992 Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year . In 1993 , the various recording artists participating in the project were collectively nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Gospel Artist . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Daryl Coley - When the Music Stops Al Green - Love is Reality The Richard Smallwood Singers - Testimony Vickie Winans - The Lady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daryl_Coley', 'summary': "Daryl Lynn Coley ( October 30 , 1955 - March 15 , 2016 ) was an American Christian singer . At 14 , Coley was a member of the ensemble Helen Stephens and the Voices of Christ . He began performing with Edwin Hawkins in the Edwin Hawkins Singers and then worked with James Cleveland , Tramaine Hawkins , Sylvester , Pete Escovedo and others . Albums of his include Just Daryl , He 's Right On Time : Live From Los Angeles , When The Music Stops and others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Green', 'summary': "Albert Leornes Greene ( born April 13 , 1946 ) , often known as The Reverend Al Green , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer ; he best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s , including Take Me to the River , Tired of Being Alone , I 'm Still in Love with You , Love and Happiness , and his signature song , Let 's Stay Together . After an incident in which his girlfriend committed suicide , Green became an ordained pastor and turned to gospel music . He later returned to secular music . Green was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 . He was referred to on the museum 's site as being one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music . He has also been referred to as The Last of the Great Soul Singers . Green is the winner of 11 Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . He has also received the BMI Icon award and is a Kennedy Center Honors recipient . He was included in the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , ranking at No . 65 , as well as its list of the 100 Greatest Singers , at No . 14 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vickie_Winans', 'summary': 'Vickie Winans ( born Viviane Bowman ; October 18 , 1953 ) is an American Gospel recording artist .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'The Winans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Out', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanessa Bell Armstrong - Something on the Inside The Richard Smallwood Singers - Live Helen Baylor - Start All Over Angie & Debbie - Angie and Debbie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Bell_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Vanessa Bell Armstrong ( born October 2 , 1953 ) is a gospel singer who released her debut album Peace Be Still in 1983 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Smallwood', 'summary': 'Richard Smallwood ( born November 30 , 1948 in Atlanta , Georgia ) is an American gospel music artist who formed The Richard Smallwood Singers in 1977 in Washington , DC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Angie_&_Debbie', 'summary': "Angie & Debbie was an contemporary gospel music gospel duo composed of siblings Angelique Winans-Caldwell and Debra Renee Winans-Lowe , members of the well-known Winans family . Scoring minor success in the 1990s , the pair released two albums , including the Bold which created controversy due to Angie & Debbie 's conservative views on homosexuality . In 1994 , the duo received a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Join the Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Join_the_Band_(Take_6_album)', 'summary': 'Join the Band , released in 1994 on Reprise Records , is a Gospel music album by the American contemporary Gospel music group Take 6 . Join the Band was the recipient of the 37th annual Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Save the World Helen Baylor - The Live Experience Commissioned - Matters of the Heart Tramaine Hawkins - To a Higher Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commissioned_(gospel_group)', 'summary': 'Commissioned is a Grammy and Stellar award nominated , American , urban contemporary gospel group . The group recorded twelve albums over a period of seventeen years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matters_of_the_Heart_(Commissioned_album)', 'summary': 'Matters Of The Heart , released in 1994 on Benson Records , is a gospel music album by American contemporary gospel music group Commissioned . It was the last album with the original line-up of the group : Fred Hammond and Michael Williams left after this album .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'CeCe Winans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CeCe_Winans', 'summary': 'Priscilla Marie Winans Love , known professionally as CeCe Winans , /ˈwaɪnænz/ ( born October 8 , 1964 ) is an American gospel singer who has won 12 Grammy Awards and sold over 12 million records worldwide . She is the best-selling female gospel artist of all time , as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alone In His Presence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - More Than a Melody Anointed - The Call Various Artists - Motown Comes Home Doug Williams - Heartsongs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anointed', 'summary': "Anointed is a contemporary Christian music duo from Columbus , Ohio , known for their strong vocals and harmonies , featuring siblings Steve Crawford and Da'dra Crawford Greathouse , along with former members Nee-C Walls ( who left the group in 2001 ) and Mary Tiller ( who left in 1995 ) . Their musical style includes elements of R & B , pop , rock , funk and piano ballads . The group has won seven Dove Awards , two Stellar Awards and three Grammy Award nominations . The group has also been featured on several Christian compilation albums such as Real Life Music , 1996 and WOW The 90s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doug_Williams_(musician)', 'summary': 'Douglas LeAllen Doug Williams ( born September 3 , 1956 ) is an American music artist . He started his solo music career , in 1995 , with the release of gospel album , Heartsongs , that was released by Blackberry Records . The album got him a Grammy Award nomination at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards for the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album . His second album , When Mercy Found Me , was released in 2003 , with the backing of Blackberry Records releasing the project . His third album , Good Graces , was released in 2005 by Orchard Records . The first two of these album charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin & the Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Franklin', 'summary': "Kirk Dewayne Franklin ( born January 26 , 1970 ) is an American choir director , gospel musician , singer , songwriter , and author . He is best known for leading urban contemporary gospel choirs such as The Family , God 's Property , and One Nation Crew ( 1NC ) among many others ; and has won numerous awards , including 15 Grammy Awards . Variety dubbed Franklin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel ."}]}, {'value': "Whatcha Lookin ' 4", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Whatcha_Lookin'_4", 'summary': "Whatcha Lookin ' 4 is an American Gospel music album released in April 30 , 1996 by Kirk Franklin & the Family on GospoCentric Records ."}]}, {'value': "Yolanda Adams - Live in Washington Helen Baylor - Love Brought Me Back Hezekiah Walker , Yolanda Adams and Fred Hammond - Shakin ' the House ... Live In L.A . The Winans - Heart & Soul", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Baylor', 'summary': 'Helen LaRue Lowe ( born January 8 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Helen Baylor , is an American singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'Take 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_(Take_6_album)', 'summary': 'Brothers , is an album by the American contemporary Gospel group Take 6 , issued in 1996 on Reprise Records . The album rose to No . 18 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Oleta Adams - Come Walk With Me Andrae Crouch - Pray Donnie McClurkin - Donnie McClurkin Marvin Sapp - Grace And Mercy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleta_Adams', 'summary': "Oleta Adams ( born May 4 , 1953 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and pianist . Her album Circle of One received much critical acclaim , and eventually peaked at # 1 in the UK in 1991 after her biggest hit to date with her Grammy-nominated cover of Brenda Russell 's Get Here ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrae_Crouch', 'summary': "Andraé Edward Crouch /ˈɑːndreɪ/ ( July 1 , 1942 - January 8 , 2015 ) was an American gospel singer , songwriter , arranger , record producer and pastor . Referred to as the father of modern gospel music by contemporary Christian and gospel music professionals , Crouch was known for his compositions The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power , My Tribute ( To God Be the Glory ) and Soon and Very Soon . He collaborated on some of his recordings with artists , such as Stevie Wonder , El DeBarge , Philip Bailey , Chaka Khan , Sheila E. and vocal group Take 6 , and many recording artists covered his material , including , Bob Dylan , Barbara Mandrell , Paul Simon , Elvis Presley and Little Richard . In the 1980s and 1990s , he was known as the go to producer for superstars who sought a gospel choir sound in their recordings , appearing on a number of recordings , including Michael Jackson 's Man In the Mirror , Madonna 's Like a Prayer , and The Power , a duet between Elton John and Little Richard . Crouch was noted for his talent of incorporating contemporary secular music styles into the gospel music he grew up with . His efforts in this area helped pave the way for early American contemporary Christian music during the 1960s and 1970s . Crouch 's original music arrangements were heard in the films The Color Purple , for which he received an Oscar nomination , and Disney 's The Lion King , as well as the NBC television series Amen . Awards and honors received by him include seven Grammy Awards , induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1998 , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donnie_McClurkin', 'summary': 'Donald Andrew Donnie McClurkin , Jr. ( born November 9 , 1959 ) is an American gospel singer and minister . He has won three Grammy Awards , ten Stellar Awards , two BET Awards , two Soul Train Awards , one Dove Award and one NAACP Image Awards . He is one of the top selling Gospel music artists , selling over 10 million albums worldwide . Variety dubbed McClurkin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Sapp', 'summary': 'Bishop Marvin Louis Sapp ( born January 28 , 1967 ) is an American Gospel music singer-songwriter who recorded with the group Commissioned during the 1990s before beginning a record-breaking solo career . Sapp is also the founder and senior pastor of Lighthouse Full Life Center Church , located in Grand Rapids , Michigan . He recorded Perfect Peace in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Nu Nation Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Nu_Nation_Project', 'summary': "The Nu Nation Project is the fifth studio album by Kirk Franklin . It is his last album with The Family and God 's Property , the first to feature One Nation Crew , and the only one to feature Nu Nation . Its sequel entitled Something About the Name Jesus , Pt . 2 featuring Rance Allen , Marvin Winans , John P. Kee & Isaac Carree is on his 2011 album , Hello Fear . It was released on September 22 , 1998 , and won the 1998 Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Songs From The Heart Karen Clark-Sheard - Finally Karen Fred Hammond & Radical For Christ - Pages Of Life - Chapters I & II CeCe Winans - Everlasting Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yolanda_Adams', 'summary': 'Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . She has sold nearly 10 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan . Adams is known as the Queen of Contemporary Gospel Music and the First Lady of Modern Gospel . Variety dubbed Adams as the Reigning Queen of Urban Gospel . On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard named her the No . 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade In the same chart , her album Mountain High.Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karen_Clark-Sheard', 'summary': "Karen Valencia Clark-Sheard ( born November 15 , 1960 ) is an American Grammy Award-winning gospel singer , musician , and songwriter . Clark-Sheard is best known as the youngest member of the American gospel group The Clark Sisters . Clark-Sheard is the mother of contemporary gospel singer and actress Kierra Kiki Sheard . During the hiatus of the Clark Sisters , Clark-Sheard rose to fame after she recorded her critically acclaimed and much anticipated solo album Finally Karen , which spawned her hit , Balm in Gilead ( a re-recording of a song she originally recorded as part of The Clark Sisters back in the 1980s for their Heart & Soul album ) the R & B-flavored Just For Me and Nothing Without You - a contemporary duet with R & B diva Faith Evans . Finally Karen became one of the most successful gospel albums of 1998 earning Sheard a Grammy nomination and earning her a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best Female Vocalist After her debut album success and much touring , Clark-Sheard was hospitalized in 2001 after one of her blood vessels burst during a minor surgery , resulting in doctors giving her a 2% chance of survival . Her testimony inspired the title name for her long-awaited sophomore project , 2nd Chance released in 2002 , featuring a Secret Place - which is now considered a classic amongst fans . Clark-Sheard recorded two more live albums , including The Heavens Are Telling and It 's Not Over ( which featured some studio recordings ) , before releasing All in One , Clark-Sheard 's first all-studio-recorded album in 13 years . The album debuted at # 3 on the U.S . Billboard Gospel Chart and # 98 on Billboard 's Top 200 albums chart , while its first single Prayed Up has so far peaked at # 10 on the U.S . Billboard Gospel Songs chart . Singers Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , Faith Evans , Coko of SWV , Jovan Lacroix , Blu Cantrell , Lil ' Mo , Missy Elliott , and Fantasia all count Clark-Sheard as one of their vocal influences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2000 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1999 . Santana was the main recipient with eight Grammys , tying Michael Jackson 's record for most awards won in a single night . Santana 's album Supernatural was awarded a total of nine awards . American teen singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera were both nominated for Best New Artist , ultimately won by Aguilera ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mountain High ... Valley Low', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_High..._Valley_Low', 'summary': "Mountain High . Valley Low is an album by the gospel singer Yolanda Adams released by Elektra Records . Several singles were released from Mountain High . The set leads with the Warryn Campbell-produced Yeah , which was co-written by gospel duo Mary Mary who springboarded from the song to gain their own fame . The most notable single was the second release , Open My Heart , which became a massive crossover fixture on R & B radio . Both of the singles had accompanying music videos . Remixers like Maurice Joshua , Digital Black-N-Groove , Pound Boys , and Junior Vasquez were brought in to turn both of these songs into dance club-friendly material . The Things We Do and Fragile Heart were also serviced to radio and fared well on adult contemporary stations . The album stands as Adams 's best-selling to date , having sold more than 2,374,000 copies and being certified double-platinum by the RIAA . The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight - Many Different Roads Take 6 - So Cool Winans Phase 2 - We Got Next CeCe Winans - His Gift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Winans_family', 'summary': 'The Winans family is a U.S. family of gospel music artists from Detroit , Michigan .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 43rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 21 , 2001 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Several artists earned three awards on the night : Steely Dan 's haul included Album of the Year for Two Against Nature ; U2 took home the Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Beautiful Day ; Dr. Dre won Producer of the Year , Non-Classical and Best Rap Album for Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ; Eminem himself also received three awards , out of four nominations ; Faith Hill took home Best Country Album for the album Breathe , Best Female Country Vocal Performance for the song 's title track and for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Tim McGraw for Let 's Make Love . Madonna opened the show with Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Mary & Warryn Campbell ( producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Mary', 'summary': "Mary Mary are a female American gospel duo composed of sisters Erica Atkins-Campbell and Trecina Atkins-Campbell . Formed in 1998 , Mary Mary was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling debut album , Thankful ( 2000 ) , which contained the hit single Shackles ( Praise You ) . Their followup album Incredible ( 2002 ) , reached number one on the Top Gospel Albums chart . Their self-titled third album , Mary Mary ( 2005 ) , which contains themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , contains the worldwide hits Heaven , The Real Party , and Yesterday . Their fourth album The Sound ( 2008 ) spawned the number-one singles Get Up and God in Me . In 2011 , they released their fifth studio album Something Big and followed up with a compilation album Go Get It in 2012 before going on hiatus . In March 2012 , they premiered their own television series , Mary Mary , on WE tv . Mary Mary has sold more than eight million records worldwide to date . The duo have been nominated for eleven Grammy Awards , winning four times including once Best Gospel Performance and for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album . The duo are often credited for broadening the fan base of urban contemporary gospel in the 2000s by introducing elements of soul music , hip hop , funk and jazz . The group 's name is inspired by two famous Marys from the Bible : Mary , mother of Jesus , and Mary Magdalene . They also performed at the White House in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warryn_Campbell', 'summary': 'Warryn Stafford Campbell II ( born August 21 , 1975 ) is an American record producer . He has worked with a number of gospel , hip hop and R & B artists . Campbell originally got his start as a session musician and producer under the tutelage of DJ Quik on his third album Safe + Sound .'}]}, {'value': 'Thankful', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thankful_(Mary_Mary_album)', 'summary': 'Thankful is the debut studio album by American duo Mary Mary . It was released on May 2 , 2000 through Columbia Records in the United States . Chiefly produced by Warryn Campbell , the album comprises urban contemporary gospel , R & B and hip hop soul music . It produced the smash crossover hit Shackles ( Praise You ) , which reached the top-ten in seven countries and the single I Sings , which was also a significant hit - although it did not match the success of its predecessor . Thankful established Mary Mary as one of the leading artists in contemporary Christian music , and won the duo the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album at the 43rd awards ceremony as well as a Dove Award , a Lady of Soul Award , and a Stellar Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond & Radical For Christ - Purpose By Design Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Family Affair BeBe Winans - Love & Freedom CeCe Winans - Alabaster Box', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/BeBe_Winans', 'summary': 'Benjamin BeBe Winans ( born September 17 , 1962 ) is an American gospel and R & B singer . He is a member of the noted Winans family , most members of which are also gospel artists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CeCe_Winans', 'summary': 'Priscilla Marie Winans Love , known professionally as CeCe Winans , /ˈwaɪnænz/ ( born October 8 , 1964 ) is an American gospel singer who has won 12 Grammy Awards and sold over 12 million records worldwide . She is the best-selling female gospel artist of all time , as of 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabaster_Box_(album)', 'summary': "Alabaster Box is the 1999 album by award winning gospel artist CeCe Winans . This was the first album on Winans ' own label , Wellspring Gospel ( later renamed Puresprings Gospel ) . Winans described the album as an experimental album for the label before any new artists were signed . Despite the mistakes made with the album , it did very well on the charts and included a duet with Take 6 . In comparison to Winans ' past albums , this one takes more of a worship flair with a few R & B tracks ( such as Without Love ) . Gospel artist Fred Hammond also took a production turn on the album ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 44th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The main recipient was Alicia Keys , winning five Grammys , including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for Fallin ' . U2 won four awards including Record of the Year and Best Rock Album . while opening the show with a performance of Walk On ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams ; Benjamin J. Arrindell , Biff Dawes , Derek Lewis ( engineers )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Experience', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Experience_(Yolanda_Adams_album)', 'summary': "The Experience is a 2001 live album by gospel singer Yolanda Adams . The album also includes a two covers of R. Kelly 's I Believe I Can Fly : one studio version featuring R & B vocalist Gerald Levert , and a live solo version . Both were released as singles . The album was nominated for and won a Grammy for Best Soul Gospel album the following year ( the second win for Adams ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond - In Case You Missed It And Then Some Tramaine Hawkins - Still Tramaine Angie Winans - Melodies from the Heart Kim Burrell - Live In Concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tramaine_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Tramaine Aunzola Richardson , ( nee Davis ) known professionally as Tramaine Hawkins ( born October 11 , 1951 ) , is an American award-winning Gospel singer whose career spans over five decades . Since beginning her career in 1966 , Hawkins has won two Grammy Awards , two Doves , and 19 Stellar Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Burrell', 'summary': 'Kimberly Kim Burrell is an American gospel singer from Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Eartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eartha_(musician)', 'summary': 'Eartha , born Eartha Moore in Los Angeles , California , is an American female eclectic , alternative soul singer , songwriter , and musician . The 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) sultry raspy-voice contralto who sports a honey-blonde buzz cut has garnered much attention in the underground club , urban , and indie circles . While her musical style is a hybrid of many and evades categorization , she credits her biological mother Zinna Moore , Stevie Wonder and Donny Hathaway as her main musical influences . Eartha , who is signed to indie label AFRT Music , founded by identical twins , Grammy Award-winning producers Glaurys Ariass and Helsa Ariass , debuted her first release This I Know in 2000 . The fourteen track release captured a great deal of attention . As a result of the positive feedback on the Love Jones track , she released the Maxi-Single Love Jones , which consists of five mixes in 2001 . She then followed up with her sophomore project Sidebars in 2002 , for which Earthas unique vocal style earned her two Grammy Award nominations and a win . She continued to write and contribute with musicians and producers , at times as a ghostwriter . On September 21 , 2010 , Eartha released her third CD album Ink Dry Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Sidebars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond - Speak Those Things : POL Chapter 3 BeBe Winans - Live and Up Close Deitrick Haddon - Lost and Found Commissioned - The Commissioned Reunion Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deitrick_Haddon', 'summary': "Deitrick Vaughn Haddon ( born May 17 , 1973 ) is an American gospel singer , songwriter , music producer , pastor , and actor . He is best known for progressive gospel , and contemporary styles of music . He is also one of the cast members in Oxygen 's reality television show Preachers of L.A ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commissioned_(gospel_group)', 'summary': 'Commissioned is a Grammy and Stellar award nominated , American , urban contemporary gospel group . The group recorded twelve albums over a period of seventeen years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Commissioned_Reunion_Live', 'summary': 'The Commissioned Reunion Live , released on April 23 , 2002 , on Verity Records , is a gospel music album by the American contemporary gospel music group Commissioned .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'Donnie McClurkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donnie_McClurkin', 'summary': 'Donald Andrew Donnie McClurkin , Jr. ( born November 9 , 1959 ) is an American gospel singer and minister . He has won three Grammy Awards , ten Stellar Awards , two BET Awards , two Soul Train Awards , one Dove Award and one NAACP Image Awards . He is one of the top selling Gospel music artists , selling over 10 million albums worldwide . Variety dubbed McClurkin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel .'}]}, {'value': '... Again', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. D. Jakes & Various Artists - Follow The Star Ann Nesby - Make Me Better Kirk Whalum - The Gospel According To Jazz Chapter II Vickie Winans - Bringing It All Together', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ann_Nesby', 'summary': 'Ann Nesby ( born Lula Ann Bennett ; July 24 , 1955 ) is an American R & B , gospel and dance music singer and actress . She is the former lead singer of Sounds of Blackness ; a songwriter with credits including hits sung by Patti Labelle and Gladys Knight ; plus she co-starred in the 2003 romance musical The Fighting Temptations with Cuba Gooding Jr. and Beyoncé Knowles . Nesby had various appearances on the hit television series American Idol . In 2000 , she duetted with Al Green on Put It on Paper . Nesby has been nominated four times since her departure from Sounds of Blackness , most recently for her 2007 album This Is Love ; plus the lead single I Apologize was nominated for a Grammy at the 2008 Grammy Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Whalum', 'summary': "Kirk Whalum ( born July 11 , 1958 ) is an American jazz saxophonist and songwriter . He toured with Whitney Houston for more than seven years and soloed in her single I Will Always Love You , the best-selling single by a female artist in music history . He was also featured on many Luther Vandross albums , most often playing on the singer 's covers of older pop and R & B standards such as Anyone Who Had a Heart , I ( Who Have Nothing ) , and Love Wo n't Let Me Wait . Whalum has recorded a series of well received solo albums and film soundtracks , with music ranging from pop to R & B to smooth jazz . His musical accomplishments have brought him a total of 12 Grammy nominations . He won his first Grammy award in 2011 for Best Gospel Song ( It 's What I Do , featuring Lalah Hathaway ) alongside lifelong friend and writer Jerry Peters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vickie_Winans', 'summary': 'Vickie Winans ( born Viviane Bowman ; October 18 , 1953 ) is an American Gospel recording artist .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Smokie Norful', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smokie_Norful', 'summary': 'Rev . W.R. Smokie Norful , Jr. is an American gospel singer and pianist , best known for his 2002 album , I Need You Now and his 2004 release , Nothing Without You , which won a Grammy at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 2004 . Norful received his second Grammy in 2015 at the 57th Annual Grammy awards for his song No Greater Love , ten years after winning his first .'}]}, {'value': 'Nothing Without You', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tonéx & The Peculiar People - Out the Box Israel and New Breed - Live From Another Level Various Artists - Bishop T. D. Jakes Presents He-Motions Fred Hammond - Somethin ' 'Bout Love", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonéx', 'summary': 'Anthony Charles Williams II ( born ( 1975-05-16 ) May 16 , 1975 ) , better known by his stage name B.Slade , formerly known under the gospel moniker Tonéx ( /ˈtoʊneɪ/ TOH-nay ) , is an American singer , songwriter , actor , multi-instrumentalist , rapper , dancer , producer , and activist from San Diego , CA . He has gone by various names and aliases , but his primary stage name of choice had for years been Tonéx . In 2010 , he began using the stage name B.Slade in order to rebrand himself . Williams has released several hundred songs on dozens of albums over the span of his career , while producing several others for both gospel and secular artists . He has won six Stellar Awards , a GMA Award , and received 2 Grammy nominations : one for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album for his 2004 gold album , Out the Box and another in 2009 for Best Urban/Soul Alternative Performance for his single , Blend , from his 2009 mainstream ( albeit theoretically Gospel ) album , Unspoken . Known more for his gospel recordings , his musical efforts have been known to blend a smorgasbord of styles , including pop , R & B , jazz , soul , funk , hip hop , rock , Latin , electro , punk and trance . His primary influences include Stevie Wonder , Billy Joel , Prince , Michael Jackson , Walter Hawkins , David Bowie , and Janet Jackson . His distinct sound and eclectic style of music led him to give his music its own genre per se , calling it Nureau .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Out_the_Box_(Tonéx_album)', 'summary': "Out The Box is the first live album and third major release by American Gospel music singer Tonéx . It was recorded Live on September 19 , 2003 at The San Diego Civic Theater . The single Work On Me reached # 3 on Billboard 's Hot Gospel Songs chart . Out the Box is Certified Platinum selling well over 980,000 copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Israel_Houghton', 'summary': 'Israel Houghton ( /ˈhoʊtən/ ; born May 19 , 1971 ) is an American Christian music singer , songwriter , producer and worship leader . Houghton is usually credited as Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'CeCe Winans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purified', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purified_(album)', 'summary': "Purified is the seventh solo album by gospel artist CeCe Winans . This album was released under her own label , Pursprings Gospel . The singles Pray and All That I Need were released in July in anticipation of the album 's release . Winans ' nephew , Mario Winans , produced the hit single Pray while her son , Alvin Love III , helped write three songs on the album ."}]}, {'value': 'Yolanda Adams - Day By Day Mary Mary - Mary Mary J. Moss - The J.Moss Project BeBe Winans - Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Day_by_Day_(Yolanda_Adams_album)', 'summary': "Day By Day is an album by gospel singer Yolanda Adams . The single Victory was featured in the movie The Gospel . The single Be Blessed won a Grammy award for Best Gospel Performance . Someone Watching Over You was also released as a single , and a music video was released for This Too Shall Pass ( a song originally recorded as a duet with Crystal Lewis on the 1996 compilation album Sisters : The Story Goes On ) . Yolanda says of the title of her album in an interview , I let my listener know that it 's a process . That once you decide , 'Look , God I want you to lead my life , I want you to . take me through the hard stuff . it does n't just start automatically . And you do n't just leap like Superman to the next spiritual level . It does n't work like that . It 's a day by day journey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/49th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 49th Annual Grammy Awards was a ceremony honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning September 15 , 2005 and ending September 14 , 2006 in the United States . The awards were handed out on Sunday , February 11 , 2007 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The Dixie Chicks were the night 's biggest winners winning a total of five awards . Mary J. Blige received the most nominations , with eight . Don Henley was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year two nights prior to the show on February 9 , 2007 . The show won an Emmy for Outstanding Lighting Direction ( electronic , multicamera ) for VMC Programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hero_(Kirk_Franklin_album)', 'summary': 'Hero is the eighth album by Kirk Franklin , released October 4 , 2005 on GospoCentric Records . Hero was certified as Gold by the RIAA on December 2 , 2005 ( 2005-12-02 ) and Platinum on December 14 , 2006 ( 2006-12-14 ) . In 2007 Hero won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album and Imagine Me won the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Song .'}]}, {'value': 'Myron Butler & Levi - Set Me Free Israel and New Breed - A Timeless Christmas Kierra Sheard - This Is Me Tye Tribbett & G.A . - Victory Live !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myron_Butler_&_Levi', 'summary': "Levi is the four time Stellar Award reincarnate of the gospel choir , God 's Property of the 1997 Kirk Franklin hit Stomp . Under the direction of singer-songwriter and music producer Myron Butler , the group has gained a Grammy nomination for its debut release Set Me Free and critical acclaim for its second album , Stronger ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Israel_Houghton', 'summary': 'Israel Houghton ( /ˈhoʊtən/ ; born May 19 , 1971 ) is an American Christian music singer , songwriter , producer and worship leader . Houghton is usually credited as Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A_Timeless_Christmas', 'summary': 'A Timeless Christmas is a Christmas album released in 2006 by Israel & New Breed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kierra_Sheard', 'summary': "Kierra Valencia Kiki Sheard ( born June 20 , 1987 in Detroit , Michigan ) is an American gospel singer , fashion designer , and radio host . She is the daughter of gospel singer Karen Clark Sheard ( member of gospel singing group The Clark Sisters ) and the granddaughter of gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark . Sheard portrayed Litha in the 2010 Christian-drama film Preacher 's Kid . After appearing on her mother 's albums , Sheard broke to the music scene with the release of her debut album I Owe You in 2004 . Her hit single You Do n't Know was written about her mother 's bout with an almost fatal blood clot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tye_Tribbett', 'summary': "Tyrone Tye Tribbett ( born January 26 , 1976 ) is a Grammy award-winning American gospel music singer , songwriter , keyboardist , choir director and founder of the Grammy-nominated and Stellar Award-winning gospel group Tye Tribbett & G.A . ( short for 'Greater Anointing . ' )"}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 50th Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 10 , 2008 . It honored musical achievement of 2007 in which albums were released between October 1 , 2006 through September 30 , 2007 . The primary ceremonies were televised in the US on CBS ; however , as has become the custom , most of the awards were handed out during a pre-telecast portion of the show held at the Los Angeles Convention Center and broadcast on XM Satellite Radio . Two nights prior to the show Aretha Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year . The year 's big winner was Amy Winehouse : the 24-year-old singer had recently entered a drug rehabilitation program and did not come to Los Angeles . American officials initially refused her a work visa ; they reversed the decision , but by then it was too late for her to make the trip from the UK . She became the fifth female solo artist to get five awards in one night , alongside Lauryn Hill , Norah Jones , Alicia Keys and Beyoncé . The golden anniversary of the Grammys and NARAS was noted in references and performances throughout this year 's ceremony . Alicia Keys was the evening 's opening musician , singing and playing piano alongside archived video and audio of Frank Sinatra . Other collaborative performances linking contemporary and past musicians included Beyoncé with Tina Turner , Rihanna with The Time , classical pianist Lang Lang with jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and inaugural Grammy winner Keely Smith with Kid Rock . Special recognition of the musical contributions of The Beatles also featured . The Foo Fighters won Best Rock Album , and performed their nominated song The Pretender in a highly collaborative performance that involved a social media selection of classical musicians ( the My Grammy Moment YouTube contest was won by violinist Ann Marie Calhoun ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Hammond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Hammond', 'summary': 'Frederick William Hammond ( born December 27 , 1960 ) is a gospel singer , bass guitar player , and record producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Free to Worship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_to_Worship', 'summary': 'Free to Worship is an album from contemporary gospel singer Fred Hammond . The album was recorded on April 14 , 2006 , and released on October 31 , 2006 through Verity Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Coko - Grateful J. Moss - V2 Trin-i-Tee 5:7 - T57 Marvin Winans - Alone But Not Alone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coko', 'summary': 'Cheryl Elizabeth Gamble ( formerly Clemons ; born June 13 , 1970 ) , better known by her stage name Coko , is an American R & B recording artist and television personality . Gamble is best known as the lead singer of the American R & B vocal trio Sisters With Voices ( SWV ) . Aside from her R & B career , Gamble also has a solo gospel career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trin-i-Tee_5:7', 'summary': "Trin-i-tee 5:7 is an American gospel girl group formed in 1997 . The original lineup composed of Chanelle Haynes , Angel Taylor , and Terri Brown-Britton . The group was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling debut album , Trin-i-tee 5:7 ( 1998 ) , which contained the top-charting gospel single God 's Grace . The album became certified gold . Despite critical and commercial success , the group experienced a lineup change when as Terri Brown left the group in 1999 . In mid-1999 , Adrian Anderson was added to the group and they released their second album , Spiritual Love . In 2002 , they followed up with the release of The Kiss . Their fourth album T57 ( 2007 ) earned a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album . The album spawned the top-charting singles : Listen and Get Away . Following the departure of Anderson in 2010 , Trin-i-tee 5:7 moved forward as duo and released their sixth album Angel & Chanelle ( 2011 ) . Trin-i-tee 5:7 has sold more than 2.5 million records worldwide to date , and is recognized as one of the most successful contemporary gospel acts of their era . They were also ranked as the tenth Top Gospel Artist of the Year by Billboard , in 2002 and 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/T57', 'summary': 'T57 is the fifth album of gospel group , Trin-i-tee 5:7 . The album was released September 18 , 2007 , on Spirit Rising Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Winans', 'summary': "Marvin Lawrence Winans ( born March 5 , 1958 ) is an American pastor and gospel singer , and a member of the musical Winans family . He is also known for his recurring role in the hit show Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 8 , 2009 . Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night , winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed album Raising Sand . Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill , Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Beyoncé Knowles , and Amy Winehouse . Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight . The awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fight of My Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fight_of_My_Life_(album)', 'summary': 'The Fight of My Life is the ninth Gospel album by Kirk Franklin on GospoCentric Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Champion - Reflections Mary Mary - The Sound The Murrills - Donald Lawrence Introduces : Family Prayer Tye Tribbett & G.A . - Stand Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Champion', 'summary': 'Jason Lamar Champion ( born May 1 , 1973 ) is an American gospel musician . He started his music career , in 1992 , with the group , Men at Large , but he left the group in 2007 . The impetus for him was his burgeoning and newly blossoming relationship with Jesus Christ . He signed to EMI CMG , in 2008 , which at the time was owned by Sony Music Entertainment . His first and only album to date , Reflections , was released in 2008 . This album charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart , and he got a Grammy Award nomination for it at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album category .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Sound_(Mary_Mary_album)', 'summary': "The Sound is the fifth studio album by American duo Mary Mary . It was released on October 21 , 2008 by Columbia Records . The Sound saw Mary Mary explore different genres , with fewer songs containing their signature contemporary R & B sound . As with their previous albums , they worked with Warryn Campbell on the majority of the album . In advance of the album 's release , the duo released a promotional song entitled A Mother 's Smile in conjunction with a Mother 's Day promotion with Colgate . The official lead single Get Up was released on July 15 , 2008 and won Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance at the 2009 51st Grammy Awards . The album was also nominated for a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tye_Tribbett', 'summary': "Tyrone Tye Tribbett ( born January 26 , 1976 ) is a Grammy award-winning American gospel music singer , songwriter , keyboardist , choir director and founder of the Grammy-nominated and Stellar Award-winning gospel group Tye Tribbett & G.A . ( short for 'Greater Anointing . ' )"}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards took place on January 31 , 2010 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles . Neil Young was honored as the 2010 MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29 , two days prior to the Grammy telecast . Nominations announced on December 2 , 2009 . The show was moved to January to avoid competing against the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Only ten of the 109 awards were received during the broadcast . The remaining awards were given during the un-televised portion of the ceremony which preceded the broadcast . Beyoncé , who also received the most nominations , with ten , won a total of six awards breaking the record for most wins by a female artist in one night . Taylor Swift won four while The Black Eyed Peas , Jay-Z and Kings of Leon won three . Artists who won two awards include A. R. Rahman , Colbie Caillat , Eminem , Kanye West , Lady Gaga , Maxwell , Jason Mraz and Rihanna . Judas Priest , AC/DC , and Imogen Heap each won a Grammy for the first time in their careers . Taylor Swift 's Fearless was awarded the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , the youngest to win the award at age 20 . Use Somebody by rock band Kings of Leon won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year , while Single Ladies by songwriters Thaddis Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart , was honored with Grammy Award for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Heather Headley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heather_Headley', 'summary': 'Heather Headley ( born October 5 , 1974 ) is a Trinidadian-American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . She won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the titular role of Aida . She also won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album for her album Audience of One . In 2018 , she recurred as Gwen Garrett on the NBC medical drama television series Chicago Med .'}]}, {'value': 'Audience of One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audience_of_One_(album)', 'summary': "Audience of One is the third studio album by the Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley . It was released by the EMI Christian Music Group on January 13 , 2009 in the Unites States , following Headley 's transition from RCA Records . It is a collection of cover versions of popular gospel hymns as well as original songs , chiefly produced by Keith Thomas . It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards . In addition , Audience of One was nominated for a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Sheri Jones-Moffett - Renewed J. Moss - Just James Smokie Norful - Smokie Norful : Live Kierra Sheard - Bold Right Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheri_Jones-Moffett', 'summary': 'Sheri Jones-Moffett ( born November 30 , 1974 Sheri LeTrice Jones ) , is an American gospel musician . She started her music career , in 1992 , with the Tri City Singers , which was a group assembled and led by Donald Lawrence . Her solo career got started in 2009 with Renewed that was released by EMI Gospel . She got a Grammy Award nomination for Renewed at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Contemporary R & B Gospel Album category . She released the second album , Power & Authority , in 2014 by Motown Gospel . These albums both chart on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Moss', 'summary': 'James Moss ( born September 22 , 1971 ) , Detroit , Michigan , better known by his energy industry name J. Moss , is an American gospel musician , composer , producer and arranger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smokie_Norful', 'summary': 'Rev . W.R. Smokie Norful , Jr. is an American gospel singer and pianist , best known for his 2002 album , I Need You Now and his 2004 release , Nothing Without You , which won a Grammy at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 2004 . Norful received his second Grammy in 2015 at the 57th Annual Grammy awards for his song No Greater Love , ten years after winning his first .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kierra_Sheard', 'summary': "Kierra Valencia Kiki Sheard ( born June 20 , 1987 in Detroit , Michigan ) is an American gospel singer , fashion designer , and radio host . She is the daughter of gospel singer Karen Clark Sheard ( member of gospel singing group The Clark Sisters ) and the granddaughter of gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark . Sheard portrayed Litha in the 2010 Christian-drama film Preacher 's Kid . After appearing on her mother 's albums , Sheard broke to the music scene with the release of her debut album I Owe You in 2004 . Her hit single You Do n't Know was written about her mother 's bout with an almost fatal blood clot ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year .', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_R&B_Gospel_Album_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality gospel albums incorporating contemporary R&B music. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position. In 1991, the award originated as Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album, and renamed in 2007. Previously, a similar award, the Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary, was given from 1978 to 1983. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is presented to a newly recorded album with at least fifty-one percent R&B Gospel vocal tracks. A solo artist with a choir or chorus is eligible when the choir/chorus provides backing on what is considered an album for the solo artist. The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012 forward, recordings in this category have been shifted to the Best Gospel Album category.'} | null | null | What was the smash crossover hit featured in the 2001 album by Mary Mary ? | Shackles |
0b6551ab3a3f0927 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner', 'title': 'Nicholas Hytner', 'header': ['House', 'Opera', 'Composer', 'First production'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kent Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Opera', 'summary': 'Kent Opera was a British opera company in the period 1969-1989 . Based in Ashford , England the Company presented its productions in several centres mainly in the southern part of England . These included The Orchard Theatre , Dartford , the Assembly Halls , Tunbridge Wells , Marlowe Theatre , Canterbury , Kings Theatre , Southsea , Theatre Royal Norwich , the Derngate , Northampton . Operas were performed in English usually with new translations of the libretto , mainly by professor Michael Irwin but also by both Norman Platt and Anne Riddler . The orchestra was at first the Midland Sinfonia , though after two years the company employed its own orchestra .'}]}, {'value': 'The Turn of the Screw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Turn_of_the_Screw_(opera)', 'summary': "The Turn of the Screw is a 20th-century English chamber opera composed by Benjamin Britten with a libretto by Myfanwy Piper , wife of the artist John Piper , who had been a friend of the composer since 1935 and had provided designs for several of the operas . The libretto is based on the novella The Turn of the Screw by Henry James . The opera was commissioned by the Venice Biennale and given its world premiere on 14 September 1954 , at the Teatro La Fenice , Venice . The original recording was made during that year , with the composer conducting . Described as one of the most dramatically appealing English operas , the opera in two acts has a prologue and sixteen scenes , each preceded by a variation on the twelve-note 'Screw ' theme . Typically of Britten , the music mixes tonality and dissonance , with Britten 's recurrent use of a twelve-tone figure being perhaps a nod to the approach of Arnold Schoenberg . Thematically , the play gives a central role to a line borrowed from W. B. Yeats ' poem The Second Coming : The ceremony of innocence is drowned ."}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Britten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Britten', 'summary': "Edward Benjamin Britten , Baron Britten OM CH ( 22 November 1913 - 4 December 1976 ) was an English composer , conductor , and pianist . He was a central figure of 20th-century British classical music , with a range of works including opera , other vocal music , orchestral and chamber pieces . His best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes ( 1945 ) , the War Requiem ( 1962 ) and the orchestral showpiece The Young Person 's Guide to the Orchestra ( 1945 ) . Born in Lowestoft , Suffolk , the son of a dentist , Britten showed talent from an early age . He studied at the Royal College of Music in London and privately with the composer Frank Bridge . Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy was Born in 1934 . With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945 , he leapt to international fame . Over the next 28 years , he wrote 14 more operas , establishing himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre . In addition to large-scale operas for Sadler 's Wells and Covent Garden , he wrote chamber operas for small forces , suitable for performance in venues of modest size . Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw ( 1954 ) . Recurring themes in his operas include the struggle of an outsider against a hostile society and the corruption of innocence . Britten 's other works range from orchestral to choral , solo vocal , chamber and instrumental as well as film music ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kent Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Opera', 'summary': 'Kent Opera was a British opera company in the period 1969-1989 . Based in Ashford , England the Company presented its productions in several centres mainly in the southern part of England . These included The Orchard Theatre , Dartford , the Assembly Halls , Tunbridge Wells , Marlowe Theatre , Canterbury , Kings Theatre , Southsea , Theatre Royal Norwich , the Derngate , Northampton . Operas were performed in English usually with new translations of the libretto , mainly by professor Michael Irwin but also by both Norman Platt and Anne Riddler . The orchestra was at first the Midland Sinfonia , though after two years the company employed its own orchestra .'}]}, {'value': 'The Marriage of Figaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro', 'summary': "The Marriage of Figaro ( Italian : Le nozze di Figaro , pronounced [ le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro ] ( listen ) ) , K. 492 , is an opera buffa ( comic opera ) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte . It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786 . The opera 's libretto is based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais , La folle journée , ou le Mariage de Figaro ( The Mad Day , or The Marriage of Figaro ) , which was first performed in 1784 . It tells how the servants Figaro and Susanna succeed in getting married , foiling the efforts of their philandering employer Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna and teaching him a lesson in fidelity . The opera is a cornerstone of the repertoire and appears consistently among the top ten in the Operabase list of most frequently performed operas ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wexford Festival Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_Festival_Opera', 'summary': "Wexford Festival Opera ( Irish : Féile Ceoldráma Loch Garman ) is an opera festival that takes place in the town of Wexford in south-eastern Ireland during the months of October and November . The festival began in 1951 under Tom Walsh and a group of opera lovers who quickly generated considerable interest by programming unusual and rare works , a typical festival staging three operas . This concept has been maintained over the company 's history under the direction of seven different artistic directors . From the beginning , the company embraced new and upcoming young singers , many of whom were Irish , but it also included new international names who made first appearances there . By the 1960s Czech and Russian operas entered the repertory , while the 1970s saw an interest in the operas of Jules Massenet under director Thomson Smillie , followed by an emphasis on Italian operas from the end of that decade . However , into the mix there appeared more modern operas by Benjamin Britten and Carlisle Floyd while Elaine Padmore 's 12-year tenure resulted in more international singers making first appearances and the beginnings of commercial recordings and radio broadcasts . David Agler , the artistic director since 2005 , oversaw the creation of a new opera house with enhanced facilities on the site of the original theatre ."}]}, {'value': 'Sakùntala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakùntala', 'summary': "La leggenda di Sakùntala ( titled Sakùntala in its revised version ) is a three-act opera by Franco Alfano , who wrote his own libretto , basing his work on Kalidasa 's 5th-century BC drama Abhijñānaśākuntalam ."}]}, {'value': 'Franco Alfano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franco_Alfano', 'summary': "Franco Alfano ( 8 March 1875 in Posillipo , Naples - 27 October 1954 in Sanremo ) was an Italian composer and pianist , best known today for his opera Risurrezione ( 1904 ) and above all for having completed Puccini 's opera Turandot in 1926 . He had considerable success with several of his own works during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kent Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Opera', 'summary': 'Kent Opera was a British opera company in the period 1969-1989 . Based in Ashford , England the Company presented its productions in several centres mainly in the southern part of England . These included The Orchard Theatre , Dartford , the Assembly Halls , Tunbridge Wells , Marlowe Theatre , Canterbury , Kings Theatre , Southsea , Theatre Royal Norwich , the Derngate , Northampton . Operas were performed in English usually with new translations of the libretto , mainly by professor Michael Irwin but also by both Norman Platt and Anne Riddler . The orchestra was at first the Midland Sinfonia , though after two years the company employed its own orchestra .'}]}, {'value': 'King Priam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Priam', 'summary': "King Priam is an opera by Michael Tippett , to his own libretto . The story is based on Homer 's Iliad , except the birth and childhood of Paris , which are taken from the Fabulae of Hyginus . The premiere was on 29 May 1962 , at Coventry . The opera was composed for an arts festival held in conjunction with the reconsecration of the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral , for which Benjamin Britten also wrote his War Requiem , which was first performed in the Cathedral the day after the premiere of King Priam . The first Covent Garden performance was on 5 June , conducted by John Pritchard . It was premiered in Germany at the Badisches Staatstheater in 1963 , in Greece at the 1985 Athens Festival , in France at the Opéra de Nancy et de Lorraine in 1988 , in Italy at Batignano in 1990 , and in the United States San Francisco Opera Center Showcase in 1994 . In 2014 the work was revived by English Touring Opera , with a reduced orchestration by Iain Farrington , the first performance of this version being given at the Linbury Studio Theatre at the Royal Opera House on 13 February 2014 . As epigraph to the score Tippett placed the German words Es möge uns das Schicksal gönnen , dass wir das innere Ohr von dem Munde der Seele nicht abwenden , or , May Fate grant that we never turn our inner ear away from our soul 's lips . These words conclude a 1912 essay on the paintings of Arnold Schoenberg by Wassily Kandinsky ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Tippett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Tippett', 'summary': "Sir Michael Kemp Tippett OM CH CBE ( 2 January 1905 - 8 January 1998 ) was an English composer who rose to prominence during and immediately after the Second World War . In his lifetime he was sometimes ranked with his contemporary Benjamin Britten as one of the leading British composers of the 20th century . Among his best-known works are the oratorio A Child of Our Time , the orchestral Fantasia Concertante on a Theme of Corelli , and the opera The Midsummer Marriage . Tippett 's talent developed slowly . He withdrew or destroyed his earliest compositions , and was 30 before any of his works were published . Until the mid-to-late 1950s his music was broadly lyrical in character , before changing to a more astringent and experimental style . New influences , including those of jazz and blues after his first visit to America in 1965 , became increasingly evident in his compositions . While Tippett 's stature with the public continued to grow , not all critics approved of these changes in style , some believing that the quality of his work suffered as a consequence . From around 1976 Tippett 's late works began to reflect the works of his youth through a return to lyricism . Although he was much honoured in his lifetime , critical judgement on Tippett 's legacy has been uneven , the greatest praise being generally reserved for his earlier works . His centenary in 2005 was a muted affair ; apart from the few best-known works , his music has been performed infrequently in the 21st century . Having briefly embraced communism in the 1930s , Tippett avoided identifying with any political party ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English National Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_National_Opera', 'summary': "English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English . The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic , for the benefit of local people . Baylis subsequently built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet , respectively . Baylis acquired and rebuilt the Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve . By the 1960s , a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum and adopted its present name in 1974 . Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'Rienzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rienzi', 'summary': "Rienzi , der letzte der Tribunen ( Rienzi , the last of the tribunes ; WWV 49 ) is an early opera by Richard Wagner in five acts , with the libretto written by the composer after Edward Bulwer-Lytton 's novel of the same name ( 1835 ) . The title is commonly shortened to Rienzi . Written between July 1838 and November 1840 , it was first performed at the Königliches Hoftheater , Dresden , on 20 October 1842 , and was the composer 's first success . The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi ( 1313-1354 ) , a late medieval Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people . Magnanimous at first , he is forced by events to crush the nobles ' rebellion against the people 's power , but popular opinion changes and even the Church , which had urged him to assert himself , turns against him . In the end the populace burns the Capitol , in which Rienzi and a few adherents have made a last stand ."}]}, {'value': 'Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Wagner', 'summary': "Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/ VAHG-nər , German : [ ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ ] ( listen ) ; 22 May 1813 - 13 February 1883 ) was a German composer , theatre director , polemicist , and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas ( or , as some of his mature works were later known , music dramas ) . Unlike most opera composers , Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works . Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer , Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ( total work of art ) , by which he sought to synthesise the poetic , visual , musical and dramatic arts , with music subsidiary to drama . He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852 . Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung ) . His compositions , particularly those of his later period , are notable for their complex textures , rich harmonies and orchestration , and the elaborate use of leitmotifs - musical phrases associated with individual characters , places , ideas , or plot elements . His advances in musical language , such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres , greatly influenced the development of classical music . His Tristan und Isolde is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music . Wagner had his own opera house built , the Bayreuth Festspielhaus , which embodied many novel design features . The Ring and Parsifal were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival , run by his descendants . His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again , and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works , including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg ( The Mastersingers of Nuremberg ) . Until his final years , Wagner 's life was characterised by political exile , turbulent love affairs , poverty and repeated flight from his creditors ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English National Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_National_Opera', 'summary': "English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English . The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic , for the benefit of local people . Baylis subsequently built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet , respectively . Baylis acquired and rebuilt the Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve . By the 1960s , a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum and adopted its present name in 1974 . Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'Xerxes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serse', 'summary': "Serse ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈsɛrse ] ; English title : Xerxes ; HWV 40 ) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel . It was first performed in London on 15 April 1738 . The Italian libretto was adapted by an unknown hand from that by Silvio Stampiglia for an earlier opera of the same name by Giovanni Bononcini in 1694 . Stampiglia 's libretto was itself based on one by Nicolò Minato that was set by Francesco Cavalli in 1654 . The opera is set in Persia ( modern-day Iran ) about 470 BC and is very loosely based upon Xerxes I of Persia . Serse , originally sung by a mezzo soprano castrato , is now usually performed by a mezzo-soprano or counter-tenor . The opening aria , Ombra mai fu , sung by Xerxes to a plane tree ( Platanus orientalis ) , is set to one of Handel 's best-known melodies , and is often known as Handel 's Largo ( despite being marked larghetto in the score ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Handel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel', 'summary': "George Frideric ( or Frederick ) Handel ( /ˈhændəl/ ; [ a ] born Georg Friederich Händel [ b ] [ ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩ ] ( listen ) ; 23 February 1685 ( O.S . ) [ ( N.S . ) 5 March ] - 14 April 1759 ) [ c ] was a German , later British , Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London , becoming well known for his operas , oratorios , anthems , concerti grossi and organ concertos . Handel received important training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712 ; he became a naturalised British subject in 1727 . He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition . Within fifteen years , Handel had started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera . Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that Handel was not only a great composer ; he was a dramatic genius of the first order . As Alexander 's Feast ( 1736 ) was well received , Handel made a transition to English choral works . After his success with Messiah ( 1742 ) he never composed an Italian opera again . Almost blind , and having lived in England for nearly fifty years , he died in 1759 , a respected and rich man . His funeral was given full state honours , and he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London . Born the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti , Handel is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era , with works such as Messiah , Water Music , and Music for the Royal Fireworks remaining steadfastly popular ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris Opéra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Opera', 'summary': "The Paris Opera ( French : Opéra de Paris , IPA : [ opeʁa də paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France . It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the Académie d'Opéra , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the Académie Royale de Musique , but continued to be known more simply as the Opéra . Classical ballet as it is known today arose within the Paris Opera as the Paris Opera Ballet and has remained an integral and important part of the company . Currently called the Opéra national de Paris , it mainly produces operas at its modern 2,723-seat theatre Opéra Bastille which opened in 1989 , and ballets and some classical operas at the older 1,979-seat Palais Garnier which opened in 1875 . Small scale and contemporary works are also staged in the 500-seat Amphitheatre under the Opéra Bastille . The company 's annual budget is in the order of 200 million euros , of which €100M come from the French state and €70M from box office receipts . With this money , the company runs the two houses and supports a large permanent staff , which includes the orchestra of 170 , a chorus of 110 and the corps de ballet of 150 . Each year , the Paris Opera presents about 380 performances of opera , ballet and other concerts , to a total audience of about 800,000 people ( of whom 17% come from abroad ) , with an average seat occupancy rate of 94% . In the 2012-2013 season , the Paris Opera presented 18 opera titles ( two in a double bill ) , 13 ballets , 5 symphonic concerts and two vocal recitals , plus 15 other programmes . The company 's training bodies are also active , with 7 concerts from the Atelier Lyrique and 4 programmes from the École de Danse ."}]}, {'value': 'Giulio Cesare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giulio_Cesare', 'summary': "Giulio Cesare in Egitto ( pronounced [ ˈdʒuːljo ˈtʃeːzare in eˈdʒitto , - ˈtʃɛː- ] ; Italian for Julius Caesar in Egypt , HWV 17 ) , commonly known as Giulio Cesare , is a dramma per musica ( opera seria ) in three acts composed for the Royal Academy of Music by George Frideric Handel in 1724 . The libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym who used an earlier libretto by Giacomo Francesco Bussani , which had been set to music by Antonio Sartorio ( 1676 ) . The opera was a success at its first performances , was frequently revived by Handel in his subsequent opera seasons and is now one of the most often performed Baroque operas . The opera 's plot is loosely based on historic events during the Roman Civil War of 49-45 BC ."}]}, {'value': 'Handel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel', 'summary': "George Frideric ( or Frederick ) Handel ( /ˈhændəl/ ; [ a ] born Georg Friederich Händel [ b ] [ ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩ ] ( listen ) ; 23 February 1685 ( O.S . ) [ ( N.S . ) 5 March ] - 14 April 1759 ) [ c ] was a German , later British , Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London , becoming well known for his operas , oratorios , anthems , concerti grossi and organ concertos . Handel received important training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712 ; he became a naturalised British subject in 1727 . He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition . Within fifteen years , Handel had started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera . Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that Handel was not only a great composer ; he was a dramatic genius of the first order . As Alexander 's Feast ( 1736 ) was well received , Handel made a transition to English choral works . After his success with Messiah ( 1742 ) he never composed an Italian opera again . Almost blind , and having lived in England for nearly fifty years , he died in 1759 , a respected and rich man . His funeral was given full state honours , and he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London . Born the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti , Handel is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era , with works such as Messiah , Water Music , and Music for the Royal Fireworks remaining steadfastly popular ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Opera_House', 'summary': "The Royal Opera House ( ROH ) is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden , central London . The large building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden , after a previous use of the site of the opera house 's original construction in 1732 . It is the home of The Royal Opera , The Royal Ballet , and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Originally called the Theatre Royal , it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history . In 1734 , the first ballet was presented . A year later , Handel 's first season of operas began . Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there . The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1856 . The façade , foyer , and auditorium date from 1858 , but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s . The main auditorium seats 2,256 people , making it the third largest in London , and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery . The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high . The main auditorium is a Grade I listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan ( The King Goes Forth To France )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuningas_lähtee_Ranskaan', 'summary': 'Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan ( English : The King Goes Forth to France ) is an opera in three acts by Aulis Sallinen , based on the novel of the same title by Paavo Haavikko , who also wrote the libretto . The English singing version is by Stephen Oliver .'}]}, {'value': 'Aulis Sallinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen', 'summary': 'Aulis Sallinen ( born 9 April 1935 ) is a Finnish contemporary classical music composer . His music has been variously described as remorselessly harsh , a beautifully crafted amalgam of several 20th-century styles , and neo-romantic . Sallinen studied at the Sibelius Academy , where his teachers included Joonas Kokkonen . He has had works commissioned by the Kronos Quartet , and has also written seven operas , eight symphonies , concertos for violin , cello , flute , horn , and English horn , as well as several chamber works . He won the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1978 for his opera Ratsumies ( The Horseman ) .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Opera_House', 'summary': "The Royal Opera House ( ROH ) is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden , central London . The large building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden , after a previous use of the site of the opera house 's original construction in 1732 . It is the home of The Royal Opera , The Royal Ballet , and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Originally called the Theatre Royal , it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history . In 1734 , the first ballet was presented . A year later , Handel 's first season of operas began . Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there . The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1856 . The façade , foyer , and auditorium date from 1858 , but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s . The main auditorium seats 2,256 people , making it the third largest in London , and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery . The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high . The main auditorium is a Grade I listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'The Knot Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Knot_Garden', 'summary': 'The Knot Garden is the third opera by composer Michael Tippett for which he wrote the original English libretto . The work had its first performance at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , on 2 December 1970 conducted by Sir Colin Davis and produced by Sir Peter Hall . There is a recording with the original cast .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Tippett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Tippett', 'summary': "Sir Michael Kemp Tippett OM CH CBE ( 2 January 1905 - 8 January 1998 ) was an English composer who rose to prominence during and immediately after the Second World War . In his lifetime he was sometimes ranked with his contemporary Benjamin Britten as one of the leading British composers of the 20th century . Among his best-known works are the oratorio A Child of Our Time , the orchestral Fantasia Concertante on a Theme of Corelli , and the opera The Midsummer Marriage . Tippett 's talent developed slowly . He withdrew or destroyed his earliest compositions , and was 30 before any of his works were published . Until the mid-to-late 1950s his music was broadly lyrical in character , before changing to a more astringent and experimental style . New influences , including those of jazz and blues after his first visit to America in 1965 , became increasingly evident in his compositions . While Tippett 's stature with the public continued to grow , not all critics approved of these changes in style , some believing that the quality of his work suffered as a consequence . From around 1976 Tippett 's late works began to reflect the works of his youth through a return to lyricism . Although he was much honoured in his lifetime , critical judgement on Tippett 's legacy has been uneven , the greatest praise being generally reserved for his earlier works . His centenary in 2005 was a muted affair ; apart from the few best-known works , his music has been performed infrequently in the 21st century . Having briefly embraced communism in the 1930s , Tippett avoided identifying with any political party ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English National Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_National_Opera', 'summary': "English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English . The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic , for the benefit of local people . Baylis subsequently built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet , respectively . Baylis acquired and rebuilt the Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve . By the 1960s , a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum and adopted its present name in 1974 . Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'The Magic Flute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Magic_Flute', 'summary': "The Magic Flute ( German : Die Zauberflöte pronounced [ ˈdiː ˈt͡saʊ̯bɐˌfløːtə ] ) , K. 620 , is an opera in two acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder . The work is in the form of a Singspiel , a popular form during the time it was written that included both singing and spoken dialogue . [ a ] The work was premiered on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder 's theatre , the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna , just two months before the composer 's premature death . In this opera , the Queen of the Night persuades Prince Tamino to rescue her daughter Pamina from captivity under the high priest Sarastro ; instead , he learns the high ideals of Sarastro 's community and seeks to join it . Separately , then together , Tamino and Pamina undergo severe trials of initiation , which end in triumph , with the Queen and her cohorts vanquished . The earthy Papageno , who accompanies Tamino on his quest , fails the trials completely but is rewarded anyway with the hand of his ideal female companion Papagena ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Théâtre de Genève', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Théâtre_de_Genève', 'summary': "Grand Théâtre de Genève is an opera house in Geneva , Switzerland . As with many other opera houses , the Grand Théâtre de Genève is both a venue and an institution . The venue is a majestic building , towering over Place Neuve , officially opened in 1876 , partly destroyed by fire in 1951 and reopened in 1962 , after extensive refurbishments , which houses the largest stage in Switzerland . As an institution , it is the largest production and host theatre in French-speaking Switzerland , featuring opera and dance performances , recitals , concerts and , occasionally , theatre . During the 17th and early 18th centuries , Geneva was heavily influenced by Calvinist orthodoxy and it was not until the middle 1760s that the city agreed to the building of the Théâtre de Rosimond , Geneva 's first opera house . Under the influence of Voltaire opera began to flourish at La Grange aux Etrangers and its successor theatre , the Théâtre de Neuve , both of which were located outside the walls of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Le Nozze di Figaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro', 'summary': "The Marriage of Figaro ( Italian : Le nozze di Figaro , pronounced [ le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro ] ( listen ) ) , K. 492 , is an opera buffa ( comic opera ) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte . It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786 . The opera 's libretto is based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais , La folle journée , ou le Mariage de Figaro ( The Mad Day , or The Marriage of Figaro ) , which was first performed in 1784 . It tells how the servants Figaro and Susanna succeed in getting married , foiling the efforts of their philandering employer Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna and teaching him a lesson in fidelity . The opera is a cornerstone of the repertoire and appears consistently among the top ten in the Operabase list of most frequently performed operas ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glyndebourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glyndebourne', 'summary': 'Glyndebourne ( /ˈɡlaɪndbɔːn/ ) is an English country house , the site of an opera house that , since 1934 , has been the venue for the annual Glyndebourne Festival Opera . Initially , operas were presented within the house but there is now a free-standing opera house in its grounds . The house itself , located near Lewes in East Sussex , England , is thought to be about six hundred years old and listed at grade II .'}]}, {'value': 'La clemenza di Tito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_clemenza_di_Tito', 'summary': 'La clemenza di Tito ( English : The Clemency of Titus ) , K. 621 , is an opera seria in two acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Caterino Mazzolà , after Pietro Metastasio . It was started after the bulk of Die Zauberflöte ( The Magic Flute ) , the last opera that Mozart worked on , was already written . The work premiered on 6 September 1791 at the Estates Theatre in Prague .'}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English National Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_National_Opera', 'summary': "English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English . The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic , for the benefit of local people . Baylis subsequently built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet , respectively . Baylis acquired and rebuilt the Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve . By the 1960s , a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum and adopted its present name in 1974 . Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'The Force of Destiny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_forza_del_destino', 'summary': "La forza del destino ( Italian pronunciation : [ la ˈfɔrtsa del deˈstiːno ] ; The Power of Fate , often translated The Force of Destiny ) is an Italian opera by Giuseppe Verdi . The libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on a Spanish drama , Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino ( 1835 ) , by Ángel de Saavedra , 3rd Duke of Rivas , with a scene adapted from Friedrich Schiller 's Wallensteins Lager . It was first performed in the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre of Saint Petersburg , Russia , on 10 November 1862 O.S . ( N.S . 22 November ) . La forza del destino is frequently performed , and there have been a number of complete recordings . In addition , the overture ( to the revised version of the opera ) is part of the standard repertoire for orchestras , often played as the opening piece at concerts ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bavarian State Opera , Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera', 'summary': "The Bavarian State Opera ( German : Bayerische Staatsoper ) is an opera company based in Munich , Germany . Its orchestra is the Bavarian State Orchestra . The company 's home base is the National Theatre Munich ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Giovanni', 'summary': "Don Giovanni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˌdɔn dʒoˈvanni ] ; K. 527 ; complete title : Il dissoluto punito , ossia il Don Giovanni , literally The Rake Punished , namely Don Giovanni or The Libertine Punished ) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte . It is based on the legends of Don Juan , a fictional libertine and seducer , by Spanish writer Tirso de Molina . It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the National Theater ( of Bohemia ) , now called the Estates Theatre , on 29 October 1787 . Da Ponte 's libretto was billed as a dramma giocoso , a common designation of its time that denotes a mixing of serious and comic action . Mozart entered the work into his catalogue as an opera buffa . Although sometimes classified as comic , it blends comedy , melodrama and supernatural elements . Don Giovanni is generally regarded as one of Mozarts supreme achievements and one of the greatest operas of all time , and it has proved a fruitful subject for writers and philosophers . A staple of the standard operatic repertoire , it is ninth on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas of the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Théâtre du Châtelet , Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Théâtre_du_Châtelet', 'summary': 'The Théâtre du Châtelet ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ teɑtʁ dy ʃɑtlɛ ] ) is a theatre and opera house , located in the place du Châtelet in the 1st arrondissement of Paris , France . One of two theatres ( the other being the Théâtre de la Ville ) built on the site of a châtelet , a small castle or fortress , it was designed by Gabriel Davioud at the request of Baron Haussmann between 1860 and 1862 . Originally named the Théâtre Impérial du Châtelet , it has undergone remodeling and name changes over the years . Currently it seats 2,500 people .'}]}, {'value': 'The Cunning Little Vixen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cunning_Little_Vixen', 'summary': "The Cunning Little Vixen ( Czech : Příhody lišky Bystroušky ; alternative English title : Tales of Vixen Sharp-Ears ) is a Czech-language opera by Leoš Janáček , composed in 1921 to 1923 . Its libretto was adapted by the composer from a 1920 serialized novella , Liška Bystrouška , by Rudolf Těsnohlídek , which was first published in the newspaper Lidové noviny ( with illustrations by Stanislav Lolek ) . The opera incorporates Moravian folk music and rhythms as it recounts the life of a clever ( alternative reading : sharp-eared ) fox and accompanying wildlife , as well as a few humans , and their small adventures while traversing their lifecycles . Described as a comic opera , it has nonetheless been noted to contain a serious theme . Interpretations of the work remain varied , ranging from children 's entertainment to a tragedy ."}]}, {'value': 'Janáček', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leoš_Janáček', 'summary': "Leoš Janáček ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlɛoʃ ˈjanaːtʃɛk ] ( listen ) , baptised Leo Eugen Janáček ; 3 July 1854 - 12 August 1928 ) was a Czech composer , musical theorist , folklorist , publicist and teacher . He was inspired by Moravian and other Slavic folk music to create an original , modern musical style . Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research . While his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák , his later , mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern , highly original synthesis , first evident in the opera Jenůfa , which was premiered in 1904 in Brno . The success of Jenůfa ( often called the Moravian national opera ) at Prague in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world 's great opera stages . Janáček 's later works are his most celebrated . They include operas such as Káťa Kabanová and The Cunning Little Vixen , the Sinfonietta , the Glagolitic Mass , the rhapsody Taras Bulba , two string quartets , and other chamber works . Along with Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana , he is considered one of the most important Czech composers ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English National Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_National_Opera', 'summary': "English National Opera ( ENO ) is an opera company based in London , resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin 's Lane . It is one of the two principal opera companies in London , along with The Royal Opera , Covent Garden . ENO 's productions are sung in English . The company 's origins were in the late 19th century , when the philanthropist Emma Cons , later assisted by her niece Lilian Baylis , presented theatrical and operatic performances at the Old Vic , for the benefit of local people . Baylis subsequently built up both the opera and the theatre companies , and later added a ballet company ; these evolved into ENO , the Royal National Theatre and The Royal Ballet , respectively . Baylis acquired and rebuilt the Sadler 's Wells theatre in north London , a larger house , better suited to opera than the Old Vic . The opera company grew there into a permanent ensemble in the 1930s . During the Second World War , the theatre was closed and the company toured British towns and cities . After the war , the company returned to its home , but it continued to expand and improve . By the 1960s , a larger theatre was needed . In 1968 , the company moved to the London Coliseum and adopted its present name in 1974 . Among the conductors associated with the company have been Colin Davis , Reginald Goodall , Charles Mackerras , Mark Elder and Edward Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'Xerxes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serse', 'summary': "Serse ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈsɛrse ] ; English title : Xerxes ; HWV 40 ) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel . It was first performed in London on 15 April 1738 . The Italian libretto was adapted by an unknown hand from that by Silvio Stampiglia for an earlier opera of the same name by Giovanni Bononcini in 1694 . Stampiglia 's libretto was itself based on one by Nicolò Minato that was set by Francesco Cavalli in 1654 . The opera is set in Persia ( modern-day Iran ) about 470 BC and is very loosely based upon Xerxes I of Persia . Serse , originally sung by a mezzo soprano castrato , is now usually performed by a mezzo-soprano or counter-tenor . The opening aria , Ombra mai fu , sung by Xerxes to a plane tree ( Platanus orientalis ) , is set to one of Handel 's best-known melodies , and is often known as Handel 's Largo ( despite being marked larghetto in the score ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Handel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel', 'summary': "George Frideric ( or Frederick ) Handel ( /ˈhændəl/ ; [ a ] born Georg Friederich Händel [ b ] [ ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩ ] ( listen ) ; 23 February 1685 ( O.S . ) [ ( N.S . ) 5 March ] - 14 April 1759 ) [ c ] was a German , later British , Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London , becoming well known for his operas , oratorios , anthems , concerti grossi and organ concertos . Handel received important training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712 ; he became a naturalised British subject in 1727 . He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition . Within fifteen years , Handel had started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera . Musicologist Winton Dean writes that his operas show that Handel was not only a great composer ; he was a dramatic genius of the first order . As Alexander 's Feast ( 1736 ) was well received , Handel made a transition to English choral works . After his success with Messiah ( 1742 ) he never composed an Italian opera again . Almost blind , and having lived in England for nearly fifty years , he died in 1759 , a respected and rich man . His funeral was given full state honours , and he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London . Born the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti , Handel is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era , with works such as Messiah , Water Music , and Music for the Royal Fireworks remaining steadfastly popular ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glyndebourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glyndebourne', 'summary': 'Glyndebourne ( /ˈɡlaɪndbɔːn/ ) is an English country house , the site of an opera house that , since 1934 , has been the venue for the annual Glyndebourne Festival Opera . Initially , operas were presented within the house but there is now a free-standing opera house in its grounds . The house itself , located near Lewes in East Sussex , England , is thought to be about six hundred years old and listed at grade II .'}]}, {'value': 'Così fan tutte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Così_fan_tutte', 'summary': "Così fan tutte , ossia La scuola degli amanti ( Italian : [ koˈsi ffan ˈtutte osˈsiːa la ˈskwɔːla deʎʎ aˈmanti , koˈzi - ] ; All Women Do It , or The School for Lovers ) , K. 588 , is an Italian-language opera buffa in two acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart first performed on 26 January 1790 at the Burgtheater in Vienna , Austria . The libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte who also wrote Le nozze di Figaro and Don Giovanni . Although it is commonly held that Così fan tutte was written and composed at the suggestion of the Emperor Joseph II , recent research does not support this idea . There is evidence that Mozart 's contemporary Antonio Salieri tried to set the libretto but left it unfinished . In 1994 , John Rice uncovered two terzetti by Salieri in the Austrian National Library . The short title , Così fan tutte , literally means So do they all , using the feminine plural ( tutte ) to indicate women . It is usually translated into English as Women are like that . The words are sung by the three men in act 2 , scene 3 , just before the finale ; this melodic phrase is also quoted in the overture to the opera . Da Ponte had used the line Così fan tutte le belle earlier in Le nozze di Figaro ( in act 1 , scene 7 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Opera_House', 'summary': "The Royal Opera House ( ROH ) is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden , central London . The large building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden , after a previous use of the site of the opera house 's original construction in 1732 . It is the home of The Royal Opera , The Royal Ballet , and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Originally called the Theatre Royal , it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history . In 1734 , the first ballet was presented . A year later , Handel 's first season of operas began . Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there . The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1856 . The façade , foyer , and auditorium date from 1858 , but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s . The main auditorium seats 2,256 people , making it the third largest in London , and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery . The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high . The main auditorium is a Grade I listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Carlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Carlos', 'summary': "Don Carlos is a five-act grand opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi to a French-language libretto by Joseph Méry and Camille du Locle , based on the dramatic play Don Carlos , Infant von Spanien ( Don Carlos , Infante of Spain ) by Friedrich Schiller . In addition , it has been noted by David Kimball that the Fontainebleau scene and auto-da-fé were the most substantial of several incidents borrowed from a contemporary play on Philip II by Eugène Cormon . The opera is most often performed in Italian translation , usually under the title Don Carlo . The opera 's story is based on conflicts in the life of Carlos , Prince of Asturias ( 1545-1568 ) . Though he was betrothed to Elisabeth of Valois , part of the peace treaty ending the Italian War of 1551-59 between the Houses of Habsburg and Valois demanded that she be married instead to his father Philip II of Spain . It was commissioned and produced by the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra ( Paris Opera ) and given its premiere at the Salle Le Peletier on 11 March 1867 . The first performance in Italian was given at Covent Garden in London in June 1867 . The first Italian version given in Italy was in Bologna in October 1867 . Revised again by Verdi , it was given in Naples in November/December 1872 . Finally , two other versions were prepared : the first was seen in Milan in January 1884 ( in which the four acts were based on some original French text which was then translated ) . That is now known as the Milan version , while the second - also sanctioned by the composer - became the Modena version and was presented in that city in December 1886 . It restored the Fontainebleau first act to the Milan four-act version ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan Opera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Opera ( commonly known as The Met ) is an opera company based in New York City , resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts . The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association , with Peter Gelb as general manager . As of 2018 , the company 's current music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin . The Met was founded in 1883 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house , and debuted the same year in a new building on 39th and Broadway ( now known as the Old Met ) . It moved to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966 . The Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America . It presents about 27 different operas each year from late September through May . The operas are presented in a rotating repertory schedule , with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week . Performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday . Several operas are presented in new productions each season . Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera companies . The rest of the year 's operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Carlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Carlos', 'summary': "Don Carlos is a five-act grand opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi to a French-language libretto by Joseph Méry and Camille du Locle , based on the dramatic play Don Carlos , Infant von Spanien ( Don Carlos , Infante of Spain ) by Friedrich Schiller . In addition , it has been noted by David Kimball that the Fontainebleau scene and auto-da-fé were the most substantial of several incidents borrowed from a contemporary play on Philip II by Eugène Cormon . The opera is most often performed in Italian translation , usually under the title Don Carlo . The opera 's story is based on conflicts in the life of Carlos , Prince of Asturias ( 1545-1568 ) . Though he was betrothed to Elisabeth of Valois , part of the peace treaty ending the Italian War of 1551-59 between the Houses of Habsburg and Valois demanded that she be married instead to his father Philip II of Spain . It was commissioned and produced by the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra ( Paris Opera ) and given its premiere at the Salle Le Peletier on 11 March 1867 . The first performance in Italian was given at Covent Garden in London in June 1867 . The first Italian version given in Italy was in Bologna in October 1867 . Revised again by Verdi , it was given in Naples in November/December 1872 . Finally , two other versions were prepared : the first was seen in Milan in January 1884 ( in which the four acts were based on some original French text which was then translated ) . That is now known as the Milan version , while the second - also sanctioned by the composer - became the Modena version and was presented in that city in December 1886 . It restored the Fontainebleau first act to the Milan four-act version ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Work -- Opera productions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Nicholas_Hytner_1', 'intro': "Sir Nicholas Robert Hytner (born 7 May 1956) is an English theatre director, film director, and film producer. He was previously the Artistic Director of London's National Theatre. His major successes as director include Miss Saigon, The History Boys and One Man, Two Guvnors."} | null | null | Between Royal Opera and Grand Théâtre de Genève , which one was constructed at an earlier time ? | Royal Opera |
0b67334014520d0f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Seoul', 'title': 'List of parks in Seoul', 'header': ['Park', 'Korean name', 'Location - Dong', 'Location - Gu', 'Area ( ㎡ )', 'Link'], 'data': [{'value': 'Achasan Echological Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '아차산 생태공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangjang-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangjang-dong', 'summary': 'Gwangjang-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Gwangjin-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gwangjin-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangjin-gu', 'summary': 'Gwangjin District ( Gwangjin-gu ) is one of the 25 wards ( gu ) of Seoul , South Korea . It is located on the north bank of the Han River , to the eastern end of Seoul It was created from neighboring Seongdong District in 1995 . Gwangjin District is home to Konkuk University and Sejong University .'}]}, {'value': '23,450㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangi-dong Marsh Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': '방이동습지 ( 방이동 생태경관보전지역 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangi-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangi-dong', 'summary': 'Bangi-dong is a neighbourhood , dong of Songpa-gu , Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Songpa-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songpa-gu', 'summary': 'Songpa-gu is a district of Seoul , South Korea . Songpa is located at the southeastern part of Seoul , the capital of South Korea . Songpa is also the largest population district with 647,000 residents , in Seoul . This had been called Wirye , when it was the first capital of Baekje . Songpa is generally referred to as a part of Greater Gangnam Area along with Gangnam District and Seocho District . Songpa was at the center of 1988 Seoul Olympics , and most of the sporting facilities associated with that event are located within the district . In 2009 , Songpa District won the Livcom Awards of UNEP for the most liveable city .'}]}, {'value': '58,909㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 2 ] [ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boramae Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '보라매공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sindaebang-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sindaebang-dong', 'summary': 'Sindaebang-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Dongjak-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Dongjak-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dongjak-gu', 'summary': 'Dongjak District ( Dongjak-gu ) is one of the 25 gu that make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Its name was derived from the Dongjaegi Naruteo Ferry , on the Han River which borders the district to the north . It was the 17th gu created in Seoul , after being separated from Gwanak District on April 1 , 1980 .'}]}, {'value': '424,106㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dongmyo Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dongmyo', 'summary': 'Dongmyo ( which literally means Eastern Shrine ) is a shrine in metropolitan Seoul built in honour of the 3rd century Chinese military commander , Guan Yu . The Joseon government embarked on construction in 1599 and completed the work in 1601 . The Wanli Emperor of Ming provided funds for construction of the shrine , along with a plaque with his own calligraphy . Three shrines - Dongmyo ( east shrine ) , Seomyo ( west shrine ) and Bungmyo ( north shrine ) - were actually constructed in 1601 . However , only Dongmyo Shrine remains today . There was no such practice as worshipping Guan Yu as a deity in Korea until Ming Dynasty military officers brought the custom during the military campaigns against Japan . As Neo-Confucian fundamentalists , Korean officers found it unacceptable to worship Guan Yu , but were unable to refuse the Chinese request for enshrinement . The construction was a burden to exhausted postwar Korea and the shrine was maintained only with concern for the relationship with China . Koreans remained indifferent toward these shrines for a long time . But during the reign of King Yeongjo ( 1724-1776 ) , Dongmyo and Nammyo ( another shrine constructed by Ming military official Zhen Yin ) were incorporated into state rituals for the purpose of Ming worship linked with hostility toward and contempt for Manchu Qing Dynasty . The shrine is surrounded by a wall of stone and mud , and covers an area of 9,315 m² . Ceremonies were held here for many years to thank Guan Yu for divine support .'}]}, {'value': '동묘공원 ( 동관왕묘 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sungin-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sungin-dong', 'summary': 'Sungin-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Jongno-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Jongno-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}]}, {'value': '9,315m²', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonhodong Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '천호동공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonho-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonho-dong', 'summary': 'Cheonho-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Gangdong-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangdong-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangdong-gu', 'summary': 'Gangdong District ( Gangdong-gu ) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Gangdong is literally east of the ( Han ) River . It is located on the east side of the city . Jungbu ( literally Central Part ) Express Motorway starts in and passes through Sangil-dong , which is located in the east end of this district . In Amsa-dong , there is a Pre-historic heritage site which is about six thousand years old . At this site , there are many kinds of pottery and houses . The pottery which has been found was made of ceramic and is circular and shaped into a point similar to corn .'}]}, {'value': '26,696.80㎥', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Children 's Grand Park", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Children's_Grand_Park", 'summary': "Children 's Grand Park is a park complex in Gwangjin-gu , Seoul , South Korea . Facilities at Children 's Grand Park include hills and hiking trails , Zoo , garden , and an amusement park . Situated in Seoul Citys Gwangjin-gu , Childrens Grand Park is a leisure facility for families , offering a botanical garden , amusement facilities , and diverse performance events . Opened on a Korean holiday called Childrens Day in 1973 , the park is full of attractions that appeal to youngsters : Marine Animal House that exhibits seals and polar bears , a Small Animal Village , and even a Parrot Village . Nearly 62% of the park 's total area of about 530,000 sq . meters consists of trees and grass and various facilities ."}]}, {'value': '어린이대공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neung-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neung-dong', 'summary': 'Neung-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Gwangjin-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gwangjin-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangjin-gu', 'summary': 'Gwangjin District ( Gwangjin-gu ) is one of the 25 wards ( gu ) of Seoul , South Korea . It is located on the north bank of the Han River , to the eastern end of Seoul It was created from neighboring Seongdong District in 1995 . Gwangjin District is home to Konkuk University and Sejong University .'}]}, {'value': '593,036㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 7 ] [ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dosan Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dosan_Park', 'summary': 'Dosan Park is a park in the neighborhood of Sinsa-dong in Gangnam-gu , Seoul , South Korea . It was established in 1973 to commemorate the achievement and legacy of An Chang-ho , a famous independence activist . The name is after his pen name , Dosan . In Dosan Park , there is the Dosan Ahn Chang-ho Memorial Hall to commemorate him .'}]}, {'value': '도산공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinsa-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sinsa-dong,_Gangnam', 'summary': 'Sinsa-dong is a ward of Gangnam-gu in Seoul , South Korea . This district contains many department stores , hairshops , churches , boutiques , cafes and restaurants .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangnam-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangnam-gu', 'summary': 'The Gangnam District ( /ˈɡæŋnæm , ˈɡɑːŋnɑːm/ , Korean : 강남구 ; Hanja : 江南區 ; RR : Gangnam-gu , Korean pronunciation : [ kaŋ nam ku ] ) also anglicized as Kangnam is one of the 25 local government districts which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Gangnam literally means South of the River . Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul , with an area of 39.5 km2 ( 15.3 sq mi ) . As of the 2017 census , Gangnam District had a population of 561,052 .'}]}, {'value': '29,816.5㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunchun-dong Marsh Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': '둔촌동습지 ( 둔촌동 생태경관보전지역 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunchon-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunchon-dong', 'summary': 'Dunchon-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Gangdong-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangdong-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangdong-gu', 'summary': 'Gangdong District ( Gangdong-gu ) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Gangdong is literally east of the ( Han ) River . It is located on the east side of the city . Jungbu ( literally Central Part ) Express Motorway starts in and passes through Sangil-dong , which is located in the east end of this district . In Amsa-dong , there is a Pre-historic heritage site which is about six thousand years old . At this site , there are many kinds of pottery and houses . The pottery which has been found was made of ceramic and is circular and shaped into a point similar to corn .'}]}, {'value': '24,696㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eungbong Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '응봉공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geumho 1ga-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geumho-dong,_Seoul', 'summary': 'Geumho-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Seongdong-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Seongdong-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seongdong-gu', 'summary': 'Seongdong District ( Seongdong-gu ) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . It is situated on the north bank of the Han River . It is divided into 20 dong ( neighbourhoods ) .'}]}, {'value': '80,309 ㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandeme Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '간데메공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dapsipni 3-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dapsipni-dong', 'summary': 'Dapsimni-dong is a neighbourhood , dong of Dongdaemun-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Dongdaemun-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dongdaemun-gu', 'summary': 'Dongdaemun District ( Korean : 동대문구 , romanized : Dongdaemun-gu , Great Eastern Gate ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Dongdaemun has a population of 346,770 ( 2010 ) and has a geographic area of 14.22 km2 ( 5.49 sq mi ) , and is divided into 14 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Dongdaemun is located in northeastern Seoul , bordering the city districts of Seongbuk to the northwest , Jongno to the west , Seongdong to the south , Gwangjin to the southeast , and Jungnang to the east . Dongdaemun is part of the Seongjeosimni ( Outer old Seoul ) area and is named after Heunginjimun , one of the Eight Gates of Seoul which is not located within the district . Dongdaemun is home to the University of Seoul , Cheongnyangni station , and to Gyeongdong Market , one of the largest herbal medicine and agricultural markets in South Korea . Yoo Deok-yeol ( 유덕열 ) of the Democratic Party has been the mayor of Dongdaemun since July 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '15,179.7 ㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 12 ] [ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gupabal Fall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '구파발폭포', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jingwanoe-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jingwanoe-dong', 'summary': 'Jingwan-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Eunpyeong-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Eunpyeong-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eunpyeong-gu', 'summary': 'Eunpyeong District ( 은평구 , Eunpyeong-gu ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Eunpyeong has a population of 450,583 ( 2010 ) and has a geographic area of 29.7 km2 ( 11.5 sq mi ) , and is divided into 16 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Eunpyeong is located in northwestern Seoul , bordering the Gyeonggi Province city of Goyang to the west , and the Seoul city districts of Mapo to the southwest , Seodaemun to the south , and Jongno to the east . Kim Uyeong ( 김우영 ) of the Democratic Party has been the mayor of Eunpyeong since July 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '6669㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwanghwamun Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwanghwamun_Plaza', 'summary': "Gwanghwamun Plaza ( Korean : 광화문광장 ; Hanja : 光化門廣場 , also known as Gwanghwamun Square ) is a public open space on Sejongno , Jongno-gu in Seoul , South Korea . The plaza was opened on 1 August 2009 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and is part of the City 's plans for environmentally friendly renovation projects such as the Cheonggye Stream and Seoul Plaza . It is also historically significant as the location of royal administrative buildings , known as Yukjo-geori or Street of Six Ministries ; and features statues of Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Joseon Dynasty and King Sejong the Great of Joseon . The goal of opening and reconstruction of this plaza is making the plaza as a historical and cultural place for citizen ."}]}, {'value': '광화문시민열린마당', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sejongno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sejongno', 'summary': 'Sejongno ( Korean : 세종로 ; Hanja : 世宗路 ) , also known as Sejong-daero , is a street that runs through Jongno-gu in downtown Seoul . It is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon . The street is 600 meters in length , but due to its central location it is of great symbolic importance . It points north to Gwanaksan and Bukhansan ( Mountains ) , and the Joseon Dynasty palace , Gyeongbokgung . It is also of historical significance as the location for royal administrative buildings and features statues of the Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Joseon Dynasty and King Sejong the Great of Joseon .'}]}, {'value': 'Jongno-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}]}, {'value': '8,948.1㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunlyunwon Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '훈련원공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euljiro 5 ga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euljiro', 'summary': "Euljiro is an avenue in Seoul named after Eulji Mundeok , the general who saved Korea from the invading Sui Dynasty Chinese . During Korea under Japanese rule 's period , the street was known as Kogane-Cho ( 황금정 ; 黄金町 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jung-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jung-gu,_Seoul', 'summary': "Jung District ( Korean : 중구 ; Hanja : 中區 ; RR : Junggu ; lit . Central District ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Jung has a population of 131,452 ( 2013 ) and has a geographic area 9.96 km2 ( 3.85 sq mi ) , making it both the least-populous and the smallest district of Seoul , and is divided into 15 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Jung is located at the centre of Seoul on the northern side of the Han River , bordering the city districts of Jongno to the north , Seodaemun to the northwest , Mapo to the west , Yongsan to the south , Seongdong to the southeast , and Dongdaemun to the northeast . Jung is the historical city center of Seoul with a variety of old and new , including modern facilities such as high rise office buildings , department stores and shopping malls clustered together , and also a center of tradition where historic sites such as Deoksugung and Namdaemun can be found . Jung is home to cultural sites such as the landmark N Seoul Tower on Namsan Mountain , the Myeongdong Cathedral , the Bank of Korea Museum , and the Gwangtonggwan , the oldest continuously-operating bank building in Korea and one of city 's protected monuments since March 5 , 2001 . The Myeongdong neighborhood is one of the most famous shopping areas and popular tourist destinations in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': '16,734.60㎥', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hwangudan Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '환구단공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sogong-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sogong-dong', 'summary': 'Sogong-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Jung-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Jung-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jung-gu,_Seoul', 'summary': "Jung District ( Korean : 중구 ; Hanja : 中區 ; RR : Junggu ; lit . Central District ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Jung has a population of 131,452 ( 2013 ) and has a geographic area 9.96 km2 ( 3.85 sq mi ) , making it both the least-populous and the smallest district of Seoul , and is divided into 15 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Jung is located at the centre of Seoul on the northern side of the Han River , bordering the city districts of Jongno to the north , Seodaemun to the northwest , Mapo to the west , Yongsan to the south , Seongdong to the southeast , and Dongdaemun to the northeast . Jung is the historical city center of Seoul with a variety of old and new , including modern facilities such as high rise office buildings , department stores and shopping malls clustered together , and also a center of tradition where historic sites such as Deoksugung and Namdaemun can be found . Jung is home to cultural sites such as the landmark N Seoul Tower on Namsan Mountain , the Myeongdong Cathedral , the Bank of Korea Museum , and the Gwangtonggwan , the oldest continuously-operating bank building in Korea and one of city 's protected monuments since March 5 , 2001 . The Myeongdong neighborhood is one of the most famous shopping areas and popular tourist destinations in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': '8,661.16㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 17 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seodaemun_Independence_Park', 'summary': 'Seodaemun Independence Park ( 서대문독립공원 ) is an educational and cultural park located in Hyunjeo-dong , Seodaemun-gu , Seoul , South Korea . The park contains various monuments and buildings , most notably the Seodaemun Prison Museum . The park receives nearly half a million visitors annually .'}]}, {'value': '독립공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hyunjeo-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyunjeo-dong', 'summary': "Hyeonjeo-dong is a legal dong , neighbourhood of the Seodaemun-gu district in Seoul , South Korea and is governed by its administrative dong , Cheonyeon-dong 's office . There are in the Historic Sites Dongnimmun ( Independence Gate ) and Yeongeunmunjucho ( Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Seodaemun-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seodaemun-gu', 'summary': 'Seodaemun District ( Korean : 서대문구 , romanized : Seodaemun-gu , Great West Gate ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Seodaemun has a population of 313,814 ( 2010 ) and has a geographic area of 17.61 km2 ( 6.8 sq mi ) , and is divided into 14 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Seodaemun is located in northwestern Seoul , bordering the city districts of Eunpyeong to the northwest , Mapo to the southwest , Jung to the southeast , and Jongno to the east . Seodaemun is part of the Seongjeosimni ( Outer old Seoul ) area and is named after Donuimun , one of the Eight Gates of Seoul which was formerly located within the district . Seodaemun is home to Seodaemun Independence Park , which contains several historic monuments and buildings such as the Seodaemun Prison museum and the Independence Gate . Moon Seok-Jin ( 문석진 ) of the Democratic Party has been the mayor of Seodaemun since July 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '109.193.8㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 18 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jungmaru Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '중마루공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeongdeungpo-dong 2ga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeongdeungpo-dong', 'summary': 'Yeongdeungpo-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Yeongdeungpo-gu in Seoul , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Yeongdeungpo-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeongdeungpo-gu', 'summary': "Yeongdeungpo District ( Yeongdeungpo-gu ) is an administrative district in southwest Seoul , South Korea . Although the origin of the name is uncertain , the first two syllables are thought to be from yeongdeung ( 靈登 ) or divine ascent , a shamanic rite . The third syllable is po , representing the bank of a river ( 浦 ) , referring to the district 's position on the Han River . The 2006 population was 408,819 . The current magistrate is Kim Hyung-Su . There are 22 administrative dong and 34 legal dong . Yeouido-dong is the largest in area and takes up about 34% of the land . The total area is 24.56 km² ( 2004 ) , making up 4% of Seoul 's land . The annual budget is approximately 2 billion won . Yeongdeungpo District has been heavily developed as an office , commercial , and residential district . Yeouido Dong is home to DLI 63 Building , the highest office building in South Korea and currently the 3rd tallest building in the country . The National Assembly Building is located in Yeouido-dong ."}]}, {'value': '6,456㎥', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 19 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kildong Ecological Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '길동자연생태공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gil-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gil-dong', 'summary': 'Gil-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Gangdong-gu in Seoul , South Korea . Exit 1 leads to many different love motels , hoffs , and norae bangs . In this direction it is about 2 km to the Han River . There is also a Paris baguette and a cafe bene on this side . Exit 2 and 3 lead to the post office and a large Korean market . Along the main road on this side of the street , there is a home plus , a dunking doughnuts , a 3 floor dollar store daiso and many Korean restaurants . There are also many dentists and more norae bangs that you can imagine . On the same street as the post office is a typical outdoor Korean market , made up of mostly fruit , vegetable , fish and ddok sellers . It has become more gentrified lately and shops such as The Face Shop have moved in . This market runs the length of gil-dong on this back street . This area back from the main road is made up of many small one-way streets with many villas and traditional Korean houses lining them . Gil-dong has the feel of an older , poorer Korean neighbourhood .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangdong-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangdong-gu', 'summary': 'Gangdong District ( Gangdong-gu ) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Gangdong is literally east of the ( Han ) River . It is located on the east side of the city . Jungbu ( literally Central Part ) Express Motorway starts in and passes through Sangil-dong , which is located in the east end of this district . In Amsa-dong , there is a Pre-historic heritage site which is about six thousand years old . At this site , there are many kinds of pottery and houses . The pottery which has been found was made of ceramic and is circular and shaped into a point similar to corn .'}]}, {'value': '80,683㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 20 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marronnier Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marronnier_Park', 'summary': 'Marronnier Park ( Hangul : 마로니에 공원 ) is a park in the Daehangno district of Seoul .'}]}, {'value': '마로니에 공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daehangno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daehangno', 'summary': 'Daehangno ( Hangul : 대학로 Hanja : 大學路 , lit . college street ) is a neighborhood in Seoul north of the Han River within Jongno-gu and Seodaemun-gu . Formerly known as Sunggyobang ( Hangul : 숭교방 Hanja : 崇敎坊 ) , meaning high respect for teaching , its current name was designated when the 1.1 km six-lane road from Hyehwa-dong ( 혜화동 ) rotary to Ihwadong ( 이화동 梨花洞 ) crossroad was designated as a street of culture on May 5 , 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jongno-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}]}, {'value': '5,802㎡', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 21 ] [ 22 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naksan Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naksan_Park', 'summary': 'Naksan Mountain or Mount Naksan ( lit . Camel Mountain ) is a peak , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) high , in the Jongno-gu district of Seoul , South Korea . The mountain is well known for the panoramic views of downtown Seoul as is Namsan . The mountain and its surrounding area is Naksan Park , which is a public park maintained by the city government from 2002 . The park was used as the filming location for some dramas .'}]}, {'value': '낙산공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dongsung-dong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dongsung-dong', 'summary': 'Dongsung-dong is a dong , neighbourhood of Jongno-gu in Seoul , South Korea . It is a legal dong ( beopjeong-dong 법정동 法定洞 ) administered under its administrative dong ( haengjeong-dong 행정동 行政洞 ) , Ihwa-dong .'}]}, {'value': 'Jongno-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jongno-gu', 'summary': 'Jongno District ( Jongno-gu ) is a gu , or district , in central Seoul , South Korea . It takes its name from a major local street , Jongno , which means Bell Street .'}]}, {'value': '201,779㎥', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 23 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namsan Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namsan_Park', 'summary': "Nam Mountain ( pleonastically Namsan Mountain or Mount Namsan , lit . South Mountain ) is a peak , 262 metres ( 860 ft ) high , in the Jung-gu district of south central Seoul , South Korea . Although known as Mongmyeoksan , or 목멱산 / 木覓山 in the past , it is now commonly referred to as Mt . Namsan . It offers some hiking , picnic areas and views of downtown Seoul 's skyline . The N Seoul Tower is located on top of Mt . Namsan . The mountain and its surrounding area is Namsan Park , a public park maintained by the city government , which has panoramic views of Seoul . It is also the location of a smoke signal station called Mongmyeoksan Bongsudae ' ( Mongmyeoksan Beacon Tower , Hangul : 목멱산 봉수대 ) , which was part of an emergency communication system during much of Seoul 's history until 1985 . From 1925 to 1945 the Shinto shrine known as Chōsen Jingū was situated on Mt . Namsan . In 2011 a survey was conducted by Seoul Development Institute , which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects ."}]}, {'value': '남산공원', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jung-gu , Yongsan-gu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jung-gu,_Seoul', 'summary': "Jung District ( Korean : 중구 ; Hanja : 中區 ; RR : Junggu ; lit . Central District ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Jung has a population of 131,452 ( 2013 ) and has a geographic area 9.96 km2 ( 3.85 sq mi ) , making it both the least-populous and the smallest district of Seoul , and is divided into 15 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Jung is located at the centre of Seoul on the northern side of the Han River , bordering the city districts of Jongno to the north , Seodaemun to the northwest , Mapo to the west , Yongsan to the south , Seongdong to the southeast , and Dongdaemun to the northeast . Jung is the historical city center of Seoul with a variety of old and new , including modern facilities such as high rise office buildings , department stores and shopping malls clustered together , and also a center of tradition where historic sites such as Deoksugung and Namdaemun can be found . Jung is home to cultural sites such as the landmark N Seoul Tower on Namsan Mountain , the Myeongdong Cathedral , the Bank of Korea Museum , and the Gwangtonggwan , the oldest continuously-operating bank building in Korea and one of city 's protected monuments since March 5 , 2001 . The Myeongdong neighborhood is one of the most famous shopping areas and popular tourist destinations in South Korea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yongsan-gu', 'summary': "Yongsan District ( Korean : 용산구 , romanized : Yongsan-gu ) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul , South Korea . Yongsan has a population of 313,814 ( 2010 ) and has a geographic area of 17.6 km2 ( 8.4 sq mi ) , and is divided into 19 dong ( administrative neighborhoods ) . Yongsan is located in central Seoul on the northern bank of the Han River , bordering the city districts of Jung to the north , Mapo to the west , Yeongdeungpo and Dongjak to the southwest , Seocho and Gangnam District to the southeast , and Seongdong to the east . Yongsan is part of the Seongjeosimni ( Outer old Seoul ) area immediately south of Seoul 's historic center in Jung on the southern side of Namsan . Yongsan is home to notable locations such as the National Museum of Korea , the War Memorial of Korea , Itaewon district , the Yongsan Electronics Market , and Haebangchon , one of the oldest neighborhoods in Seoul . Seong Jang-Hyeon ( 성장현 ) of the Democratic Party has been the mayor of Yongsan since July 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2,935,762㎥', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 24 ] [ 25 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of parks in Seoul , South Korea . Olympic Park located in Bangi-dong , Songpa-gu , Seoul .', 'uid': 'List_of_parks_in_Seoul_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of parks in Seoul, South Korea.'} | null | null | What is the Location - Gu of the Seoul park that was opened on 1 August 2009 ? | Jongno-gu |
0b68da38da53b527 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni', 'title': 'List of Dickinson College alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'George Washington Bethune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_Bethune', 'summary': "George Washington Bethune ( March 18 , 1805 - April 28 , 1862 ) was a preacher-pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church . Of Huguenot descent , his father was Divie Bethune , a highly successful merchant in New York . Originally a student at Columbia College of Columbia University , Bethune graduated in 1822 from Dickinson College , Carlisle , Pennsylvania and went on to study theology at Princeton University . He married Mary Williams in November , 1825 . In 1827 , he was appointed Pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church , Rhinebeck , New York . In 1830 , he moved to Utica , New York ; in 1834 to Philadelphia ; and in 1850 to Brooklyn Heights , NY . He was offered the chaplaincy of the U.S. Military Academy , the Chancellorship of New York University and the Provostship of University of Pennsylvania , all of which he declined . He was an outspoken Democrat in politics , opposed to slavery but unsympathetic to abolitionism . Due to his Calvinist ideas about the unsuitability of such a hobby for a clergyman , Bethune , an avid fisherman , worked anonymously on five of the US editions of Izaak Walton 's The Compleat Angler under the pseudonym The American Editor . He also wrote many hymns , some of which are still used today . One popular hymn he wrote is There is no Name so Sweet on Earth . The hymn When Time Seems Short and Death is Near was found in his portfolio and was written on April 27 , 1862 , the day before his death ."}]}, {'value': '1822', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Reformed minister and author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Clemens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Clemens', 'summary': 'Joseph Clemens ( 9 December 1862 - 21 January 1936 ) was an American Methodist Episcopalian chaplain , missionary and plant collector who served and worked in South East Asia and elsewhere . He was born in the rugged western English county of Cornwall . Later , his family migrated to Williamsport , Pennsylvania , and then moved to Eichelsburg , Pennsylvania . His father was a Cornish iron miner , Charles Clemens , and his mother , Mary Jane James Clemens . Joe was the only one of five brothers who did not follow the family tradition and become a miner . He also had a sister .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Army chaplain , missionary and plant collector', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moncure Conway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncure_Conway', 'summary': "Moncure Daniel Conway ( March 17 , 1832 - November 15 , 1907 ) was an American abolitionist minister . At various times Methodist , Unitarian , and a Freethinker , the radical writer descended from patriotic and patrician families of Virginia and Maryland but spent most of the final four decades of his life abroad in England and France , where he wrote biographies of Edmund Randolph , Nathaniel Hawthorne and Thomas Paine and his own autobiography . He led freethinkers in London 's South Place Chapel , now Conway Hall ."}]}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minister , author , abolitionist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George R. Crooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_R._Crooks', 'summary': 'George Richard Crooks ( February 3 , 1822 Philadelphia - February 20 , 1897 ) was an American Methodist minister , writer , and educator .'}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minister ; editor of The Methodist ; professor at Drew Theological Seminary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Theological_Seminary', 'summary': "Drew University is a private university in Madison , New Jersey . Drew has been nicknamed the University in the Forest because of its wooded 186-acre ( 75 ha ) campus . As of fall 2017 , more than 2,000 students were pursuing degrees at the university 's three schools . In 1867 , financier and railroad tycoon Daniel Drew purchased an estate in Madison to establish a theological seminary to train candidates for Methodist ministry . The seminary later expanded to offer an undergraduate liberal arts curriculum in 1928 and graduate studies in 1955 . The College of Liberal Arts , serving 1,417 undergraduate students , offers strong concentrations in the natural sciences , social sciences , languages and literatures , humanities and the arts , and in several interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields . The Drew Theological School , the third-oldest of thirteen Methodist seminaries affiliated with the United Methodist Church , currently enrolls 436 students preparing for careers in the ministry and the academic study of theology . The Caspersen School of Graduate Studies , enrolling 351 graduate students , offers master 's and doctoral degrees in a variety of specialized and interdisciplinary fields . While affiliated with the Methodist faith , Drew University makes no religious demands of its students . Although many of the Theological School 's students and faculty are Methodists , students of all faiths are admitted to any program within the university . The United Methodist Church 's General Commission on Archives and History is located on campus ; the Commission maintains an archive of Methodist records and artifacts from the 19th century to the present . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'George David Cummins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_David_Cummins', 'summary': 'George David Cummins ( December 11 , 1822 - June 26 , 1876 ) was an American Anglican Bishop and founder of the Reformed Episcopal Church .'}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Reformed Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'The Reformed Episcopal Church ( REC ) is an Anglican church of evangelical Episcopalian heritage . It was founded in 1873 in New York City by George David Cummins , formerly a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church . The REC is a founding member of the Anglican Church in North America ( ACNA ) , and its four U.S. dioceses are member dioceses of ACNA . REC and ACNA are not members of the Anglican Communion . REC is in communion with the Free Church of England , the Church of Nigeria , and the Anglican Province of America . Due to the death of Royal U. Grote Jr. , the then current Vice President of the Reformed Episcopal Church , Ray Sutton became the Presiding Bishop of the REC . At the 55th General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church in June 2017 in Dallas , Texas , USA , Sutton was elected to be the Presiding Bishop , and David L. Hicks , Bishop Ordinary of the Diocese of the North East and Mid-Atlantic , was elected as Vice-President , of the Reformed Episcopal Church . As of 2016 , the REC reports 108 parishes and missions in the United States and three in Canada , and also has churches in Croatia , Cuba , Germany , and Serbia . In 2009 , the Reformed Episcopal Church reported 13,600 members .'}]}, {'value': 'William Perry Eveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Perry_Eveland', 'summary': 'William Perry Eveland ( 12 February 1864 - 24 July 1916 ) was a Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church , elected in 1912 and serving in the U.S. and in Southeast Asia . He was born 12 February 1864 in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . He began a preaching ministry in 1888 , joining the Traveling Ministry of the Central Pennsylvania Annual Conference of the M.E . Church in 1891 . He graduated from Dickinson College , Carlisle , Pennsylvania in 1892 . Prior to his election to the Episcopacy , he served as a Pastor and an Educator . He served as the President of Methodist-related Williamsport Dickinson Seminary ( now , Lycoming College ) from 1905 to 1912 . He was appointed as Missionary Bishop over Southeastern Asia . However , his service as a Bishop was short ; he died on 24 July 1916 following an electrical accident at Mount Holly Springs , Pennsylvania , where he is also buried .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop', 'summary': 'A bishop is an ordained , consecrated , or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight . Within the Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Moravian , Anglican , Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches , as well as the Assyrian Church of the East , bishops claim apostolic succession , a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles . Within these churches , bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood and can ordain clergy , including other bishops . Some Protestant churches , including the Lutheran and Methodist churches , have bishops serving similar functions as well , though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way . A person ordained as a deacon , priest , and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the ( ministerial ) priesthood , given responsibility by Christ to govern , teach , and sanctify the Body of Christ . Priests , deacons and lay ministers co-operate and assist their bishops in pastoral ministry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': "The Methodist Episcopal Church ( MEC ) was the oldest and largest Methodist denomination in the United States from its founding in 1784 until 1939 . It was also the first religious denomination in the US to organize itself on a national basis . In 1939 , the MEC reunited with two breakaway Methodist denominations ( the Methodist Protestant Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church , South ) to form the Methodist Church . In 1968 , the Methodist Church merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the United Methodist Church . The MEC 's origins lie in the First Great Awakening when Methodism emerged as an evangelical revival movement within the Church of England that stressed the necessity of being born again and the possibility of attaining Christian perfection . By the 1760s , Methodism had spread to the Thirteen Colonies , and Methodist societies were formed under the oversight of John Wesley . As in England , American Methodists remained affiliated with the Church of England , but this state of affairs became untenable after the American Revolution . In response , Wesley ordained the first Methodist elders for America in 1784 . Under the leadership of its first bishops , Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury , the Methodist Episcopal Church adopted episcopal polity and an itinerant model of ministry that saw circuit riders provide for the religious needs of a widespread and mobile population . Early Methodism was countercultural in that it was anti-elitist and anti-slavery , appealing especially to African Americans and women . While critics derided Methodists as fanatics , the Methodist Episcopal Church continued to grow , especially during the Second Great Awakening in which Methodist revivalism and camp meetings left its imprint on American culture . In the early 19th century , the MEC became the largest and most influential religious denomination in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Brown Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Brown_Harris', 'summary': 'Frederick Brown Harris ( April 10 , 1883 - August 18 , 1970 ) , a Methodist clergyman has the distinction of the longest service record as Chaplain of the Senate ( 24 years ) , in a term of service interrupted by the chaplaincy of Peter Marshall .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twice Chaplain of the United States Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate', 'summary': "The Chaplain of the United States Senate opens each session of the United States Senate with a prayer , and provides and coordinates religious programs and pastoral care support for Senators , their staffs , and their families . The Chaplain is appointed by a majority vote of the members of the Senate on a resolution nominating an individual for the position . The three most recent nominations have been submitted based on a bipartisan search committee although that procedure is not required . Chaplains are elected as individuals and not as representatives of any religious community , body , or organization . As of 2017 , all Senate Chaplains have belonged to various denominations of Christianity , though there are no restrictions against members of any religion or faith group . Guest Chaplains , recommended by Senators to deliver the session 's opening prayer in place of the Senate Chaplain , have represented all the world 's major religious faiths . The current Chaplain , Barry C. Black , a retired Navy Rear Admiral and former Chief of Navy Chaplains , he is the first Seventh-day Adventist and the first African-American to hold the position ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Samuel Maclay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Samuel_Maclay', 'summary': 'Robert Samuel Maclay , D.D . ( simplified Chinese : 麦利和 ; traditional Chinese : 麥利和 ; Pinyin : Mài Lìhé ; Foochow Romanized : Măh Lé-huò ; February 7 , 1824 - August 18 , 1907 ) was an American missionary who made pioneer contributions to the Methodist Episcopal missions in China , Japan and Korea .'}]}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missionary who made pioneer contributions to the Methodist Episcopal missions in China , Japan and Korea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Wesley Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wesley_Lord', 'summary': 'John Wesley Lord ( August 23 , 1902 - October 8 , 1989 ) was an American bishop of the Methodist Church , elected in 1948 . Lord was active in the Civil Rights Movement , he marched with Martin Luther King , he met in the White House with John F. Kennedy , and he pushed for the racial integration of the Methodist Church . He was a vice president of the National Council of Churches and was active in the World Health Organization .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of the Methodist Church ; Vice President of the National Council of Churches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop', 'summary': 'A bishop is an ordained , consecrated , or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight . Within the Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Moravian , Anglican , Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches , as well as the Assyrian Church of the East , bishops claim apostolic succession , a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles . Within these churches , bishops are seen as those who possess the full priesthood and can ordain clergy , including other bishops . Some Protestant churches , including the Lutheran and Methodist churches , have bishops serving similar functions as well , though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way . A person ordained as a deacon , priest , and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the ( ministerial ) priesthood , given responsibility by Christ to govern , teach , and sanctify the Body of Christ . Priests , deacons and lay ministers co-operate and assist their bishops in pastoral ministry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Methodist_Church_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Methodist Church was the official name adopted by the Methodist denomination formed in the United States by the reunion on May 10 , 1939 , of the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church ( which had split earlier in 1844 over the issue of slavery and the impending Civil War in America . During the American Civil War , the denomination was known briefly as The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America ) along with the earlier separated Methodist Protestant Church of 1828 . Its book of liturgy used for the reunited denomination was The Book of Worship for Church and Home , editions of which were published in 1945 and later revised in 1965 . They had two official hymnals , the first being The Methodist Hymnal , published in 1935 and 1939 by the same three church bodies that later became The Methodist Church . It was replaced in 1966 by The Book of Hymns . The Methodist Church then later merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church on April 23 , 1968 , to form The United Methodist Church with its headquarters , offices and publishing houses in Nashville , Tennessee . Over the next few years most of the individual local congregations in the two bodies under the names of Methodist Church or Evangelical United Brethren Church changed the latter part of their name to : -- -- -- United Methodist Church . The new U.M.C . became one of the largest and most widespread denominations in America . Earlier in 1946 , some Methodists formed the Evangelical Methodist Church , separating from the Methodist Church , citing the influence of modernism in that Church as the reason for entering into schism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches', 'summary': 'The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA , usually identified as the National Council of Churches ( NCC ) , is the largest ecumenical body in the United States . NCC is an ecumenical partnership of 38 Christian faith groups in the United States . Its member communions include mainline Protestant , Eastern Orthodox , African-American , evangelical , and historic peace churches . Together , they encompass more than 100,000 local congregations and 40 million adherents . It began as the Federal Council of Churches in 1908 , and expanded through merger with several other ecumenical organizations to become the National Council of Churches in 1950 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Religion', 'section_text': 'George Washington Bethune', 'uid': 'List_of_Dickinson_College_alumni_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of Dickinson College alumni. This list covers alumni from the first graduating class in July 1787 to the present.'} | null | null | What organization did the future founder of the Reformed Episcopal Church previously belong to ? | Protestant Episcopal Church |
0b694bbe44404fc7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_India', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in India', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Size ( gross leasable area )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spencer Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Plaza', 'summary': "Spencer Plaza ( Tamil : ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா ) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and is one of the modern landmarks of the city . Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer 's department store , it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built . It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city , which were developed in the second half of the 1990s . As of March 2010 , it is the 11th largest mall in the country , with a gross lettable area of 530,000 sq ft ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chennai', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '530,000 sq ft ( 49,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennai Citi Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_Citi_Centre', 'summary': 'The Chennai Citi Centre is a shopping mall in Mylapore , Chennai , India . It opened on 3 March 2006 and is located on Radhakrishnan Salai . According to Cushman and Wakefield , a global real estate consultancy firm , it is one of the most expensive shopping malls in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai , Mylapore , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mylapore', 'summary': 'Mylapore ( Mayilāppūr ) is a neighborhood in the central part of the city of Chennai , India . It is one of the oldest residential parts of the city . It is also called Thirumayilai . The locality is claimed to be the birthplace of the celebrated Tamil philosopher Valluvar . Mylapore is known for its tree-lined avenues , Kapaleeshwarar Temple , Katcheri seasons and Ramakrishna Math among many others . Portuguese invaded and demolished the original Kapaleeshwarar Temple and built San Thome Basilica which houses the tomb of Thomas the Apostle .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '117,600 sq ft ( 10,930 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ampa Skywalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ampa_Skywalk', 'summary': 'Ampa Skywalk is a shopping mall in Chennai , India . With three floors of retail space , it has outlets for major clothing and apparel brands , a seven-screen multiplex , a games zone and a food court .'}]}, {'value': 'Poonamallee High Road , Aminjikarai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poonamallee_High_Road', 'summary': "EVR Periyar Salai ( EVR High Road ) , earlier known as Poonamallee High Road ( NH 48 ) , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It is the longest road in Chennai . Running from east to west , the 14-kilometre ( 8.7 mi ) road starts at Muthuswamy Bridge near Madras Medical College at Park Town and ends near Maduravoyal Junction via Kilpauk , Aminjikarai , Anna Nagar Arch , Arumbakkam , Koyambedu . It further continues west towards Poonamallee and traverses Sriperumbudur , Walajapet , and Ranipet . The road , particularly along its eastern end , has some of the most impressive civic institutions and heritage structures of the city , including the Ripon Building ( the seat of civic body ) , the Victoria Public Hall ( the city 's Town Hall ) , the Central train station , the Moore Market ( razed in the late 20th century ) , Madras Medical College , and St Andrews Kirk . It connects two of the vital transport installations of the city , viz . Chennai Central railway station and the CMBT . The road has more hospitals than any other roads in the city and is popularly known as the city 's 'Med street ' . The road is named after the noted Social activist and politician Periyar E. V. Ramasamy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aminjikarai', 'summary': 'Aminjikarai , originally Amaindakarai , is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The arterial Poonamallee High Road ( NH 4 ) runs through it . Aminjikarai was annexed to Madras District in the year 1946 , and Arumbakkam and Anna Nagar were carved out of Aminjikarai in the 1950s and 1970s . The Nelson Manickam Road that traverses through Aminjikarai is an important commercial road in Chennai city .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315,000 sq ft ( 29,300 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Express Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Express_Avenue', 'summary': 'Express Avenue ( Tamil : எக்ஸ்ப்ரெஸ் அவென்யூ ) is a shopping mall in Chennai promoted by Express Infrastructure , A division of Express Newspapers Pvt . Ltd . It is home to the largest gaming arcade in South India . Built at a cost of ₹7,500 million ( US $ 110 million ) , the 1,750,000-square-foot ( 163,000 m2 ) mall has 10 anchor tenants and 150 vanilla tenants .'}]}, {'value': 'Whites Road , Royapettah , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whites_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': "Whites Road in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India branches off from Anna Salai , Chennai 's arterial road near National Insurance Company after Thousand Lights Mosque and reaches up to Royapettah Clock Tower near Wesley Church . Chennai 's famous Express Avenue shopping mall is located on this road . Major institutions located at this road includes"}, {'url': '/wiki/Royapettah', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '900,000 sq ft ( 84,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandra Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandra_Mall', 'summary': 'Chandra Metro Mall is a shopping mall located at Virugambakkam , Chennai . The Mall with a built up area of 1.43 lakh sq.ft was opened on 9 April 2011 . The mall has a five screen multiplex with a capacity of 1300 seats called as INOX-NATIONAL operated by INOX Leisure . The mall has Food Bazaar , E-Zone , Pantaloons as its major Anchors . The Food court is spread over an area of 10000 sq.ft . The mall was built after demolishing the erstwhile National Theatre .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Virugambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virugambakkam', 'summary': "Virugambakkam is a residential neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is an important residential area of and is famous for its schools , market , residential colonies and residences of film artists . Virugambakkam had some of Chennai 's oldest film studios . Virugambakkam is one of the important localities of Chennai and owes its growth to the expansion of the city in the post-independence period . Prior to the establishment of residential colonies , Virugambakkam was a village covered by paddy fields , mangoe orchards and casurina trees . Virugambakkam was first included within the Chennai city limits in 1977 along with other villages like Saligramam . Virugambakkam is well-connected with the heart of Chennai city through roads . Buses running through Arcot Road link Virugambakkam with the more inner suburbs of Chennai city ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143,130 sq ft ( 13,297 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coromandel Plaza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navalur , OMR , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navalur', 'summary': 'Navalur is a rapidly growing south suburban of Chennai , India and located just 5 km from Sholinganalur junction along Old Mahabalipuram Road . Navalur is located between Sholinganallur and Kelambakkam and comes under Thiruporur taluk of Chengalpattu district . This area was once a village ( around 2010 ) but with the advent of IT Companies and the rapid development of the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( New Mount road of Chennai ) , it has become a bustling and most demanded location in Chennai . Proximity to employment opportunities , good asset appreciation , outstanding road Infrastructure , proximity to beaches at ECR and other entertainment venues continues to attract more residents to this suburb . Navalur has become The Shopping Hub for Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) localities of OMR Road , due to the availability of International and National brand stores along with VIVIRA mall and The Marina mall . Sholinganalur-Navalur-Siruseri zone consists of around 40% IT professionals in Chennai especially in ELCOT and SIPCOT campus . Moreover this zone will create another 1 lakh IT jobs in next few years [ when ? ] due to huge land availability and many builders are constructing Grade-A IT parks here . With this huge development in short period of time in terms of both commercial and residential developments , Navalur is considered as The Next Velachery in Chennai . Navalur comes under Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) of OMR Road . According to recent survey , Chennai city will have a population of 15 million people by 2030 ( current population in 2019 is 11 million ) . Since population has already reached saturation point till Sholinganallur in OMR Road , more people ( around 10 lakh people ) will start migrating in Sholinganallur - Kelambakkam stretch till 2030 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Mahabalipuram_Road', 'summary': 'State Highway 49A also known as Rajiv Gandhi Salai and Rajiv Gandhi IT Expressway or just IT Expressway is a major road connecting Chennai , Tamil Nadu with Mahabalipuram in Kanchipuram district , Tamil Nadu . It is 45 km long and was earlier known as the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( OMR ) . The road starts from Madhya Kailash Temple on Sardar Patel Road in South-East Chennai and terminates on East Coast Road near Mahabalipuram .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spectrum Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_Mall_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Spectrum Mall ( formerly known as Grand Venus Mall ) is a shopping mall located in Perambur , Chennai , India . It is the first mall in North Chennai . The mall was developed at the site of erstwhile Venus theater on Paper Mills Road in Perambur . The mall is spread over an area of 160,000 square feet with two levels of retail shopping and a five screen multiplex . It has two levels of basement parking with capacity of 200 cars and 800 two wheelers . The mall is developed and promoted by Ganga Foundations . The mall has Big Bazaar as its anchor store The mall was soft launched in September 2011 as Grand Venus Mall . It was rebranded as Spectrum mall and was officially launched in September 2012 along with its multiplex S2 Cinemas .'}]}, {'value': 'Paper Mills Road , Perambur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perambur', 'summary': 'Perambur is a neighbourhood in the northern region of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is 4 km from Chennai Central station . In Tamil , perambur means bamboo and ur means city or place . Before British rule , this place was widely regarded as a place which was a bamboo forest , around the Huzur Gardens area , which currently houses the Simpsons Pvt . Ltd . This area was annexed to Chennai in 1742 AD . Perambur is a notable railway town in the Indian Railways landscape as it is home to the Vande Bharat Express , produced at the Integral Coach Factory located here and also the presence of Chennai Rail Museum , in addition to the railway station serving to decongest the Chennai Central station by serving as a major alighting point for long distance trains passing through or terminating in the city from the North-Western end . The station is considered as the oldest railway station in the city after Royapuram . During the 2015 floods when most areas of Chennai was stranded in water , Perambur was the safest place available in Chennai . The water level came down rapidly and the people had their normal life restored much faster than other places in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramee Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramee_Mall', 'summary': 'Ramee Mall is a shopping mall located in Anna Salai at Teynampet , Chennai . The mall with 2,25,000 sq.ft of built up area was opened in March 2012 . Built by Dubai-based Ramee group , the mall occupies the first three floors of the property . The remaining 15 floors are occupied by Hyatt Regency Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Teynampet , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teynampet', 'summary': 'Teynampet is one of the busiest commercial localities in the city of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225,000 sq ft ( 20,900 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergamo_(Shopping_mall)', 'summary': 'Bergamo is a shopping mall located in Nungambakkam , Chennai , India . It is located on Khader Nawaz Khan Road and spread over 40,000 sq.ft . The mall opened in August 2012 with Louis Vuitton as its first store . The mall is designed by DSP architects and built by KKA Buildtech at a cost of ₹10 Crore . It is considered to be the first luxury mall in Chennai , and the third in India . The building is designed to house 24 stores , each with an area ranging from 1600 sq . ft to 2000 sq . ft. Named after an Italian city , the white three storey building is influenced by classical Italian architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Khader Nawaz Khan Road , Nungambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nungambakkam', 'summary': 'Nungambakkam is a locality in downtown Chennai , India . The neighborhood abounds with multi-national commercial establishments , important government offices , foreign consulates , sprawling educational institutions , shopping malls , sporting facilities , tourist spots , star hotels , restaurants , and cultural centers . Nungambakkam is also a prime residential area in Chennai . The adjoining regions of Nungambakkam include Egmore , Chetput ( Chetpet ) , T. Nagar , Kodambakkam , Choolaimedu and Kilpauk .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Souk Grandé Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grandé_Mall_Chennai', 'summary': "Gold Souk Grandé is a shopping mall , in the city of Chennai , India . The project was unveiled in April 2009 by actress Shobana . It is located next to Crescent Engineering College in Chennai and will be operational by first quarter of 2015 . This is creating a record for itself by becoming the longest project in gestation period and construction period . Spread in the total built up area of 800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m2 ) , the mall will have five floors with gross leasable area of 600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m2 ) dedicated to hypermarket , anchors , vanilla brands , multiplex , food court , QSR and Ramada Hotel . Pizza Hut was operating on the ground floor but has been replaced by Papa John 's pizza . The mall is part of the Gold Souk chain of malls located throughout India and is a brand of Gurgaon-based retail and property developer , Aerens Gold Souk Group . The Gold Souk Grande Chennai is Arena Group 's first venture in Tamil Nadu ."}]}, {'value': 'GST Road , Vandalur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandalur', 'summary': 'Vandalur is a census town and residential locality in Southern part of the metropolitan city of Chennai Tamil Nadu . It is a neighbourhood in the southwestern part of Chennai . Vandalur serves as the southern gateway to Chennai city . It has the Arignar Anna Zoological Park , which contain some rare species of wild flora and fauna . The neighbourhood is served by Vandalur railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway network .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Forum Vijaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya', 'summary': "Forum Vijaya Mall is a shopping mall located in Vadapalani , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , developed by Prestige Group . This mall is spread over 6,36,000 square feet of retail space . More than 100 shops occupy its four floors . This mall distinguishes itself by being local by housing Chennai-based brands in the mall such as Spar Hypermarket , RmKV , Lifestyle , Max , Marks & Spencer , Westside , Fab India and Via South . It is also home to SPI Cinema 's Palazzo multiplex and an IMAX screen as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Vadapalani , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vadapalani', 'summary': 'Vadapalani is a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It is known for its film studios and the Vadapalani Andavar Temple , which is an important pilgrimage centre . Situated in the western part of Chennai , Vadapalani is an important bus terminus on Arcot Road . Vadapalani is one of the busiest and densely populated areas in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '636,000 sq ft ( 59,100 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai ) is a shopping mall developed by Phoenix Mills Limited located in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It was opened in January 2013 and is the largest mall in the city . It was the fourth largest mall in India in 2018 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Velachery , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velachery', 'summary': 'Velachery is a residential area in southern Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The growth of the neighbourhood during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in south Chennai . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business-class information technology corridor popularly called the OMR ; the more mature and well-connected GST road and the central business districts of the city , which has more relevance to the history of Chennai . Velachery as a whole draws a perfect balance between old and new Chennai and is a phenomenon in terms of growth and development .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,150,000 sq ft ( 107,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VR Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VR_Chennai', 'summary': 'VR Chennai ( Tamil : வி . ஆர் . சென்னை ) is a shopping mall located on Jawaharlal Nehru Road in Anna Nagar West , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . This mall was opened to the public on the 18 June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jawaharlal Nehru Road , Anna Nagar , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': 'The Inner Ring Road ( IRR ) also known as Jawaharlal Nehru Salai or 100 Feet road or State Highway 2 is a major transportation corridor encircling the city of Chennai . It was developed by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ) . It is 25.2 km long with three distinct arms viz. , Northern arm , Central arm and Southern arm , connecting SH 49A ( Rajiv Gandhi Salai ) in Tiruvanmiyur , Velachery main road at Vijayanagar , NH 45 ( GST road ) at Kathipara , NH 4 at Koyambedu , NH 205 at Padi , NH 5 at Madhavaram and joins SH 104 ( TPP Road ) at Manali .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Nagar', 'summary': 'Anna Nagar ( formerly known as Naduvakkarai ) , is a neighbourhood in the metropolitan city of Chennai , India . Named after the Tamil leader C. N. Annadurai , it is located in the north-western part of Chennai and forms a part of the Aminjikarai taluk and the Anna Nagar Zone . It is one of the prime residential areas in Chennai and is home to several prominent doctors , lawyers and politicians . Real estate prices are among the highest in the city . A recent addition to the area is VR Chennai Mall , located near Shanthi Colony and Thirumangalam junction . Anna Nagar is the first and the only township in Chennai to follow a standard addressing system followed in the western world . One of the primary landmarks in Anna Nagar is the Anna Nagar Tower , built in 1968 as part of the World Trade Fair . Other important locations include the Anna Arch , Chinthamani , Blue Star , 14 shops , Shanthi Colony , Thirumangalam junction , Padi grade separator , Anna Nagar East , and the Anna Nagar West bus depot . Anna Nagar has several established schools and colleges , places of worship , shopping areas with both independent shops and chain stores , and numerous restaurants . The 2nd avenue is an arterial road in Anna Nagar which has emerged as a hub for several restaurants and shops . There are also a number of midsize hospitals and nursing homes catering to the local population .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000,000 sq ft ( 186,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookefields Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookefields_Mall', 'summary': 'Brookefields is a shopping mall located on Brookebond Road ( Krishnasamy Road ) in Coimbatore , India . It was opened in 2009 . The mall has outlets from major clothing and apparel brands and a 06-screens multiplex cinema , along with a food court serving multi-cuisine dishes .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooke Bond Road , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '450,000 sq ft ( 42,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fun Republic Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fun_Republic_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': "Fun Republic Mall is a shopping mall in Peelamedu , Coimbatore , India . This shopping mall was inaugurated on 19 August 2012 and Managed by E-city Ventures which is part of the Essel Group . It is located on the arterial Avinashi Road on a 3.5 acre site . The mall has 6 levels with a total area of 3.25 lakh sq.ft . Shoppers Stop is its anchor store and occupies over 79,000 sq . ft . The mall also features a five screen multiplex operated by Cinépolis theatre with a capacity of 1,119 seats , and a McDonald 's restaurant spread over 3,470 sq . ft on two floors in addition to its food court . Barbeque Nation has outlet in the Mall at 3rd Floor ."}]}, {'value': 'Avinashi Road , Peelamedu , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peelamedu', 'summary': 'Peelamedu is a neighborhood 11°01′36″N 77°01′16″E / 11.0266292°N 77.0212188°E / 11.0266292 ; 77.0212188 in the Eastern part of the Coimbatore city . It is governed by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation . Peelamedu has a railway station and a Regional Passport center . Peelamedu B-6 Police station is located opposite to Fun Republic Mall . It is a major commercial center , and one of the oldest residential parts of the city . The growth of Peelamedu during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in Coimbatore . The rapid growth of Peelamedu as a commercial and residential hub could be attributed to its geographical advantage in terms of the connectivity to other parts of the city . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business class Information Technology corridor . The Peelamedu area stretches from Nava India to the Coimbatore International Airport near SITRA , encompassing major educational institutions , hospitals , and Industries . Major textile and wet grinder industries and a considerable number of foundries and motor/pump industries of the district are also located here . It is the educational hub of Coimbatore , with renowned Medical , Paramedical , Engineering , Arts & Science colleges and many famous schools situated here . Peelamedu is also home to many major hospitals like PSG hospitals , Medical College Hospital , Aravind Eye Hospital and the Kovai Medical Center , Gopal Naidu schools and Hospital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '325,000 sq ft ( 30,200 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prozone Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prozone_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': 'Prozone Mall-Coimbatore is one of the largest vertically designed shopping malls in India , covering over 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m2 ) . It was opened on 19 July 2017 at Sivanandapuram , Saravanampatti Road , Coimbatore .'}]}, {'value': 'Sivanandapuram , Coimbatore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vishaal de Mal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishaal_de_Mal', 'summary': "Vishaal de Mal is a shopping mall in the city of Madurai , Tamil Nadu . It is the first large format mall in southern Tamil Nadu , and the city 's first integrated multi-utility mall ."}]}, {'value': 'Chinna Chockikulam , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230,000 sq ft ( 21,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Milan'em Mall", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Milan'em_Mall", 'summary': "Milan'em Mall is a shopping mall in K.K . Nagar , Madurai , India . It was opened on 28 September 2009 and is the first shopping mall in Madurai . Built in a half acre site , the mall has five floors with a total area of 90,000 sq.ft . The mall has a food court in the third floor along with water zorbing for kids . The atrium of the mall is used to host cultural events ."}]}, {'value': 'K.K . Nagar , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,000 sq ft ( 8,400 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tamil Nadu', 'section_text': 'Express Avenue , Chennai Spencer Plaza , Chennai', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_India_14', 'intro': 'This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and size.'} | null | null | What year was the the 11th largest mall in the country in 2010 openend ? | 1895 |
0b6c29d0c13325b7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_Government_educational_institutions', 'title': 'List of Tamil Nadu Government educational institutions', 'header': ['No', 'Regional centre/campus or college name', 'Location', 'District', 'Affiliation', 'Year of establishment'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chikkanna Government Arts College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'college road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirupur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirupur', 'summary': 'Tiruppur or Tirupur ( [ t̪ɪɾɨppuːr ] Tirupur.ogg ( help·info ) ) is a city located in the Kongunadu region , Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Tiruppur is the administrative headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu . Located on the banks of Noyyal River , it has been ruled at different times , by the Early Pandyas , Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Mysore Kingdom and the British . It is situated at the centre of the South Indian Peninsula , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) southwest of the state capital Chennai about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Coimbatore and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Erode . Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km2 divided into 60 wards . The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 444,352 . Thiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament . Tiruppur is a major textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India . The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth ₹200 billion ( US $ 2.8 billion ) in 2014-15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government Arts College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udumalaipettai ( Udumalpet )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirupur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirupur', 'summary': 'Tiruppur or Tirupur ( [ t̪ɪɾɨppuːr ] Tirupur.ogg ( help·info ) ) is a city located in the Kongunadu region , Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Tiruppur is the administrative headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu . Located on the banks of Noyyal River , it has been ruled at different times , by the Early Pandyas , Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Mysore Kingdom and the British . It is situated at the centre of the South Indian Peninsula , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) southwest of the state capital Chennai about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Coimbatore and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Erode . Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km2 divided into 60 wards . The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 444,352 . Thiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament . Tiruppur is a major textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India . The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth ₹200 billion ( US $ 2.8 billion ) in 2014-15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LRG Government Arts College For Women', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'palladam road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirupur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirupur', 'summary': 'Tiruppur or Tirupur ( [ t̪ɪɾɨppuːr ] Tirupur.ogg ( help·info ) ) is a city located in the Kongunadu region , Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Tiruppur is the administrative headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu . Located on the banks of Noyyal River , it has been ruled at different times , by the Early Pandyas , Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Mysore Kingdom and the British . It is situated at the centre of the South Indian Peninsula , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) southwest of the state capital Chennai about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Coimbatore and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Erode . Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km2 divided into 60 wards . The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 444,352 . Thiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament . Tiruppur is a major textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India . The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth ₹200 billion ( US $ 2.8 billion ) in 2014-15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government Arts College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_Arts_College,_Ooty', 'summary': 'Government Arts College is an arts and science college located in Ooty in the Nilgiris district , Tamil Nadu , India . The college is located in a locale called Stone house hill named after the landmark building Stone House . Before independence the present building of the college was the summer secretariat of the British Madras Presidency . Still today the Oak planted by Lord Sullivan in the 18th Century and the two other Oak trees planted by Lord and Lady Wellington , in college garden , when Ooty celebrates 100 Years . College is situated in a serene splendid atmosphere of the olden “Wothkalmundâ€\x9d ( pronounced as Ootacamund by English people and presently Udhagamandalam ) . The college is offering Graduation , Post Graduation and Research in almost all disciplines .'}]}, {'value': 'Stone House Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udhagamandalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udhagamandalam', 'summary': 'Ooty ( listen ( help·info ) ) , officially known as Udagamandalam ( also known as Ootacamund listen ( help·info ) ; abbreviated as Udhagai ) , is a town and a municipality in the Niligiris District of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located 86 km north of Coimbatore and 128 km south of Mysore and is the headquarters of the Nilgiris district . It is a popular hill station located in the Nilgiri Hills . Originally occupied by the Toda people , the area came under the rule of the East India Company at the end of the 18th century . The economy is based on tourism and agriculture , along with the manufacture of medicines and photographic film . The town is connected by the Nilgiri ghat roads and Nilgiri Mountain Railway . Its natural environment attracts tourists and it is a popular summer destination . In 2011 , the town had a population of 88,430 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government Arts College , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_Arts_College,_Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Government Arts College is an autonomous college located in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , India and affiliated to Bharathiar University . Government Arts College , Race Course Road , Race Course , Gopalapuram , Coimbatore- 641018 Tamil Nadu 0422 221 5212 https : //maps.google.com/ ? cid=12415807888995295460'}]}, {'value': 'Government Arts College Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Textile Management', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peelamedu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peelamedu', 'summary': 'Peelamedu is a neighborhood 11°01′36″N 77°01′16″E / 11.0266292°N 77.0212188°E / 11.0266292 ; 77.0212188 in the Eastern part of the Coimbatore city . It is governed by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation . Peelamedu has a railway station and a Regional Passport center . Peelamedu B-6 Police station is located opposite to Fun Republic Mall . It is a major commercial center , and one of the oldest residential parts of the city . The growth of Peelamedu during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in Coimbatore . The rapid growth of Peelamedu as a commercial and residential hub could be attributed to its geographical advantage in terms of the connectivity to other parts of the city . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business class Information Technology corridor . The Peelamedu area stretches from Nava India to the Coimbatore International Airport near SITRA , encompassing major educational institutions , hospitals , and Industries . Major textile and wet grinder industries and a considerable number of foundries and motor/pump industries of the district are also located here . It is the educational hub of Coimbatore , with renowned Medical , Paramedical , Engineering , Arts & Science colleges and many famous schools situated here . Peelamedu is also home to many major hospitals like PSG hospitals , Medical College Hospital , Aravind Eye Hospital and the Kovai Medical Center , Gopal Naidu schools and Hospital .'}]}, {'value': 'Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri GVG Visalakshi College for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_GVG_Visalakshi_College_for_Women', 'summary': "Sri GVG Visalakshi College for Women , is a women 's general degree college located at Udumalpet , Coimbatore district , Tamil Nadu . It was established in the year 1952 . The college is affiliated with Bharathiar University . This college offers different courses in arts , commerce and science ."}]}, {'value': 'S.V . Mills ( PO ) , Udumalpe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tirupur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirupur', 'summary': 'Tiruppur or Tirupur ( [ t̪ɪɾɨppuːr ] Tirupur.ogg ( help·info ) ) is a city located in the Kongunadu region , Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Tiruppur is the administrative headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu . Located on the banks of Noyyal River , it has been ruled at different times , by the Early Pandyas , Medieval Cholas , Later Cholas , Mysore Kingdom and the British . It is situated at the centre of the South Indian Peninsula , about 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) southwest of the state capital Chennai about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Coimbatore and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Erode . Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km2 divided into 60 wards . The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 444,352 . Thiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament . Tiruppur is a major textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India . The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth ₹200 billion ( US $ 2.8 billion ) in 2014-15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vellalar College for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vellalar_College_for_Women', 'summary': "Vellalar College for Women , is a women 's general degree college located at Thindal , Erode , Tamil Nadu . It was established in the year 1970 . The college is affiliated with Bharathiar University . This college offers different courses in arts , commerce and science ."}]}, {'value': 'Thindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thindal', 'summary': 'Thindal is a selection Grade urban area , located 8 km from Erode Junction and 7 km from Central Bus Terminus , Tamil Nadu , India , well known for the Thindal Murugan Temple ( Velayudaswami temple ) - a model of Birla Mandir . It is now being a part of Erode City , going to occupy a Mofussil Bus Terminus of the City soon . Ring Road which is connecting all the important roads of erode is planned to run through thindal . The arterial road connecting Erode Central Bus Station and Perundurai Bus Station ( College Rider Highway ) runs through the heart of the town . It is a developing area due to the initiation of various educational institutions . Thindal is mainly famous for its educational institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Erode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erode', 'summary': 'Erode ( [ iːroːɽɯ ] ) is a city in the Kongunadu region and seventh largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu , India . It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Erode district . Administered by a municipal corporation since 2009 , Erode is a part of the Erode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member of parliament . Located on the banks of River Kaveri , it is situated centrally on South Indian Peninsula , about 400 kilometres ( 249 mi ) southwest of its state capital Chennai and about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) east of Coimbatore and about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Tiruppur . Erode is an agricultural , textile and a BPO hub and among the largest producers of turmeric , hand-loom and knitwear , and food products .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chikkaiah Naicker College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chikkaiah_Naicker_College', 'summary': 'Chikkaiah Naicker College , is a general degree college located at Erode , Tamil Nadu . The college is affiliated with Bharathiar University . This college offers different courses in arts , commerce and science .'}]}, {'value': 'Veerappan chatram', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erode', 'summary': 'Erode ( [ iːroːɽɯ ] ) is a city in the Kongunadu region and seventh largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu , India . It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Erode district . Administered by a municipal corporation since 2009 , Erode is a part of the Erode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member of parliament . Located on the banks of River Kaveri , it is situated centrally on South Indian Peninsula , about 400 kilometres ( 249 mi ) southwest of its state capital Chennai and about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) east of Coimbatore and about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Tiruppur . Erode is an agricultural , textile and a BPO hub and among the largest producers of turmeric , hand-loom and knitwear , and food products .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erode Govt Arts & Science College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennimalai Road , Rangampalayam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erode', 'summary': 'Erode ( [ iːroːɽɯ ] ) is a city in the Kongunadu region and seventh largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu , India . It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Erode district . Administered by a municipal corporation since 2009 , Erode is a part of the Erode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member of parliament . Located on the banks of River Kaveri , it is situated centrally on South Indian Peninsula , about 400 kilometres ( 249 mi ) southwest of its state capital Chennai and about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) east of Coimbatore and about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Tiruppur . Erode is an agricultural , textile and a BPO hub and among the largest producers of turmeric , hand-loom and knitwear , and food products .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharathiar University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharathiar_University', 'summary': 'Bharathiar University is a state university in Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu , South India . Named after Tamil poet Subramania Bharathiar , the university was established in February 1982 under the provision of Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) and was recognized by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) in 1985 . The university is in the foothills of Marudamalai road , Coimbatore and has jurisdiction over the districts of Coimbatore , Erode and the Nilgiris . It has 104 affiliated institutions ( 80 arts and science colleges , 29 colleges of education , eight management institutions , one Air Force administration college and one college of physical education ) . The university was established at Coimbatore by the government of Tamil Nadu in February , 1982 under the provision of the Bharathiar University Act , 1981 ( Act 1 of 1982 ) . The Postgraduate Centre of the University of Madras , which was functioning in Coimbatore before 1982 formed the core of the Bharathiar University . In May , 1985 the university received recognition from the University Grants Commission New Delhi for the purpose of grants . The university is named after the great national poet Subramania Bharathi , with the motto Educate to Elevate . Bharathiar University celebrated its silver jubilee celebrations on 24 February 2007 . The president of India , A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , and the chief minister of Tamil Nadu , Karunanidhi , were chief guests . Bharathiar University provides graduate , masters , M.Phil and Ph.D programs in various subjects . The university is known for its stringent Phd evaluation guidelines .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Arts & science colleges -- Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli - controlled college', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Tamil_Nadu_Government_educational_institutions_4', 'intro': 'This a list of colleges and educational institutions of the Government of Tamil Nadu.'} | null | null | On the banks of what River is the district that has a general degree college ? | Kaveri |
0b6dc8eabeaaee0f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indiana_state_historical_markers_in_Parke_County', 'title': 'List of Indiana state historical markers in Parke County', 'header': ['Marker title', 'Year placed', 'Location', 'Topics'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wabash & Erie Canal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal', 'summary': 'The Wabash and Erie Canal was a shipping canal that linked the Great Lakes to the Ohio River via an artificial waterway . The canal provided traders with access from the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico . Over 460 miles long , it was the longest canal ever built in North America . The canal known as the Wabash & Erie in the 1850s and thereafter , was actually a combination of four canals : the Miami and Erie Canal from the Maumee River near Toledo , Ohio , to Junction , Ohio , the original Wabash and Erie Canal from Junction to Terre Haute , Indiana , the Cross Cut Canal from Terre Haute , Indiana , to Worthington , Indiana ( Point Commerce ) , and the Central Canal from Worthington to Evansville , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Median between U.S. Route 36 and Crawford Street near the Wabash River bridge in Montezuma 39°47′33.6″N 87°22′22″W / 39.792667°N 87.37278°W / 39.792667 ; -87.37278 ( Wabash & Erie Canal )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_36', 'summary': "U.S. Route 36 ( US 36 ) is an east-west United States highway that travels approximately 1,414 miles ( 2,276 km ) from Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado to Uhrichsville , Ohio . The highway 's western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction , an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado , where it meets US 34 . Its eastern terminus is at US 250 in Uhrichsville , Ohio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wabash_River', 'summary': "The Wabash River /ˈwɔːbæʃ/ ( French : Ouabache ) is a 503-mile-long ( 810 km ) river in Ohio and Indiana , United States , that flows from the headwaters near the middle of Ohio 's western border northwest then southwest across northern Indiana turning south along the Illinois border where the southern portion forms the Indiana-Illinois border before flowing into the Ohio River . It is the largest northern tributary of the Ohio River . From the dam near Huntington , Indiana , to its terminus at the Ohio River , the Wabash flows freely for 411 miles ( 661 km ) . Its watershed drains most of Indiana . The Tippecanoe River , White River , Embarras River and Little Wabash River are major tributaries . The river 's name comes from a Miami Indian word meaning water over white stones . The Wabash is the state river of Indiana , and subject of the state song On the Banks of the Wabash , Far Away by Paul Dresser . Two counties ( in Indiana and Illinois ) , eight townships in Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio ; one Illinois precinct , one city , one town , two colleges , one high school , one canal , one former class I railroad , several bridges and avenues are all named for the river itself while four US Navy warships are either named for the river or the numerous battles that took place on or near it ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montezuma,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Montezuma is a town in Reserve Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 1,022 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Transportation , Business , Industry , and Labor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armiesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armiesburg,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Armiesburg ( also called Armiesburg Mills , Armiesburgh or Stringtown ) is an unincorporated community in Wabash Township , Parke County , in Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western side of Lafayette Road ( County Road 600W ) south of U.S. Route 36 and north of Armiesburg 39°46′13″N 87°21′4.5″W / 39.77028°N 87.351250°W / 39.77028 ; -87.351250 ( Armiesburg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_36', 'summary': "U.S. Route 36 ( US 36 ) is an east-west United States highway that travels approximately 1,414 miles ( 2,276 km ) from Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado to Uhrichsville , Ohio . The highway 's western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction , an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado , where it meets US 34 . Its eastern terminus is at US 250 in Uhrichsville , Ohio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Armiesburg,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Armiesburg ( also called Armiesburg Mills , Armiesburgh or Stringtown ) is an unincorporated community in Wabash Township , Parke County , in Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Military , Historic District , Neighborhoods , and Towns , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roseville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coxville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Coxville , also known as Roseville , is an unincorporated community in Florida Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along the Mecca-Roseville Road by the Roseville Covered Bridge near Coxville 39°39′6.6″N 87°17′39″W / 39.651833°N 87.29417°W / 39.651833 ; -87.29417 ( Roseville )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coxville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Coxville , also known as Roseville , is an unincorporated community in Florida Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic District , Neighborhoods , and Towns , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boyhood home of J.G . Uncle Joe Cannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon', 'summary': "Joseph Gurney Cannon ( May 7 , 1836 - November 12 , 1926 ) was a United States politician from Illinois and leader of the Republican Party . Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911 , and many consider him to be the most dominant Speaker in United States history , with such control over the House that he could often control debate . Cannon is the second-longest continuously serving Republican Speaker in history , having been surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert , who passed him on June 1 , 2006 . Cannon is also the second longest serving Republican Representative only surpassed by Alaska congressman Don Young , as well as first member of Congress , of either party , ever to surpass 40 years of service ( non-consecutive ) . Cannon 's congressional career spanned 46 years of cumulative service - a record that was not broken until 1959 . He is the longest serving member ever of the House of Representatives in Illinois , although the longest continuous service belongs to Adolph J. Sabath . Cannon also has the distinction of being the subject of the first Time cover ever , dated March 3 , 1923 ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 50W at the southern edge of Annapolis , 1 mile north of Bloomingdale 39°51′0″N 87°14′59.6″W / 39.85000°N 87.249889°W / 39.85000 ; -87.249889 ( Boyhood home of J.G . Uncle Joe Cannon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Annapolis is an unincorporated community in Penn Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Bloomingdale is a town in Penn Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 335 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Politics', 'urls': []}, {'value': "10 O'Clock Line", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)', 'summary': "The Treaty of Fort Wayne , sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty or the Twelve Mile Line Treaty , is an 1809 treaty that obtained 3,000,000 acres ( approximately 12,000 km² ) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Illinois and Indiana . The tribes involved were the Delaware and others . The negotiations excluded the Shawnee who were minor inhabitants of the area and had been asked to leave the area previously by Miami War Chief Little Turtle . Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison negotiated the treaty with the tribes . The treaty led to a war with the United States begun by Shawnee leader Tecumseh and other dissenting tribesmen in what came to be called Tecumseh 's War ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Along U.S. Route 41 , 4 miles south of Rockville at a church and the junction of W. Mecca Road and County Road 325W 39°43′51″N 87°18′0″W / 39.73083°N 87.30000°W / 39.73083 ; -87.30000 ( 10 O'Clock Line )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Indiana', 'summary': 'In the U.S. state of Indiana , U.S. Route 41 ( US 41 ) is a north-south highway that is parallel to the Illinois state line . It enters the state south of Evansville as a four-lane divided highway passing around Vincennes and traveling north to Terre Haute . In Terre Haute , it is known as 3rd Street . North of Terre Haute , it hooks east and becomes a two-lane surface road . Those wanting to stay on a four-lane divided highway can use State Road 63 to the west . It passes through Rockville , Veedersburg , and Attica before returning to a four-lane divided highway when SR 63 terminates in Warren County . It remains a four-lane divided highway until Lake County where it becomes a main road known as Indianapolis Boulevard . It overlaps US 12 and US 20 in Hammond and exits Indiana into the South Side of Chicago .'}]}, {'value': 'American Indian/Native American , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': "10 O'Clock Line", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)', 'summary': "The Treaty of Fort Wayne , sometimes called the Ten O'clock Line Treaty or the Twelve Mile Line Treaty , is an 1809 treaty that obtained 3,000,000 acres ( approximately 12,000 km² ) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Illinois and Indiana . The tribes involved were the Delaware and others . The negotiations excluded the Shawnee who were minor inhabitants of the area and had been asked to leave the area previously by Miami War Chief Little Turtle . Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison negotiated the treaty with the tribes . The treaty led to a war with the United States begun by Shawnee leader Tecumseh and other dissenting tribesmen in what came to be called Tecumseh 's War ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Northern side of the covered bridge and dam in northern Bridgeton 39°39′2″N 87°10′34″W / 39.65056°N 87.17611°W / 39.65056 ; -87.17611 ( 10 O'Clock Line )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeton_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The first Bridgeton Covered Bridge was a long double span Burr Arch bridge built in 1868 by a crew led by J. J. Daniels . The bridge was closed to traffic in 1967 . It had been built to replace two prior open wooden bridges that had fallen in . After its destruction by fire , it was replaced in 2006 by a reproduction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgeton,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Bridgeton is an unincorporated community in Raccoon Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It is notable for its covered bridge , which was destroyed on April 28 , 2005 , by a fire set by an arsonist . A historically accurate reconstruction of the bridge was completed in October , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'American Indian/Native American , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansfield circa 1820', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansfield,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Mansfield ( also called Mansfield Village , Dicksons Mills , Dixons Mills , Dublin or New Dublin ) is an unincorporated community in Jackson Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of the covered bridge in Mansfield 39°40′35″N 87°6′9″W / 39.67639°N 87.10250°W / 39.67639 ; -87.10250 ( Mansfield circa 1820 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Rocky_Fork_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Big Rocky Fork Covered Bridge is located 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeast of Mansfield , Indiana , on County Road 720 and about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of State Road 59 , in Parke County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mansfield,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Mansfield ( also called Mansfield Village , Dicksons Mills , Dixons Mills , Dublin or New Dublin ) is an unincorporated community in Jackson Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Historic District , Neighborhoods , and Towns', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkey Run', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey_Run_State_Park', 'summary': "Turkey Run State Park , Indiana 's second state park , is in Parke County in the west-central part of the state along State Road 47 , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of U.S. 41 . The first parcel of land was purchased for $ 40,200 in 1916 , when Indiana 's state park system was established during the state 's centennial anniversary of its statehood . The origin of the name Turkey Run is unknown , but the most accepted theory is that wild turkeys would congregate for warmth in the gorges ( or runs ) , where early settlers could easily trap and hunt them . The Lusk Home and Mill Site and the Richard Lieber Log Cabin within the park 's grounds were included as individual sites on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and 2001 , respectively . The park itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 . Turkey Run also includes a system of trails , Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve , a suspension bridge across Sugar Creek , camping sites and other recreational areas . The Turkey Run Inn was built in 1919 . Several guest cabins near the inn date from the 1930s and 1940s ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern side of State Road 47 at the entrance to Turkey Run State Park 39°52′55″N 87°12′7″W / 39.88194°N 87.20194°W / 39.88194 ; -87.20194 ( Turkey Run )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_47', 'summary': 'State Road 47 in the U.S. state of Indiana is a state highway in west-central and central Indiana . Although State Road 47 is signed as a north-south highway , it runs more east-west .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turkey_Run_State_Park', 'summary': "Turkey Run State Park , Indiana 's second state park , is in Parke County in the west-central part of the state along State Road 47 , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of U.S. 41 . The first parcel of land was purchased for $ 40,200 in 1916 , when Indiana 's state park system was established during the state 's centennial anniversary of its statehood . The origin of the name Turkey Run is unknown , but the most accepted theory is that wild turkeys would congregate for warmth in the gorges ( or runs ) , where early settlers could easily trap and hunt them . The Lusk Home and Mill Site and the Richard Lieber Log Cabin within the park 's grounds were included as individual sites on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and 2001 , respectively . The park itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 . Turkey Run also includes a system of trails , Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve , a suspension bridge across Sugar Creek , camping sites and other recreational areas . The Turkey Run Inn was built in 1919 . Several guest cabins near the inn date from the 1930s and 1940s ."}]}, {'value': 'Nature and Natural Disasters , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Across from the Quaker meetinghouse on the southern edge of Bloomingdale 39°49′50.7″N 87°15′6″W / 39.830750°N 87.25167°W / 39.830750 ; -87.25167 ( Dennis Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Bloomingdale is a town in Penn Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 335 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Education , Religion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ Parke County Museum ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern side of Ohio Street , 2 blocks east of the intersection of U.S . Routes 36 and 41 in Rockville 39°45′44″N 87°14′0″W / 39.76222°N 87.23333°W / 39.76222 ; -87.23333 ( [ Parke County Museum ] )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_36_(Indiana)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 36 ( US 36 ) is an east-west United States highway that travels approximately 1,414 miles ( 2,276 km ) from Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado to Uhrichsville , Ohio . The highway 's western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction , an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park , Colorado , where it meets US 34 . Its eastern terminus is at US 250 in Uhrichsville , Ohio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Indiana', 'summary': 'In the U.S. state of Indiana , U.S. Route 41 ( US 41 ) is a north-south highway that is parallel to the Illinois state line . It enters the state south of Evansville as a four-lane divided highway passing around Vincennes and traveling north to Terre Haute . In Terre Haute , it is known as 3rd Street . North of Terre Haute , it hooks east and becomes a two-lane surface road . Those wanting to stay on a four-lane divided highway can use State Road 63 to the west . It passes through Rockville , Veedersburg , and Attica before returning to a four-lane divided highway when SR 63 terminates in Warren County . It remains a four-lane divided highway until Lake County where it becomes a main road known as Indianapolis Boulevard . It overlaps US 12 and US 20 in Hammond and exits Indiana into the South Side of Chicago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rockville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Rockville is a town in Adams Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 2,607 at the 2010 census . The town is the county seat of Parke County . It is known as The Covered Bridge Capital of the World .'}]}, {'value': 'Arts and Culture , Buildings and Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland Mills Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Mills_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Portland Mills Covered Bridge is the second oldest covered bridge in Parke County , Indiana , being built the same year as the Crooks Covered Bridge . It is a single span Burr Arch Truss covered bridge that was built by Henry Wolf in 1856 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along County Road 650N southwest of Waveland 39°51′39″N 87°5′20″W / 39.86083°N 87.08889°W / 39.86083 ; -87.08889 ( Portland Mills Covered Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waveland,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Waveland is a town in Brown Township , Montgomery County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 420 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Transportation , Buildings and Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockville Chautauqua Pavilion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockville_Chautauqua_Pavilion', 'summary': 'Rockville Chautauqua Pavilion , also known as Beechwood Park Pavilion , is a historic Chautauqua pavilion located at Rockville , Parke County , Indiana . The pavilion was built in 1913 , and is a roughly octagonal heavy timber frame building . It has a raised 1 1/2-story , clerestory square section with a decked hipped roof . Also on the property are the contributing park entry gates ( 1928 ) , a picnic shelter , and a water fountain . The property hosted annual summer chautauquas from 1913 to 1930.:5 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechwood Park at the junction of W. Pennsylvania and S. College Streets in southwestern Rockville 39°45′34″N 87°14′6″W / 39.75944°N 87.23500°W / 39.75944 ; -87.23500 ( Rockville Chautauqua Pavilion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Rockville is a town in Adams Township , Parke County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 2,607 at the 2010 census . The town is the county seat of Parke County . It is known as The Covered Bridge Capital of the World .'}]}, {'value': 'Buildings and Architecture , Special Events', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christmas ( Noel ) Dagenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western side of Lafayette Road ( County Road 600W ) , 0.25 miles north of Armiesburg 39°45′47″N 87°21′4.6″W / 39.76306°N 87.351278°W / 39.76306 ; -87.351278 ( Christmas ( Noel ) Dagenet )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armiesburg,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Armiesburg ( also called Armiesburg Mills , Armiesburgh or Stringtown ) is an unincorporated community in Wabash Township , Parke County , in Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Politics , American Indian/Native American', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Historical markers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Indiana_state_historical_markers_in_Parke_County_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Parke County. This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Parke County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 13 historical markers located in Parke County.'} | null | null | What year was the historical marker placed at the home of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911 ? | 1966 |
0b6dcb6c7802c347 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester', 'title': 'List of churches in Greater Manchester', 'header': ['Church', 'Locality', 'Denomination'], 'data': [{'value': 'Altrincham Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altrincham', 'summary': "Altrincham ( /ˈɒltrɪŋəm/ ( listen ) OL-tring-əm , locally /ˈɒltrɪŋɡəm/ ) is a town in Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , south of the River Mersey 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest of Manchester city centre , 3 miles ( 5 km ) southwest of Sale and 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Warrington . At the 2011 Census , it had a population of 52,419 . Historically part of Cheshire , Altrincham was established as a market town in 1290 , a time when the economy of most communities was based on agriculture rather than trade , and there is still a market in the town . Further socioeconomic development came with the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Altrincham in 1765 and the arrival of the railway in 1849 , stimulating industrial activity in the town . Outlying villages were absorbed by Altrincham 's subsequent growth , along with the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall , formerly the home of the Earl of Stamford , and now a tourist attraction with three Grade I Listed Buildings and a deer park . Altrincham today is an affluent commuter town , partly because of its transport links . The town has a strong middle-class presence ; there has been a steady increase in Altrincham 's middle classes since the 19th century . It is also home to Altrincham F.C . and three ice hockey clubs : Manchester Storm , Altrincham Aces and Trafford Tornados ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': 'Altrincham Unitarian Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitarian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unitarianism', 'summary': "Unitarianism ( from Latin unitas unity , oneness , from unus one ) is a Christian theological movement named for its belief that the God in Christianity is one person , as opposed to the Trinity ( tri- from Latin tres three ) which in most other branches of Christianity defines God as one being in three persons : the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . Unitarian Christians , therefore , believe that Jesus was inspired by God in his moral teachings , and he is a savior , but he was not a deity or God incarnate . As is typical of dissenters , Unitarianism does not constitute one single Christian denomination , but rather refers to a collection of both existing and extinct Christian groups , whether historically related to each other or not , which share a common theological concept of the oneness nature of God . While the uncompromising theological monotheism at the heart of Christian Unitarianism distinguishes it from the major Christian denominations which subscribe to Trinitarian theology , Christian Unitarianism is closer to the monotheistic understandings of God in Judaism , as well as the concept of the oneness of God in Islam . More so , Muslims believe that Christian Unitarianism encompasses the one true monotheistic divine message from God , perpetuated through the Abrahamic faiths that predated Islam . Unitarianism is also known for the rejection of several other Western Christian doctrines , including the doctrines of original sin , predestination , and the infallibility of the Bible . Unitarians in previous centuries accepted the doctrine of punishment in an eternal hell , but few do today . Unitarianism might be considered a part of Protestantism , depending on one 's stance or viewpoint , and some exclude it from that term due to its rejection of the Trinity . Despite common origins during the Protestant Reformation , some scholars call it a part of Nontrinitarianism , while others consider it both Protestant and Nontrinitarian , seeing no contradiction between those two terms . None of the three views is universally accepted . The Unitarian movement is tied to the more radical critiques of the Reformation . First organized in Eastern Europe during the Reformation , Unitarian communities have developed in Britain , South Africa , India , Canada , the United States , Jamaica , Nigeria , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Bowdon Downs Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christ Church , Timperley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St Alban', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Alban's_Church,_Broadheath", 'summary': "St Alban 's Church is in Lindsell Road , Broadheath , Altrincham , Greater Manchester , England . It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Bowdon , the Archdeaconry of Macclesfield , and the diocese of Chester . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': 'Church of St George', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_George's_Church,_Altrincham", 'summary': "St George 's Church is in the town of Altrincham , Greater Manchester , England . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building . It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Bowdon ."}]}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': 'Church of St John the Evangelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St Margaret', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St John the Divine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hale Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Vincent 's RC Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinity United Reformed Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altrincham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Reformed Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Reformed_Church', 'summary': 'The United Reformed Church ( URC ) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom . It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers , including 13 church related community workers .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Mary the Virgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Bowdon', 'summary': 'The Church of St Mary the Virgin is in the village of Bowdon near Altrincham , Greater Manchester , England . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building . It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Bowdon .'}]}, {'value': 'Bowdon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowdon,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Bowdon is a village and electoral ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . Bowdon , Hale and Hale Barns together are regarded as the wealthiest areas in Greater Manchester , and similarly wealthy to Cheshire Golden Triangle towns Wilmslow , Alderley Edge and Prestbury . These towns and the area between them contain some of the most expensive properties in England outside London .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': "St George 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_George's_Church,_Carrington", 'summary': "St George 's Church is in the village of Carrington , Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building , but is now redundant and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust . It stands in a relatively isolated position south of the Manchester Ship Canal , along the northern edge of the Carrington Moss industrial estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrington,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Carrington is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . Historically a part of Cheshire , the village is west of Greater Manchester Urban Area , and is the site of a large gas and chemical works , which produce gases by fractional distillation of liquid air . It used to be the site of a Shell Chemicals refinery , which produced polythene and polystyrene . Until recent years there was a Carrington Power Station located on the south bank of the Manchester Ship Canal . The building work commenced in 1947 , although the land for the site was acquired in 1916 . The station opened in 1956 , and was decommissioned during the late 1980s . It was demolished using explosives in 1991 , having stood empty for several years . All that remains today is a large 400 kV switching station . The station had its own railway spur from the Glazebrook to Stockport Tiviot Dale line , evidence of which can still be seen today from the gates where the line crossed Manchester Road . In July 2007 , Bridestones Developments acquired planning permission for a new CCGT ( Combined Cycle Gas Turbine ) power station , to be built on the same site as the old power station . Construction of the new power station began in 2013 and is due to complete in 2016 . The new power station will generate three times the energy as the old coal-fired power station , will occupy only half of the space of the old site and will emit only half of the carbon dioxide .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Michael 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Michael,_Flixton', 'summary': "St Michael 's Church , Flixton , is an Anglican parish church in Flixton , Greater Manchester dedicated to Michael the Archangel . It lies in the parish of Flixton ( which originally encompassed the parish of Urmston ) , in the Anglican Diocese of Manchester ( previously in the Diocese of Lichfield for 500 years ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Flixton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flixton,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Flixton is a village and electoral ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 10,786 . It lies about six miles ( 9.7 km ) to the southwest of Manchester city centre , within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire . Flixton and neighbouring Davyhulme are considered areas within Urmston . Neolithic and Bronze Age artefacts have been found locally and the area may have been inhabited in those periods . Medieval Flixton was a parish within the Hundred of Salford and encompassed the manor of Flixton , along with its church , first mentioned in the 12th century . The parish comprised isolated farmsteads and a manor house . Toward the end of the 17th century its population began to rise , continuing through the 19th century , although at a much slower pace than its neighbours . Flixton was a remote rural area with few transport links and did not witness the level of industrialisation other parts of Manchester saw , but its connection to the railway network in 1873 helped transform the area into a middle-class suburb . Flixton is represented in Parliament by Labour MP Kate Green .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trafford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Trafford_(district)', 'summary': "Old Trafford is an area near Stretford , in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , two miles ( 3.2 km ) southwest of Manchester city centre , roughly delineated by the crossroads of two old toll gates , Brooks 's Bar to the east and Trafford Bar tram stop to the west . Old Trafford is the site of Old Trafford football stadium , home of Manchester United F.C. , and Old Trafford Cricket Ground , home of Lancashire County Cricket Club , at opposite ends of Warwick Road , renamed Brian Statham Way ( formerly Warwick Road ) and Sir Matt Busby Way ( formerly Warwick Road North ) . The road between them retains the name Warwick Road , and the southern section on the other side of the Metrolink line is Warwick Road South ."}]}, {'value': "Jehovah 's Witnesses", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jehovah's_Witnesses", 'summary': "Jehovah 's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity . The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million . Jehovah 's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses , a group of elders in Warwick , New York , United States , which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible . They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent , and that the establishment of God 's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity . The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell , who also co-founded Zion 's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement 's publications . A leadership dispute after Russell 's death resulted in several groups breaking away , with Joseph Franklin Rutherford retaining control of the Watch Tower Society and its properties . Rutherford made significant organizational and doctrinal changes , including adoption of the name Jehovah 's witnesses [ note 1 ] in 1931 to distinguish them from other Bible Student groups and symbolize a break with the legacy of Russell 's traditions . Jehovah 's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching , distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake ! , and for refusing military service and blood transfusions . They consider the use of God 's name vital for proper worship . They reject Trinitarianism , inherent immortality of the soul , and hellfire , which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines . They do not observe Christmas , Easter , birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity . They prefer to use their own Bible translation , the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations ."}]}, {'value': 'New Testament Church of God', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trafford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pentecostal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pentecostal', 'summary': 'Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Christian movement that emphasises direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit . The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost , the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks . For Christians , this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ , as described in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles . Like other forms of evangelical Protestantism , Pentecostalism adheres to the inerrancy of the Bible and the necessity of accepting Jesus Christ as personal Lord and Savior . It is distinguished by belief in the baptism in the Holy Spirit that enables a Christian to live a Spirit-filled and empowered life . This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing - two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism . Because of their commitment to biblical authority , spiritual gifts , and the miraculous , Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church . For this reason , some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement . Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century among radical adherents of the Holiness movement who were energized by revivalism and expectation for the imminent Second Coming of Christ . Believing that they were living in the end times , they expected God to spiritually renew the Christian Church thereby bringing to pass the restoration of spiritual gifts and the evangelization of the world . In 1900 , Charles Parham , an American evangelist and faith healer , began teaching that speaking in tongues was the Bible evidence of Spirit baptism and along with William J. Seymour , a Wesleyan-Holiness preacher , he taught that this was the third work of grace . The three-year-long Azusa Street Revival , founded and led by Seymour in Los Angeles , California , resulted in the spread of Pentecostalism throughout the United States and the rest of the world as visitors carried the Pentecostal experience back to their home churches or felt called to the mission field .'}]}, {'value': 'Sharon Full Gospel Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trafford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pentecostal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Alphonsus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trafford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': "St Bride 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trafford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}], 'section_title': 'Trafford', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester_8', 'intro': 'This is a partial list of churches in Greater Manchester, North West England, split according to metropolitan district. There is a mixture of Christian denominations in Greater Manchester, including churches aligned to Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism. Similarly, there is a range of ecclesiastical architecture.'} | null | null | What is the denomination of the church that is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building ? | Church of England |
0b6fcb37e13f9797 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia', 'title': '1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia', 'header': ['#', 'Date', 'Rival', 'City', 'Venue', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 Jun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumberland County', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium', 'summary': "Parramatta Stadium was a sports stadium in Parramatta , New South Wales , Australia , 23 kilometres west of Sydney 's central business district . The stadium was the home ground of several western Sydney-based sports teams , at the time of closure the most notable were the Parramatta Eels of the National Rugby League and the Western Sydney Wanderers of the A-League . Cumberland Oval was the local name for the cricket , motor sports and rugby venue that had existed prior to Parramatta Stadium being built , with the area having been used for recreational activities since 1788 , the founding year of the British colony in New South Wales . The stadium also hosted numerous other sporting and cultural events since its opening in 1986 . Michael Jackson performed there during his Bad World Tour on 20-21 November 1987 , and Paul McCartney concluded the Australian leg of The New World Tour with two shows there on 22-23 March 1993 . In 2015 the NSW Government announced that the stadium would be demolished and replaced , and to that end , Parramatta Stadium was demolished in February 2017 , with the new Western Sydney Stadium built in the same location ."}]}, {'value': '8-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) is a sports stadium in Sydney , Australia . It is used for Test , One Day International and Twenty20 cricket , as well as Australian rules football , rugby league football , rugby union , and association football . It is the home ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team , the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League and the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League . It is also the temporary home of the Sydney Roosters of the National Rugby League and the NSW Waratahs of Super Rugby , during the redevelopment of the Sydney Football Stadium . It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust . Until the 44,000 seat Sydney Football Stadium opened in 1988 , the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '17-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) is a sports stadium in Sydney , Australia . It is used for Test , One Day International and Twenty20 cricket , as well as Australian rules football , rugby league football , rugby union , and association football . It is the home ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team , the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League and the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League . It is also the temporary home of the Sydney Roosters of the National Rugby League and the NSW Waratahs of Super Rugby , during the redevelopment of the Sydney Football Stadium . It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust . Until the 44,000 seat Sydney Football Stadium opened in 1988 , the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '19-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The Newcastle ( /ˈnuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl ) metropolitan area is the second most populated area in the Australian state of New South Wales and includes the Newcastle and Lake Macquarie local government areas . It is the hub of the Greater Newcastle area which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle , City of Lake Macquarie , City of Cessnock , City of Maitland and Port Stephens Council . Located at the mouth of the Hunter River , it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region . Famous for its coal , Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world , exporting 159.9 million tonnes of coal in 2017 . Beyond the city , the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits . Geologically , the area is located in the central-eastern part of the Sydney basin .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) is a sports stadium in Sydney , Australia . It is used for Test , One Day International and Twenty20 cricket , as well as Australian rules football , rugby league football , rugby union , and association football . It is the home ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team , the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League and the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League . It is also the temporary home of the Sydney Roosters of the National Rugby League and the NSW Waratahs of Super Rugby , during the redevelopment of the Sydney Football Stadium . It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust . Until the 44,000 seat Sydney Football Stadium opened in 1988 , the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '3-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Exhibition Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Exhibition_Ground', 'summary': 'Brisbane Showgrounds ( formerly known as the Brisbane Exhibition Ground ) is located at 600 Gregory Terrace , Bowen Hills , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia and was established in 1875 . It hosts almost 300 events each year , with the largest being the Royal Queensland Show ( Ekka ) . The Brisbane Showgrounds was designed by Claude William Chambers and built by Walls & Juster . It is also referred to as the RNA Showgrounds , Ekka Grounds , National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds , Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds/Show Grounds , and Royal Queensland Showgrounds . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 July 2003 . The Brisbane Showgrounds is owned and operated by The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland . Over 10 days in August , it hosts the Ekka show . Throughout the rest of the year , other events can hire spaces in the Brisbane Showgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '14-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Reds 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Exhibition Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Exhibition_Ground', 'summary': 'Brisbane Showgrounds ( formerly known as the Brisbane Exhibition Ground ) is located at 600 Gregory Terrace , Bowen Hills , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia and was established in 1875 . It hosts almost 300 events each year , with the largest being the Royal Queensland Show ( Ekka ) . The Brisbane Showgrounds was designed by Claude William Chambers and built by Walls & Juster . It is also referred to as the RNA Showgrounds , Ekka Grounds , National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds , Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds/Show Grounds , and Royal Queensland Showgrounds . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 July 2003 . The Brisbane Showgrounds is owned and operated by The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland . Over 10 days in August , it hosts the Ekka show . Throughout the rest of the year , other events can hire spaces in the Brisbane Showgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '6-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Reds', 'summary': "The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere 's Super Rugby competition . Prior to 1996 they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland . With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form . From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition , alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies . Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999 . From 2006 to 2010 , they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides . Beginning in 2011 , they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby , winning the competition in its first season in its new format . In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Exhibition Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Exhibition_Ground', 'summary': 'Brisbane Showgrounds ( formerly known as the Brisbane Exhibition Ground ) is located at 600 Gregory Terrace , Bowen Hills , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia and was established in 1875 . It hosts almost 300 events each year , with the largest being the Royal Queensland Show ( Ekka ) . The Brisbane Showgrounds was designed by Claude William Chambers and built by Walls & Juster . It is also referred to as the RNA Showgrounds , Ekka Grounds , National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds , Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Exhibition Grounds/Show Grounds , and Royal Queensland Showgrounds . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 July 2003 . The Brisbane Showgrounds is owned and operated by The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland . Over 10 days in August , it hosts the Ekka show . Throughout the rest of the year , other events can hire spaces in the Brisbane Showgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '36-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bathurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Bathurst /ˈbæθərst/ is a city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales , Australia . It is about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) west-northwest of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council . Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had a population of 36,801 at June 2018 . Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery and where the first gold rush occurred in Australia . Bathurst is the second oldest inland city behind Goulburn as stated by historian Oscar Cunningham . Today education , tourism and manufacturing drive the economy . The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city . Bathurst has a historic city centre with many ornate buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 19th century . The median age of the city 's population is 35 years ; which is particularly young for a regional centre ( the state median is 38 ) , and is related to the large education sector in the community . Population growth has reached 1.6% per annum over the five years until 2010 , making Bathurst the seventh fastest growing regional city in New South Wales . This growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts , sporting facilities , housing estates and expanding industrial areas ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 Jul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSW Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'The Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) is a sports stadium in Sydney , Australia . It is used for Test , One Day International and Twenty20 cricket , as well as Australian rules football , rugby league football , rugby union , and association football . It is the home ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team , the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League and the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League . It is also the temporary home of the Sydney Roosters of the National Rugby League and the NSW Waratahs of Super Rugby , during the redevelopment of the Sydney Football Stadium . It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust . Until the 44,000 seat Sydney Football Stadium opened in 1988 , the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '16-0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Match summary', 'section_text': "Complete list of matches played by New Zealand in Australia : [ 2 ] A series of sketches published in The Queenslander of one of New Zealand 's matches against Queensland", 'uid': '1893_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_1', 'intro': 'The 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a Combined XV in Wellington, which New Zealand won 7-4.'} | null | null | When was the venue established where a rival played who in 2012 finished first in the Australian conference ? | 1875 |
0b710a83b7769972 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Peterborough,_Ontario', 'title': 'Media in Peterborough, Ontario', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'FM 89.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJLF-FM-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJLF-FM', 'summary': 'CJLF-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting a Contemporary Christian music format on 100.3 FM in Barrie , Ontario . Using the on-air brand name Life 100.3 , the station was founded by Scott Jackson in August 1999 and is owned by Trust Communications Ministries , Inc , which is based in Barrie , Ontario . On August 27 , 2006 , CJLF-FM increased its power from 1.8 kW to 18.7 kW . The power was further increased to 40 kW in January 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Life 100.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian / talk / Christian Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christianity', 'summary': "Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth . Its adherents , known as Christians , believe that Jesus is the Christ , whose coming as the messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible , called the Old Testament in Christianity , and chronicled in the New Testament . It is the world 's largest religion with about 2.4 billion followers . Christianity began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea . Jesus ' apostles and their followers spread around Syria , the Levant , Europe , Anatolia , Mesopotamia , Transcaucasia , Egypt , and Ethiopia , despite initial persecution . It soon attracted gentile God-fearers , which led to a departure from Jewish customs , and , after the Fall of Jerusalem , AD 70 which ended the Temple-based Judaism , Christianity slowly separated from Judaism . Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity before his death ( 337 ) , and was baptized by bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Constantine decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan ( 313 ) , later convening the Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire ( 380 ) . The early history of Christianity 's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the Great Church . The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) over differences in Christology , while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East-West Schism ( 1054 ) , especially over the authority of the bishop of Rome . Similarly , Protestantism split in numerous denominations from the Latin Catholic Church in the Reformation era ( 16th century ) over theological and ecclesiological disputes , most predominantly on the issue of justification and the primacy of the bishop of Rome . Following the Age of Discovery ( 15th-17th century ) , Christianity was spread into the Americas , Oceania , sub-Saharan Africa , and the rest of the world via missionary work . Christianity remains culturally diverse in its Western and Eastern branches , as well as in its doctrines concerning justification and the nature of salvation , ecclesiology , ordination , and Christology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Music', 'summary': 'Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith . Common themes of Christian music include praise , worship , penitence , and lament , and its forms vary widely across the world . Like other forms of music the creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context . Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes , ranging from aesthetic pleasure , religious or ceremonial purposes , or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'Trust Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trust_Communications', 'summary': 'CJLF-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting a Contemporary Christian music format on 100.3 FM in Barrie , Ontario . Using the on-air brand name Life 100.3 , the station was founded by Scott Jackson in August 1999 and is owned by Trust Communications Ministries , Inc , which is based in Barrie , Ontario . On August 27 , 2006 , CJLF-FM increased its power from 1.8 kW to 18.7 kW . The power was further increased to 40 kW in January 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcasts CJLF-FM Barrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrie', 'summary': "Barrie is a city , and manifesting regional centre in Central Ontario , Canada , positioned on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay , the western arm of Lake Simcoe . The city is located geographically within Simcoe County , however , it is a politically independent single-tier municipality . It is part of the historically significant Huronia region of Central Ontario and is within the northern part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe , a densely populated and industrialized region of Ontario . As of the 2016 census , the city 's population was 141,434 making it the 34th largest in Canada in terms of population proper . The Barrie census metropolitan area ( CMA ) as of the same census had a population of 197,059 residents , making the city the 21st largest CMA in Canada . The city itself has seen significant growth in recent decades due to its emergence as a bedroom community , and its relatively close proximity to the city of Toronto . Barrie is situated approximately 86.6 kilometres ( 53.8 mi ) from the Toronto Pearson International Airport and 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) from Downtown Toronto , representing the city 's highly centralized and historically strategic geographical orientation and its ease of access to major centres and airports across the region . The Barrie area was first settled during the War of 1812 as a key supply depot for British forces . It would be named twenty years later for Sir Robert Barrie , who consistently commanded forces through the region . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Barrie 's emergence as a bedroom community for the city of Toronto grew in prominence , and its economy would be wrapped around the education , healthcare , information technology and service sectors . Being located in the climatically deterrent snowbelt region of southern Ontario , Barrie is notorious for its deluging snow squalls in the winter . In the summer , its position within a convergence of breezes originating from the surrounding Great Lakes can provoke intense thunderstorms ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 90.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJMB-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJMB-FM', 'summary': 'CJMB-FM ( 90.5 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station which is licensed to Peterborough , Ontario . The station is owned by My Broadcasting Corporation and it airs a sports radio format . The station is a network affiliate of Sportsnet Radio and CBS Sports Radio . Weekdays it carries the Jim Rome Show from CBS Sports Radio , which also supplies late night programming . The studios and offices are on George Street in Peterborough . The transmitter is off Greencrest Drive .'}]}, {'value': 'Extra 90.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports and Talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'My Broadcasting Corporation is a Canadian broadcasting company founded in 2004 by Jon Pole and Andrew Dickson . Based in Renfrew , Ontario , the company operates a number of radio stations in small to medium sized markets in Ontario . All of its stations offer local news , weather , sports and community events seven days a week .'}]}, {'value': 'New in 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 92.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFFF-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFFF-FM', 'summary': "CFFF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 92.7 FM in Peterborough , Ontario . The broadcast facility , which uses the on-air name Trent Radio , was previously licensed as the campus radio station of the city 's Trent University , but now operates under an independent community radio license . Trent Radio is producer-oriented , and features over 100 long-running and new programs from students and community members , operating over three seasons per year . All students and community members are welcome to submit applications for programming and membership ."}]}, {'value': 'Trent Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Community radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_radio', 'summary': 'Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ .'}]}, {'value': 'Trent Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Radio', 'summary': "CFFF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 92.7 FM in Peterborough , Ontario . The broadcast facility , which uses the on-air name Trent Radio , was previously licensed as the campus radio station of the city 's Trent University , but now operates under an independent community radio license . Trent Radio is producer-oriented , and features over 100 long-running and new programs from students and community members , operating over three seasons per year . All students and community members are welcome to submit applications for programming and membership ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 93.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKSG-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKSG-FM', 'summary': 'CKSG-FM is a Canadian radio station being licensed to Cobourg , Ontario serving the Northumberland and Peterborough region broadcasting at 93.3 FM . The station broadcasts an adult contemporary format branded as myFM 93.3 . The station was launched in 2002 by Pineridge Broadcasting which , at the time , also owned CHUC-FM and CJWV-FM . On September 1 , 2015 , My Broadcasting Corporation purchased Pineridge Broadcasting Inc . The station was a Canadian Top 40 reporter on Nielsen BDS and Mediabase 24/7 on their Canadian Top 40 panel .'}]}, {'value': '93.3 myFM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'My Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'My Broadcasting Corporation is a Canadian broadcasting company founded in 2004 by Jon Pole and Andrew Dickson . Based in Renfrew , Ontario , the company operates a number of radio stations in small to medium sized markets in Ontario . All of its stations offer local news , weather , sports and community events seven days a week .'}]}, {'value': 'Licensed to Cobourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobourg,_Ontario', 'summary': "Cobourg ( /'koːbə˞g/ ) is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario , located in Southern Ontario 95 kilometres ( 59 mi ) east of Toronto and 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) east of Oshawa . It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County . Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope , 7 km ( 4 mi ) to the west . It is located along Highway 401 ( exits 472 and 474 ) and the former Highway 2 ( now Northumberland County Road 2 ) . To the south , Cobourg borders Lake Ontario . To the north , east and west , it is surrounded by Hamilton Township ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 96.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJWV-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/96.7_FM_Peterborough,_Ontario', 'summary': 'CJWV-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 96.7 FM in Peterborough , Ontario . The station broadcasts an oldies/classic hits format branded as Oldies 96.7 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldies 96.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'oldies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldies', 'summary': 'Oldies is a radio format that concentrates on rock and roll and pop music from the second half of the twentieth century , specifically from around the mid-1950s to the 1970s or 1980s . In the 1980s and 1990s , oldies meant the 15 years from the birth of rock and roll to the beginning of the singer-songwriter era of the early 1970s , or about 1955-1972 , although this time frame varied and some stations chose 1950-1969 . [ citation needed ] After 2000 , 1970s music was increasingly included , and early 1980s music is beginning to also be called oldies , though the term classic hits is used to distinguish the new oldies ( the Generation X oldies ) from the old oldies ( the Baby Boomer oldies ) .'}]}, {'value': 'My Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'My Broadcasting Corporation is a Canadian broadcasting company founded in 2004 by Jon Pole and Andrew Dickson . Based in Renfrew , Ontario , the company operates a number of radio stations in small to medium sized markets in Ontario . All of its stations offer local news , weather , sports and community events seven days a week .'}]}, {'value': 'Formerly Magic 96.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 98.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBCP-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBLA-FM', 'summary': "CBLA-FM is a Canadian radio station . It is the flagship station of the CBC Radio One network , broadcasting at 99.1 FM in Toronto , Ontario . CBLA 's studios are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , while its transmitter is located atop the First Canadian Place ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'News / Talk ( Public broadcasting )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcasts CBLA-FM Toronto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 99.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKPT-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKPT-FM', 'summary': 'CKPT-FM ( 99.7 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station in Peterborough , Ontario . It is owned by Bell Media and airs a hot adult contemporary radio format . The studios and offices are on George Street North in Peterborough . The transmitter is off Greencrest Drive . CKPT-FM has local DJs on weekdays in the daytime . Weeknights , the syndicated On-Air with Ryan Seacrest is heard .'}]}, {'value': 'Energy 99.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 100.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKRU-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKRU-FM', 'summary': 'CKRU-FM ( 100.5 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station in Peterborough , Ontario , owned by Corus Entertainment . The station broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format branded as 100.5 Fresh Radio .'}]}, {'value': '100.5 Fresh Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Formerly AM 980 CKRU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AM_broadcasting', 'summary': "AM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting technology , which employs amplitude modulation ( AM ) transmissions . It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions , and is still used worldwide , primarily for medium wave ( also known as AM band ) transmissions , but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands . The earliest experimental AM transmissions began in the early 1900s . However , widespread AM broadcasting was not established until the 1920s , following the development of vacuum tube receivers and transmitters . AM radio remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years , a period called the Golden Age of Radio , until television broadcasting became widespread in the 1950s and received most of the programming previously carried by radio . Subsequently , AM radio 's audiences have also greatly shrunk due to competition from FM ( frequency modulation ) radio , Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB ) , satellite radio , HD ( digital ) radio and Internet streaming . AM transmissions are much more susceptible than FM or digital signals are to interference , and often have lower audio fidelity . Thus , AM broadcasters tend to specialise in spoken-word formats , such as talk radio , all news and sports , leaving the broadcasting of music mainly to FM and digital stations ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 101.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKWF-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKWF-FM', 'summary': 'CKWF-FM is a radio station in Peterborough , Ontario , Canada , broadcasting at 101.5 FM , with an active rock format branded as The Wolf 101.5 . The station is owned by Corus Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'The Wolf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_Rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 103.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFMX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFMX-FM', 'summary': "CFMX-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts classical music at 103.1 FM in Cobourg , Ontario and serving the Peterborough area . The station is branded as Classical 103.1 . It is a semi-satellite of Toronto 's CFMZ-FM , repeating most of that station 's programming as well as airing some local programming . The station was launched in 1979 by D. B. Williamson , the owner of Cobourg 's CHUC . The station was plagued with financial and technical problems in its early years , and in 1981 its license was briefly suspended by the CRTC . Williamson 's company went into receivership in 1983 , and the station was acquired by businessman Martin Rosenthal . In 1988 , the station added a transmitter in Mississauga on 96.3 FM , which was moved to Toronto in 1993 . The station 's operations eventually became centralized in Toronto by 1997 , with a small sales office remaining in Cobourg . For all intents and purposes , the Toronto rebroadcaster was now the primary station . In September 2006 , Canadian broadcaster Moses Znaimer purchased the station , changing the call sign to CFMZ to reflect his initials . Toronto 's CKFM-FM briefly attempted to change its call sign to CFMX ( reflecting its branding as Mix 99.9 ) after Znaimer adopted the CFMZ call sign , but was forced to revert to CKFM-FM because the Toronto transmitter had kept its original CFMX-FM-1 call sign . In September 2007 , Znaimer also announced a deal to acquire CHWO , a pop standards station in Oakville ."}]}, {'value': 'Classical 103.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Classical', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_classical_music', 'summary': 'Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture , including both liturgical ( religious ) and secular music . While a more precise term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 ( the Classical period ) , this article is about the broad span of time from before the 6th century AD to the present day , which includes the Classical period and various other periods . The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900 , which is known as the common-practice period .'}]}, {'value': 'Zoomer Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZoomerMedia', 'summary': "ZoomerMedia Limited is a group of Canadian media operations controlled by Moses Znaimer . According to Znaimer , these media outlets primarily target what he calls zoomers or baby boomers with zip , defined as people in their 50s , 60s and 70s who want to remain socially and culturally engaged and active . ZoomerMedia was formed in December 2007 following Znaimer 's acquisition and merger of Kemur Publishing , publishers of CARP Magazine , and website operator Fifty-Plus.Net International . It provides marketing , membership , and other services to CARP ( formerly the Canadian Association of Retired Persons ) , of which Znaimer serves as executive director , and publishes Zoomer Magazine ( the renamed CARP Magazine ) . The company also operates several Internet properties including a portal and a social networking site , all targeted to older adult audiences . In addition , Znaimer previously personally owned a variety of other assets through his privately held company , MZ Media , that were also unofficially considered part of the ZoomerMedia group . These included southern Ontario classical music radio stations CFMZ-FM and CFMX-FM ( Classical 96 and Classical 103 respectively ) , adult standards station CFZM Toronto ( AM 740 ) , and the annual IdeaCity conference . In June 2009 , ZoomerMedia Limited announced a deal to acquire the broadcasting assets of S-VOX , which includes conventional stations CHNU-TV and CIIT-TV along with specialty channels VisionTV and One : the Body , Mind & Spirit channel , for $ 25 million . As part of the transaction and a related private placement , Znaimer also merged MZ Media into ZoomerMedia . Following the transactions ( which required the approval of minority shareholders and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) ) , Znaimer owns 66% of the combined company , and insurance company Fairfax Financial owns 28% . All of these transactions were completed on June 30 , 2010 . In December 2014 , ZoomerMedia was reportedly in talks with Quebecor to acquire the Sun News Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Licensed to Cobourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobourg,_Ontario', 'summary': "Cobourg ( /'koːbə˞g/ ) is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario , located in Southern Ontario 95 kilometres ( 59 mi ) east of Toronto and 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) east of Oshawa . It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County . Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope , 7 km ( 4 mi ) to the west . It is located along Highway 401 ( exits 472 and 474 ) and the former Highway 2 ( now Northumberland County Road 2 ) . To the south , Cobourg borders Lake Ontario . To the north , east and west , it is surrounded by Hamilton Township ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 103.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBBP-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBL-FM', 'summary': "CBL-FM ( 94.1 MHz ) is the flagship station of the CBC Music network . It is a non-commercial station , licensed to Toronto , Ontario , and is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . CBL-FM 's studios and offices are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , on Front Street West , while its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Music', 'summary': 'CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Music variety', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebroadcasts CBL-FM Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 105.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKQM-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKQM-FM', 'summary': 'CKQM-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 105.1 FM in Peterborough , Ontario . Owned by Bell Media , the station airs a country music format branded as Pure Country 105 . The station was launched in 1977 and is a sister station of CKPT-FM . On March 24 , 2009 , CKQM-FM received approval by the CRTC to decrease the effective radiated power from 50,000 watts to 7,500 watts , and increasing height above average terrain from 91.5 to 277.5 meters . In FM Broadcasting effective radiated power is Inversely proportional to antenna height . On May 28 , 2019 , CKQM-FM and many other Bell Media owned country music radio stations rebranded as Pure Country .'}]}, {'value': 'Pure Country 105', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pure_Country_(radio_network)', 'summary': "Pure Country is a Canadian radio network , which airs on stations owned by Bell Media Radio . Launched in 2019 as a unifying branding for all of the company 's country-formatted stations across Canada , the network currently airs on 13 stations nationwide , as well as on selected digital subchannels of radio stations in markets where the company offers digital radio service but does not have a country-formatted primary station . Weekday programming on the network consists of local hosts at each station in morning and afternoon drive , a national midday program hosted by Shannon Ella , and the internationally syndicated The Bobby Bones Show in the evening . Sophie Moroz and Jeff Hopper , the morning hosts on the network 's Ottawa station , also host a national country music chart show on weekends . In January 2020 , the network 's station in Kingston committed to playing a 50/50 balance of male and female country artists for one week , to draw attention to continued gender inequity in the music business ."}]}, {'value': 'country music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM 106.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJBC-5-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJBC_(AM)', 'summary': "CJBC is a Canadian Class A clear-channel station , which broadcasts at 860 AM in Toronto , Ontario . It is the city 's affiliate of the Ici Radio-Canada Première network . CJBC 's studios are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , while its transmitter is located in Hornby ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'News / Talk ( Public broadcasting )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'French , rebroadcasts CJBC Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'FM 107.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHUC-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHUC-FM', 'summary': 'CHUC-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 107.9 FM in Cobourg , Ontario , Canada . The station airs a classic rock format branded as Classic Rock 107.9 FM . The ownership of CHUC-FM changed hands from Pineridge Broadcasting Inc. to My Broadcasting Corporation on September 1 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Classic Rock 107.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_rock', 'summary': "Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock ( AOR ) format in the early 1980s . In the United States , the classic rock format features rock music ranging generally from the mid-1960s to the 1980s , primarily focusing on commercially successful blues rock and hard rock popularized in the 1970s AOR format . The radio format became increasingly popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s . Although classic rock has mostly appealed to adult listeners , music associated with this format received more exposure with younger generations of listeners with the presence of the Internet and digital downloading . Some classic rock stations also play a limited number of current releases which are stylistically consistent with the station 's sound , or by heritage acts that are still active and producing new music . Conceptually , classic rock has been analyzed by academics as an effort by critics , media , and music establishments to canonize rock music and commodify 1960s Western culture for audiences living in a post-baby boomer economy . The music predominantly selected for the format has been identified as commercially successful songs by white male acts from the Anglosphere , expressing values of Romanticism , self-aggrandizement , and politically undemanding ideologies ."}]}, {'value': 'My Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': 'My Broadcasting Corporation is a Canadian broadcasting company founded in 2004 by Jon Pole and Andrew Dickson . Based in Renfrew , Ontario , the company operates a number of radio stations in small to medium sized markets in Ontario . All of its stations offer local news , weather , sports and community events seven days a week .'}]}, {'value': 'Licensed to Cobourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobourg,_Ontario', 'summary': "Cobourg ( /'koːbə˞g/ ) is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario , located in Southern Ontario 95 kilometres ( 59 mi ) east of Toronto and 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) east of Oshawa . It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County . Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope , 7 km ( 4 mi ) to the west . It is located along Highway 401 ( exits 472 and 474 ) and the former Highway 2 ( now Northumberland County Road 2 ) . To the south , Cobourg borders Lake Ontario . To the north , east and west , it is surrounded by Hamilton Township ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': "In addition to Peterborough 's own radio market , some ( but not all ) radio stations from the Greater Toronto Area can also be heard in the area . Peterborough is in an unusual position in this respect ; the city has more radio stations of its own than some larger cities , such as Oshawa or Brampton , which are located in the Toronto market .", 'uid': 'Media_in_Peterborough,_Ontario_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.'} | null | null | Which brand with a name beginning with the letter `` C '' is owned by a company formed in October 2007 ? | Classical 103.1 FM |
0b721f27ca86f5b3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Ningxia', 'title': 'List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Ningxia', 'header': ['Site', 'Date', 'Location', 'Designation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Haibao Pagoda 海宝塔', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haibao_Pagoda', 'summary': 'The Haibao Pagoda Temple ( simplified Chinese : 海宝塔寺 ; traditional Chinese : 海寶塔寺 ; pinyin : Hǎibǎotǎ Sì ) is a Buddhist temple located in Xingqing District of Yinchuan , Ningxia , China . Because of earthquakes , the modern temple was founded in the 18th century in the period of the Qianlong Emperor ( 1736-1796 ) during the mid-Qing dynasty ( 1644-1911 ) . It is the headquarters of the Buddhist Association of Ningxia .'}]}, {'value': 'Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Yinchuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yinchuan', 'summary': 'Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , and historically it was the former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts . It has an area of 8,874.61 km2 ( 3,426.51 sq mi ) and a total population of 1.99 million . Its built-up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread between three urban districts . The name of the city literally means silver river . Facing the Yellow River in the east , Yinchuan enjoys beautiful natural scenery and favorable conditions for agriculture and has long earned the fame of a River Side City in the Northwest and Home to Fish and Rice . Yinchuan is now the permanent site for China-Arab Expo which is an international platform for cultural and economic exchanges between China and Arab countries .'}]}, {'value': '1-76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xumishan Grottoes 须弥山石窟', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xumishan_Grottoes', 'summary': 'The Xumishan Grottoes ( Chinese : 须弥山石窟 ) are a collection of more than 130 Buddhist cave temples , built between the fifth century until the tenth century , on the eastern edge of Mount Xumi in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern dynasties to Tang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties', 'summary': 'The Northern and Southern dynasties ( Chinese : 南北朝 ; pinyin : Nán-Běi Cháo ) was a period in the history of China that lasted from 386 to 589 , following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Wu Hu states . It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the Six Dynasties ( 220 to 589 ) . Though an age of civil war and political chaos , it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture , advancement in technology , and the spread of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism . The period saw large-scale migration of Han Chinese to the lands south of the Yangtze . The period came to an end with the unification of all of China proper by Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty . During this period , the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south . This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism ( introduced into China in the 1st century ) in both northern and southern China and Daoism gaining influence as well , with two essential Daoist canons written during this period . Notable technological advances occurred during this period . The invention of the stirrup during the earlier Jin dynasty ( 265-420 ) helped spur the development of heavy cavalry as a combat standard . Historians also note advances in medicine , astronomy , mathematics , and cartography . Intellectuals of the period include the mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi ( 429-500 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tang_dynasty', 'summary': "The Tang dynasty ( /tɑːŋ/ ; Chinese : 唐朝 [ a ] ) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 , with an interregnum between 690 and 705 . It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history . Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Tang territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty . The Tang capital at Chang'an ( present-day Xi'an ) was the most populous city in the world in its day . The Lǐ family ( 李 ) founded the dynasty , seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire . The dynasty was interrupted for 15 years when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne , proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese empress regnant . In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries , the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people . Yet , even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century , it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people . [ b ] With its large population base , the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road . Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court , while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system . Besides political hegemony , the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuanzhou District , Guyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuanzhou_District,_Guyuan', 'summary': 'Yuanzhou District , formerly Guyuan , is a district and the seat of the city of Guyuan in the south of Ningxia , China , bordering Gansu province to the northeast . It has a total area of 3,914 square kilometers ( 1,511 sq mi ) and a population of 510,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '2-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongxin Great Mosque 同心清真大寺', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongxin_Great_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Tongxin Great Mosque ( Chinese : 同心清真大寺 ; pinyin : Tóngxīn Qīngzhēn Dàsì ) is a mosque in Tongxin County , Wuzhong City , Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China . The mosque is the oldest and largest mosque in Ningxia .'}]}, {'value': 'Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Tongxin County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongxin_County', 'summary': "Tongxin County ( simplified Chinese : 同心县 ; traditional Chinese : 同心縣 ; pinyin : Tóngxīn Xiàn ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Wuzhong in the central part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China , bordering Gansu province to the east . It has a total area of 7021 square kilometers , and a population of approximately 360,000 people ."}]}, {'value': '3-136', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baisikou Twin Pagodas 拜寺口双塔', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Xia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Xia', 'summary': 'The Western Xia or Xi Xia ( Chinese : 西夏 ; pinyin : Xī Xià ; Wade-Giles : Hsi1 Hsia4 ) , also known to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak , was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia , Gansu , eastern Qinghai , northern Shaanxi , northeastern Xinjiang , southwest Inner Mongolia , and southernmost Outer Mongolia , measuring about 800,000 square kilometres ( 310,000 square miles ) . Its capital was Xingqing ( modern Yinchuan ) , until its destruction by the Mongols in 1227 . Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed , so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in the West and in China . The Western Xia occupied the area round the Hexi Corridor , a stretch of the Silk Road , the most important trade route between North China and Central Asia . They made significant achievements in literature , art , music , and architecture , which was characterized as shining and sparkling . Their extensive stance among the other empires of the Liao , Song , and Jin was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry , chariots , archery , shields , artillery ( cannons carried on the back of camels ) , and amphibious troops for combat on land and water .'}]}, {'value': 'Helan County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helan_County', 'summary': 'Helan County ( simplified Chinese : 贺兰县 ; traditional Chinese : 賀蘭縣 ; pinyin : Hèlán Xiàn ; Wade-Giles : Ho-lan Hsien ) is a county of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan , the capital of Ningxia , and borders Inner Mongolia to the northwest . It has a total area of 1,600 km2 ( 620 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 180,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '3-154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Hundred and Eight Stupas 一百零八塔', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Eight_Stupas', 'summary': 'The One Hundred and Eight Stupas ( Chinese : 一百零八塔 ; pinyin : Yībǎilíngbā Tǎ ) is an array of one hundred and eight Buddhist stupas ( also called dagobas ) on a hillside on the west bank of the Yellow River at Qingtongxia in Ningxia , China . The stupas were originally constructed during the Western Xia , but have been renovated and rebuilt several times over the centuries .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Xia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Xia', 'summary': 'The Western Xia or Xi Xia ( Chinese : 西夏 ; pinyin : Xī Xià ; Wade-Giles : Hsi1 Hsia4 ) , also known to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak , was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia , Gansu , eastern Qinghai , northern Shaanxi , northeastern Xinjiang , southwest Inner Mongolia , and southernmost Outer Mongolia , measuring about 800,000 square kilometres ( 310,000 square miles ) . Its capital was Xingqing ( modern Yinchuan ) , until its destruction by the Mongols in 1227 . Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed , so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in the West and in China . The Western Xia occupied the area round the Hexi Corridor , a stretch of the Silk Road , the most important trade route between North China and Central Asia . They made significant achievements in literature , art , music , and architecture , which was characterized as shining and sparkling . Their extensive stance among the other empires of the Liao , Song , and Jin was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry , chariots , archery , shields , artillery ( cannons carried on the back of camels ) , and amphibious troops for combat on land and water .'}]}, {'value': 'Qingtongxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qingtongxia', 'summary': "Qingtongxia ( simplified Chinese : 青铜峡 ; traditional Chinese : 青銅峽 ; pinyin : Qīngtóngxiá ; Wade-Giles : Ching-tong-hsia ; literally : 'Bronze Gorge ' ) is a city in north-central Ningxia , China . Administratively , Qingtongxia is a county-level city within the prefecture-level city of Wuzhong . It is located on the left ( northwestern ) bank of the Yellow River , opposite and a bit upstream of Wuzhong main urban area , and borders Inner Mongolia to the west . Qingtongxia has more than 100,000 residents . Many residents of Qingtongxia are Hui Muslim ."}]}, {'value': '3-155', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shuidonggou Site 水洞沟遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paleolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Paleolithic sites in China . They are sorted in chronological order from the earliest founding to the latest :'}]}, {'value': 'Lingwu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lingwu', 'summary': 'Lingwu ( simplified Chinese : 灵武市 ; traditional Chinese : 靈武市 ; pinyin : Língwǔ Shì ) is a county-level city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , Southwest China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan . It is the most important industrial city of Ningxia .'}]}, {'value': '3-185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Xia mausoleums 西夏陵', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Xia_mausoleums', 'summary': 'Occupying an area of some 50 km2 ( 19 sq mi ) , the Western Xia mausoleums at the foot of the Helan Mountains in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of northwestern China includes nine imperial mausoleums and 250 tombs of imperial relatives and officials . This burial complex lies some 40 km ( 25 mi ) westward from capital city of the Western Xia , the Xingqing fu or Xingqing , what is modern-day Yinchuan , capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region . Some 17,000 m2 ( 180,000 sq ft ) have so far been excavated , and efforts are underway to secure and preserve the remains of this poorly understood era .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Xia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Xia', 'summary': 'The Western Xia or Xi Xia ( Chinese : 西夏 ; pinyin : Xī Xià ; Wade-Giles : Hsi1 Hsia4 ) , also known to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak , was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia , Gansu , eastern Qinghai , northern Shaanxi , northeastern Xinjiang , southwest Inner Mongolia , and southernmost Outer Mongolia , measuring about 800,000 square kilometres ( 310,000 square miles ) . Its capital was Xingqing ( modern Yinchuan ) , until its destruction by the Mongols in 1227 . Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed , so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in the West and in China . The Western Xia occupied the area round the Hexi Corridor , a stretch of the Silk Road , the most important trade route between North China and Central Asia . They made significant achievements in literature , art , music , and architecture , which was characterized as shining and sparkling . Their extensive stance among the other empires of the Liao , Song , and Jin was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry , chariots , archery , shields , artillery ( cannons carried on the back of camels ) , and amphibious troops for combat on land and water .'}]}, {'value': 'Yinchuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yinchuan', 'summary': 'Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , and historically it was the former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts . It has an area of 8,874.61 km2 ( 3,426.51 sq mi ) and a total population of 1.99 million . Its built-up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread between three urban districts . The name of the city literally means silver river . Facing the Yellow River in the east , Yinchuan enjoys beautiful natural scenery and favorable conditions for agriculture and has long earned the fame of a River Side City in the Northwest and Home to Fish and Rice . Yinchuan is now the permanent site for China-Arab Expo which is an international platform for cultural and economic exchanges between China and Arab countries .'}]}, {'value': '3-248', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Art of the Helan Mountains 贺兰山岩画', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helan_Mountains', 'summary': "The Helan Mountains , frequently called Alashan Mountains in older sources , are an isolated desert mountain range forming the border of Inner Mongolia 's Alxa League and Ningxia . They run north-south parallel to the north-flowing Yellow River in the Ordos Loop section . The river is mostly east of the mountains , but in the north it crosses without making a significant gorge and flows on the west side . To the west lies the extremely arid Tengger Desert , while to the east is an irrigated area beside the Yellow River , in which lie the cities of Yinchuan and Shizuishan - a little further east of which lies the Mu Us portion of the Ordos Desert . To the north lies the Inner Mongolian city of Wuhai . They are about 200 km from north to south , from 15 to 50 km wide and average about 2000 meters in altitude ( the Yellow River here is about 1,100 meters above sea level ) . Their highest peak is 3,556 metres ( 11,667 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helan County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helan_County', 'summary': 'Helan County ( simplified Chinese : 贺兰县 ; traditional Chinese : 賀蘭縣 ; pinyin : Hèlán Xiàn ; Wade-Giles : Ho-lan Hsien ) is a county of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan , the capital of Ningxia , and borders Inner Mongolia to the northwest . It has a total area of 1,600 km2 ( 620 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 180,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '4-193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaicheng Site 开城遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuanzhou District , Guyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuanzhou_District,_Guyuan', 'summary': 'Yuanzhou District , formerly Guyuan , is a district and the seat of the city of Guyuan in the south of Ningxia , China , bordering Gansu province to the northeast . It has a total area of 3,914 square kilometers ( 1,511 sq mi ) and a population of 510,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '5-128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Wall of Qin 长城 秦长城遗址', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China', 'summary': 'The Great Wall of China ( Chinese : 萬里長城 ; pinyin : Wànlǐ Chángchéng ) is the collective name of a series of fortification systems generally built across the historical northern borders of China to protect and consolidate territories of Chinese states and empires against various nomadic groups of the steppe and their polities . Several walls were being built from as early as the 7th century BC by ancient Chinese states ; selective stretches were later joined together by Qin Shi Huang ( 220-206 BC ) , the first Emperor of China . Little of the Qin wall remains . Later on , many successive dynasties have built and maintained multiple stretches of border walls . The most well-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty ( 1368-1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from the present-day Sino-Russian border in the north to Taohe River in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Qin_(state)', 'summary': "Qin ( Chinese : 秦 ; pinyin : Qín ; Wade-Giles : Ch'in ; Old Chinese : * [ dz ] i [ n ] ) was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty . Traditionally dated to 897 B.C. , it took its origin in a reconquest of western lands previously lost to the Rong ; its position at the western edge of Chinese civilization permitted expansion and development that was unavailable to its rivals in the North China Plain . Following extensive Legalist reform in the 3rd century BC , Qin emerged as one of the dominant powers of the Seven Warring States and unified China in 221 BC under Qin Shi Huang . The empire it established was short-lived but greatly influential on later Chinese history ."}]}, {'value': 'Warring States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warring_States_period', 'summary': "The Warring States period ( simplified Chinese : 战国时代 ; traditional Chinese : 戰國時代 ; pinyin : Zhànguó Shídài ) was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare , as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation . It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states , which ultimately led to the Qin state 's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire , known as the Qin dynasty . Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States , Sima Qian 's choice of 475 BC is the most often cited . The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty , though the Chinese sovereign , known as the king of Zhou , ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states . The Warring States Period derives its name from the Record of the Warring States , a work compiled early in the Han dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'Pengyang County , Xiji County , Yuanzhou District , Guyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pengyang_County', 'summary': "Pengyang County ( simplified Chinese : 彭阳县 ; traditional Chinese : 彭陽縣 ; pinyin : Péngyáng Xiàn ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China , bordering Gansu province to the due north , east , and south . It has a total area of 3,241 km2 ( 1,251 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 250,000 people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xiji_County', 'summary': "Xiji County ( simplified Chinese : 西吉县 ; traditional Chinese : 西吉縣 ; pinyin : Xījí Xiàn ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Guyuan in the southwest of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China , bordering Gansu province to the west . It has a total area of 3,985 km2 ( 1,539 sq mi ) , and a population of 480,800 people , including 263,000 Hui people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yuanzhou_District,_Guyuan', 'summary': 'Yuanzhou District , formerly Guyuan , is a district and the seat of the city of Guyuan in the south of Ningxia , China , bordering Gansu province to the northeast . It has a total area of 3,914 square kilometers ( 1,511 sq mi ) and a population of 510,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '5-442 ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gezishan Site 鸽子山遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paleolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Paleolithic sites in China . They are sorted in chronological order from the earliest founding to the latest :'}]}, {'value': 'Qingtongxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qingtongxia', 'summary': "Qingtongxia ( simplified Chinese : 青铜峡 ; traditional Chinese : 青銅峽 ; pinyin : Qīngtóngxiá ; Wade-Giles : Ching-tong-hsia ; literally : 'Bronze Gorge ' ) is a city in north-central Ningxia , China . Administratively , Qingtongxia is a county-level city within the prefecture-level city of Wuzhong . It is located on the left ( northwestern ) bank of the Yellow River , opposite and a bit upstream of Wuzhong main urban area , and borders Inner Mongolia to the west . Qingtongxia has more than 100,000 residents . Many residents of Qingtongxia are Hui Muslim ."}]}, {'value': '6-213', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caiyuan Site 菜园遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Neolithic cultures of China that have been unearthed by archaeologists . They are sorted in chronological order from earliest to latest and are followed by a schematic visualization of these cultures . It would seem that the definition of Neolithic in China is undergoing changes . The discovery in 2012 of pottery about 20,000 years BC indicates that this measure alone can no longer be used to define the period . It will fall to the more difficult task of determining when cereal domestication started .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiyuan County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiyuan_County', 'summary': "Haiyuan County ( simplified Chinese : 海原县 ; traditional Chinese : 海原縣 ; pinyin : Hǎiyuán Xiàn ; Wade-Giles : Hai-yüan Hsien ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhongwei in the southwest of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China . It originally [ when ? ] belonged to Gansu province , and is now bordered by Gansu to the west . The county has a total area of 6,897 km2 ( 2,663 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 360,000 people. [ when ? ] It was the site of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake , which killed at least 200,000 people ."}]}, {'value': '6-214', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhaobishan Copper Mine Site 照壁山铜矿遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Han_dynasty', 'summary': "The Han dynasty ( Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàncháo ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 206 BC-220 AD ) , preceded by the Qin dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220-280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history . To this day , China 's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han Chinese ( Han Zu ) and the Chinese script is referred to as Han characters . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang , known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han , and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9-23 AD ) of the former regent Wang Mang . This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han ( 206 BC - 9 AD ) and the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25-220 AD ) . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( r. 141-87 BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( c. 1050-256 BC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Zhongwei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhongwei', 'summary': "Zhongwei ( simplified Chinese : 中卫 ; traditional Chinese : 中衛 ; pinyin : Zhōngwèi ; Wade-Giles : Chung-wei ; literally : 'middle guard ' ) is a prefecture-level city of Ningxia , People 's Republic of China . It has an area of 16,986.1 km2 ( 6,558.4 sq mi ) and a population of 1,041,821 ."}]}, {'value': '6-215', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lingwu Kiln 灵武窑址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Song to Ming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Song_dynasty', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ming_dynasty', 'summary': "The Ming dynasty ( /mɪŋ/ ) , officially the Great Ming , was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ) , numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne - collectively called the Southern Ming - survived until 1662 . [ d ] The Hongwu Emperor ( r. 1368-1398 ) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid , immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty : the empire 's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy 's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world . He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates , enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang-Ming Zuxun , a set of published dynastic instructions . This failed when his teenage successor , the Jianwen Emperor , attempted to curtail his uncles ' power , prompting the Jingnan Campaign , an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402 . The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing , constructed the Forbidden City , and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments . He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats . One , Zheng He , led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances ; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely . The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form . Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially , but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures ."}]}, {'value': 'Lingwu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lingwu', 'summary': 'Lingwu ( simplified Chinese : 灵武市 ; traditional Chinese : 靈武市 ; pinyin : Língwǔ Shì ) is a county-level city of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , Southwest China , it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan . It is the most important industrial city of Ningxia .'}]}, {'value': '6-216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhangjiachang Site 张家场城址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Han_dynasty', 'summary': "The Han dynasty ( Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàncháo ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 206 BC-220 AD ) , preceded by the Qin dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220-280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history . To this day , China 's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han Chinese ( Han Zu ) and the Chinese script is referred to as Han characters . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang , known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han , and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9-23 AD ) of the former regent Wang Mang . This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han ( 206 BC - 9 AD ) and the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25-220 AD ) . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( r. 141-87 BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( c. 1050-256 BC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Yanchi County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yanchi_County', 'summary': "Yanchi County ( simplified Chinese : 盐池县 ; traditional Chinese : 鹽池縣 ; pinyin : Yánchí Xiàn ; Wade-Giles : Yan2-ch'ih2 Hsien4 ) is a county under the administration of Wuzhong city in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China , bordering the provinces of Shaanxi to the east and Gansu to the south , as well as Inner Mongolia to the north . Covering a total area of 6,787 km2 ( 2,620 sq mi ) , it has a population of about 150,000 people ."}]}, {'value': '6-217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chengtian Temple Pagoda 承天寺塔', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chengtian_Temple_Pagoda', 'summary': "The Pagoda of Chengtian Temple ( Chinese : 承天寺塔 ; pinyin : Chéngtiānsì Tǎ ) , meaning 'Bearing Heaven Pagoda ' , is an eleven-storeyed brick pagoda located on the site of a previous Buddhist temple in Yinchuan city , Ningxia , China . The pagoda was originally built during the Western Xia , but the current structure dates to the Qing dynasty . At 64.5 metres ( 212 ft ) in height it is the tallest pagoda in Ningxia . In contrast to the Haibao Pagoda in Yinchuan , which is known as the Northern Pagoda , Chengtian Temple Pagoda is also informally referred to as the Western Pagoda ( Chinese : 西塔 ; pinyin : Xī Tǎ ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Yinchuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yinchuan', 'summary': 'Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region , China , and historically it was the former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts . It has an area of 8,874.61 km2 ( 3,426.51 sq mi ) and a total population of 1.99 million . Its built-up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread between three urban districts . The name of the city literally means silver river . Facing the Yellow River in the east , Yinchuan enjoys beautiful natural scenery and favorable conditions for agriculture and has long earned the fame of a River Side City in the Northwest and Home to Fish and Rice . Yinchuan is now the permanent site for China-Arab Expo which is an international platform for cultural and economic exchanges between China and Arab countries .'}]}, {'value': '6-807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dong Residence 董府', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Wuzhong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia', 'summary': "Wuzhong ( simplified Chinese : 吴忠 ; traditional Chinese : 吳忠 ) is a prefecture-level city in the Ningxia autonomous region of the People 's Republic of China . It was known as Yinnan Prefecture ( Chinese : 银南地区 ) before it was upgraded to a prefecture-level city in 1998 . In 2010 , Wuzhong had a population of 1.3 million . Wuzhong is located in Northwest of China , the Yellow River flows through the center of the city ."}]}, {'value': '6-808', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiangtaibao Revolution Site 将台堡革命旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xiji County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xiji_County', 'summary': "Xiji County ( simplified Chinese : 西吉县 ; traditional Chinese : 西吉縣 ; pinyin : Xījí Xiàn ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Guyuan in the southwest of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China , bordering Gansu province to the west . It has a total area of 3,985 km2 ( 1,539 sq mi ) , and a population of 480,800 people , including 263,000 Hui people ."}]}, {'value': '6-1076', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yehezi Site 页河子遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Neolithic cultures of China that have been unearthed by archaeologists . They are sorted in chronological order from earliest to latest and are followed by a schematic visualization of these cultures . It would seem that the definition of Neolithic in China is undergoing changes . The discovery in 2012 of pottery about 20,000 years BC indicates that this measure alone can no longer be used to define the period . It will fall to the more difficult task of determining when cereal domestication started .'}]}, {'value': 'Longde County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longde_County', 'summary': "Longde County ( simplified Chinese : 隆德县 ; traditional Chinese : 隆德縣 ; pinyin : Lóngdé Xiàn ) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Guyuan in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China . Longde County is located in the southern part of Ningxia . It gets its name from the town of Long and the Deshun army . Historically , the county was under the control of Pingliang city in Gansu province . It borders the rest of Ningxia , as well as Shaanxi and Gansu provinces . It also connects the important northwestern cities of Xi'an and Lanzhou . To the north of the county is Guyuan , to the east is Pingliang , to the south is Jingyuan County , and to the west is Jingning County . Although Longde County is in the southern part of Ningxia , air temperature is usually lower than the surrounding areas , because Longde is , on average , 2000 meters above sea level . In addition , because the county is located in the northern foothills of the Liupan mountain range , there is relatively little water . The water that is added is commonly lost to earth flows , so agriculture in the county is poorly developed . These factors , coupled with the gangs of bandits who historically roamed the region , made Longde a county famous for its impoverishment . There are many mountains in Longde County ."}]}, {'value': '7-0485', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyuan City Site 固原古城遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han to Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Han_dynasty', 'summary': "The Han dynasty ( Chinese : 漢朝 ; pinyin : Hàncháo ) was the second imperial dynasty of China ( 206 BC-220 AD ) , preceded by the Qin dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period ( 220-280 AD ) . Spanning over four centuries , the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history . To this day , China 's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the Han Chinese ( Han Zu ) and the Chinese script is referred to as Han characters . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang , known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han , and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty ( 9-23 AD ) of the former regent Wang Mang . This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods : the Western Han or Former Han ( 206 BC - 9 AD ) and the Eastern Han or Later Han ( 25-220 AD ) . The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society . He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class . The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies , and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms . These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence , particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States . From the reign of Emperor Wu ( r. 141-87 BC ) onward , the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics , synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu . This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD . The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty ( c. 1050-256 BC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Guyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyuan', 'summary': "Guyuan ( help·info ) ( Chinese : 固原 ; pinyin : Gùyuán ) , formerly known as Xihaigu ( Chinese : 西海固 ; pinyin : xīhǎigù ) , is a prefecture-level city in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China . It occupies the southernmost section of the region , bordering Gansu province to the east , south , and due west . This is also the site of Mount Sumeru Grottoes ( 须弥山 ) , which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China . The area was declared by the United Nations to be , one of China 's most impoverished regions and one of the world 's least habitable areas for human beings ."}]}, {'value': '7-0486', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Wikimedia list article Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the autonomous region of Ningxia , People 's Republic of China . [ 1 ]", 'uid': 'Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Ningxia)_0', 'intro': "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the autonomous region of Ningxia, People's Republic of China."} | null | null | What is the name of the site for the location that is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan and whose designation begins with 6 ? | Lingwu Kiln |
0b726cb7b9004525 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Lassen Volcanic National Park', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drakesbad Guest Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drakesbad_Guest_Ranch', 'summary': 'Drakesbad Guest Ranch , also known simply as Drakesbad , is a resort near Chester , California . It is located on Hot Springs Creek at the head of Warner Valley , in Lassen Volcanic National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 2003 ( # 03001062 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Head of Warner Creek Valley , Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°26′23″N 121°24′52″W / 40.439722°N 121.414444°W / 40.439722 ; -121.414444 ( Drakesbad Guest Ranch )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park', 'summary': 'Lassen Volcanic National Park is an American national park in northeastern California . The dominant feature of the park is Lassen Peak , the largest plug dome volcano in the world and the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range . Lassen Volcanic National Park started as two separate national monuments designated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1907 : Cinder Cone National Monument and Lassen Peak National Monument . The source of heat for the volcanism in the Lassen area is subduction of the Gorda Plate diving below the North American Plate off the Northern California coast . The area surrounding Lassen Peak is still active with boiling mud pots , fumaroles , and hot springs . Lassen Volcanic National Park is one of the few areas in the world where all four types of volcano can be found - plug dome , shield , cinder cone , and stratovolcano . The park is accessible via State Routes 89 and 44 . SR 89 passes north-south through the park , beginning at SR 36 to the south and ending at SR 44 to the north . SR 89 passes immediately adjacent to the base of Lassen Peak . There are five vehicle entrances to the park : the north and south entrances on SR 89 ; and unpaved roads entering at Drakesbad and Juniper Lake in the south , and at Butte Lake in the northeast . The park can also be accessed by trails leading in from the Caribou Wilderness to the east , as well as the Pacific Crest Trail , and two smaller trails leading in from Willow Lake and Little Willow Lake to the south . The Lassen Chalet , a large lodge with concession facilities , was located near the southwest entrance , but was demolished in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester,_California', 'summary': 'Chester ( formerly Big Meadows ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Plumas County , California , United States . Chester is located on Lake Almanor , 30 miles ( 48.3 km ) north-northwest of Quincy . The town is located along State Route 36 . The US Postal Service ZIP code for the community is 96020 . The population was 2,144 at the 2010 census , down from 2,316 at the 2000 census . The primary industries in Chester are lumber production and tourism . Chester serves as the retail center for the Lake Almanor region of California , and derives a significant portion of its economy from the tourist trade , and to a lesser degree from construction to new residents and businesses .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horseshoe Lake Ranger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Ranger_Station', 'summary': 'The Horseshoe Lake Ranger Station in Lassen Volcanic National Park , California is a backcountry ranger station that was built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor in 1934 . The cabin typifies National Park Service standard designs for such structures in the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style then used by the Park Service . It is the only such example of a standard-plan backcountry ranger station in Lassen Volcanic National Park . There were originally two structures at the site , the residence , and a now-vanished barn . The rectangular ranger station is a log structure measuring about 33 feet ( 10 m ) by 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , extended by front and back porches . The front porch is a gabled structure supported by peeled-log posts . The back porch has no roof . Split-pole chinking is used throughout . The interior comprises a large living room measuring 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) by 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) , a kitchen and a bedroom . A former enclosed porch functions as a storeroom . An attic is used for storage , and floors are oiled wood . The living room and bedroom feature a stone fireplace .'}]}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1978 ( # 78000292 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N of Chester in Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°28′23″N 121°19′48″W / 40.473056°N 121.33°W / 40.473056 ; -121.33 ( Horseshoe Lake Ranger Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester,_CA', 'summary': 'Chester ( formerly Big Meadows ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Plumas County , California , United States . Chester is located on Lake Almanor , 30 miles ( 48.3 km ) north-northwest of Quincy . The town is located along State Route 36 . The US Postal Service ZIP code for the community is 96020 . The population was 2,144 at the 2010 census , down from 2,316 at the 2000 census . The primary industries in Chester are lumber production and tourism . Chester serves as the retail center for the Lake Almanor region of California , and derives a significant portion of its economy from the tourist trade , and to a lesser degree from construction to new residents and businesses .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lassen Volcanic National Park Highway Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park_Highway_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Lassen Volcanic National Park Highway Historic District includes the main roadway developed within Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California from 1925 to 1951 . The road was developed to allow tourists access to the central part of the national park , and was designed in accordance with National Park Service design principles for naturalistic road design and the National Park Service Rustic style of design and construction . The new road was intended to supplant existing primitive roads that led into the park from the periphery , cutting straight through the park to its major sights . The road is designated California State Route 89 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2006 ( # 06000527 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NPS Route 1 , CA 89 40°30′02″N 121°30′38″W / 40.500556°N 121.510556°W / 40.500556 ; -121.510556 ( Lassen Volcanic National Park Highway Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mineral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mineral,_CA', 'summary': 'Mineral is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tehama County , California , United States . The population was 123 at the 2010 census , down from 143 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loomis Visitor Center , Bldg . 43', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loomis_Visitor_Center,_Bldg._43', 'summary': 'The Loomis Museum , also known as the Loomis Visitor Center , the Manzanita Lake Visitor Center and the Manzanita Lake Museum , was built by Benjamin Franklin Loomis in 1927 near Manzanita Lake , just outside Lassen Volcanic National Park in California , USA . Loomis was a local homesteader and photographer who documented the 1915 eruptions of Lassen Peak , and was instrumental in the 1916 establishment of the national park . In 1929 Loomis donated the museum and 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of surrounding lands to the National Park Service , which since then has used the structure as an interpretational facility . Loomis had desired that the headquarters of the new park be established at Manzanita Lake , but an alternate site was chosen by the Park Service . Loomis and his wife Estella started building their own museum to exhibit photographs taken by Loomis and others , as well as geological exhibits and artifacts of local Native Americans . The building was dedicated on July 4 , 1927 as the Mae Loomis Memorial Museum , named after their only child , Luisa Mae Loomis , who had died in 1920 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 1975 ( # 75000177 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°32′10″N 121°33′44″W / 40.536111°N 121.562222°W / 40.536111 ; -121.562222 ( Loomis Visitor Center , Bldg . 43 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manzanita Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manzanita_Lake', 'summary': "Manzanita Lake is a lake located in Lassen Volcanic National Park . Located near the park entrance , the lake is open for fishing and has rainbow , brown and brook trout . Manzanita Lake was formed when Manzanita Creek was dammed 300 years ago by a rock avalanche from the northwest slope of the Chaos Crags , which also resulted in the debris formation known as Chaos Jumbles . The area around the lake features the Loomis Museum , a campground , and the Manzanita Lake Naturalist 's Services Historic District ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Manzanita Lake Naturalist 's Services Historic District", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Manzanita_Lake_Naturalist's_Services_Historic_District", 'summary': "The Manzanita Lake Naturalist 's Services Historic District encompasses the historic area devoted to visitor interpretation services at the northwest entrance of Lassen Volcanic National Park in northeastern California . The district 's earliest structures were built by Benjamin and Estella Loomis , who were instrumental in the establishment of the park and among the park 's first concessioners . The 1927 Loomis Museum and its seismograph hut were built by the Loomises and were donated , together with 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of land to the National Park Service in 1929 . The Loomis House , also known as the Loomis Art House and Manzanita Lake Ranger Station , was built about the same time as the museum and served as their residence , photography studio and shop until the 1950s under the name B.F. Loomis Photo and Art Store . Park Service structures were developed at Manzanita Lake in the 1930s . Park Service-designed and constructed buildings include the entrance station ( 1930 ) , the ranger residence ( 1931 ) and the comfort station ( 1931 ) . The naturalist 's residence ( 1933 ) shares a similar design to its counterparts at Crater Lake National Park , with their design and construction techniques adapted to the short building seasons prevalent at both parks . The residence was built using Civilian Conservation Corps labor . The area was abandoned in 1973 after a geological report indicated that a rockfall in the Chaos Crags could reach the Manzanita Lake area in 90 seconds . The Manzanita Lodge and cabins were therefore closed and demolished . In 1987 a reassessment indicated that such a rockfall could not reach Manzanita Lake and the area was reoccupied and renovated . The lodge was never rebuilt ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2006 ( # 06000525 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "39489 CA 44 40°32′08″N 121°33′51″W / 40.535556°N 121.564167°W / 40.535556 ; -121.564167 ( Manzanita Lake Naturalist 's Services Historic District )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shingletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shingletown,_CA', 'summary': 'Shingletown is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Shasta County , California , United States . The population was 2,283 at the 2010 census , up from 2,222 at the 2000 census . Shingletown is a small town located along California State Route 44 in the hills just below Mount Lassen . Shingletown has a history of logging large timber , including pine , fir and cedar . It is also known as The Gateway to Lassen . Shingletown was originally named Shingle Camp , for the workers who cut roofing slats from timber to supply miners during the Gold Rush era .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nobles Emigrant Trail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobles_Emigrant_Trail', 'summary': 'The Nobles Emigrant Trail , also known as the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake Wagon Road , is a trail in California that was used by emigrant parties from the east as a shortened route to northern California . It was pioneered in 1851 by William Nobles , who discovered an easy shortcut between the Applegate Trail in Nevada and the Lassen Trail in California . The trail was extensively used until the 1870s , when it was superseded by railroads .'}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1975 ( # 75000222 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E of Shingletown in Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°32′50″N 121°25′29″W / 40.547222°N 121.424722°W / 40.547222 ; -121.424722 ( Nobles Emigrant Trail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shingletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shingletown,_CA', 'summary': 'Shingletown is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Shasta County , California , United States . The population was 2,283 at the 2010 census , up from 2,222 at the 2000 census . Shingletown is a small town located along California State Route 44 in the hills just below Mount Lassen . Shingletown has a history of logging large timber , including pine , fir and cedar . It is also known as The Gateway to Lassen . Shingletown was originally named Shingle Camp , for the workers who cut roofing slats from timber to supply miners during the Gold Rush era .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Headquarters , Lassen Volcanic National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Headquarters,_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park', 'summary': "The Headquarters Building at Lassen Volcanic National Park was built in 1928 in an adapted National Park Service Rustic style . The building served not only as the administration building but as a visitor center , and it quickly became too small for the developing park 's needs . It was remodeled three times during its first eleven years . In 1932 , the west wing was expanded with an addition that included men 's and women 's bathrooms and an enlargement to the superintendent 's office . A back porch was added in 1935 to protect the doorways and windows from snow and to provide storage space for furnace wood . The park 's Developmental Outline for 1938 states that due to development in the park , the building was not large enough , adding [ m ] oreover , the present building does not have sufficient storage space , is hard to keep warm in winter , and presents a bleak and unattractive aspect on the outside which gives all park visitors coming by the Headquarters Area a very bad first impression of the park . The park proposed moving the present building elsewhere on the site and converting it to housing , and building a new Administration and Visitor Center Building . Funding was not available for a new building so from 1939 through 1940 the building received a major renovation with the addition of an east wing , which also included an addition to the basement . This work was done according to drawings LV-NP 3004 C & D , designed by G. W. Norgard of the Branch of Plans and Designs , and was a Civilian Conservation Corps construction project . At that time , an engineer 's office was added to the second floor , the stairs were reconfigured , a clerk 's office was added to the first floor and the Assistant Superintendent 's office was expanded . The new east wing had a wood shingled dormer on the south side , and a similar dormer was added to the west wing and the eave extended . The front entrance porch in the north wing was enclosed to expand the lobby and a new stone porch was added to its east side ."}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1978 ( # 06000490 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off CA 36 40°20′45″N 121°36′27″W / 40.345833°N 121.6075°W / 40.345833 ; -121.6075 ( Park Headquarters , Lassen Volcanic National Park )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mineral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mineral,_CA', 'summary': 'Mineral is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tehama County , California , United States . The population was 123 at the 2010 census , down from 143 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summit Lake Ranger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summit_Lake_Ranger_Station', 'summary': 'The Summit Lake Ranger Station , also known as the Summit Lake Patrol Cabin , is one of the first three buildings constructed by the National Park Service in Lassen Volcanic National Park , California . Located near the center of the park on the main park road , the cabin was built in 1926 . It is a log building measuring about 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) by 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) with an asymmetric gable roof that results in a long pitch to a low rear wall . The main portion of the station comprises a living area , kitchen , and two bedrooms . A former porch has been enclosed and houses a bathroom . The Summit Lake Ranger Station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3 , 1978 . It is a contributing structure on the Lassen Volcanic National Park Highway Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 1978 ( # 78000296 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NE of Mineral in Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°29′54″N 121°25′37″W / 40.498333°N 121.426944°W / 40.498333 ; -121.426944 ( Summit Lake Ranger Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mineral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mineral,_CA', 'summary': 'Mineral is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Tehama County , California , United States . The population was 123 at the 2010 census , down from 143 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warner Valley Ranger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Valley_Ranger_Station', 'summary': "The Warner Valley Ranger Station , also known as the Warner Valley Patrol Cabin and Quarters 304 , is located in the southern portion of Lassen Volcanic National Park , on the access road to the Drakesbad Guest Ranch . Built in 1926 , it is unusual in its choice of construction method . While it resembles a log cabin , it was built using stacked milled 2x6 lumber to form the walls . It is the only such building known to have been built in this manner in the western regions of the National Park Service system . The interlocking boards extend past each other at the corners , forming a decorative detail . The ranger station was one of the first three building to be constructed in the park by the Park Service after the park 's 1916 establishment . The other two buildings were the Summit Lake Ranger Station , also listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the now-demolished Butte Lake Ranger Station ."}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 1978 ( # 78000364 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N of Chester in Lassen Volcanic National Park 40°26′28″N 121°22′57″W / 40.441111°N 121.3825°W / 40.441111 ; -121.3825 ( Warner Valley Ranger Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lassen Volcanic National Park. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 9 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the park.'} | null | null | What is the name of the historic place whose city or town 's population was 123 at the 2010 census ? | Park Headquarters , Lassen Volcanic National Park |
0b72785d3a931c39 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations', 'title': 'Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations', 'header': ['Country', 'Joined', 'Region', 'Population', 'System of government'], 'data': [{'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda', 'summary': "Antigua and Barbuda ( /ænˈtiːɡ ( w ) ə . bɑːrˈb ( j ) uːdə/ ( listen ) ; an-TEE-g ( w ) ə . bar-B ( Y ) OO-də ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas , lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guiana , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . The permanent population numbers about 95,900 ( 2018 est . ) , with 97% being resident on Antigua . The capital and largest port and city is St. John 's on Antigua , with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda . Lying near each other ( the main Barbuda airport is less than 0.5° of latitude , or 56 kilometres ( 30 nautical miles ) , north of the main Antigua airport ) , Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 17°N of the equator . The island of Antigua was explored by Christopher Columbus in 1493 and named for the Church of Santa María La Antigua . Antigua was colonised by Britain in 1632 ; Barbuda island was first colonised in 1678 . Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958 . With the breakup of the federation , it became one of the West Indies Associated States in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '1981-11-01 1 November 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '94,195', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unitary_state', 'summary': "A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme . The central government may create ( or abolish ) administrative divisions ( sub-national units ) . Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate . Although political power may be delegated through devolution to regional or local governments by statute , the central government may abrogate the acts of devolved governments or curtail ( or expand ) their powers . A large majority of the world 's states ( 166 of the 193 UN member states ) have a unitary system of government . Unitary states stand in contrast with federations , also known as federal states . In federations , the provincial governments share powers with the central government as equal actors through a written constitution , to which the consent of both is required to make amendments . This means that the sub-national units have a right of existence and powers that can not be unilaterally changed by the central government . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an example of a unitary state . Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have a degree of autonomous devolved power , but such power is delegated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which may enact laws unilaterally altering or abolishing devolution ( England does not have any devolved power ) . Similarly in the Kingdom of Spain , the devolved powers are delegated through the central government . Many unitary states have no areas possessing a degree of autonomy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commonwealth_realm', 'summary': "A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state [ † 1 ] in which Queen Elizabeth II is the reigning constitutional monarch and head of state . Each realm functions as an independent co-equal kingdom from the other realms . As of 2020 , there are 16 Commonwealth realms : Antigua and Barbuda , Australia , The Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Canada , Grenada , Jamaica , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , and the United Kingdom . All 16 Commonwealth realms are members of the Commonwealth of Nations , an intergovernmental organisation of 54 member states . Elizabeth II is head of the Commonwealth . In 1952 , Britain 's proclamation of Elizabeth II 's accession used the term realms to describe the seven sovereign states of which she was queen - the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan and Ceylon . Since then , new realms have been created through independence of former colonies and dependencies and some realms have become republics ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1931-12-11 19 November 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania ( Australasia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Australasia', 'summary': 'Australasia comprises Australia , New Zealand , and some neighbouring islands ( see the section Derivation and definitions ) . It is used in a number of different contexts including geopolitically , physiogeographically , and ecologically where the term covers several slightly different but related regions .'}]}, {'value': '25,215,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federal Commonwealth realm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federation', 'summary': "A federation ( also known as a federal state ) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces , states , or other regions under a central federal government ( federalism ) . In a federation , the self-governing status of the component states , as well as the division of power between them and the central government , is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party , the states or the federal political body . Alternatively , a federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs . It is often argued that federal states where the central government has overriding powers , are not truly federal states . For example , such overriding powers may include : the constitutional authority to suspend a constituent state 's government by invoking gross mismanagement or civil unrest , or to adopt national legislation that overrides or infringe on the constituent states ' powers by invoking the central government 's constitutional authority to ensure peace and good government or to implement obligations contracted under an international treaty . The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is considered to be federalist , or to be an example of federalism . It can be considered the opposite of another system , the unitary state . France , for example , has been unitary for multiple centuries . Austria and its Bundesländer was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated through the implementation of the Austrian Constitution following the 1918 collapse of Austria-Hungary . Germany , with its 16 states , or Bundesländer , is an example of a federation . Federations are often multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory ( such as Russia , the United States , Canada , India , or Brazil ) , but neither is necessarily the case ( such as Saint Kitts and Nevis or the Federated States of Micronesia ) . Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms , such as the 4th-century BCE League of Corinth , Noricum in Central Europe , and the Iroquois Confederacy in pre-Columbian North America , could be described as federations or confederations ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bahamas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bahamas', 'summary': "The Bahamas ( /bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago in the West Indies . It is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola Island ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the U.S. state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas ' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas were inhabited by the Lucayans , a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno people , for many centuries . Columbus was the first European to see the islands , making his first landfall in the 'New World ' in 1492 . Later , the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to slavery on Hispaniola , after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American Revolutionary War , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas ; they took their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 ."}]}, {'value': '1973-07-10 10 July 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '402,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangladesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': '1972-04-18 18 April 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Asia', 'summary': "South Asia or Southern Asia , is the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by Western Asia , Central Asia , East Asia and Southeast Asia . The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka form South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia . South Asia covers about 5.2 million km2 ( 2 million mi2 ) , which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia 's population , over 24% of the world 's population , and is home to a vast array of people . In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest populations of Hindus , Muslims , Sikhs , Jains and Zoroastrians . South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% population of global Hindus , 90.5% of global Sikhs , 31% of global Muslims , 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists ."}]}, {'value': '165,867,307', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Westminster republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_system', 'summary': 'The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government that was developed in England , which is now a constituent country within the United Kingdom . This term comes from the Palace of Westminster , the seat of the British Parliament . The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature . It is used , or was once used , in the national and subnational legislatures of most former British Empire colonies upon gaining responsible government , beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890 . However , some former colonies have since adopted either the presidential system ( Nigeria for example ) or a hybrid system ( like Egypt and South Africa ) as their form of government . The Westminster system of government is often contrasted with the presidential system that originated in the United States , or with the semi-presidential system , based on the government of France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic', 'summary': "A republic ( Latin : res publica , meaning public affair ) is a form of government in which the country is considered a public matter , not the private concern or property of the rulers . The primary positions of power within a republic are attained , through democracy , oligarchy , autocracy , or a mix thereof , rather than being unalterably occupied . As such it has become the opposing form of government to a monarchy and has therefore no monarch as head of state . In the context of American constitutional law , the definition of republic refers specifically to a form of government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body [ better source needed ] and exercise power according to the rule of law under a constitution , including separation of powers with an elected head of state , referred to as a constitutional republic or representative democracy . As of 2017 [ update ] , 159 of the world 's 206 sovereign states use the word republic as part of their official names - not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor is the word republic used in the names of all nations with elected governments . The word republic comes from the Latin term res publica , which literally means public thing , public matter , or public affair and was used to refer to the state as a whole . The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient Roman Republic , lasting from the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC to the establishment of the Empire in 27 BC . This constitution was characterized by a Senate composed of wealthy aristocrats and wielding significant influence ; several popular assemblies of all free citizens , possessing the power to elect magistrates and pass laws ; and a series of magistracies with varying types of civil and political authority . Most often a republic is a single sovereign state , but there are also sub-sovereign state entities that are referred to as republics , or that have governments that are described as republican in nature . For instance , Article IV of the United States Constitution guarantee [ s ] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government . In contrast , the former Soviet Union , which described itself as being a group of Republics and also as a federal multinational state composed of 15 republics , was widely viewed as being a totalitarian form of government and not a genuine republic , since its electoral system was structured so as to automatically guarantee the election of government-sponsored candidates ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': '1966-11-30 30 November 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '286,618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belize', 'summary': "Belize ( /bəˈliːz/ ( listen ) ) is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the northwest by Mexico , on the east by the Caribbean Sea , and on the south and west by Guatemala . It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres ( 8,867 sq mi ) and a population of 408,487 ( 2019 ) . Its mainland is about 180 mi ( 290 km ) long and 68 mi ( 110 km ) wide . It has the lowest population and population density in Central America . The country 's population growth rate of 1.87% per year ( 2018 estimate ) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere . The Maya Civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 B.C . and A.D. 300 and flourished until about 1200 . European contact began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras . European exploration was begun by English settlers in 1638 . This period was also marked by Spain and Britain both laying claim to the land until Britain defeated the Spanish in the Battle of St. George 's Caye ( 1798 ) . It became a British colony in 1840 , known as British Honduras , and a Crown colony in 1862 ."}]}, {'value': '1981-09-21 21 September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_America', 'summary': "Central America ( Spanish : América Central , pronounced [ aˌmeɾika senˈtɾal ] ( listen ) , Centroamérica pronounced [ sentɾoaˈmeɾika ] ( listen ) ) is a region found in the southern tip of North America and is sometimes defined as a subcontinent of the Americas . This region is bordered by Mexico to the north , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south . Central America consists of seven countries : Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua and Panama . The combined population of Central America is estimated at 44.53 million ( 2016 ) . Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot , which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama . Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc , there is a great deal of seismic activity in the region , such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes , which has resulted in death , injury and property damage . In the Pre-Columbian era , Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and east . Following the Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus ' voyages to the Americas , Spain began to colonize the Americas . From 1609 to 1821 , the majority of Central American territories ( except for what would become Belize and Panama , and including the modern Mexican state of Chiapas ) were governed by the viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala . On 24 August 1821 , Spanish Viceroy Juan de ODonojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba , which established New Spain 's independence from Spain . On 15 September 1821 , the Act of Independence of Central America was enacted to announce Central America 's separation from the Spanish Empire and provide for the establishment of a new Central American state . Some of New Spain 's provinces in the Central American region ( i.e ."}]}, {'value': '379,636', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': '1966-09-30 30 September 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Africa', 'summary': 'Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term southern Africa or Southern Africa , generally includes Angola , Botswana , Eswatini ( also known as Swaziland ) , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , though Angola may be included in Central Africa and Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia and Zimbabwe in East Africa . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power .'}]}, {'value': '2,377,831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic_with_an_executive_presidency', 'summary': 'This is a list of countries by system of government . There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has , as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails . The list is colour-coded according to the type of government , for example : blue represents a republic with an executive head of state , and pink is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of state . The colour-coding also appears on the following map , representing the same government categories . The legend of what the different colours represent is found just below the map .'}]}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': '1984-01-01 1 January 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeast_Asia', 'summary': 'Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia , consisting of the regions that are geographically south of China , east of the Indian subcontinent and north-west of Australia . Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia , to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal , to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean , and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean . The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere , although the majority of it is in the Northern Hemisphere . In contemporary definition , Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions :'}]}, {'value': '439,022', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islamic_state', 'summary': "An Islamic state is a form of government based on Islamic law . As a term , it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world . As translation of the Arabic term dawlah islāmiyyah ( Arabic : دولة إسلامية ) it refers to a modern notion associated with political Islam ( Islamism ) . The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Abul A'la Maududi , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , Israr Ahmed or Sayyid Qutb . Implementation of Islamic law plays an important role in modern theories of the Islamic state , as it did in classical Islamic political theories . However , the modern theories also make use of notions that did not exist before the modern era . Today , many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law , wholly or in part , into their legal systems . Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions , but do not apply Islamic law in their courts . Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Absolute_monarchy', 'summary': "Absolute monarchy ( or absolutism as doctrine ) is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority , principally not being restricted by written laws , legislature , or customs . These are often hereditary monarchies . In contrast , in constitutional monarchies , the head of state 's authority derives from or is legally bound or restricted by a constitution or legislature . The popularity of the notion of absolute monarchy declined substantially after the French Revolution , which promoted theories of government based on popular sovereignty . Some monarchies have a weak or symbolic legislature and other governmental bodies which the monarch can alter or dissolve at will . Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are : Brunei , Eswatini , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Vatican City and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates , which itself is a federation of such monarchies - a federal monarchy ."}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}]}, {'value': '1995-11-13 13 November 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': '24,836,674', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary semi-presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic', 'summary': 'A semi-presidential system or dual executive system is a system of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet , with the latter being responsible to the legislature of the state . It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state , who is more than a mostly ceremonial figurehead , and from the presidential system in that the cabinet , although named by the president , is responsible to the legislature , which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence . While the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) exemplified an early semi-presidential system , the term semi-presidential was introduced in a 1959 article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry and popularized by a 1978 work by political scientist Maurice Duverger , both of which intended to describe the French Fifth Republic ( established in 1958 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1931-12-11 19 November 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_America', 'summary': "Northern America is the northernmost region of North America . The boundaries may be drawn slightly differently . In one definition , it lies directly north of Middle America ( Mexico , the Caribbean , and Central America ) . Northern America 's land frontier with the rest of North America then coincides with the Mexico-United States border . Geopolitically , according to the United Nations ' scheme of geographic regions and subregions , Northern America consists of Bermuda , Canada , Greenland , Saint-Pierre and Miquelon , and the United States of America ( excluding Hawaii , Puerto Rico , the United States Virgin Islands and other minor US territories ) ."}]}, {'value': '36,885,861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federal Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '1961-03-13 13 March 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eurasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurasia', 'summary': "Eurasia /jʊəˈreɪʒə/ is the largest continental area on Earth , comprising all of Europe and Asia . Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres , it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Pacific Ocean to the east , the Arctic Ocean to the north , and by Africa , the Mediterranean Sea , and the Indian Ocean to the south . The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical social construct , with no clear physical separation between them ; thus , in some parts of the world , Eurasia is recognized as the largest of the six , five , or even four continents on Earth . In geology , Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock . However , the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on paleomagnetic data . Eurasia covers around 55,000,000 square kilometres ( 21,000,000 sq mi ) , or around 36.2% of the Earth 's total land area . The landmass contains well over 5 billion people , equating to approximately 70% of the human population . Humans first settled in Eurasia between 60,000 and 125,000 years ago . Some major islands , including Great Britain , Iceland , and Ireland , and those of Japan , the Philippines and Indonesia , are often included under the popular definition of Eurasia , in spite of being separate from the contiguous landmass . Physiographically , Eurasia is a single continent . The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity and their borders are geologically arbitrary . In ancient times the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara , along with their associated straits , were seen as separating the continents , but today the Ural and Caucasus ranges are more seen as the main delimiters between the two ."}]}, {'value': '1,197,667', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_republic', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominica', 'summary': "Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ DOM-ih-NEE-kə or /dəˈmɪnɪkə/ də-MIH-nih-kə ; French : Dominique ; Island Carib : Waitu kubuli ) , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica , is an island country in the Caribbean . The capital , Roseau , is located on the western side of the island . It is geographically situated a part of the Leeward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast . Its area is 750 km2 ( 290 sq mi ) , and the highest point is Morne Diablotins , at 1,447 m ( 4,747 ft ) in elevation . The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census . The island was settled by the Arawak arriving from South America in the 5th century . The Island Caribs or Kalinagos displaced the Arawak violently by the 15th century . Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday 3 November 1493 . It was later colonised by Europeans , predominantly by the French from the 1690s to 1763 . The French imported enslaved people from West Africa to Dominica to work on coffee plantations . Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years ' War , and it gradually established English as its official language ."}]}, {'value': '1978-11-03 3 November 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '72,975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Westminster republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eswatini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eswatini', 'summary': 'Eswatini ( /ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ ESS-wah-TEE-nee ; Swazi : eSwatini [ ɛswáˈtʼiːni ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Eswatini ( Swazi : Umbuso weSwatini ) and also known as Swaziland ( /ˈswɑːzilænd/ SWAH-zee-land ; officially renamed in 2018 ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its north , west , and south . At no more than 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north to south and 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east to west , Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa ; despite this , its climate and topography are diverse , ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld . The population is composed primarily of ethnic Swazis . The language is Swazi ( siSwati in native form ) . The Swazis established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III . The country and the Swazi take their names from Mswati II , the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified ; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 in the midst of the Scramble for Africa . After the Second Boer War , the kingdom , under the name of Swaziland , was a British protectorate from 1903 until it regained its independence on 6 September 1968 . In April 2018 , the official name was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom of Eswatini , mirroring the name commonly used in Swazi . The government is an absolute monarchy , ruled by King Mswati III since 1986 . Elections are held every five years to determine the House of Assembly and the Senate majority . The current constitution was adopted in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1968-09-06 6 September 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Africa', 'summary': 'Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term southern Africa or Southern Africa , generally includes Angola , Botswana , Eswatini ( also known as Swaziland ) , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , though Angola may be included in Central Africa and Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia and Zimbabwe in East Africa . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power .'}]}, {'value': '1,336,933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary absolute monarchy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji', 'summary': "Fiji ( /ˈfiːdʒi/ ( listen ) FEE-jee ; Fijian : Viti [ ˈβitʃi ] ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी , Fijī ) , officially the Republic of Fiji ( Fijian : Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी गणराज्य , Fijī Gaṇarājya ) , is an island country in Melanesia , part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles ( 2,000 km ; 1,300 mi ) northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand 's Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France 's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands - of which 110 are permanently inhabited - and more than 500 islets , amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres ( 7,100 sq mi ) . The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87% of the total population of 883,483 . The capital , Suva , on Viti Levu , serves as the country 's principal cruise-ship port . [ failed verification ] About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu 's coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi - where tourism is the major local industry - or Lautoka , where the sugar-cane industry is paramount . Due to its terrain , the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited . The majority of Fiji 's islands formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago . Some geothermal activity still occurs today , on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni . The geothermal systems on Viti Levu are non-volcanic in origin , with low-temperature ( c. 35-60 degrees Celsius ) surface discharges . Sabeto Hot Springs near Nadi is a good example ."}]}, {'value': '1970-10-10 10 October 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania ( Melanesia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Melanesia', 'summary': "Melanesia ( UK : /ˌmɛləˈniːziə/ , US : /ˌmɛləˈniːʒə/ ) is a subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea , and eastward to Tonga . The region includes the four independent countries of Vanuatu , Solomon Islands , Fiji , and Papua New Guinea , as well as the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , and the Indonesian region of Western New Guinea . Most of the region is in the Southern Hemisphere , with a few small northwestern islands of Western New Guinea in the Northern Hemisphere . The name Melanesia ( in French Mélanésie ) was first used by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1832 to denote an ethnic and geographical grouping of islands whose inhabitants he thought were distinct from those of Micronesia and Polynesia ."}]}, {'value': '909,024', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'The Gambia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gambia', 'summary': "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ( listen ) ; Mandinka : Kambiya ; Wolof : Gámbi ) , officially the Republic of The Gambia , is a country in Western Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean . It is the smallest country within mainland Africa . The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River , the nation 's namesake , which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres ( 4,127 sq mi ) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census . Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama . The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River , first by the Portuguese , during which era it was known as A Gâmbia . Later , on 25 May 1765 , The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control , establishing the Province of Senegambia . In 1965 , The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara , who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup . Adama Barrow became The Gambia 's third president in January 2017 , after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections . Jammeh initially accepted the results , then refused to accept them , which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States , resulting in his exile . The Gambia 's economy is dominated by farming , fishing and , especially , tourism . In 2015 , 48.6% of the population lived in poverty ."}]}, {'value': '1965-02-18 18 February 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Africa', 'summary': 'West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa . The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , The Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone and Togo , as well as the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . The population of West Africa is estimated at about 381 million people as of 2018 , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017 , of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male .'}]}, {'value': '2,155,958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary presidential republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': '1957-03-06 6 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Africa', 'summary': 'West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa . The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , The Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone and Togo , as well as the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . The population of West Africa is estimated at about 381 million people as of 2018 , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017 , of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male .'}]}, {'value': '29,088,849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary presidential republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada', 'summary': "Grenada ( /ɡrɪˈneɪdə/ ( listen ) grin-AY-də Grenadian Creole : La Gwenad ) is a sovereign state in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain . Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself plus six smaller islands which lie to the north of the main island . It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago , northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Its size is 348.5 square kilometres ( 134.6 sq mi ) , and it had an estimated population of 112,200 in July 2018 . Its capital is St. George 's . Grenada is also known as the Island of Spice due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops . The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada dove . Coordinates : 12°07′N 61°40′W / 12.117°N 61.667°W / 12.117 ; -61.667 Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas , Grenada was inhabited by the indigenous Arawaks and later by the Island Caribs . Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas . Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain , there are no records to suggest the Spanish ever landed or settled on the island . Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island due to resistance from the Island Caribs , French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century . On 10 February 1763 , Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris ."}]}, {'value': '1974-02-07 7 February 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '107,894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana', 'summary': "Guyana ( /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a country on the northern mainland of South America . It is the only English speaking country in South America , and is culturally considered part of the Anglophone-Caribbean sphere . In addition it is one of the founding member countries of the Caribbean Community organization ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Venezuela to the west , and Suriname to the east . With an area of 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) , Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as the Guianas consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the land of many waters . Major rivers in Guyana include the Essequibo , the Berbice , and the Demerara . Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language ."}]}, {'value': '1966-05-26 26 May 1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_America', 'summary': "South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere , mostly in the Southern Hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere . It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is how it is viewed in the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of the Americas where Dutch and English are spoken officially . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ) . [ additional citation ( s ) needed ] It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest . It includes twelve sovereign states ( Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay , and Venezuela ) , a part of France ( French Guiana ) , and a non-sovereign area ( the Falkland Islands , a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina ) . In addition to this , the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , Trinidad and Tobago , and Panama may also be considered part of South America . South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers ( 6,890,000 sq mi ) . Its population as of 2018 [ update ] has been estimated at more than 423 million . South America ranks fourth in area ( after Asia , Africa , and North America ) and fifth in population ( after Asia , Africa , Europe , and North America ) . Brazil is by far the most populous South American country , with more than half of the continent 's population , followed by Colombia , Argentina , Venezuela and Peru . In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the region 's GDP and has become a first regional power . Most of the population lives near the continent 's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated ."}]}, {'value': '773,808', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary presidential republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '1947-08-15 15 August 1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Asia', 'summary': "South Asia or Southern Asia , is the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by Western Asia , Central Asia , East Asia and Southeast Asia . The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka form South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia . South Asia covers about 5.2 million km2 ( 2 million mi2 ) , which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia 's population , over 24% of the world 's population , and is home to a vast array of people . In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest populations of Hindus , Muslims , Sikhs , Jains and Zoroastrians . South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% population of global Hindus , 90.5% of global Sikhs , 31% of global Muslims , 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists ."}]}, {'value': '1,353,014,094', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federal Westminster republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': '1962-08-06 6 August 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Indies', 'summary': 'The West Indies is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The region includes all the islands in or bordering the Caribbean Sea , plus The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the Atlantic Ocean . This term also includes modern-day Belize , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': '2,819,888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unitary Commonwealth realm', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current members', 'section_text': 'All dates below are provided by the Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat members list , and population figures are as of 1 February 2020 . [ 8 ]', 'uid': 'Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_0', 'intro': 'The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 54 sovereign states. Nearly all of them are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies. No one government in the Commonwealth exercises power over the others, as is the case in a political union. Rather, the Commonwealth is an international organization in which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status, and cooperate within a framework of common values and goals, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration issued in 1971. Such common values and goals include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, equality before the law, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace, which are promoted through multilateral projects and meetings, such as the Commonwealth Games, held once every four years. The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who serves as the Head of the Commonwealth. This position, however, does not imbue her with any political or executive power over any Commonwealth member states; the position is purely symbolic, and it is the Commonwealth Secretary-General who is the chief executive of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was first officially formed in 1926 when the Balfour Declaration of the Imperial Conference recognized the full sovereignty of dominions. Known as the British Commonwealth, the original members were the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Irish Free State, and Newfoundland. It was re-stated by the 1930 conference and incorporated in the Statute of Westminster the following year (although Australia and New Zealand did not adopt the statute until 1942 and 1947 respectively). In 1949, the London Declaration marked the birth of the modern Commonwealth and the adoption of its present name. The newest member is Rwanda, which joined on 29 November 2009.'} | null | null | What is the population of the country that is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II ? | 402,576 |
0b7305f7aec9fa6e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignments_(2000–present)', 'title': 'List of NCAA Division I conference realignments (2000–present)', 'header': ['School', 'Sport ( s )', 'Former Conference', 'New Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central Florida Golden Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida', 'summary': "The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) is a public research university in Orlando , Florida . It has more students enrolled on campus than any other U.S. university . Founded in 1963 by the Florida Legislature , UCF opened in 1968 as Florida Technological University , with the mission of providing personnel to support the growing U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida 's Space Coast . As the school 's academic scope expanded beyond engineering and technology , Florida Tech was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978 . UCF 's space roots continue , as it leads the NASA Florida Space Grant Consortium . Initial enrollment was 1,948 students ; enrollment today exceeds 66,000 students from 157 countries , all 50 states and Washington , D.C . Most of the student population is on the university 's main campus , 13 miles ( 21 km ) east of downtown Orlando and 35 miles ( 56 km ) west of Cape Canaveral . The university offers more than 200 degrees through 13 colleges at 10 regional campuses in Central Florida , the Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona , the Rosen College of Hospitality Management in south Orlando and the Center for Emerging Media in downtown Orlando . Since its founding , UCF has awarded more than 290,000 degrees , including over 50,000 graduate and professional degrees , to over 260,000 alumni worldwide . UCF is a space-grant university . Its official colors are black and gold , and the university logo is Pegasus , which symbolizes the university 's vision of limitless possibilities . The university 's intercollegiate sports teams , known as the UCF Knights and represented by mascot Knightro , compete in NCAA Division I and the American Athletic Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/UCF_Knights_football', 'summary': "The UCF Knights football team represents The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) in the sport of American football . The Knights compete in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) . Their current head coach is Josh Heupel , formerly a player and coach at Oklahoma and offensive coordinator at Missouri . The Knights play their home games at the 44,206-seat Spectrum Stadium , which is located on UCF 's main campus in Orlando , Florida , United States . UCF first fielded a varsity football team in the fall of 1979 as a NCAA Division III program and subsequently completed their ascension to Division I-A , now known as the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , in 1996 , becoming the only program in NCAA history to have played in all four divisions of football . As a Division I-AA program , the Knights made the 1990 and 1993 playoffs , and were picked as the preseason No . 1 team to start the 1994 season . As of 2019 , UCF has compiled 259 victories , six division titles , six conference championships , and an undefeated season in 2017 . The Knights have a national championship for the 2017 season despite being excluded from that season 's College Football Playoff . The Knights have made ten postseason appearances since joining the FBS , including winning two major bowls : the 2014 Fiesta Bowl and the 2018 Peach Bowl . The program has produced one Consensus All-American , Kevin Smith in 2007 , and three Heisman Trophy candidates , Daunte Culpepper ( QB ) in 1998 , Kevin Smith ( RB ) in 2007 , and McKenzie Milton ( QB ) in 2017 and 2018 . UCF has produced a long line of accomplished NFL players , including Blake Bortles , A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division I-A Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Findlay Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Findlay', 'summary': "The University of Findlay ( UF ) is a private university in Findlay , Ohio . It was established in 1882 through a joint partnership between the Churches of God General Conference and the city of Findlay . UF has nearly 60 undergraduate programs of study leading to baccalaureate degrees and offers 10 master 's degrees and four doctorate-level degree programs . Nearly 4,200 students from approximately 35 countries are enrolled at Findlay with an international student population of approximately 500 . Approximately 1,250 students live on campus in university housing . The University of Findlay has a 73-acre ( 30 ha ) main campus and six off-campus facilities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Findlay', 'summary': "The University of Findlay ( UF ) is a private university in Findlay , Ohio . It was established in 1882 through a joint partnership between the Churches of God General Conference and the city of Findlay . UF has nearly 60 undergraduate programs of study leading to baccalaureate degrees and offers 10 master 's degrees and four doctorate-level degree programs . Nearly 4,200 students from approximately 35 countries are enrolled at Findlay with an international student population of approximately 500 . Approximately 1,250 students live on campus in university housing . The University of Findlay has a 73-acre ( 30 ha ) main campus and six off-campus facilities ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's ice hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Hockey_America', 'summary': "College Hockey America ( CHA ) is a women 's college ice hockey conference in the United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I as a hockey-only conference . The conference is made up of six teams , with three in Pennsylvania ; two in New York , and one in Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'FIU Golden Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_International_University', 'summary': "Florida International University ( FIU ) is a public space-grant research university in University Park , Florida . It is a member of the State University System of Florida . FIU is the first and only school in South Florida to achieve the Emerging Preeminence designation by the Florida Legislature . Founded in 1965 , it has quickly grown to becoming the largest university in the Greater Miami region . It is the largest university in South Florida , the second-largest in Florida , and the fourth-largest in the United States by enrollment . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 11 separate colleges and more than 40 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 190 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.5 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 3.5 billion . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida International as the 105th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FIU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their FIU Panthers nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Conference USA ( C-USA ) . In their 113-year history , FIU 's varsity sports teams have won 5 athletic championships and Panther athletes have won various individual NCAA national championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIU_Panthers_football', 'summary': "FIU Panthers football program represents Florida International University ( FIU ) in the sport of American football . The Panthers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . The Panthers ' head coach is Butch Davis . FIU has produced a Sun Belt Conference co-championship team in 2010 , along with 3 postseason bowl appearances . The Panthers play their home games at Riccardo Silva Stadium which has a seating capacity of 20,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Started football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division I-AA Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard Bison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_Bison_baseball', 'summary': "The Howard Bison are the intercollegiate athletic teams representing Howard University in Washington , D.C . The Bison compete in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference for most sports . On July 16 , 2015 , the Athletics Department unveiled new logos ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MEAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ."}]}, {'value': 'Dropped baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercyhurst Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercyhurst_University', 'summary': 'Mercyhurst University , formerly Mercyhurst College , is an American Catholic liberal arts college in Erie , Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Mercyhurst_Lakers_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Mercyhurst Lakers women 's ice hockey team is the hockey team that represents the Mercyhurst College in Erie , Pennsylvania . The program started in 1999 and Michael Sisti has been the only coach in the history of the program . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers were part of the Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association . While in the Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association , the Lakers qualified for the GLWHA twice ( in 2001 , and 2002 ) . The Lakers were regular season champions in 2000-01 and 2001-02 , and won the playoff championships in 2002 . Starting in the 2002-03 season , the Lakers joined the College Hockey America conference ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's ice hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Hockey_America', 'summary': "College Hockey America ( CHA ) is a women 's college ice hockey conference in the United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I as a hockey-only conference . The conference is made up of six teams , with three in Pennsylvania ; two in New York , and one in Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Purple Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_University', 'summary': "Niagara University is a private Catholic university in the Vincentian tradition in Lewiston in Niagara County , New York . It is run by the Congregation of the Mission . Niagara has 3,300 undergraduate students in 50 academic programs . Approximately half of the students are residents while the other half commute from the surrounding area . The college is known as a liberal arts school but offers programs in technical and pre-professional disciplines as well . Niagara University also offers programs in Canada which operate under the written consent of the Ministry of Training , Colleges and Universities of Ontario . The Niagara University in Ontario , located in Vaughan , offers a Bachelor 's degree in Professional Studies in Education program ( accredited by the Ontario College of Teachers ) and the Master of Science degree in Education ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Niagara Purple Eagles women 's ice hockey team was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college ice hockey program that represented Niagara University . The Purple Eagles were a member of College Hockey America . They played at the Dwyer Arena in Niagara University 's campus ( Lewiston , New York ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's ice hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ECAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ECAC_Hockey', 'summary': "ECAC Hockey is one of the six conferences that compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey . The conference used to be affiliated with the Eastern College Athletic Conference , a consortium of over 300 colleges in the eastern United States . This relationship ended in 2004 ; however , the ECAC abbreviation was retained in the name of the hockey conference . ECAC Hockey is the only ice hockey conference with identical memberships in both its women 's and men 's divisions ."}]}, {'value': 'CHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Hockey_America', 'summary': "College Hockey America ( CHA ) is a women 's college ice hockey conference in the United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I as a hockey-only conference . The conference is made up of six teams , with three in Pennsylvania ; two in New York , and one in Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento State Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Sacramento', 'summary': "California State University , Sacramento ( CSUS , Sacramento State , or informally Sac State ) is a public university in Sacramento , California . Founded in 1947 as Sacramento State College , it is the eleventh oldest school in the 23-campus California State University system . The university enrolls approximately 31,500 students annually , has an alumni base of more than 240,000 and awards 7,838 degrees annually . The university offers 151 different Bachelor 's degrees , 69 Master 's degrees , 28 types of teaching credentials , and 2 Doctoral degrees . The university also has extensions in Singapore , offering a unique IMBA ( International Master 's in Business Administration ) . It is consistently one of the top three destinations among all universities in the state for California Community College students , welcoming over 4,000 new transfers each academic year . The campus sits on 300 acres , covered with over 3,500 trees and over 1,200 resting in the University Arboretum ( formerly the Goethe Arboretum ) . The university is the site of two National Register of Historic Places , the Julia Morgan House and the terminus of the Pony Express . The Arbor Day Foundation officially declared the university Tree Campus USA in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_State_Hornets_baseball', 'summary': "The Sacramento State Hornets ( also Sac State ) represent California State University , Sacramento in Sacramento , the capital city of the U.S. state of California , in intercollegiate athletics . The school fields 21 teams including men and women 's basketball , cross country , golf , rowing , soccer , tennis , and track and field ; women's-only gymnastics , beach volleyball , volleyball , and softball ; and men's-only baseball and football . The Hornets compete in NCAA Division I , and are members of the Big Sky Conference . The men 's soccer and women 's beach volleyball teams play as affiliate members in the Big West Conference , the baseball team plays as an affiliate member in the Western Athletic Conference , and the women 's rowing team is an affiliate of the American Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools_(baseball)', 'summary': 'In American college sports , NCAA Division I independent schools are four-year institutions that do not belong to a conference for a particular sport .'}]}, {'value': "St. John 's Red Storm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_University_(New_York_City)", 'summary': "St. John 's University is a private Roman Catholic university in New York City . Founded and run by the Congregation of the Mission ( C.M. , the Vincentian Fathers ) in 1870 , the school was originally located in the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant in the borough of Brooklyn . In the 1950s , the school was relocated to its current site at Utopia Parkway in Hillcrest , Queens . St. John 's also has campuses in Staten Island and Manhattan in New York City and overseas in Rome , Italy . In addition , the university has a Long Island Graduate Center in Hauppauge , along with academic locations in Paris , France , and Limerick , Ireland . The university is named after Saint John the Baptist . St. John 's is organized into five undergraduate schools and six graduate schools . In 2016 , the university had 16,440 undergraduate and 4,647 graduate students . St. John 's offers more than 100 bachelor , master , and doctoral degree programs as well as professional certificates ."}, {'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Red_Storm", 'summary': "The St. John 's Red Storm is the nickname used for the 16 varsity athletic programs of St. John 's University , in the U.S. state of New York . St. John 's 16 NCAA Division I teams compete in the Big East Conference , with the exception of the fencing team , which compete in the ECAC . On December 15 , 2012 , St. John 's and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools ( the so-called Catholic 7 ) announced that they were departing the former Big East for a new conference . The Catholic 7 , after purchasing the Big East name from the FBS schools and adding Butler , Creighton , and Xavier , began operating as the new Big East Conference beginning in July 2013 . The athletic program fields sixteen intercollegiate teams : basketball , soccer , baseball , lacrosse , tennis , golf , and fencing for men and basketball , soccer , softball , volleyball , tennis , track and field , cross country , golf , and fencing for women . In 2002 , the university eliminated five men 's athletic teams and one women 's team in order to comply with Title IX rules prohibiting activities that receive federal assistance from discriminating on the basis of gender . Prior to the 1994-95 school year , the university 's nickname was the St. John 's Redmen , which referenced the red uniforms worn by its teams in competition . The name was interpreted as a Native American reference in the 1960s , and the university did have a mascot ( adorned in Native American dress ) , which eventually led to the team 's name change to the Red Storm . The change happened at a time when there was mounting pressure on colleges and universities to adopt names more sensitive to Native American culture . The Redmen name still remains popular among fans , however , as does Johnnies . On September 18 , 2009 the new mascot , which was voted on by students , was revealed ; Johnny Thunderbird ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Division I-AA Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wayne State Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_State_University', 'summary': 'Wayne State University ( WSU ) is a public research university in Detroit , Michigan . It is the third largest university in Michigan . Founded in 1868 , WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to nearly 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students . Wayne State University , along with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University , comprise the University Research Corridor of Michigan . The WSU main campus comprises 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings . The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Wayne_State_Warriors_women's_ice_hockey", 'summary': "The Wayne State Warriors women 's ice hockey is a defunct college ice hockey program represented at Wayne State University . The Warriors competed at the NCAA Division I level in the Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association from 1999-2002 and in College Hockey America 2002-2011 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's ice hockey", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Great Lakes Women 's Hockey Association", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Hockey_America', 'summary': "College Hockey America ( CHA ) is a women 's college ice hockey conference in the United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I as a hockey-only conference . The conference is made up of six teams , with three in Pennsylvania ; two in New York , and one in Missouri ."}]}], 'section_title': 'History -- 2002–2003', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NCAA_Division_I_conference_realignment_18', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | How many athletic programs are there in the former Northeast member ? | 16 |
0b747bb8878bbb5c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures', 'title': 'List of National Hockey League attendance figures', 'header': ['Team', 'Arena', 'Home Games', 'Average Attendance', 'Total Attendance', 'Capacity Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': 'United Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Center', 'summary': "United Center is an indoor arena on the Near West Side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is home to the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , named after its corporate sponsor , United Airlines . United Center 's predecessor , the Chicago Stadium , was demolished after the new arena opened in 1994 . The first event at United Center was WWF Summerslam . Due to a lockout , the Blackhawks did not move in until the 1994-95 NHL season . The east side of the arena features statues of Michael Jordan , Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita , while a statue of various Blackhawks sits to the north on Madison Street , where the Chicago Stadium was located . United Center also hosted the 1996 Democratic National Convention , at which a new style of four-screen speech prompting system for speakers was pioneered in the United States , consisting of two glass teleprompters , accompanied by an inset lectern monitor , and for the first time , a large under-camera confidence monitor ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,653', 'urls': []}, {'value': '887,794', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Centre', 'summary': "The Bell Centre ( French : Centre Bell ) , formerly known as the Molson Centre ( or Le Centre Molson ) , is a multi-purpose arena in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It opened on March 16 , 1996 , after nearly three years under construction . It is best known as the home of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens ice hockey team , and it has the largest arena capacity to regularly host an NHL team . It is currently owned by a partnership group headed by Geoff Molson and his brothers , Andrew and Justin . The same ownership group also owns the Montreal Canadiens and Evenko , an entertainment event promoter . Since it opened in 1996 , it has consistently been listed as one of the world 's busiest arenas , usually receiving the highest attendance of any arena in Canada . In 2012 , it was the fifth-busiest arena in the world based on ticket sales for non-sporting events ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,299', 'urls': []}, {'value': '873,283', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Wells Fargo Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)', 'summary': 'The Wells Fargo Center is a multi-purpose arena located in Philadelphia . It serves as the home of the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . The arena lies at the southwest corner of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex , which includes Lincoln Financial Field , Citizens Bank Park , and Xfinity Live ! . The Wells Fargo Center , originally called Spectrum II , was completed in 1996 to replace the Spectrum as the home arena of the 76ers and Flyers , on the former site of John F. Kennedy Stadium at a cost of $ 210 million , largely privately financed ( though the city and state helped to pay for the local infrastructure ) . It is owned by Comcast Spectacor , which also owns the Flyers , and is operated by its arena-management subsidiary , Global Spectrum . Since opening , it has been known by a number of different names through naming rights deals and bank mergers , including CoreStates Center from 1996 to 1998 , First Union Center from 1998 to 2003 , and Wachovia Center from 2003 to 2010 . Since 2010 , naming rights have been held by financial services company Wells Fargo , after their merger with Wachovia . In addition to hosting home games for its main tenants , the arena has been the site of a number of other notable athletic events including Games 1 and 2 from the 1997 and Games 3 , 4 and 6 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , Games 3 , 4 and 5 of the 2001 NBA Finals , and various collegiate events for the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Wells Fargo Center has hosted two political conventions , hosting the 2000 Republican National Convention and 2016 Democratic National Convention . The arena is a regular venue for concerts and WWE events . The arena has a concert seating capacity of 21,000 seated and at least 21,500 standing .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,517', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800,214', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Little Caesars Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Caesars_Arena', 'summary': 'Little Caesars Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Midtown Detroit . Construction began on April 24 , 2015 , following a formal groundbreaking ceremony on September 25 , 2014 . Opened on September 5 , 2017 , the arena , which cost $ 862.9 million to construct , replaced Joe Louis Arena and The Palace of Auburn Hills as the homes of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , respectively . The arena features a unique , clear plastic roofed concourse connecting it to offices and shops surrounding it . It was designed to be the flagship of a new $ 2.1 billion 650,000-square-foot ( 60,000 m2 ) sports and entertainment district , The District Detroit , with mixed-use neighborhoods with new residential and retail outlets located around the Cass Corridor , Ford Field , and Comerica Park .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,515', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800,115', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Canada Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Canada_Centre', 'summary': 'Scotiabank Arena , formerly Air Canada Centre , is a multi-purpose arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . In addition , the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena . The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) during their brief existence . The arena is 61,780.5 square metres ( 665,000 sq ft ) in size . It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. ( MLSE ) , the same group that owns the Leafs and the Raptors , as well as their respective development teams . In 2018 , Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada . It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed . Scotiabank Arena is connected to Toronto Union railway station , subway station and bus terminal via the PATH . Scotiabank Arena has , from its initial design to completion , revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then . [ according to whom ? ] These features include luxury suites accessible on the ground floor , splitting the main scoreboard into several sections , rotating all sponsor signage in the bowl at once ( to allow dominant messaging or neutralization for events that disallow commercial advertising ) , and multiple restaurants in and out of the main arena bowl view .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,187', 'urls': []}, {'value': '786,677', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club has won one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003-04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Julien BriseBois serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amalie Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amalie_Arena', 'summary': "Amalie Arena is an arena in Tampa , Florida that has been used for ice hockey , basketball , arena football games , and concerts . It is home to the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League . The building was originally known as the Ice Palace . In August 2002 , the building 's naming rights were sold to the St. Petersburg Times , which became the Tampa Bay Times in January 2012 ; accordingly , the arena was known as the St. Pete Times Forum from 2002 to 2012 and Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012-2014 ) . In September 2014 , the arena was renamed Amalie Arena when the naming rights were transferred to Amalie Oil Company ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,092', 'urls': []}, {'value': '782,772', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xcel Energy Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center', 'summary': "The Xcel Energy Center ( also known as The X ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in Saint Paul , Minnesota . It is named for its locally based corporate sponsor Xcel Energy . With an official capacity of 17,954 , the arena has four spectator levels : one suite level and three general seating levels . The building is home to the NHL 's Minnesota Wild . The arena is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by the Wild 's parent company , Minnesota Sports & Entertainment . It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility , Roy Wilkins Auditorium and the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts , in downtown St. Paul . It also served as official home to the 2008 Republican National Convention ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,036', 'urls': []}, {'value': '780,501', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotiabank Saddledome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome', 'summary': "Scotiabank Saddledome is a multi-use indoor arena in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Located in Stampede Park in the southeast end of downtown Calgary , the Saddledome was built in 1983 to replace the Stampede Corral as the home of the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League , and to host ice hockey and figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics . The facility also hosts concerts , conferences and other sporting championships , and events for the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede . It underwent a major renovation in 1994-95 and sold its naming rights , during which its original name of Olympic Saddledome was changed to Canadian Airlines Saddledome . The facility was given the name Pengrowth Saddledome in 2000 , after Pengrowth Management Ltd. signed a ten-year agreement . It adopted its current name in October 2010 as Scotiabank signed on as title sponsor . The Saddledome is owned by the City of Calgary , who leases it to the Saddledome Foundation , a non-profit organization , to oversee its operation . Since 1996 , it has been managed by the Flames . The Saddledome was damaged during the 2013 Alberta floods but was repaired and reopened in time for the 2013-14 NHL season . The arena 's roof is shaped like a saddle , thus earning the name Saddledome ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '775,105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital One Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_One_Arena', 'summary': "The Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington , D.C . Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , the arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro . It has been largely considered to be a commercial success and is regarded as one of the driving catalysts of the revitalization of Washington , D.C. 's Chinatown neighborhood . Owned and operated by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the NHL , the Washington Wizards of the NBA , and the Georgetown University men 's basketball team . It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the WNBA from 1998 to 2018 until they moved to the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena in southeast Washington for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,774', 'urls': []}, {'value': '740,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': 'PPG Paints Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PPG_Paints_Arena', 'summary': "PPG Paints Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania that serves as home to the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and was the home of the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) from 2011 to 2014 . Construction was completed on August 1 , 2010 , and the arena opened in time for the 2010-11 NHL season . It replaced the Penguins ' former arena , Civic Arena ( formerly known as Mellon Arena ) , which was completed in 1961 . A ceremonial ground-breaking was held on August 14 , 2008 . The arena is the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) gold-certified arena in both the NHL and AFL . Soon after the arena opened in 2010 it was named Best New Major Concert Venue in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards and Best NHL Arena in the Sports Business Journal reader poll . The arena was originally named Consol Energy Center ( CEC ) after Consol Energy purchased the naming rights in December 2008 . The current name comes from Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries , who purchased naming rights in October 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,579', 'urls': []}, {'value': '761,764', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'KeyBank Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KeyBank_Center', 'summary': 'KeyBank Center , formerly known as Marine Midland Arena , HSBC Arena and First Niagara Center , is a multipurpose indoor arena located in downtown Buffalo , New York . It is the largest indoor arena in Western New York , seating 19,070 fans in its normal configuration , and was constructed primarily for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , who have called the arena home since 1996 , when it replaced the now-demolished Memorial Auditorium . The arena was renamed as KeyBank Center starting with the 2016-2017 NHL season . It is owned by Erie County and operated by Pegula Sports and Entertainment ( as Hockey Western New York , LLC ) .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,563', 'urls': []}, {'value': '719,283', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': 'Enterprise Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enterprise_Center', 'summary': "Enterprise Center is an 18,096-seat arena located in downtown St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Its primary tenant is the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League , but it is also used for other functions , such as NCAA basketball , NCAA hockey , concerts , professional wrestling and more . In a typical year , the facility hosts about 175 events . Industry trade publication Pollstar has previously ranked Enterprise Center among the top ten arenas worldwide in tickets sold to non-team events , but the facility has since fallen into the upper sixties , as of 2017 . The arena opened in 1994 and was known as Kiel Center until 2000 , Savvis Center from 2000 to 2006 , and Scottrade Center from 2006 to 2018 . On May 21 , 2018 , the St. Louis Blues and representatives of Enterprise Holdings , based in St. Louis , announced that the naming rights had been acquired by Enterprise and that the facility 's name would change to Enterprise Center , effective July 1 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '752,624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers', 'summary': "The Edmonton Oilers are a professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Oilers were officially founded in 1971 by W. D. Wild Bill Hunter and Dr. Chuck Allard . The team played its first season in 1972 , as one of the twelve founding franchises of the major professional World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . They were originally intended to be one of two WHA Alberta teams , along with the Calgary Broncos . However , when the Broncos relocated to Cleveland , Ohio , before the WHA 's first season began , the Oilers were renamed the Alberta Oilers . They returned to their current name in the following year , and subsequently joined the NHL in 1979 as one of four franchises absorbed through the NHL merger with the WHA . After joining the NHL , the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions : 1983-84 , 1984-85 , 1986-87 , 1987-88 and 1989-90 . Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins , they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger and also the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967 . Among all NHL teams , only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the League 's 1967 expansion . For their success in the 1980s , the Oilers team of this era has been honoured with dynasty status by the Hockey Hall of Fame . However , the Oilers began to struggle greatly shortly after the 2004-05 NHL lockout , having missed the playoffs every year since 2006 , with the exception of 2016-17 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Place', 'summary': "Rogers Place is a multi-use indoor arena in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Construction started in March 2014 , and the building officially opened on September 8 , 2016 . The arena has a seating capacity of 18,500 as a hockey venue and 20,734 as a concert venue . It replaced Northlands Coliseum ( opened 1974 ) as the home of the NHL 's Edmonton Oilers and the WHL 's Edmonton Oil Kings . The arena is located at the block between 101 and 104 Streets and 104 and 105 Avenues . Public transit access to the arena is provided by the Edmonton Light Rail Transit system ( MacEwan station on the Metro Line ) and Edmonton Transit Service bus ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,347', 'urls': []}, {'value': '752,227', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Staples Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staples_Center', 'summary': "Staples Center ( officially stylized as STAPLES Center ) is a multi-purpose arena in Downtown Los Angeles . Adjacent to the L.A. Live development , it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street . The arena opened on October 17 , 1999 . It is owned and operated by the Arturo L.A . Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group . The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) and the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League were also tenants ; the Avengers were folded in 2009 , and the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers ' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo , California for the 2011-12 season . Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year . It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams , as well as one of only two North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league ; MetLife Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's New York Giants and New York Jets , is the other . Staples Center is the venue of the Grammy Awards ceremony and will host the basketball competition during the 2028 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': '747,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stars', 'summary': "The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded during the 1967 NHL expansion as the Minnesota North Stars , based in Bloomington , Minnesota . Before the beginning of the 1978-79 NHL season , the team merged with the Cleveland Barons after the league granted them permission due to each team 's respective financial struggles . Ultimately , the franchise relocated to Dallas for the 1993-94 NHL season . The Stars played out of Reunion Arena from their relocation until 2001 , when the team moved less than 1.5 miles into the American Airlines Center . The Stars have won eight division titles in Dallas , two Presidents ' Trophies as the top regular season team in the league , the Western Conference championship twice , and in 1998-99 , the Stanley Cup . Joe Nieuwendyk won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs that year . In 2000 , Neal Broten was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Brett Hull became the first Dallas Stars player inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , followed by Ed Belfour and Joe Nieuwendyk in 2011 and Mike Modano in 2014 . In 2010 , brothers Derian and Kevin Hatcher were inducted to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'American Airlines Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Airlines_Center', 'summary': 'American Airlines Center ( AAC ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in the Victory Park neighborhood in downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena serves as the home to the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association , and the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League . The arena is also used for concerts and other live entertainment . It opened in 2001 at a cost of $ 420 million .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '742,511', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Arena', 'summary': "Rogers Arena is a multi-purpose arena located at 800 Griffiths Way in the downtown area of Vancouver , British Columbia . Opened in 1995 , the arena was known as General Motors Place ( GM Place ) from its opening until July 6 , 2010 , when General Motors Canada ended its naming rights sponsorship and a new agreement for those rights was reached with Rogers Communications . Rogers Arena was built to replace Pacific Coliseum as Vancouver 's primary indoor sports facility and in part due to the National Basketball Association 's 1995 expansion into Canada , when Vancouver and Toronto were given expansion teams . It is home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League and the Vancouver Warriors of the National Lacrosse League . The arena also hosted the ice hockey events at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The name of the arena temporarily became Canada Hockey Place during the Olympics . It was previously home to the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association from 1995 to 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,078', 'urls': []}, {'value': '741,233', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vegas Golden Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights', 'summary': 'The Vegas Golden Knights are a professional ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . Founded as an expansion team , they began play in the 2017-18 NHL season . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Mobile Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena', 'summary': "T-Mobile Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , and is the home venue for the National Hockey League 's Vegas Golden Knights , who began play in 2017 . Opened on April 6 , 2016 , the arena was built as a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and the Anschutz Entertainment Group . Aside from the Golden Knights , T-Mobile Arena has primarily been used for entertainment events such as concerts , and has been booked for mixed martial arts and professional boxing events , as well as other annual sporting events . The arena is accessed by a new development project known as The Park , with retail and dining space between New York-New York and the Park MGM casino hotels ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,042', 'urls': []}, {'value': '739,740', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,851', 'urls': []}, {'value': '731,899', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Garden', 'summary': "TD Garden , often called The Garden , is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is named after its sponsor , TD Bank , a subsidiary of Canada 's Toronto-Dominion Bank . It opened in 1995 as a replacement for the original Boston Garden and has been known as FleetCenter , and TD Banknorth Garden . The arena is located directly above the MBTA 's North Station . TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It is owned by Delaware North , whose CEO , Jeremy Jacobs , also owns the Bruins , and Mike Key . It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament , and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships . The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including the 1999 and 2003 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball regional first and second rounds , the 2009 , 2012 , and 2018 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight , the 1998 Frozen Four , the 2004 Frozen Four , the 2014 United States Figure Skating Championships , the 2006 Women 's Final Four , and the 2015 Frozen Four . It hosted games 3 , 4 , and 6 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , Games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , and games 1 , 2 , and 6 of the 2008 NBA Finals and games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 2010 NBA Finals for the Celtics . Furthermore , it hosted the NA LCS 2017 Summer Split Finals . TD Garden is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup , an international mens tennis tournament ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,565', 'urls': []}, {'value': '720,165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'SAP Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAP_Center', 'summary': 'The SAP Center at San Jose ( originally known as San Jose Arena ) is an indoor arena located in San Jose , California . Its primary tenant is the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League , for which the arena has earned the nickname The Shark Tank . It is also home to the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,365', 'urls': []}, {'value': '711,988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.9%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2017–18 attendance statistics', 'section_text': 'Little Caesars Arena T-Mobile Arena Bridgestone Arena PNC Arena', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures_1', 'intro': 'The National Hockey League is one of the top attended professional sports in the world, as well as one of the top two attended indoor sports in both average and total attendance. As of the 2018-19 season the NHL averaged 17,377 live spectators per game, and 22,002,081 total for the season.'} | null | null | What is the division of the NFL team with an average home game attendance of 19,517 ? | Metropolitan Division |
0b74a40295ce3bec | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linate_Airport', 'title': 'Linate Airport', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'Passengers', 'Airline'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome-Fiumicino , Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci-Fiumicino_Airport', 'summary': "Rome-Fiumicino International Airport Leonardo da Vinci ( Italian : Aeroporto Internazionale di Roma-Fiumicino Leonardo da Vinci ; IATA : FCO , ICAO : LIRF ) is an international airport in Rome and the major airport in Italy . It is one of the busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic with almost 43 million passengers served in 2018 . The airport serves as the main hub for Alitalia , the largest Italian airline , and Vueling , a Spanish low-cost carrier owned by International Airlines Group . Based on total passenger numbers , it is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe and was the world 's 47th-busiest airport in 2017 . It covers an area of 16 km2 and is named after polymath Leonardo da Vinci who , in 1480 , designed a flying machine with wings and the first proto helicopter ."}]}, {'value': '1,183,753', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cagliari , Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cagliari-Elmas_Airport', 'summary': 'Cagliari Elmas Airport ( IATA : CAG , ICAO : LIEE ) is an international airport located in the territory of Elmas , near Cagliari , on the Italian island of Sardinia .'}]}, {'value': '627,299', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catania , Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catania-Fontanarossa_Airport', 'summary': "Catania-Fontanarossa Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto Internazionale Vincenzo Bellini di Catania-Fontanarossa ) ( IATA : CTA , ICAO : LICC ) , also known as Vincenzo Bellini Airport , is an international airport 2.3 NM ( 4.3 km ; 2.6 mi ) southwest of Catania , the second largest city on the Italian island of Sicily . It is named after the opera composer Vincenzo Bellini , who was born in Catania . It is the busiest airport in Sicily and the fifth busiest in Italy with 9,933,318 passengers in 2018 . Major airlines such as Alitalia , Lufthansa and KLM offer services here and connect numerous European destinations such as Rome , Munich , Amsterdam and Berlin , while low-cost airlines such as easyJet and Ryanair offer flights to leisure destinations . With nearly two million passengers carried in 2016 , the Catania/Fontanarossa - Rome/Fiumicino route is Italy 's busiest air route , and Europe 's fourth busiest ."}]}, {'value': '585,809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naples , Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Naples International Airport ( IATA : NAP , ICAO : LIRN ) ( Italian : Aeroporto Internazionale di Napoli ) is the international airport serving Naples and the Southern Italian region of Campania . According to 2019 data , the airport is the fifth-busiest airport in Italy and the first one in Southern Italy . The airport serves as a base for easyJet , Ryanair and Volotea . Located 3.2 NM ( 5.9 km ; 3.7 mi ) north-northeast of the city in the Capodichino district of Naples , the airport is officially named Aeroporto di Napoli-Capodichino Ugo Niutta , after decorated WWI pilot Ugo Niutta .'}]}, {'value': '509,251', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bari , Apulia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bari_Karol_Wojtyła_Airport', 'summary': 'Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto di Bari-Karol Wojtyła ) ( IATA : BRI , ICAO : LIBD ) is an airport serving the city of Bari in Italy . It is approximately 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) northwest from the town centre . Named after Pope John Paul II , who was born Karol Wojtyła , the airport is also known as Palese Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto di Palese ) after a nearby neighbourhood . The airport handled 3,958,815 passengers in 2015 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '403,247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palermo , Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falcone–Borsellino_Airport', 'summary': 'Falcone Borsellino Airport ( IATA : PMO , ICAO : LICJ ) ( Italian : Aeroporto Falcone Borsellino ) or simply Palermo Airport , formerly Punta Raisi Airport is located at Punta Raisi , 19 NM ( 35 km ; 22 mi ) west northwest of Palermo , the capital city of the Italian island of Sicily . It is the second airport of Sicily in terms of passengers after Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , with 6.601.472 passengers handled in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '389,306', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olbia , Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olbia_Costa_Smeralda_Airport', 'summary': 'Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto di Olbia-Costa Smeralda ) ( IATA : OLB , ICAO : LIEO ) is an airport in Olbia , Sardinia . It is the primary operating base for Italian airline Air Italy whose headquarters are located at the airport . It mostly handles seasonal holiday flights from destinations in Europe and is managed by Geasar S.p.A .'}]}, {'value': '330,921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brindisi , Apulia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brindisi_–_Salento_Airport', 'summary': 'Brindisi Airport ( IATA : BDS , ICAO : LIBR ) ( Italian : Aeroporto di Brindisi ) , also known as Brindisi Papola Casale Airport and Salento Airport , is an airport in Brindisi , in southern Italy , located 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) from the city center .'}]}, {'value': '218,672', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alghero , Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fertilia_Airport', 'summary': "Alghero - Riviera del Corallo Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto di Alghero - Riviera del Corallo ; Catalan : L'Aeroport de l'Alguer-Fertília ) ( IATA : AHO , ICAO : LIEA ) is an international airport situated 4.3 NM ( 8.0 km ; 4.9 mi ) north-northwest of the city of Alghero , in northern Sardinia , Italy . It is also known as Alghero-Fertilia Airport , named for the nearby village of Fertilia or Alghero Airport . It is one of the three main airports serving Sardinia , the other ones being Olbia in the northeast , and near Cagliari in the south . The airport is operated by SO.GE.A.AL ( Societa di Gestione Aeroporto di Alghero ) ."}]}, {'value': '202,884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamezia Terme , Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamezia_Terme_Airport', 'summary': "Lamezia Terme International Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto Internazionale di Lamezia Terme Sant'Eufemia ) ( IATA : SUF , ICAO : LICA ) is an airport in the Sant'Eufemia district of Lamezia Terme , Calabria , Italy . It is the principal airport of Calabria . Additionally , a military helicopter unit , the 2° Reggimento dell'Aria Sirio , is based near the airport ."}]}, {'value': '175,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reggio Calabria , Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggio_Calabria_Airport', 'summary': "Reggio di Calabria Tito Minniti Airport ( IATA : REG , ICAO : LICR ) , also known as Aeroporto dello Stretto ( Airport of the Strait ) is an airport located near Reggio , in southern Calabria , Italy . It serves mainly the Province of Reggio and the Province of Messina , and partially the Province of Vibo Valentia ; more than 1,200,000 people . Daily flights depart and arrive for and from several Italian cities , and are seasonally augmented by flights to various other countries . Reggio military airport was inaugurated in 1939 ( the first airport in Calabria ) , becoming operative for commercial flights in 1947 ; later it was named after Italian Royal Air Force war-hero Tito Minniti , who was born in Reggio Calabria . Its IATA airport code REG is derived from Reggio , Calabria 's main city , which the airport is closest to . On the outskirts of the airport the training grounds of local football club Reggina Calcio are located . In March 2017 , Alitalia announced it would terminate all 56 weekly flights to and from the airport ( to Milan , Rome and Turin ) stating all routes were heavily loss-making . However , this decision was revoked shortly after . In summer 2017 Sacal S.p.A. ( Società aeroportuale calabrese ) , also managing Lamezia Terme took over the management of the airport ."}]}, {'value': '163,168', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alitalia , Blu-express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alitalia', 'summary': "Alitalia - Società Aerea Italiana ( Alitalia - Italian Air Company ) , operating as Alitalia ( Italian pronunciation : [ aliˈtaːlja ] ) , is the flag carrier of Italy . The company has its head office in Fiumicino , Rome , Italy . Its main hub is Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , Rome , and a secondary is Linate Airport , Milan . Other focus airports are Catania-Fontanarossa Airport , Milan Malpensa Airport , Palermo Airport and Naples Airport . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-largest airline in Europe . The name is an Italian portmanteau of the words ali ( 'wings ' ) and Italia ( 'Italy ' ) . Alitalia has been loss-making for many years . On 2 May 2017 , the airline went into administration after the Italian government formally approved the move , but the loss-making operations have continued since then , at about the same level of activity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blu-express', 'summary': 'Blue Panorama Airlines S.p.A. is an Italian airline headquartered in Fiumicino operating scheduled and charter flights from Italy - especially Rome-Fiumicino and Milan-Malpensa - to various international destinations . Blu-express is the brand name for low-cost short and medium range flights operated by Blue Panorama . Additional business charter flights are operated under the name Executive Blue .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Linate_Airport_1', 'intro': 'Milan Linate Airport (IATA: LIN, ICAO: LIML) is the third international airport of Milan, the second-largest city and largest urban area of Italy, behind Malpensa Airport and Orio al Serio Airport. It served 9,233,475 passengers in 2018, being the fifth busiest airport in Italy, and is used as a base by Alitalia and Alitalia CityLiner.'} | null | null | Who is the namesake of the airport that receives 403,247 passengers from Linate Airport each year ? | Pope John Paul II |
0b74c8a249476ecd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_entities_with_sole_naming_rights', 'title': 'List of cultural entities with sole naming rights', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Sponsor', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nitori Culture Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitori_Culture_Hall', 'summary': 'Nitori Culture Hall ( originally known as Hokkaido Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan ) is an arts & concert venue , part of the Sapporo Geibunkan complex , located in Chūō-ku , Sapporo , Japan . It opened in 1971 as Hokkaido Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan ; the complex includes a conference hall , a hotel and a concert hall . The main concert hall has a seating capacity of 2,300 . Since 2010 , the furniture company Nitori owns the naming rights of the venue . Notable past performers include Santana , Cheap Trick , Whitesnake , King Crimson and Scorpions .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuo-ku , Sapporo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuo-ku,_Sapporo', 'summary': 'Chūō-ku ( 中央区 , Chūō-ku ) is one of the ten wards in Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . Chūō-ku means central ward in Japanese . As its name suggests , city administration and entertainment facilities are centred in this ward .'}]}, {'value': 'Nitori', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Hokkaido Welfare Pension Hall ( Hokkaido Kosei Nenkin Kaikan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo Electron Hall Miyagi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aoba-ku , Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aoba-ku,_Sendai', 'summary': 'Aoba-ku ( 青葉区 ) is one of five wards of Sendai , the largest city in the Tōhoku region of Japan . Aoba-ku encompasses 302.278 km² and had a population of 296,551 , with 147,622 households as of March 1 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Electron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Electron', 'summary': "Tokyo Electron Limited ( Japanese : 東京エレクトロン株式会社 , Hepburn : Tokyo Electron Kabushiki-gaisha ) , or TEL , is a Japanese electronics and semiconductor company headquartered in Akasaka , Minato-ku , Tokyo , Japan . TEL is best known as a supplier of equipment to fabricate integrated circuits ( IC ) , flat panel displays ( FPD ) , and photovoltaic cells ( PV ) . Tokyo Electron Device ( 東京エレクトロンデバイス株式会社 , Tokyo Electron Device Kabushiki-gaisha , TYO : 2760 ) , or TED , is a subsidiary of TEL specializing in semiconductor devices , electronic components , and networking devices . As of 2011 , TEL is the largest manufacturer of IC and FPD production equipment . The company was founded as Tokyo Electron Laboratories , Inc. in 1963 . On September 24 , 2013 Tokyo Electron and Applied Materials announced a merger . If the merger would have been approved by government regulators , the combined company , to be called Eteris , would have been the world 's largest supplier of semiconductor processing equipment , with a total market value of approximately $ 29 billion . However , on April 26 , 2015 the merger was cancelled to due antitrust concerns in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'then Miyagi Prefectual Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hitachi Systems Hall Sendai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aoba-ku , Sendai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aoba-ku,_Sendai', 'summary': 'Aoba-ku ( 青葉区 ) is one of five wards of Sendai , the largest city in the Tōhoku region of Japan . Aoba-ku encompasses 302.278 km² and had a population of 296,551 , with 147,622 households as of March 1 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hitachi Systems', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Sendai City Youth Culture Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beisia Culture Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maebashi , Gunma Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maebashi', 'summary': 'Maebashi ( 前橋市 , Maebashi-shi ) is the capital city of Gunma Prefecture , in the northern Kantō region of Japan . The surrounding cities comprise an urban zone of over 1 million people , separated by farmland to the south from the built up areas of Greater Tokyo . As of October 1 , 2019 , the city had an estimated population of 332,999 and a population density of 1069 persons per km² . Its total area is 311.59 km² . It was the most populous city within Gunma Prefecture until Takasaki merged with nearby towns between 2006 and 2009 . Maebashi is known to be the City of Water , Greenery and Poets because of its pure waters , its rich nature and because it gave birth to several Japanese contemporary poets , such as Sakutarō Hagiwara .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Gunma Prefecture ( 群馬県 , Gunma-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region . Its capital is Maebashi .'}]}, {'value': 'Beisia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Gunma Prefectual Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humantrust Cinema Shibuya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shibuya , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shibuya', 'summary': 'Shibuya ( 渋谷区 Shibuya-ku ) is a special ward in Tokyo , Japan . A major commercial and business centre , it houses the two busiest railway stations in the world , Shinjuku Station ( southern half ) and Shibuya Station . As of May 1 , 2016 , it has an estimated population of 221,801 and a population density of 14,679.09 people per km2 ( 38,018.7/sq mi ) . The total area is 15.11 km2 ( 5.83 sq mi ) . The name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station . This area is known as one of the fashion centers of Japan , particularly for young people , and as a major nightlife area .'}]}, {'value': 'Humantrust', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Amuse Con amusement complex building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humantrust Cinema Yurakucho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuo , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuo,_Tokyo', 'summary': "Chūō ( 中央区 , Chūō-ku ) is a special ward that forms part of the heart of Tokyo , Japan . The ward refers to itself in English as Chūō City . It was formed in 1947 as a merger of Kyobashi and Nihonbashi wards following Tokyo City 's transformation into Tokyo Metropolis . Chūō-ku , as a combination of Kyobashi and Nihonbashi , is the core of Shitamachi , the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo . Literally meaning Central Ward , it is historically the main commercial center of Tokyo , although Shinjuku has risen to challenge it since the end of World War II . The most famous district in Chūō is Ginza , built on the site of a former silver mint from which it takes its name . The gold mint , or Kinza ( 金座 ) , formerly occupied the site of the present-day Bank of Japan headquarters building , also in Chūō . As of May 1 , 2015 , the ward has an estimated resident population of 141,454 , and a population density of 13,850 persons per km2 . The total area is 10.21 km2 . However , because of the concentration of businesses , offices and retail space , the daytime population swells to an estimated 650,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Humantrust', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Yurakucho Itoshia shopping building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shibuya C.C . Lemon Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shibuya_C.C._Lemon_Hall', 'summary': 'Shibuya Public Hall ( 渋谷公会堂 , Shibuya Kōkaidō ) is a theatre located in Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan . It was completed in 1964 to host the weightlifting events in the 1964 Summer Olympics . The theatre was sponsored by Dentsu and Suntory , which paid ¥80 million to rename it C.C . Lemon Hall ( after one of their beverages ) from 2006 to 2011 . The hall closed in October 4 , 2015 for reconstruction work . It was reopened on October 13 , 2019 , when it was again renamed ; this time as Line Cube Shibuya . The new management team is formed by Amuse , Inc. ( representative company ) , Line Corporation and Pacific Art center until March 31 , 2029 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shibuya , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shibuya', 'summary': 'Shibuya ( 渋谷区 Shibuya-ku ) is a special ward in Tokyo , Japan . A major commercial and business centre , it houses the two busiest railway stations in the world , Shinjuku Station ( southern half ) and Shibuya Station . As of May 1 , 2016 , it has an estimated population of 221,801 and a population density of 14,679.09 people per km2 ( 38,018.7/sq mi ) . The total area is 15.11 km2 ( 5.83 sq mi ) . The name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station . This area is known as one of the fashion centers of Japan , particularly for young people , and as a major nightlife area .'}]}, {'value': 'C.C . Lemon / Dentsu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.C._Lemon', 'summary': 'C.C . Lemon is a Japanese soft drink created by Suntory . It is known for its lemon flavor , and for its advertisements featuring characters from the popular American cartoon The Simpsons . It has been sold in Vietnam since 2014 . The Simpsons produced five advertisements for the drink from 2000 to 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dentsu', 'summary': 'Dentsu Inc. ( Japanese : 株式会社電通 Kabushiki-gaisha Dentsū or 電通 Dentsū for short ) is a Japanese international advertising and public relations joint stock company headquartered in Tokyo . Dentsu is currently the largest advertising agency and the fifth largest advertising agency network in the world in terms of worldwide revenues . Dentsu bought Aegis in 2012 and formed Dentsu Aegis Network , which is headquartered in London and operates in 145 countries worldwide with around 45,000 employees . Dentsu Aegis Network is made up of 10 global network brands - Carat , Dentsu , Dentsu media , iProspect , Isobar , Accordant , mcgarrybowen , Merkle , MKTG , Posterscope and Vizeum and supported by its specialist/multi-market brands .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ROHM Theatre Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ROHM_Theatre_Kyoto', 'summary': 'ROHM Theatre Kyoto , originally known as Kyoto Kaikan , is a concert hall and performance venue located in Kyoto , Japan . The main hall was first opened in 1960 and seated 2,005 patrons . The facility closed in 2012 and was redeveloped over a four-year period , reopening in January 2016 . As well as the main concert hall , the facility also has two additional performance spaces seating 700 and 200 guests . Kyoto-based ROHM semiconductor saved the landmark post-modernist building from possible demolition by granting ¥5.25 billion towards the cost of refurbishment . In recognition of this contribution , ROHM received naming rights to the building .'}]}, {'value': 'Sakyo-ku , Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakyo-ku,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Sakyō-ku ( 左京区 , Sakyō-ku ) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Rohm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rohm', 'summary': "Rohm Semiconductor ( ローム株式会社 , Rōmu Kabushiki-gaisha ) ( styled as ROHM ) is a Japanese electronic parts manufacturer based in Kyoto , Japan . Rohm was incorporated as Toyo Electronics Industry Corporation by Kenichiro Sato ( 佐藤 研一郎 ) on September 17 , 1958 . The company was initially known as R.ohm , [ citation needed ] which was derived from R for resistors , the original product , plus ohm , the unit of measure for resistance . The name of the company was officially changed to Rohm in 1979 and then changed again to Rohm Semiconductor in January 2009 . When Rohm was established , resistors were its main product . Later , the company began manufacturing semiconductors . ICs and discrete semiconductors now account for about 80% of Rohm 's revenue . Through 2012 , Rohm was among the top 20 semiconductor sales leaders ."}]}, {'value': 'then Kyoto Kaikan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hankyu Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hyogo_Performing_Arts_Center', 'summary': 'The Hyogo Performing Arts Center ( HPAC ) ( 兵庫県立芸術文化センター , Hyōgo-kenritsu Geijutsu Bunka Sentā ) is a performing arts center in the city of Nishinomiya , Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan , next to Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi Station operated by Hankyu Corporation . The Center was opened in 2005 to mark the ten-year anniversary of the Great Hanshin earthquake which largely devastated Nishinomiya and the surrounding cities . The HPAC produces opera , ballet , theater , orchestral and chamber music performances , and is home to the Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra . Architectural design is by Nikken Sekkei with acoustical engineering by Nagata Acoustics . The architectural design received an Architectural Institute of Japan Architectural Design Commendation in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nishinomiya , Hyogo Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishinomiya', 'summary': "Nishinomiya ( 西宮市 , Nishinomiya-shi ) is a city located in Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan , between the cities of Amagasaki and Ashiya . On April 1 , 2005 , the city of Nishinomiya celebrated its 80th anniversary . It is best known as the home of Kōshien Stadium , where the Hanshin Tigers baseball team plays home games and where Japan 's annual high school baseball championship is held . It is also the location of Kwansei Gakuin University , a private university founded by American missionaries in the nineteenth century . Nishinomiya is an important commercial and shipping city in the Kansai region with the third largest population in Hyōgo Prefecture . As of October 1 , 2011 , the city has an estimated population of 483,598 and a population density of 4,800 persons per km² . The total area is 99.96 km² ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hyogo_Prefecture', 'summary': "Hyōgo Prefecture ( 兵庫県 , Hyōgo-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 ( 1 June 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 8,400 km² ( 3,243 sq mi ) . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east , Osaka Prefecture to the southeast , and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west . Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture , and the sixth-largest city in Japan , with other major cities including Himeji , Nishinomiya , and Amagasaki . Hyōgo Prefecture 's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea , where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located . Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center , transportation hub , and tourist destination in western Japan , with 20% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Hankyu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hankyu', 'summary': "Hankyu Corporation ( 阪急電鉄株式会社 , Hankyū Dentetsu Kabushiki-gaisha , lit . Hankyu Electric Railway Stock Company ) is a Japanese private railway operator that provides commuter and interurban service to the northern Kansai region and is one of major businesses operated by Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc. , in turn part of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group ( which includes H2O Retailing Corporation and Toho Co. , the creator of Godzilla ) . The railway 's main terminal is at Umeda Station in Osaka . The signature color of Hankyu cars is maroon . The Hankyu network serves 1,950,000 people every weekday and offers several types of express service with no extra charge . The head offices of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings , Inc. and Hankyu Corporation are at 1-16-1 , Shibata , Kita-ku , Osaka ; the both companies ' registered headquarters are at 1-1 , Sakaemachi , Ikeda , Osaka Prefecture ."}]}, {'value': 'then Hyogo Performing Arts Center-Theater', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunstar Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saka , Hiroshima Prefecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saka,_Hiroshima', 'summary': 'Saka ( 坂町 , Saka-chō ) is a town located in Aki District , Hiroshima Prefecture , Japan . As of May 2017 , the town has an estimated population of 13,265 and a density of 850 persons per km² . The total area is 15.64 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunstar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'then Saka Culture Hall', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Performing arts venues -- Japan', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cultural_entities_with_sole_naming_rights_4', 'intro': 'The following is a list of cultural entities with sole naming rights:'} | null | null | What is the name of the cultural entity whose location was formed in 1947 as a merger of Kyobashi and Nihonbashi wards ? | Humantrust Cinema Yurakucho |
0b750587316616f8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients educated at the United States Military Academy', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'William Atkinson Jones , III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones,_III', 'summary': "William Atkinson Jones III ( May 31 , 1922 - November 15 , 1969 ) was a United States Air Force officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonel , United States Air Force ; recipient of the MOH for actions while helping rescue a downed pilot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel', 'summary': 'Colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ kernel ; abbreviated Col. , Col or COL ) is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Monaco or the Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . Historically , in the seventeenth , eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army . Modern usage varies greatly , and in some cases , the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military service . The rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel . The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier , brigade general or brigadier general . Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain . In the Commonwealth air force rank system , the equivalent rank is group captain .'}]}, {'value': 'Andre Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Lucas', 'summary': 'Andre Cavaro Lucas ( October 2 , 1930 - July 23 , 1970 ) was killed in action while serving as the commanding officer , 2nd Battalion , 506th Infantry , 101st Airborne Division , United States Army , at Fire Support Base Ripcord in Thua Thien Province , South Vietnam . He was born in Washington D.C. , and originally enlisted in the 26th Infantry Regiment in 1948 . [ citation needed ] He graduated from the United States Military Academy , class of 1954 , and received the Medal of Honor posthumously for extraordinary heroism during the last 23 days of his life .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel ; recipient of the MOH for repulsing a much larger force over a 23-day period', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel', 'summary': "Lieutenant colonel ( pronounced Lef-ten-ent Kernel ( UK & Commonwealth ) or Loo-ten-ent Kernel ( US ) ) is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies , most marine forces and some air forces of the world , above a major and below a colonel . The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply colonel in conversation and in unofficial correspondence . Sometimes , the term 'half-colonel ' is used in casual conversation in the British Army . A lieutenant colonel is typically in charge of a battalion or regiment in the army ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Donlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Donlon', 'summary': 'Roger Hugh Charles Donlon ( born January 30 , 1934 ) is a former United States Army officer . He is the first person to receive the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War , as well as the first member of the United States Army Special Forces to be so honored .'}]}, {'value': '1959 ex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dropped out of the academy for personal reasons ; captain , later colonel ; recipient of the MOH for repulsing a much larger force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Humbert Roque Versace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humbert_Roque_Versace', 'summary': "Captain Humbert Roque Rocky Versace ( July 2 , 1937 - September 26 , 1965 ) was a United States Army officer of Puerto Rican-Italian descent who was posthumously awarded the United States ' highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war ( POW ) during the Vietnam War . He was the first member of the U.S. Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity ."}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; recipient of the MOH for his resistance to Viet Cong indoctrination efforts while a prisoner of war ( POW ) ; his struggle was chronicled in length by fellow POW Nick Rowe in the book Five Years to Freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prisoner_of_war', 'summary': 'A prisoner of war ( POW ) is a non-combatant - whether a military member , an irregular military fighter , or a civilian - who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . The earliest recorded usage of the phrase prisoner of war dates back to 1610 . Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons , such as isolating them from enemy combatants still in the field ( releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities ) , demonstrating military victory , punishing them , prosecuting them for war crimes , exploiting them for their labour , recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants , collecting military and political intelligence from them , or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_N._Rowe', 'summary': "James Nicholas Nick Rowe ( February 8 , 1938 - April 21 , 1989 ) was a United States Army officer and one of only 34 American prisoners of war to escape captivity during the Vietnam War . Colonel Rowe was credited with developing the rigorous US Army Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) training program taught to high-risk military personnel ( such as Special Forces and aircrews ) and the U.S. Army doctrine which institutionalizes these techniques and principles to be followed by captured personnel . In 1989 , Rowe was killed by a unit of the New People 's Army in the Philippines called the Alex Boncayao Brigade ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank S. Reasoner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_S._Reasoner', 'summary': 'Frank Stanley Reasoner ( 16 September 1937 - 12 July 1965 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer who was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic actions above and beyond the call of duty in 1965 during the Vietnam War .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First lieutenant , United States Marine Corps ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading reconnaissance patrol against a larger force and trying to save a wounded man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert F. Foley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_F._Foley', 'summary': 'Robert Franklin Foley ( born May 30 , 1941 ) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served in the Vietnam War . Born in Newton , Massachusetts , he received the Medal of Honor for leading his unit , Company A , 2d Battalion , 27th Infantry , 25th Infantry Division , in an assault on a strong enemy position on November 5 , 1966 . He was awarded the Medal of Honor along with Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr. , who earned his own medal in the same battle .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain , later lieutenant general ; recipient of the MOH for actions on 11 November 1966 for rallying his unit in the face of superior enemy numbers and personally destroying three enemy strongpoints ; West Point Commandant of Cadets ( 1996-1998 ) ; later president of Marion Military Institute ; currently the director of the Army Emergency Relief Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_general', 'summary': 'Lieutenant general , lieutenant-general and similar ( abbrev Lt Gen , LTG and similar ) is a three-star military rank ( NATO code OF-8 ) used in many countries . The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages , where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second in command on the battlefield , who was normally subordinate to a captain general . In modern armies , lieutenant general normally ranks immediately below general and above major general ; it is equivalent to the navy rank of vice admiral , and in air forces with a separate rank structure , it is equivalent to air marshal . A lieutenant general commands an army corps , made up of typically three army divisions , and consisting of around 60,000-70,000 soldiers ( U.S. ) . The seeming incongruity that a lieutenant general outranks a major general ( whereas a major outranks a lieutenant ) is due to the derivation of the former rank from sergeant major general , which was also subordinate to lieutenant general . In some countries ( e.g . France and Italy ) , the ranks of corps general or lieutenant colonel general are used instead of lieutenant general , in an attempt to solve this apparent anomaly - these ranks are often translated into English as lieutenant general . [ citation needed ] However , some countries of Latin America such as Brazil and Chile use divisional general as the equivalent of lieutenant general . In addition , because no brigadier general rank is used in Japan , lieutenant general is the rank of divisional commander . Therefore , it corresponds to divisional general of these countries . In a number of smaller states which employ NATO and western style military organizational structures , because of the limited number of soldiers in their armies , the rank of lieutenant general is the highest army rank in use . In Latvia , Lithuania and Singapore , the chief of defence is a lieutenant general , and in the Irish Defence Forces and Israel Defense Forces , the Chief of Staff holds this rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion_Military_Institute', 'summary': "Marion Military Institute , the Military College of Alabama , ( MMI , sometimes Marion Institute , Marion Military , or simply Marion ) is a public military junior college in Marion , Alabama . Founded in 1842 , it is the official state military college of Alabama and the nation 's oldest military junior college . Marion Military Institute is one of only four Military Junior Colleges in the United States . These programs include the Army 's two-year Early Commissioning Program ( ECP ) , an Army Reserve Officers Training Corps program through which qualified cadets can earn a commission as a Second Lieutenant after only two years of college . MMI 's ECP is one of the country 's leading U.S. Army commissioning programs . The Service Academy Program ( SAP ) is a freshman year of academic and physical preparation for students who wish to attend one of the Service Academies in the United States . It is designated , endorsed , and selected by all five Service Academies . MMI also offers Marine Corps Platoon Leaders Course ( PLC ) and the first two years of Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps . Over the years , MMI has produced more than 200 generals and admirals in the United States Armed Forces . MMI is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Associate of Arts and Associate of Science degrees . It has association memberships in the Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States and the Alabama College Conference . The accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Commission on International and Trans-Regional Accreditation entitles all the services and privileges of regional , national and international professional recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'James A. Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Gardner', 'summary': "James Alton Gardner ( February 7 , 1943 - February 7 , 1966 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in the Vietnam War ."}]}, {'value': '1965 ex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Did not graduate ; first lieutenant ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading his platoon in the relief of a company that was engaged with a larger enemy force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul William Bucha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_William_Bucha', 'summary': "Paul William Bucha ( born August 1 , 1943 ) is an American Vietnam War veteran and recipient of the Medal of Honor . He was a foreign policy adviser to Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Captain ; recipient of the MOH for actions leading his unit against a larger enemy for in Binh Duong Province , Vietnam ; foreign policy adviser to Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Binh_Duong_Province', 'summary': 'Bình Dương ( listen ) is a province of Vietnam . It is located in the Southeast region of the country and the Southern Key Economic Zone 2 , bordering Bình Phước Province to the north , Ho Chi Minh City ( HCMC ) to the south and southwest , Tây Ninh Province to the west , and Đồng Nai Province to the east . The province was created from Sông Bé Province on 1 January 1997 . Bình Dương is considered to be the gateway to HCMC , the economic cultural centre of the country . Endowed with convenient geography conditions , Bình Dương has an extremely important road network . Major highways of the country cross Bình Dương such as National Road ( NR ) no . 13 , NR no . 14 , the HCMC Route and the Trans-Asian Highway . Bình Dương is only 10 - 15 km from Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport and important ports . All of the advantages create favourable conditions to achieve social and economic development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vietnam', 'summary': 'Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Việt Nam pronounced [ vîət nāːm ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ) , is the easternmost country on the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula . With an estimated 95.5 million inhabitants as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the 15th most populous country in the world . Vietnam shares its land borders with China to the north , and Laos and Cambodia to the west . It shares its maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand , and the Philippines , Indonesia and Malaysia through the South China Sea . [ n 5 ] Its capital city is Hanoi , while its most populous city is Ho Chi Minh City , also known by its former name of Saigon . Archaeological excavations indicate that Vietnam was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic age . The ancient Vietnamese nation was annexed by China in the 2nd century BC , which subsequently made Vietnam a division of China for over a millennium . The first independent monarchy emerged in the 10th century AD . This paved the way for successive imperial dynasties as the nation expanded geographically southward until the Indochinese Peninsula saw French colonisation in the mid-19th century . Modern Vietnam was born upon the Proclamation of Independence from France in 1945 . Following Vietnamese victory against the French in the First Indochina War , which ended in 1954 , the nation was divided into two rival states : communist North and anti-communist South . Conflicts intensified in the Vietnam War , which saw extensive US intervention in support of South Vietnam and ended with North Vietnamese victory in 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foreign_policy', 'summary': "A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent decades , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , states also must interact with non-state actors . These interactions evaluated and monitored in seeking the benefits of bilateral and multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , governments design their foreign policies through high-level decision-making processes . National interests may be accomplished as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries , the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of a country can have a profound and lasting impact on other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilism policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'summary': 'Barack Hussein Obama II ( /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ( listen ) ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the first African-American president of the United States . He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004 . Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 , he enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black person to head the Harvard Law Review . After graduating , he became a civil rights attorney and an academic , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Turning to elective politics , he represented the 13th district from 1997 until 2004 in the Illinois Senate , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate-primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , he was nominated for president a year after his presidential campaign began , and after close primary campaigns against Hillary Clinton . Obama was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign', 'summary': 'The 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama , then junior United States Senator from Illinois , was announced on February 10 , 2007 , in Springfield , Illinois . After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 2008 , on August 23 , leading up to the convention , the campaign announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be the vice presidential nominee . At the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 27 , Barack Obama was formally selected as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 2008 . He was the first African American in history to be nominated on a major party ticket . On November 4 , 2008 , Obama defeated the Republican nominee , Senator John McCain of Arizona , making him the President-elect and the first African American elected President . He was the third sitting U.S . Senator , after Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy , to be elected president . Upon the vote of the Electoral College on December 15 , 2008 , and the subsequent certification thereof by a Joint Session of the United States Congress on January 8 , 2009 , Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and Joe Biden Vice President of the United States , with 365 of 538 electors .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_educated_at_the_United_States_Military_Academy_9', 'intro': 'The earliest Medal of Honor recipient educated at the United States Military Academy was John Cleveland Robinson, a non-graduating member of the class of 1839. The first alumnus of the United States Military Academy (USMA) to perform actions to be recognized with the Medal of Honor was Charles Henry Tompkins, a non-graduating member of the class of 1851, while the last alumnus to perform actions so recognized was Andre Lucas, a graduating member of the class of 1954. There are ten wars involving the United States for which the Medal of Honor has been bestowed upon a USMA alumnus. More than half of the alumni who received the distinction were thereby recognized for actions in either the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars; twenty-five alumni were awarded the medal in connection with the Civil War and twenty-one in connection with the Indian Wars. Four alumni were recognized for their contributions to the Spanish-American War, nine for the Philippine-American War, two for the Boxer Rebellion, and one for the Banana Wars. While only one alumnus received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War I, ten alumni were so recognized for actions in World War II. The final two conflicts for which the Medal of Honor was given to USMA alumni are the Korean War, for which two alumni were recognized, and the Vietnam War, for which eight alumni were recognized. Of the eighty-three USMA alumni who have received the Medal of Honor, eight were non-graduates: John Cleveland Robinson, Charles Henry Tompkins, John Alexander Logan, Jr., Louis J. Van Schaick, Eli Thompson Fryer, Michael J. Daly, Roger Donlon, and James A. Gardner. Two graduates, John Gregory Bourke (class of 1869) and Calvin Pearl Titus (class of 1905), received the Medal of Honor before being appointed to the academy. Other notable Academy alumni who received the Medal of Honor include William Harding Carter, Douglas MacArthur, and Humbert Roque Versace.'} | null | null | What is the class year of the person who died on September 26 , 1965 ? | 1959 ex |
0b76775e7c5577b1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NHL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Team', 'Previous Stanley Cup Finals', 'Intervening Conference Finals losses', 'Next Stanley Cup Finals', 'Stanley Cup Finals drought'], 'data': [{'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '1966-67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1967 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1966-67 season , and the culmination of the 1967 Stanley Cup playoffs . A best-of-seven series , it was contested between the Montreal Canadiens and the Toronto Maple Leafs . The Maple Leafs won the series , four games to two . In doing so , they won their thirteenth Stanley Cup championship . To date , this is Toronto 's last Stanley Cup championship and appearance in the championship final , and they have the longest-active championship drought in the NHL at 51 ( not including 2004-05 lockout ) seasons . The 1967 Stanley Cup Finals was also the last Stanley Cup Finals in the Original Six Era . This was also the last all-Canadian Finals series until 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '5 : 1977-78 , 1992-93 , 1993-94 , 1998-99 , 2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977–78_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 NHL season was the 61st season of the National Hockey League . The Montreal Canadiens won their third Stanley Cup in a row , defeating the Boston Bruins four games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began after the conclusion of the 1992-93 NHL season on April 18 and ended with the Montreal Canadiens defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one to win the Stanley Cup on June 9 . These playoffs featured an NHL record 28 overtime games , of which the Canadiens set a playoff record for most overtime games won in one year with ten . The Canadiens also won 11 consecutive games during the playoffs , tying an NHL record . The Presidents ' Trophy-winning Pittsburgh Penguins , who had won the Stanley Cup the previous two years , were the favourite to repeat . However , both conferences saw numerous upsets as the third place team in every division reached their respective conference finals . This was the first time since the 1979 NHL-WHA merger that the Edmonton Oilers had missed the playoffs . It was also the first time that longtime Oilers and then-New York Rangers captain Mark Messier had missed the playoffs in his career . This was the only year between 1984 and 1994 that the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens did not face each other in the playoffs . This was the last time that the New York Islanders won a playoff round before 2016 . Montreal 's Cup championship remains the last time that a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began after the conclusion of the 1993-94 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven game series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships ; and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs ended when the New York Rangers defeated the Vancouver Canucks in the seventh game of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . For the first time since joining the NHL , all four former WHA teams ( Edmonton , Hartford , Quebec , and Winnipeg ) failed to make the playoffs . Wayne Gretzky also missed the playoffs for the first time in his career . Conversely , the San Jose Sharks became the first post-1990 expansion team to make the playoffs . All series played between Central and Pacific Division teams had a 2-3-2 format to reduce travel . This remains the last time that two Canadian teams made it to the conference finals in the same year , let alone faced each other in that particular round .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 21 , 1999 , following the 1998-99 NHL season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven series for conference quarter-finals , semi-finals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . As of 2019 , this was the last time all four WHA teams made the playoffs . Despite his team being eliminated before the Stanley Cup Finals , Colorado Avalanche forward Peter Forsberg 's postseason scoring totals , with 24 points in 19 games , were not surpassed for the rest of the 1999 playoffs . This made him the first player to lead all playoff scorers despite not making the finals since the 1986 playoffs where Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko each tallied 21 points in 19 postseason games for St. Louis who was also eliminated in the conference finals . The playoffs ended on June 19 , 1999 , with the Dallas Stars defeating the Buffalo Sabres to win their first Stanley Cup championship in their history . Brett Hull scored the controversial triple overtime goal in game six for Dallas , while Joe Nieuwendyk was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League began on April 17 , 2002 . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Carolina Hurricanes on June 13 , 2002 , four games to one , to win their tenth championship in their history . The Hurricanes were in the Stanley Cup Final for the first time in their 23-year history , which includes their tenure as the Hartford Whalers . Red Wings defenseman Nicklas Lidstrom was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs . It was the ninth championship for Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman , who announced his retirement after the deciding game of the series . The Phoenix Coyotes would play their last playoff games at America West Arena and would miss the playoffs until 2010 , when they played in Glendale .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': '1969-70', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1970 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1969-70 season , and the culmination of the 1970 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Boston Bruins and the St. Louis Blues , who appeared in their third straight finals . The Bruins were making their first appearance in the finals since 1958 . The Bruins won the series , four games to none , their first Stanley Cup victory in 29 years . Bobby Orr scored the Cup-winning goal on Glenn Hall , with an assist from Derek Sanderson , at forty seconds of overtime , and the subsequent image of Orr flying through the air , his arms raised in victory - he had been tripped by Blues ' defenseman Noel Picard immediately after scoring the goal - is one of the most famous and recognized hockey images of all time . With the win , the Bruins became the first American team to win the Stanley Cup since the Chicago Blackhawks in 1961 . The Blues , who had gone to the Finals in their first three years but lost each time in four-game sweeps , did not appear in the Stanley Cup Finals again until 2019 , ending the second longest Finals drought in league history ."}]}, {'value': '4 : 1971-72 , 1985-86 , 2000-01 , 2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971–72_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1971-72 NHL season was the 55th season of the National Hockey League . Fourteen teams each played 78 games . The Boston Bruins beat the New York Rangers four games to two for their second Stanley Cup in three seasons in the finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1986_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 9 , after the conclusion of the 1985-86 NHL season . The playoffs concluded on May 24 with the champion Montreal Canadiens defeating the Calgary Flames 4-1 to win the series four games to one and win the Stanley Cup . This was the last time to date that all active Canadian teams have qualified in the same season . It is also the second time that all seven active teams at the time qualified , the first occurring three years earlier . The playoffs of 1986 saw three first place teams eliminated in the opening round and the fourth , Edmonton , bowed out in the second . This would be the last time that all six Sutter brothers would participate in the playoffs in the same year . The Montreal Canadiens decided to go with a rookie goaltender by the name of Patrick Roy . This decision proved to be a good one just like when the Canadiens rode rookie goalie Ken Dryden to a Stanley Cup championship in 1971 . In the Final , the Canadiens beat the Calgary Flames , who were also riding a rookie netminder , Mike Vernon . Patrick Roy won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoff MVP and had a sparkling 1.92 goals against average along with 15 wins . St. Louis forwards Doug Gilmour and Bernie Federko led the playoffs in scoring with 21 points despite missing the finals ; this feat was not repeated until 1999 . The 1986 playoffs marked the first time that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 11 , 2001 , and ended on June 9 , 2001 , when the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche defeated the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils to win its second Stanley Cup . Defenceman Ray Bourque , who had a 21-year tenure in Boston , won his first Stanley Cup in his final professional year . Joe Sakic , Swedish center Peter Forsberg , defenceman Rob Blake , and goalkeeper Patrick Roy claimed the Stanley Cup for the final time in their careers . Roy was also awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy , his third , the most by any player . No hat tricks were scored in the 2001 playoffs , and goaltenders combined for a record 19 shutouts . This was the first of ten consecutive seasons the Florida Panthers missed the playoffs , the longest playoff drought in NHL history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2016 and ended on June 12 , 2016 , with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . For only the second time in league history ( 1970 being the only other time ) , none of the NHL 's Canadian-based teams , seven in total , qualified for the postseason . In addition , for the second season in a row and only the fifth time since joining the league in 1979 , all four former WHA teams ( the Edmonton Oilers , Arizona Coyotes , Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche ) missed the playoffs . The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings ' 25-season playoff appearance streak , the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history . The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999-2000 season - both times winning their division - and fifth time in franchise history . For the fourth time in six years , all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . And , for only the second time ever ( 1996 being the only other time ) , both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season . For the first time since 2006 , and only the third time in league history , all Original Six teams who made the playoffs ( three in total ) were eliminated in the first round . The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs , ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history . For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons , a team from California was in the Western Conference Final ."}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The playoffs began on April 10 , 2019 , after the 2018-19 NHL season , and concluded on June 12 , 2019 , with the St. Louis Blues winning their first Stanley Cup in franchise history defeating the Boston Bruins four games to three in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Tampa Bay Lightning made the playoffs as the Presidents ' Trophy winners with the most points ( i.e . best record ) during the regular season . The Pittsburgh Penguins increased their post-season appearance streak to thirteen seasons , the current longest streak . The Carolina Hurricanes made the playoffs for the first time since 2009 , ending a nine-year playoff drought . For the second season in a row , the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs were the only Original Six teams to make the playoffs , marking the fifth time in league history ( 2000 , 2001 , 2007 , 2018 ) that only two Original Six teams clinched a playoff berth . For the first time since 2004 , both Southern California teams , the Anaheim Ducks and Los Angeles Kings , missed the playoffs . For the second time in League history ( 2018 ) , both the Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs . For the first time in NHL history , all division winners were eliminated in the first round as all the wild-cards advanced to the second round . The Columbus Blue Jackets won a playoff series for the first time , defeating the first-place Lightning in four games , and marking the first time in Stanley Cup playoff history that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were swept in the opening round , and the first time since 2012 that the Presidents ' Trophy winners were defeated in the opening round . They were soon followed by the Calgary Flames , who with their five-game loss to the Colorado Avalanche , ensured that for the first time in NHL history , neither of the conference number one seeds advanced to the second round ."}]}, {'value': '47 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg Jets / Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_(1972–96)', 'summary': 'The Winnipeg Jets were a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . They began play in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in 1972 . The club joined the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1979 after the NHL merged with the WHA . Due to mounting financial troubles , in 1996 the franchise moved to Phoenix , Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes ( now the Arizona Coyotes ) . In 2011 , The struggling Atlanta Thrashers franchise relocated to Winnipeg and restored the Jets name , although the prior Jets club history is retained by the Arizona club ( the new Jets do occasionally acknowledge the original Jets franchise on various alternate jerseys ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes', 'summary': "The Arizona Coyotes are a professional ice hockey team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale , Arizona . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Coyotes first played at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix , before moving to Glendale 's Gila River Arena in 2003 . In 2021 , the Coyotes are scheduled to return to the Central Division when an expansion team in Seattle joins the league . The Coyotes were founded on December 27 , 1971 , as the Winnipeg Jets of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . After the WHA had ceased operations , they were one of four franchises absorbed into the National Hockey League and then granted membership on June 22 , 1979 . The Jets moved to Phoenix on July 1 , 1996 , and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . In 2014 , the team was re-named to the present Arizona Coyotes . The Coyotes are owned by Alex Meruelo , who purchased the club in 2019 . The team is known for its instability under prior ownership . The NHL took ownership of the Phoenix Coyotes franchise in 2009 after then-owner Jerry Moyes turned it over to the league after declaring bankruptcy and the league kept control of the team until 2013 when they were able to find ownership willing to keep the team in Arizona . The Coyotes continue to be at odds with the city of Glendale and the use of Gila River Arena , but has signed a lease through the 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( franchise entered the NHL in 1979-80 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979–80_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1979-80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association as expansion franchises . The Edmonton Oilers , Winnipeg Jets , New England Whalers ( later renamed Hartford Whalers at the insistence of the Boston Bruins ) , and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL , bringing the total to 21 teams . The other two WHA teams ( Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers ) were paid to disband . The New York Islanders won their first Stanley Cup , defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games , in the finals . The season also marked the eighth and final season for the Flames in Atlanta before the franchise relocated to Calgary . The NHL would return to the Georgia capital in 1999 with the Thrashers , but that team would ultimately relocate away from Atlanta as well becoming the second ( and current ) incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets . The collapse of the WHA also saw the much hyped super-star rookie Wayne Gretzky come to the NHL with the Edmonton Oilers . Gretzky would tie Marcel Dionne for the scoring lead with 137 points and capture the Hart Memorial Trophy as the most valuable player while Dionne took home the Art Ross Trophy as the leading scorer by virtue of having scored two more goals . Gretzky aside , many players made their debut in the NHL this season , both due to the WHA merger and to a change in the rules for the Entry Draft allowing eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds to be drafted for the first time ; no fewer than seven Hall of Famers ( Gretzky , Ray Bourque , Mark Messier , Mike Gartner , Michel Goulet , Mark Howe , and an undrafted Joe Mullen ) debuted this season , along with numerous other perennial stars . The big story of the regular season was the record-breaking undefeated streak compiled by the Philadelphia Flyers . After starting the season with a 5-2 win over the New York Islanders and a 9-2 loss to the Atlanta Flames , the Flyers did not lose again for nearly three months , earning at least one point in every game between a 4-3 win over Toronto on October 14 , 1979 , and a 4-2 win over Buffalo on January 6 , 1980 , earning a 35 game record of 25-0-10 .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 11 , 2012 , after the conclusion of the 2011-12 NHL regular season . These playoffs marked only the second time since the 1996 playoffs in which no Canadian teams advanced past the first round . These playoffs featured the return of the Florida Panthers to the postseason for the first time since the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , one of the longest playoff droughts in league history . The 2012 Stanley Cup Finals started on May 30 and ended on June 11 , with the Los Angeles Kings defeating the New Jersey Devils in six games to win their first Stanley Cup title . Kings goaltender Jonathan Quick , having recorded a 1.41 goals against average , was named the Conn Smythe Trophy winner as playoff MVP . After clinching a postseason spot in their 81st game of the regular season , the Kings became the first eighth-seeded team to win the Stanley Cup in NHL history ( and the second eighth seed to reach the Cup Finals after the 2005-06 Edmonton Oilers ) , also being the second team to eliminate the first , second , and third seeds from the playoffs in the same postseason after the 2003-04 Calgary Flames ( and the first team to do so in that order ) . In addition , the Kings became the first team to make the Final undefeated on the road ( with their 8-0 record ) . As the sixth seed in their conference , the Devils were the lowest-seeded team to have home-ice advantage in the Stanley Cup Finals , breaking a record they set when they won the Cup as a fourth seed in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Islanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Islanders', 'summary': "The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team splits its home games between Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , New York , and Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . They are the last team in any major professional North American sport to win four consecutive championships . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987-88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to Barclays Center following the 2014-15 season ."}]}, {'value': '1983-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1984 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1983-84 season , and the culmination of the 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Edmonton Oilers and the defending champion New York Islanders . The upstart Oilers won the best-of-seven series , four games to one , to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the third post-1967 expansion team and first former World Hockey Association team to win the Cup , and also the first team based west of Chicago to win the Cup since the WCHL 's Victoria Cougars became the last non-NHL team to win it in 1925 . In the previous year 's Stanley Cup Finals , the Islanders had swept the Oilers in four straight games . The teams rematched in 1984 , with the Islanders seeking their fifth consecutive Stanley Cup championship . It was the fifth straight Finals of teams that joined the NHL in 1967 or later . As of 2019 [ update ] , the Islanders ' four consecutive Cup wins ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) and their appearance in the 1984 Cup Finals is an NHL record of 19 consecutive playoff series wins that currently stands unbroken . The 1984 Finals was the second of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta ( the Oilers appeared in six , the Calgary Flames in two ) , and the first of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice ( the Oilers won four times , the Montreal Canadiens one ) . The Oilers became the fastest-ever Canadian-based expansion team to win a major sports title by winning a title in only their fifth NHL season . The feat would be eclipsed in 2016 by the Ottawa Redblacks , who won the Grey Cup in their third CFL season ."}]}, {'value': '1 : 1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began after the conclusion of the 1992-93 NHL season on April 18 and ended with the Montreal Canadiens defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one to win the Stanley Cup on June 9 . These playoffs featured an NHL record 28 overtime games , of which the Canadiens set a playoff record for most overtime games won in one year with ten . The Canadiens also won 11 consecutive games during the playoffs , tying an NHL record . The Presidents ' Trophy-winning Pittsburgh Penguins , who had won the Stanley Cup the previous two years , were the favourite to repeat . However , both conferences saw numerous upsets as the third place team in every division reached their respective conference finals . This was the first time since the 1979 NHL-WHA merger that the Edmonton Oilers had missed the playoffs . It was also the first time that longtime Oilers and then-New York Rangers captain Mark Messier had missed the playoffs in his career . This was the only year between 1984 and 1994 that the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens did not face each other in the playoffs . This was the last time that the New York Islanders won a playoff round before 2016 . Montreal 's Cup championship remains the last time that a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1965-66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1966 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1965-66 season , and the culmination of the 1966 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the defending champion Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens won the best-of-seven series , four games to two , to win the Stanley Cup for the seventh time in eleven years ."}]}, {'value': '2 : 1986-87 , 1987-88', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1986-87 NHL season . It concluded on May 31 , with the Edmonton Oilers defeating the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Stanley Cup . In an attempt to reduce the number of first round upsets , the NHL expanded the best-of-five series in the first round to a best-of-seven series . The 1987 playoffs marked the second consecutive year that all four former WHA teams made the playoffs in the same year . It would not happen again until 1999 by which time 3 of those teams had moved , the Quebec Nordiques to Denver , the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix , and the Hartford Whalers to Raleigh , North Carolina . For the second time ever and first time since 1978 , all of the Original Six teams made the playoffs in the same season . At the time the Philadelphia Flyers set an NHL playoff record by playing in 26 games during the playoffs . This record has since been equaled by four other teams ( 2004 Calgary Flames , 2014 Los Angeles Kings , 2015 Tampa Bay Lightning and 2019 St. Louis Blues ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1988 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 6 , after the conclusion of the 1987-88 NHL season . It concluded on May 26 , with the defending champion Edmonton Oilers defeating the Boston Bruins to win their second straight Stanley Cup and fourth in five years .'}]}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1995 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1994-95 season , and the culmination of the 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils and the Western Conference champion Detroit Red Wings . This was the first of nine consecutive finals with American-based franchises exclusively . New Jersey was making the franchise 's first appearance in the Finals , while Detroit returned to the Finals for the first time since 1966 ( and had not won since 1955 ; both of those appearances had been against the Montreal Canadiens ) . The Devils swept the series four games to none to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the sixth team to earn a championship having joined the league in 1967 or later . Despite the fact that the regular season was cut severely short by the owners ' lockout , both the season and the finals were saved at the eleventh hour-this would be the latest in June that the Stanley Cup was awarded ( matched in 2013 ) . The Devils won their first Stanley Cup , after 21 seasons and two franchise relocations . It was also the first of three for the Devils in less than a decade . The win was made more impressive by the fact that the Devils won it holding the lowest seed ever to win the Stanley Cup with the fifth seed , which remained the record until 2012 , another Final which not only involved the Devils , but also saw the Stanley Cup won by a team that did not have home ice advantage in any of the four rounds of the playoffs , as the Devils lost to the Los Angeles Kings . Their regular-season winning percentage was also the lowest since the 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs . They were the underdogs going in , winning their first two games on the road . This series featured the two teams that would go to the finals at least four times since the NHL renamed the conferences before the 1993-94 season ."}]}, {'value': '28 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1967-68 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967–68_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1967-68 NHL season was the 51st season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 12 teams , putting the new six in the newly created West Division , while the original six were all placed in the newly created East Division . The regular season schedule was expanded to 74 games per team . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup against the new St. Louis Blues , in four games .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 1968-69', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1968-69 NHL season was the 52nd season of the National Hockey League . Twelve teams each played 76 games ( two more than in 1967-68 ) . For the second time in a row , the Montreal Canadiens faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup finals . Montreal won their second consecutive Stanley Cup as they swept the Blues in four , an identical result to the previous season .'}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1992-93 season , and the culmination of the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Los Angeles Kings and the Montreal Canadiens . It was the first appearance in the Final for the Kings and the first appearance since the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals for a team based on the west coast of the United States . It was also the 34th and ( as of 2019 ) most recent appearance for Montreal , their first since the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals . The Canadiens won the series four games to one to win the team 's 24th Stanley Cup . The year 1993 was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup in 1893 , and the first Finals to start in the month of June . The 1993 Canadiens are also the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of North American-born players . To date , this is the last Stanley Cup Finals won by a Canadian team . The series is remembered for Kings defenceman Marty McSorley 's penalty late in the third period of game two for using an illegal stick , in what proved to be the turning point in the 1993 Cup Finals . When McSorley entered the penalty box , Los Angeles held a 1-0 series lead , and a 2-1 score in the contest . The Canadiens then went on to score the equalizer on the ensuing power play , won game two in overtime , and then defeated the Kings in the next three games to win the Cup . From the moment that McSorley was called for the penalty , the Kings failed to win another postseason game from the remainder of the 20th century , losing all the remaining games of the Finals , failing to qualify for the playoffs in five of the next seven seasons , and being swept out in the first round the other two times ."}]}, {'value': '25 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1993 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1992-93 season , and the culmination of the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Los Angeles Kings and the Montreal Canadiens . It was the first appearance in the Final for the Kings and the first appearance since the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals for a team based on the west coast of the United States . It was also the 34th and ( as of 2019 ) most recent appearance for Montreal , their first since the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals . The Canadiens won the series four games to one to win the team 's 24th Stanley Cup . The year 1993 was the 100th anniversary of the first awarding of the Stanley Cup in 1893 , and the first Finals to start in the month of June . The 1993 Canadiens are also the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of North American-born players . To date , this is the last Stanley Cup Finals won by a Canadian team . The series is remembered for Kings defenceman Marty McSorley 's penalty late in the third period of game two for using an illegal stick , in what proved to be the turning point in the 1993 Cup Finals . When McSorley entered the penalty box , Los Angeles held a 1-0 series lead , and a 2-1 score in the contest . The Canadiens then went on to score the equalizer on the ensuing power play , won game two in overtime , and then defeated the Kings in the next three games to win the Cup . From the moment that McSorley was called for the penalty , the Kings failed to win another postseason game from the remainder of the 20th century , losing all the remaining games of the Finals , failing to qualify for the playoffs in five of the next seven seasons , and being swept out in the first round the other two times ."}]}, {'value': '2 : 2009-10 , 2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 14 , 2010 , after the 2009-10 NHL regular season . The Finals ended on June 9 , 2010 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games to win their fourth championship and their first since 1961 . Blackhawks center and team captain Jonathan Toews was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' most valuable player . This NHL post-season was noted for the unexpected playoff successes of two teams : the Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens , who were the seventh and eighth seeds in their conference and were tied for points . The Flyers became the third NHL team to win a seven-game series after being down 3-0 ( the others being the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and the 1975 New York Islanders ) . The Flyers went on to play in the Stanley Cup Final , losing to Chicago . Meanwhile , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team in NHL history to win a series against the first-seeded team after being down 3-1 in a series , when they beat the Washington Capitals in the first round . After upsetting the defending Cup champions Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team to compete in the Eastern Conference Finals since the current playoff format was implemented in 1994 . Previously , only the eighth-seeded 2006 Edmonton Oilers had accomplished a similar feat , winning the 2006 Western Conference Finals . As a result of the Canadiens having the eighth seed , the Flyers became the first seventh-seed to have home-ice advantage in the conference finals since the current playoff format was instituted . During the 2010 playoffs , 18 games went to overtime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 16 , 2014 and ended June 13 , 2014 when the Los Angeles Kings defeated the New York Rangers four games to one in the Stanley Cup Final . For the first time since 1973 , only one Canadian team qualified for the playoffs : the Montreal Canadiens . This was also the first time since the 1978 Stanley Cup playoffs that no playoff games were played in Western Canada . The Detroit Red Wings increased their consecutive playoff appearance streak to 23 seasons , the longest streak at the time and the fifth longest streak in NHL history . The Dallas Stars ended the league 's third longest active playoff appearance drought , qualifying for the postseason for the first time in six years . For the third time in four years , all three California-based teams again made the playoffs . The Columbus Blue Jackets won their first franchise playoff game on April 19 , 2014 , and their first ever franchise playoff home game at Nationwide Arena on April 23 , 2014 , both against the Pittsburgh Penguins . Three Original Six teams reached the Conference Finals , the first time this has occurred since 1979 . The 2013-14 playoffs opening round featured leads changing hands more so than any other year . After the Anaheim Ducks rallied from a 4-2 deficit to defeat the Dallas Stars in game six of their opening round series on April 27 , 2014 , an NHL record was broken for most multi-goal comebacks by all teams in the opening round , with ten . In all four rounds combined in the previous year 's playoffs , there were only eight such victories . It also marked just the fourth time in NHL playoff history that a team who led a series 3-0 in a seven-game series failed to advance , when the San Jose Sharks lost to the Los Angeles Kings in game seven of the opening round on April 30 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1974-75', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1975 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1974-75 season , and the culmination of the 1975 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested between the Buffalo Sabres and the defending champion Philadelphia Flyers . The Flyers would win the best-of-seven series , four games to two . This was the first Final to have two non-Original Six teams since the 1967 expansion , and also the first contested by any team that had joined the league after 1967 ( the Sabres were part of the 1970 expansion ) . The 1975 Flyers are the last Stanley Cup championship team to be composed solely of Canadian-born players . This was the only Final between 1965 and 1979 not to feature either the Boston Bruins or the Montreal Canadiens ."}]}, {'value': '2 : 1979-80 , 1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1980 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 8 , after the conclusion of the 1979-80 NHL season . This season saw the addition of four teams from the disbanded World Hockey Association ( WHA ) as expansion franchises , and thus the playoffs were also expanded from 12 to 16 teams . Two for those former WHA clubs , the Edmonton Oilers and the Hartford Whalers , made the playoffs in their first season in the NHL . The playoffs concluded on May 24 when the New York Islanders defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 5-4 to win the Final series four games to two and win the Stanley Cup . It was the Islanders ' first Stanley Cup win and was the first of four consecutive Stanley Cup wins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs , the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , began on April 22 , 1998 following the 1997-98 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , eight from each conference , played best-of-7 series for conference quarterfinals , semifinals and championships , and then the conference champions played a best-of-7 series for the Stanley Cup . The playoffs concluded on June 16 with the Detroit Red Wings winning their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship , defeating the Washington Capitals , who appeared in their very first Finals , in a four-game sweep . Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman was named playoff MVP , and awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings were the last team to defend their Stanley Cup Championship until the Pittsburgh Penguins successfully defended their Stanley Cup title in 2017 . In the Eastern Semis , the Buffalo Sabres made history as they became the first team in NHL history to complete a four-game sweep of the Montreal Canadiens on Montreal ice . For the first time since 1969 the Chicago Blackhawks missed the playoffs . Also , both the Islanders and Rangers missed the playoffs in the same season for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1999 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1998-99 season , and the culmination of the 1999 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion Buffalo Sabres and the Western Conference champion Dallas Stars . It was the 106th year of the Stanley Cup being contested . The Sabres were led by captain Michael Peca , head coach Lindy Ruff and goaltender Dominik Hasek . The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher , head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour . It was the Sabres ' second Stanley Cup Final appearance , the first being a loss to Philadelphia in 1975 . It was the third appearance for the Stars ' franchise , and their first since moving to Dallas from Minnesota in 1993 . Minnesota ( known at the time as the North Stars ) lost in the Final to the New York Islanders in 1981 and to Pittsburgh in 1991 . The Stars defeated the Sabres four games to two to win their first Stanley Cup , becoming the eighth post-1967 expansion team to earn a championship , and the first Southern team to win the Cup . This was the first time since 1994 that the Stanley Cup Finals did not end in a sweep . This series is also remembered because of the controversial finish to game six , in which Stars forward Brett Hull scored the Cup-winning goal with his skate in the crease , which was against the rules at the time . The league allowed the goal to stand as it was ruled that Hull was turned into the crease while maintaining continuous possession ."}]}, {'value': '23 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1967-68 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967–68_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1967-68 NHL season was the 51st season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 12 teams , putting the new six in the newly created West Division , while the original six were all placed in the newly created East Division . The regular season schedule was expanded to 74 games per team . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup against the new St. Louis Blues , in four games .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 1969-70', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 1969-70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League . For the third straight season , the St. Louis Blues reached the Stanley Cup finals , and for the third straight year , the winners of the expansion West Division were swept four games to none . This time , however , it was at the hands of the Boston Bruins , as the defending champions Montreal Canadiens narrowly missed the playoffs , something that did not happen again for the next quarter century . With both the Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs missing the 1970 Stanley Cup playoffs , it was the first time in league history that neither of the NHL 's two Canadian teams ( at the time ) qualified for the playoffs ( something that has happened only once since , in 2016 , when all of the league 's then seven Canadian teams missed the playoffs ) . It was also the final season that teams wore their colored jerseys at home until the 2003-04 season ."}]}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1991 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1990-91 season , and the culmination of the 1991 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Minnesota North Stars . It was the Penguins ' first Final series appearance and their first Stanley Cup victory . This is the first and only ( through 2018 ) Stanley Cup Final to feature two teams from the expansion group of 1967 . It was Minnesota 's second Final series appearance , and their last before the franchise 's relocation to Dallas two years later . It was also the first time since 1983 that an American franchise would win the Stanley Cup . This was the first all-American finals since 1981 , which also featured the North Stars in their first appearance . This was also the first final since 1982 not to feature either of the two Alberta-based teams , the Calgary Flames or the Edmonton Oilers , and the first since 1981 not contested by a team from Western Canada . The Finals and the NHL season ended on May 25 , marking the last time to date that the Stanley Cup playoffs have not extended into the month of June ."}]}, {'value': '23 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1974-75 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974–75_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1974-75 NHL season was the 58th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Washington Capitals and Kansas City Scouts were added , increasing the number of teams to 18 . To accommodate the new teams , the NHL re-organized its divisional structure and playoff format . The regular season was expanded to 80 games per team ( which would be the case until 1992-93 ) . The Philadelphia Flyers won the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive year .'}]}, {'value': '1 : 1989-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 1990 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) championship began on April 5 , 1990 , following the 1989-90 regular season . The sixteen teams that qualified , from the top four teams of the four divisions , played best-of-seven series with re-seeding after the division finals . The Conference Champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup . This was the last time that the Detroit Red Wings missed the playoffs until 2017 . They would make the playoffs for 25 consecutive seasons from 1991 to 2016 , excluding 2005 , when the season was cancelled . Since entering the NHL as expansion teams in the 1967-68 NHL season this was the first and only time to date that both the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins missed the playoffs in the same season . The playoffs concluded on May 24 with the Edmonton Oilers winning the Stanley Cup , defeating the Boston Bruins in the final series four games to one . Edmonton goaltender Bill Ranford was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the playoffs .'}]}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 1998 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 1997-98 season , and the culmination of the 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was contested by the Western Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings and the Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals . It was the 105th year of the Stanley Cup being contested . The series was the Capitals ' first appearance in a Stanley Cup Final since the franchise 's inception in 1974 . The Red Wings won the series for the second year in a row , four games to none . It was the Wings ' ninth Stanley Cup , and the most recent time when a Finals concluded with a sweep ( as of 2019 ) . This was also the last time until 2002 that a Stanley Cup Finals ended after an NBA Finals in the same season had concluded . Detroit coach Scotty Bowman won his eighth Stanley Cup in that capacity ( having previously done so with the Montreal Canadiens in 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 , the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1992 , and the Wings the previous year ) , tying him with former Canadiens coach Toe Blake for the record of most Cups won by a coach ( which he would break when he helped the Red Wings win the 2002 Cup ) ."}]}, {'value': '23 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( inception of franchise in 1991-92 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 NHL season was the 75th regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 22 teams with the addition of the expansion San Jose Sharks . For the first time , the Stanley Cup Finals extended into June , with the Pittsburgh Penguins repeating as Stanley Cup champions , winning the best of seven series four games to none against the Chicago Blackhawks .'}]}, {'value': '3 : 2003-04 , 2009-10 , 2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs for the National Hockey League began on April 7 , 2004 , following the 2003-04 regular season . The playoffs ended with the Tampa Bay Lightning winning the Stanley Cup with a seven-game series win over the Calgary Flames on June 7 . It was Tampa Bay 's first Stanley Cup victory . It was the Flames ' third final appearance , as they came this far in 1986 and 1989 , winning the latter . The 16 qualified teams , eight from each conference , played best-of-seven games for Conference Quarterfinals , Semifinals and Finals . The winner of each conference proceeded to the Stanley Cup Finals . The format was identical to the one introduced for the 1999 playoffs . These playoffs marked the first time the Nashville Predators qualified , being in their sixth season in the NHL . Champions Tampa Bay saw playoff action for the third time . This would be the last time that all eastern Canadian teams would make the playoffs together until 2013 . Also , this was the last time , until 2019 that both Southern California teams , the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks , missed the playoffs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': "The 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 14 , 2010 , after the 2009-10 NHL regular season . The Finals ended on June 9 , 2010 , with the Chicago Blackhawks defeating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games to win their fourth championship and their first since 1961 . Blackhawks center and team captain Jonathan Toews was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs ' most valuable player . This NHL post-season was noted for the unexpected playoff successes of two teams : the Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens , who were the seventh and eighth seeds in their conference and were tied for points . The Flyers became the third NHL team to win a seven-game series after being down 3-0 ( the others being the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs and the 1975 New York Islanders ) . The Flyers went on to play in the Stanley Cup Final , losing to Chicago . Meanwhile , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team in NHL history to win a series against the first-seeded team after being down 3-1 in a series , when they beat the Washington Capitals in the first round . After upsetting the defending Cup champions Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , the Canadiens became the first eighth-seeded team to compete in the Eastern Conference Finals since the current playoff format was implemented in 1994 . Previously , only the eighth-seeded 2006 Edmonton Oilers had accomplished a similar feat , winning the 2006 Western Conference Finals . As a result of the Canadiens having the eighth seed , the Flyers became the first seventh-seed to have home-ice advantage in the conference finals since the current playoff format was instituted . During the 2010 playoffs , 18 games went to overtime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) began on April 13 , 2011 , after the conclusion of the 2010-11 NHL regular season . The first game of the Finals was held on June 1 , while the deciding seventh game was held on June 15 . The Boston Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in seven games in the Finals to capture their first Stanley Cup championship since 1972 , their sixth overall Stanley Cup win . Bruins goaltender Tim Thomas won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs . Bruins forward David Krejci led all playoff scorers with 23 points in 25 games .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_Finals', 'summary': "The 2016 Stanley Cup Final was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2015-16 season , and the culmination of the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion San Jose Sharks four games to two to win their fourth championship in franchise history ( winning the clinching game of all four on the road ) . Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The Penguins finished ahead of the Sharks during the regular season , giving them home ice advantage in the series . The series began on May 30 and concluded on June 12 . This was the first Stanley Cup Finals since 2007 to feature a team making their Finals debut . This was the first playoff meeting between teams from Pittsburgh and the Bay Area since the Penguins swept the Oakland Seals in the 1970 Stanley Cup Quarterfinals . The Eastern Conference had home-ice advantage in consecutive seasons for the first time since the 2004 and 2006 Finals . This was the first Stanley Cup Finals since 2011 to be won by a team other than the Chicago Blackhawks or the Los Angeles Kings ."}]}, {'value': '23 seasons', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Longest all-time droughts -- Stanley Cup Finals droughts', 'section_text': 'Active franchise streak is highlighted', 'uid': 'List_of_NHL_franchise_post-season_droughts_7', 'intro': 'This article is a list of the active and all-time National Hockey League (NHL) franchise post-season appearance, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Finals and Stanley Cup droughts up to and including the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs. Those teams which have never made it in franchise history are listed by the season that they entered the league, either as a new franchise or when they merged into the NHL from the defunct World Hockey Association (WHA) league. Note: These lists do not include the cancelled 2004-05 NHL season. Among the current 31 NHL teams, 11 have never won the Stanley Cup. Additionally, one of the Original Six franchises - the Toronto Maple Leafs - has a Stanley Cup drought that includes the entire expansion era (51 seasons and counting). With the Vegas Golden Knights winning the Western Conference in 2018, there are only four franchises that have never reached the Stanley Cup Finals. Of those four, the oldest is the Arizona Coyotes (previously the Winnipeg Jets) (38 seasons), while the Maple Leafs have an even longer drought (51 seasons). The longest Stanley Cup championship drought in history was that of the New York Rangers, broken in 1994 after 53 seasons. The Maple Leafs have the current longest active Stanley Cup championship drought at 51 seasons and counting. In 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks ended what was the second-longest ever Stanley Cup championship drought at 47 seasons (now the sixth-longest). The end of that drought was the first of three consecutive years in which one of the eleven longest such droughts was broken (Chicago Blackhawks in 2010, Boston Bruins in 2011, and Los Angeles Kings in 2012). The Florida Panthers have the longest active win drought (22 seasons).'} | null | null | When the team whose fan base is mostly from Long Island last made the Stanley Cup finals , who was their opponent ? | Edmonton Oilers |
0b770c44c05f37f0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'title': 'Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association', 'header': ['Institution', 'Location', 'Nickname', 'Years', 'New Conference', 'Classification'], 'data': [{'value': 'College of Coastal Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_Coastal_Georgia', 'summary': "The College of Coastal Georgia ( CCGA ) is a public college in Brunswick , Georgia . It was established in 1961 and opened in 1964 , making it one of Georgia 's newest state colleges . The college transitioned from a community college into a four-year college and conferred its first baccalaureate degrees on May 7 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brunswick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia', 'summary': "Brunswick ( /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Glynn County , Georgia , United States . As the main urban and economic center of the state 's lower southeast , it is the second-largest urban area on the Georgia coast after Savannah and contains the Brunswick Old Town Historic District . British colonists settled the peninsula in 1738 as a buffer to Spanish Florida . It came under provincial [ clarification needed ] control in 1771 and was founded as Brunswick after the German duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , the ancestral home of the House of Hanover . It was incorporated as a city in 1856 . Throughout its history , Brunswick has served as an important port city : in World War II , it served as a strategic military location with an operational base for escort blimps and a shipbuilding facility for the U.S. Maritime Commission . Brunswick supports a progressive economy largely based on tourism and logistics , with a metropolitan GDP of $ 3.9 billion . The Port of Brunswick handles approximately 10 percent of all U.S. roll-on/roll-off trade - third in the U.S. , behind the ports of Los Angeles and Newark . The headquarters of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center is located 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the central business district of the city and is adjacent to Brunswick Golden Isles Airport , which provides commercial air service to the area . In the 2010 U.S. census , the population of the city proper was 15,383 ; the urban area , 51,024 ; and the metropolitan area , 112,370 . Brunswick is located on a harbor of the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 40 mi ( 60 km ) north of Florida and 80 mi ( 130 km ) south of South Carolina . Brunswick is bordered on the west by Oglethorpe Bay , the East River , and the Turtle River ."}]}, {'value': 'Mariners', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern States Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_States_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Southern States Athletic Conference ( SSAC ) is a collegiate athletic league in the United States . The 12 member universities compete in 13 sports in the NAIA . Basketball teams compete in Division I of the NAIA .'}]}, {'value': 'NAIA Division I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Harris College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Harris_College', 'summary': 'Young Harris College is a private , four-year Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college located in the mountains of northeast Georgia . The current president is Drew Van Horn .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Harris,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Young Harris is a city in Towns County , Georgia , United States . The population was 604 at the 2000 census . Young Harris is home to Young Harris College , after which it was named .'}]}, {'value': 'Mountain Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Harris_Mountain_Lions', 'summary': "The Young Harris Mountain Lions are the athletic teams that represent Young Harris College , located in Young Harris , Georgia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Mountain Lions compete as members of the Peach Belt Conference for all ten of twelve varsity sports . The men 's lacrosse team belongs to the Great Lakes Valley Conference , and the women 's lacrosse program plays with the Gulf South Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2010 - 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peach Belt Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Peach Belt Conference ( PBC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . Since its inception in 1990-91 , the Peach Belt has developed a consistent history of excellence which continues to this day with 30 national championships and 27 national finalists . Starting with only two championships in 1991 , in men 's and women 's basketball , the conference has expanded to 13 championship sports with the addition of women 's golf in the fall of 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'NCAA Division II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Georgia Technical College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Georgia_Technical_College', 'summary': "Middle Georgia Technical College was a unit of the Technical College System of Georgia ( TCSG ) and provided education services for a four-county service area in middle Georgia . The school 's service area included Houston , Peach , Pulaski , and Dooly counties . MGTC is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate degrees , Diplomas , and Technical Certificates of Credit . Many of the school 's individual technical programs were also accredited by their respective accreditation organizations . On September 26 , 2012 , the State Board of the TCSG voted to merge Middle Georgia Technical College with the Macon-based Central Georgia Technical College in order to cut costs . The new college retained the name Central Georgia Technical College and will cover 11 counties in the Central Georgia region with multiple campuses ( CGTC services students in Baldwin , Bibb , Crawford , Jones , Monroe , Putnam , and Twiggs counties ) , a region larger than the U.S. state of Delaware . Classes under the new college commenced July 1 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Robins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Robins,_Georgia', 'summary': "Warner Robins ( typically /ˈwɑːrnɜːr ˈrɑːbənz/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia , located in Houston and Peach counties in the central part of the state . It is currently Georgia 's tenth-largest incorporated city , with an estimated population of 75,797 in 2018 . The city is the main component of the Warner Robins Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the entirety of Houston , Peach , and Pulaski counties , which had an estimated population of 193,835 in 2018 ; it , in turn , is a component of a larger trade area , the Macon-Warner Robins-Fort Valley Combined Statistical Area , with an estimated 2018 population of 423,572 . Robins Air Force Base , a major U.S. Air Force maintenance and logistics complex founded as Warner Robins Air Depot in 1942 , is located just east of the city limits ; the base 's expansion and the suburbanization of nearby Macon have led to the city 's rapid growth in the post-World War II era ."}]}, {'value': 'Titans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consolidated with Central Georgia Technical College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waycross College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waycross_College', 'summary': "Waycross College was a two-year unit of the University System of Georgia . The College 's philosophy was to provide opportunities for those who need special preparation for regular college-level courses , while giving well-prepared students immediate access to transfer courses that can be applied toward advanced study appropriate to their academic goals . Historically , the establishment of a University System two-year college in the Ware County-Waycross area was originally approved by the Board of Regents in December 1970 . A site for the College was approved by the Board in February 1973 . A bond issue was approved in May 1973 . An official name , Waycross Junior College , was approved by the Board of Regents in January 1975 . Waycross Junior College opened for classes in September 1976 . In June 1987 , the official name was changed to Waycross College . In January 2012 , the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia approved the merger of the school with South Georgia College . The two institutions were consolidated into a new institution named South Georgia State College in January 2013 . Waycross College was accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Waycross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waycross,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Waycross is the county seat of , and only incorporated city in , Ware County in the U.S. state of Georgia . The population was 14,725 at the 2010 Census . Waycross includes two historic districts ( Downtown Waycross Historic District and Waycross Historic District ) and several other properties that are on the National Register of Historic Places , including the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse , Lott Cemetery , the First African Baptist Church and Parsonage , and the Obediah Barber Homestead ( which is seven miles south of the city ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Swamp Foxes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consolidated with South Georgia State College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle Georgia State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Georgia_State_College', 'summary': "Middle Georgia State University is a public university with its main campus in Macon , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and offers master 's , bachelor 's and associate degrees , as well as some certificates , to students on five campuses in Middle Georgia , and online . The institution , originally known as Middle Georgia State College , was founded in 2013 through the merger of Middle Georgia College and Macon State College . Through these legacy institutions , Middle Georgia State University traces its history to 1884 . In 2015 , the institution adopted its current name to reflect its elevation to state university status ."}]}, {'value': 'Macon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macon,_Georgia', 'summary': "Macon ( /ˈmeɪkən/ ) , officially Macon-Bibb County , is a consolidated city-county located in the U.S. state of Georgia . Macon lies near the geographic center of the state , approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) south of Atlanta , hence the city 's nickname The Heart of Georgia . Located near the fall line of the Ocmulgee River , Macon had a 2017 estimated population of 152,663 . Macon is the principal city of the Macon metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 228,914 in 2017 . Macon is also the largest city in the Macon-Warner Robins Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , a larger trading area with an estimated 420,693 residents in 2017 ; the CSA abuts the Atlanta metropolitan area just to the north . In a 2012 referendum , voters approved the consolidation of the governments of the City of Macon and Bibb County , and Macon became Georgia 's fourth-largest city ( just after Columbus ) . The two governments officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon is served by three interstate highways : I-16 ( connecting the city to Savannah and coastal Georgia ) , I-75 ( connecting the city with Atlanta to the north and Valdosta to the south ) , and I-475 ( a city bypass highway ) . The city has several institutions of higher education , as well as numerous museums and tourism sites . The area is served by the Middle Georgia Regional Airport and the Herbert Smart Downtown Airport . The mayor of Macon is Robert Reichert , a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives . Reichert was elected mayor of the newly consolidated city of Macon-Bibb , and he took office on January 1 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Knights', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern States Athletic Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_States_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Southern States Athletic Conference ( SSAC ) is a collegiate athletic league in the United States . The 12 member universities compete in 13 sports in the NAIA . Basketball teams compete in Division I of the NAIA .'}]}, {'value': 'NAIA Division I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Perimeter College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Perimeter_College', 'summary': 'Perimeter College at Georgia State University is a college of Georgia State University in Atlanta , Georgia . Georgia Perimeter College was originally an independent institution before merging with Georgia State University in 2016 to create one of the largest universities in the United States with over 50,000 students . The Perimeter College ( PC ) campuses became components of Georgia State University , still maintaining their own mission , degrees , and admittance requirements , separate from those of the main campus . Before merging with GSU , PC served metro Atlanta with five campus locations and offered more than 40 programs of study , including Arts , Music , Theatre , Nursing , Business Administration , Education , Dental Hygiene , Criminal Justice , and Sign Language Interpreting .'}]}, {'value': 'Decatur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Decatur,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Decatur is a city in , and the county seat of , DeKalb County , Georgia , which is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area . With a population of 19,335 in the 2010 census , the municipality is sometimes assumed to be larger since multiple ZIP Codes in unincorporated DeKalb County bear Decatur as the address . The city is served by three MARTA rail stations ( Decatur , East Lake , and Avondale ) . The city is located approximately 5 miles northeast of downtown Atlanta and shares its western border with both the city of Atlanta ( the Kirkwood neighborhood ) and unincorporated DeKalb County . The Druid Hills neighborhood is to the northwest of Decatur . The unofficial motto of Decatur used by some residents is Everything is Greater in Decatur .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguars', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consolidated with Georgia State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_State_University', 'summary': "Georgia State University ( Georgia State , State , or GSU ) is a public research university in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1913 , it is one of the University System of Georgia 's four research universities . It is also the largest institution of higher education by enrollment based in Georgia and is in the top 10 in the nation in number of students with a diverse majority-minority student population of around 53,000 students , including approximately 33,000 undergraduate and graduate students at the main campus downtown as of 2018 [ update ] . The Carnegie Classification framework places Georgia State within its R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity category , the framework 's classification for universities in the United States that engage in the highest levels of research . The university 's over $ 200 million in research expenditures for the 2018 fiscal year ranked 1st in the nation among universities without an engineering , medical , or agricultural school for the third year in a row . The university is the most comprehensive public institution in Georgia , offering more than 250 degree programs in over 100 fields of study spread across 10 academic colleges and schools . Georgia State has two libraries : University Library , which is split between Library North and Library South on the main campus and also divided among the Perimeter College campuses , and Law Library , which is located on the main campus . Together , both libraries contain over 13 million holdings and serve as federal document depositories . Georgia State has a $ 2.5 billion economic impact in Georgia . Georgia State Universitys intercollegiate athletics teams , the Georgia State Panthers , compete in NCAA Division Is Sun Belt Conference , with the exception of Georgia State 's beach volleyball team , which competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association . Georgia State is a founding member of the Sun Belt Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Northwestern Technical College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Northwestern_Technical_College', 'summary': 'Georgia Northwestern Technical College ( GNTC ) is a technical college serving nine counties across northwestern Georgia . It is a member of Georgias system of technical colleges that operate under the Technical College System of Georgia ( TCSG ) and an institution of higher learning that provides occupational education , skills training , and workforce development to support the educational , economic , and community development at its six campuses in Catoosa County campus , Walker County Campus , Floyd County Campus , Gordon County Campus , Polk County Campus , and Whitfield-Murray Campus . These campuses were originally part of Coosa Valley Technical College ( CVTC ) , begun in 1962 . It was named for the Coosa River , which flows through Rome , where its main campus is located . Northwestern Technical College ( NTC , formerly known as Walker Tech ) is now the Walker County campus , located in Rock Spring in extreme northwest Georgia . This occurred after a 2009 merger which also affected several other TCSG schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Rome is the largest city in and the county seat of Floyd County , Georgia , United States . Located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains , it is the principal city of the Rome , Georgia , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Floyd County . At the 2010 census , the city had a population of 36,303 . It is the largest city in Northwest Georgia and the 19th largest city in the state . Rome was built at the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers , forming the Coosa River . Because of its strategic advantages , this area was long occupied by the Creek and later the Cherokee people . National leaders such as Major Ridge and John Ross resided here before Indian Removal . The city has developed on seven hills with the rivers running between them , a feature that inspired the early European-American settlers to name it for Rome , the longtime capital of Italy . It developed in the antebellum period as a market and trading city due to its advantageous location on the rivers , by which it sent the rich regional cotton commodity crop downriver to markets on the Gulf Coast and export overseas . It is the second largest city , after Gadsden , Alabama , near the center of the triangular area defined by the Interstate highways between Atlanta , Birmingham and Chattanooga . It has developed as a regional center in such areas as medical care and education . In addition to its public school system , there are several private schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobcats', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discontinued intercollegiate competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Georgia Technical College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Georgia_Technical_College', 'summary': "North Georgia Technical College 's Clarkesville Campus originally was the home of the Georgia Ninth District School of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts ( The A & M ) , which was active from 1907 until 1933 . From 1938 to 1943 , the campus was home of Habersham College and the National Youth Administration , one of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's programs during the Great Depression . Recognizing the need for occupational training for Georgians , the Georgia General Assembly created a vocational division in the State Board of Education , which approved a plan creating a system of state vocational schools in October 1943 . The initial location for North Georgia Trade and Vocational School was chosen in 1943 , and the school accepted its first student in February 1944 . As the demand for technical training grew , more courses were added . In 1962 , the name of the school was changed to North Georgia Technical and Vocational School . On July 1 , 1985 , North Georgia Tech was placed under the governance of the new state board , which today is called the Technical College System of Georgia . In 1987 , the name was changed to North Georgia Technical Institute . The Clarkesville Campus of North Georgia Technical College is located in a mountain setting off Georgia Highway 197 one and one-half miles north of Clarkesville , the county seat of Habersham County . It is situated on 339 acres with the campus covering approximately 40 acres . It is 30 miles northeast of Gainesville , 50 miles north of Athens , Georgia , and 90 miles northeast of Atlanta off Interstate 85 , Interstate 985 and Georgia Highway 365 . As part of former Governor Zell Miller 's pledge to bring a post-secondary institution within 40 miles of every Georgian , the 1995 legislative session appropriated 5.5 million dollars to build a state-of-the-art facility to be located on 25 acres along the Zell Miller Mountain Parkway just outside the town of Blairsville ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarkesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarkesville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Clarkesville is a city that is the county seat of Habersham County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,733 , up from 1,248 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Wolves', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discontinued intercollegiate competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darton State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darton_State_College', 'summary': 'Darton State College was a two-year state college unit of the University System of Georgia , located in Albany , Georgia , United States . In 2011 , the College reached its highest enrollment of 6,097 students . Prior to consolidation with Albany State University , the college offered 84 two-year transfer and career associate degrees , 4 four-year baccalaureate degrees , and 49 certificate programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Flint River , it is the seat of Dougherty County . Located in southwest Georgia , it is the principal city of the Albany , Georgia metropolitan area . The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U.S. Census , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . It became prominent in the nineteenth century as a shipping and market center , first served by riverboats and then by railroads . Seven lines met in Albany , and it was a center of trade in the Southeast . It is part of the Black Belt ( geological formation ) , the extensive area in the Deep South of cotton plantations . From the mid-20th century , it received military investment during World War II and after , that helped develop the region . Albany and this area were prominent during the civil rights era , particularly during the early 1960s as activists worked to regain voting and other civil rights . Railroad restructuring and reduction in the military here caused job losses , but the city has developed new businesses .'}]}, {'value': 'Cavaliers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consolidated with Albany State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany_State_University', 'summary': 'Albany State University is a public historically black university in Albany , Georgia . In 2017 , Darton State College and Albany State University consolidated to become one university under the University System of Georgia ( USG ) . Albany State University has two campuses in Albany ( East and West Campus ) and a satellite campus in Cordele ( Cordele Center ) .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chattahoochee Technical College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chattahoochee_Technical_College', 'summary': 'Chattahoochee Technical College ( commonly Chattahoochee Tech or sometimes CTC or Chatt Tech ) is a two-year state technical college with campuses located in the U.S. state of Georgia . It is governed by the Technical College System of Georgia . Chattahoochee Technical College has eight campuses in the north-northwest metro-Atlanta area , and another just outside the region . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges ( SACS ) to award technical certificates of credit , diplomas , and associate degrees . The college was formed in 2009 as the result of the merger of Appalachian Technical College , Chattahoochee Technical College , and North Metro Technical College .'}]}, {'value': 'Marietta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Marietta is located in central Cobb County , Georgia , United States , and is the county 's seat and largest city . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 56,579 . The 2017 estimate is 61,048 , making it one of Atlanta 's largest suburbs . Marietta is the fourth largest of the principal cities ( by population ) of the Atlanta metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 - 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discontinued intercollegiate competition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'See also', 'section_text': 'National Junior College Athletic Association', 'uid': 'Georgia_Collegiate_Athletic_Association_1', 'intro': 'The Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association (also known as GCAA) is a college athletic conference and member of the National Junior College Athletic Association in the NJCAA Region XVII. Members of the GCAA include technical and community colleges in the U.S. state of Georgia. Conference championships are held in most sports and individuals can be named to All-Conference and All-Academic teams. The conference is the successor to the Georgia Junior College Athletic Association (GJCAA), which began in 1967. In 2010, All of the existing members of the GJCAA joined the newly organized Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association.'} | null | null | What is the location of the institution that was founded in 2013 ? | Macon |
0b779f7a87777cc5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging', 'title': 'Instant messaging', 'header': ['Instant messenger client', 'Company', 'Usage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Discord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discord_(software)', 'summary': 'Discord is a proprietary freeware VoIP application and digital distribution platform designed for video gaming communities , that specializes in text , image , video and audio communication between users in a chat channel . Discord runs on Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Linux , and in web browsers . As of 21 July 2019 [ update ] , there are over 250 million unique users of the software .'}]}, {'value': 'Discord inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250 million users ( May 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'eBuddy XMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EBuddy', 'summary': "eBuddy is a privately held Dutch software company that offers instant messaging services . As of 2011. eBuddy reported 100 million downloads . The company 's flagship service is XMS , a proprietary cross-platform instant messaging service . After some changes of ownership , the company is now again owned by its original founders , Onno Bakker and Jan-Joost Rueb ."}]}, {'value': 'eBuddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250 million users ( September 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Facebook Messenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Facebook_Messenger', 'summary': "Facebook Messenger ( commonly known as Messenger ) is a messaging app and platform developed by Facebook , Inc . Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008 , the company revamped its messaging service in 2010 , and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011 and standalone Facebook Portal hardware for Messenger-based calling in Q4 2018 . Over the years , Facebook has released new apps on a variety of different operating systems , launched a dedicated website interface ( Messenger.com ) , and separated the messaging functionality from the main Facebook app , allowing users to use the web interface or download one of the standalone apps . Users can send messages and exchange photos , videos , stickers , audio , and files , as well as react to other users ' messages and interact with bots . The service also supports voice and video calling . The standalone apps support using multiple accounts , conversations with optional end-to-end encryption , and playing games ."}]}, {'value': 'Facebook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Facebook_Inc', 'summary': "Facebook , Inc. is an American social media and technology company based in Menlo Park , California . It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes , originally as TheFacebook.com - today 's Facebook , popular global social networking website . Facebook is one of the world 's most valuable companies . It is considered one of the Big Four technology companies along with Amazon , Apple , and Google . Facebook offers other products and services . It acquired Instagram , WhatsApp , and Oculus , and independently developed Facebook Messenger , Facebook Watch , and Facebook Portal ."}]}, {'value': '900 million active users ( April 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iMessage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IMessage', 'summary': 'iMessage is an instant messaging service developed by Apple Inc . Launched in 2011 , it is supported by the Messages application in iOS 5 and later and OS X Mountain Lion and later .'}]}, {'value': 'Apple Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Inc.', 'summary': "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California , that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , the Apple TV digital media player , the AirPods wireless earbuds and the HomePod smart speaker . Apple 's software includes the macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , the Shazam acoustic fingerprint utility , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites , as well as professional applications like Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , and Xcode . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store , Mac App Store , Apple Music , Apple TV+ , iMessage , and iCloud . Other services include Apple Store , Genius Bar , AppleCare , Apple Pay , Apple Pay Cash , and Apple Card . Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer , though Wayne sold his share back within 12 days . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. , in January 1977 , and sales of its computers , including the Apple II , grew quickly . Within a few years , Jobs and Wozniak had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , such as the original Macintosh in 1984 , and Apple 's marketing advertisements for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price of its products and limited application library caused problems , as did power struggles between executives . In 1985 , Wozniak departed Apple amicably and remained an honorary employee , while Jobs and others resigned to found NeXT ."}]}, {'value': '140 million users ( June 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kik Messenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kik_Messenger', 'summary': "Kik Messenger , commonly called Kik , is a freeware instant messaging mobile app from the Canadian company Kik Interactive , available free of charge on iOS and Android operating systems . It uses a smartphone 's data plan or Wi-Fi to transmit and receive messages , photos , videos , sketches , mobile webpages , and other content after users register a username . Kik is known for its features preserving users ' anonymity , such as allowing users to register without providing a telephone number ; however , the Kik application logs user IP addresses , which the company can use to determine location . As of May 2016 , Kik Messenger had approximately 300 million registered users , and was used by approximately 40% of United States ' teenagers . Kik Messenger has drawn controversy due to its reported involvement in a number of incidents of child exploitation . The app has been criticized as unsafe for minors due to its anonymity features and allegedly weak parental control mechanisms . The company also issued a controversial initial coin offering . As of October 2019 , Kik Messenger is owned by MediaLab after Kik Interactive Inc 's discontinuation announcement ."}]}, {'value': 'Kik Interactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300 million users ( May 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Line_(software)', 'summary': "Line ( styled as LINE ) is a freeware app for instant communications on electronic devices such as smartphones , tablet computers , and personal computers . Line users exchange texts , images , video and audio , and conduct free VoIP conversations and video conferences . In addition , Line is a platform providing various services including digital wallet as Line Pay , news stream as Line Today , video on demand as Line TV , and digital comic distribution as Line Manga and Line Webtoon . The service is operated by Line Corporation , a subsidiary of Korean internet search engine company , Naver Corporation . As its competitor Kakao dominated the Korean messaging market , Naver Corporation launched a messenger application NAVER Talk in February 2011 in South Korea . However , because the South Korean messaging market was dominated by Kakao , the business of NAVER Talk was depressed . Naver Corporation was expanding their messaging application and targeted to other countries ' messaging markets which have not been developed yet . Naver Corporation released their messaging application , which changed its name as 'LINE ' , to the Japanese messaging market in 2011 . As LINE became a huge success , finally NAVER combined NAVER Talk and LINE in March 2012 . They changed NAVER 's Japanese branch name from NHN JAPAN to LINE Corporation . LINE reached 100 million users within eighteen months and 200 million users only six months later . Line became Japan 's largest social network in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Naver Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naver_Corporation', 'summary': "Naver Corporation ( KRX : 035420 ) is an engineering company headquartered in Seongnam , South Korea that operates the Korean search engine Naver . Naver established itself as an early pioneer in the use of user-generated content through the creation of the online Q & A platform Knowledge iN . Naver also manages global mobile services such as the mobile messenger LINE , video messenger Snow , and group communication service BAND . On August 1 , 2013 , Naver decided to split with Hangame , a corporation which it had grown together with as NHN Corporation for 13 years . On October 1 , 2013 , the company adopted its current name Naver Corporation in order to reflect the change . Hangame is now overseen by NHN Entertainment . Naver 's current affiliates include Line Corporation , Snow , Naver Labs , Naver Webtoon , Naver Business Platform , and Works Mobile . The company is currently cooperating with IT startups in order to evolve into a tech-based platform ."}]}, {'value': '217 million monthly active users ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skype', 'summary': "Skype ( /skaɪp/ ) is a telecommunications application that specializes in providing video chat and voice calls between computers , tablets , mobile devices , the Xbox One console , and smartwatches via the Internet . Skype also provides instant messaging services . Users may transmit text , video , audio and images . Skype allows video conference calls . At the end of 2010 , there were over 660 million worldwide users , with over 300 million estimated active each month as of August 2015 . At one point in February 2012 , there were 34 million users concurrently online on Skype . First released in August 2003 , Skype was created by the Swede Niklas Zennström and the Dane Janus Friis , in cooperation with Ahti Heinla , Priit Kasesalu , and Jaan Tallinn , Estonians who developed the backend that was also used in the music-sharing application Kazaa . In September 2005 , eBay acquired Skype for $ 2.6 billion . In September 2009 , Silver Lake , Andreessen Horowitz , and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board announced the acquisition of 65% of Skype for $ 1.9 billion from eBay , which attributed to the enterprise a market value of $ 2.92 billion . Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for $ 8.5 billion . Skype division headquarters are in Luxembourg , but most of the development team and 44% of all the division 's employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu , Estonia . Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet by voice , using a microphone , by video using a webcam , and by instant messaging ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '300 million monthly active users ( 5 June 2019 ) , 1.55 billion registered users ( 2019 ) , 4.9 million daily active users ( 2 March 2014 ) , 34 million peak online ( February 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snapchat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snapchat', 'summary': "Snapchat is a multimedia messaging app used globally , created by Evan Spiegel , Bobby Murphy , and Reggie Brown , former students at Stanford University , and developed by Snap Inc. , originally Snapchat Inc. One of the principal features of Snapchat is that pictures and messages are usually only available for a short time before they become inaccessible to their recipients . The app has evolved from originally focusing on person-to-person photo sharing to presently featuring users ' Stories of 24 hours of chronological content , along with Discover , letting brands show ad-supported short-form content . It also allows users to keep photos in the my eyes only which lets them keep their photos in a password protected space . Snapchat has become known for representing a new , mobile-first direction for social media , and places significant emphasis on users interacting with virtual stickers and augmented reality objects . As of October 2019 , Snapchat has 210 million daily active users . Snapchat is known to be popular among the younger generations , particularly those below the age of 16 , leading to many privacy concerns for parents ."}]}, {'value': 'Snap Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snap_Inc.', 'summary': 'Snap Inc. is an American camera and social media company , founded on September 16 , 2011 , by Evan Spiegel and Bobby Murphy based in Santa Monica , California . It has three products : Snapchat , Spectacles , and Bitmoji . The company was originally named Snapchat Inc. upon its inception , but it was rebranded on September 24 , 2016 , as Snap Inc. in order to include the Spectacles product under a single company . The founders own a combined 95% voting power ( Spiegel with 48% and Murphy with 47% ) , which is undiluted and transferable to the other of the two when one retires or dies .'}]}, {'value': '301 million monthly active users ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telegram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telegram_(messaging_service)', 'summary': "Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging and voice over IP service . Telegram client apps are available for Android , iOS , Windows Phone , Windows NT , macOS and Linux . Users can send messages and exchange photos , videos , stickers , audio and files of any type . Telegram 's client-side code is open-source software but the source code for recent versions is not always immediately published , whereas its server-side code is closed-source and proprietary . The service also provides APIs to independent developers . In March 2018 , Telegram stated that it had 200 million monthly active users . Default messages and media in Telegram are encrypted when stored on its servers , but can be accessed by the Telegram service provider , who holds the encryption keys . In addition Telegram provides optional end-to-end encrypted secret chats between two online users , yet not for groups or channels . The client-server communication is also encrypted . The service provides end-to-end encryption for voice calls ."}]}, {'value': 'Telegram Messenger LLP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 million monthly active users ( March 2018 ) , 365 million registered users ( 19 August 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tencent QQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tencent_QQ', 'summary': "Tencent QQ ( Chinese : 腾讯QQ ) , also known as QQ , is an instant messaging software service and web portal developed by the Chinese tech giant Tencent . QQ offers services that provide online social games , music , shopping , microblogging , movies , and group and voice chat software . The logo of the software is a winking penguin wearing a red scarf . It is the world 's 5th most visited website , according to Alexa . As of April 2014 , over 200 million simultaneous online QQ users were recorded . At the end of June 2016 , there were 899 million active QQ accounts ."}]}, {'value': 'Tencent Holdings Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '823 million monthly active users ( July 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viber', 'summary': "Viber is a cross-platform voice over IP ( VoIP ) and instant messaging ( IM ) software application operated by Japanese multinational company Rakuten , provided as freeware for the Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux platforms . Users are registered and identified through a cellular telephone number , although the service is accessible on desktop platforms without needing mobile connectivity . In addition to instant messaging it allows users to exchange media such as images and video records , and also provides a paid international landline and mobile calling service called Viber Out . As of 2018 , there are over a billion registered users on the network . The software was developed in 2010 by Israel-based Viber Media , which was bought by Rakuten in 2014 . Since 2017 , its corporate name has been Rakuten Viber . It is based in Luxembourg . Viber 's offices are located in Amsterdam , Barcelona , Brest , Kiev , London , Manila , Minsk , Moscow , Paris , San Francisco , Singapore , Sofia , Tel Aviv , and Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': 'Rakuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rakuten', 'summary': "Rakuten , Inc. ( 楽天株式会社 , Rakuten Kabushiki-gaisha ) ( Japanese pronunciation : [ ɾakɯ.teɴ ] ) is a Japanese electronic commerce and online retailing company based in Tokyo , founded in 1997 by Japanese businessman Hiroshi Mikitani . Its B2B2C E-Commerce platform Rakuten Ichiba is the largest e-commerce site in Japan and among the world 's largest by sales . The company operates Japan 's biggest Internet bank and number one credit card company by transaction value . It also offers e-commerce , fintech , digital content and communications services to over one billion members around the world , and operates in 29 countries and regions . It is often referred to as the Amazon of Japan . In 2005 , Rakuten started expanding outside Japan , mainly through acquisitions and joint ventures . Its major acquisitions include Buy.com ( now Rakuten.com in the US ) , PriceMinister ( France , now Rakuten.fr ) , Ikeda ( now Rakuten Brasil ) , Tradoria ( now Rakuten Deutschland ) , Play.com ( now Rakuten.co.uk in the UK ) , Wuaki.tv ( now Rakuten TV in Spain ) , Kobo Inc. ( now Rakuten Kobo in Canada ) , Viber ( now Rakuten Viber ) , Ebates , Viki ( now Rakuten Viki ) , OverDrive , Inc. ( now Rakuten OverDrive ) , Slice ( now Rakuten Slice ) and The Grommet . The company also has an online marketing business , Rakuten Marketing , and has investments in companies such as Pinterest , Ozon.ru , AHA Life , Lyft , Cabify , Careem , Carousell and Acorns . In 2015 , Rakuten relocated its corporate headquarters from Shinagawa to the Tamagawa neighbourhood of Setagaya-ku , to consolidate its Tokyo offices and to accommodate future growth . In 2016 , the company 's revenues totaled US $ 7.2 billion with operating profits of about US $ 347.9 million . As of June 2017 , Rakuten reported it had a total of 14,826 employees worldwide . On 16 November 2016 , Rakuten announced a €220 million deal for global sponsorship with Spanish football club FC Barcelona starting in the 2017-2018 La Liga season through 2020 , replacing Qatar Airways for this role ."}]}, {'value': '260 million monthly active users ( January 2019 ) , 1.095 billion registered users ( March 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WeChat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WeChat', 'summary': "WeChat ( Chinese : 微信 ; pinyin : Wēixìn ; literally : 'micro-message ' ) is a Chinese multi-purpose messaging , social media and mobile payment app developed by Tencent . It was first released in 2011 , and became one of the world 's largest standalone mobile apps in 2018 , with over 1 billion monthly active users . WeChat has been described as China 's app for everything and a super app because of its wide range of functions . Due to its popularity , user activity on WeChat is used for mass surveillance in China . WeChat also censors politically sensitive topics in China ."}]}, {'value': 'Tencent Holdings Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tencent', 'summary': "Tencent Holdings Ltd. ( Chinese : 腾讯控股有限公司 ; pinyin : Téngxùn Kònggǔ Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī ) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate holding company founded in 1998 , whose subsidiaries specialise in various Internet-related services and products , entertainment , artificial intelligence and technology both in China and globally . Its twin-skyscrapers headquarters Tencent Seafront Towers ( also known as Tencent Binhai Mansion ) are based in Nanshan District , Shenzhen . Tencent is the world 's largest video game company , one of the world 's most valuable technology companies , one of the world 's largest social media companies , and one of the world 's largest venture capital firms and investment corporations . Its many services include social network , music , web portals , e-commerce , mobile games , internet services , payment systems , smartphones , and multiplayer online games , which are all among the world 's biggest and most successful in their respective categories . Offerings in China include the instant messenger Tencent QQ and one of the largest web portals , QQ.com . It also owns the majority of China 's music services ( Tencent Music Entertainment ) , with more than 700 million active users and 120 million paying subscribers . The company surpassed the market value of US $ 500 billion in 2018 , becoming the first Asian technology company to cross the valuation mark . It has since then emerged as one of Asia 's most valuable companies , and among the world 's top technology companies by market value . Tencent has been credited as one of the world 's most innovative companies by numerous media and firms . As of 2018 , Tencent has the 5th highest global brand value . Tencent controls hundreds of subsidiaries and associates in numerous industries and areas , creating a broad portfolio of ownerships and investment across a diverse range of businesses including search engine , e-commerce , retail , video gaming , real estate , software , virtual reality , ride-sharing , banking , financial services , fintech , consumer technology , computer technology , automobile , film production , movie ticketing , music production , space technology , natural resources , smartphones , big data , agriculture , medical services , cloud computing , social media , IT , advertising , streaming media , artificial intelligence , robotics , UAVs , food delivery , courier services , e-book , internet services , education and renewable energy . [ citation needed ] It is one of the most active investment corporations in the world , with stakes in over 600 companies , and recent focus on start-ups within Asias tech scene ."}]}, {'value': "1132.7 million monthly active users ( Q2 '2019 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WhatsApp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WhatsApp', 'summary': "WhatsApp Messenger or simply WhatsApp is a freeware , cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP ( VoIP ) service owned by Facebook , Inc . It allows users to send text messages and voice messages , make voice and video calls , and share images , documents , user locations , and other media . WhatsApp 's client application runs on mobile devices but is also accessible from desktop computers , as long as the user 's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they use the desktop app . The service requires users to provide a standard cellular mobile number for registering with the service . In January 2018 , WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small business owners , called WhatsApp Business , to allow companies to communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client . The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of Mountain View , California , which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US $ 19.3 billion . It became the world 's most popular messaging application by 2015 , and has over 2 billion users worldwide as of February 2020 [ update ] .It has become the primary means of electronic communication in multiple countries and locations , including Latin America , India , Pakistan 's and large parts of Europe , including the United Kingdom , Spain , and France ."}]}, {'value': 'Facebook', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1200 million monthly active users ( January 2017 ) , 1.5 billion registered users ( 31 January 2018 ) , 500 million daily active users ( March 2019 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'User base -- More than 100 million users', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Usage_share_of_instant_messaging_clients_0', 'intro': 'Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select send. Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat. Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as chat rooms, where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other (for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication). Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a buddy list or friend list). Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer (direct point-to-point transmission) or client-server (an Instant message service center retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device). By 2010, instant messaging over the Web was already in sharp decline, in favor of messaging features on social networks. The most popular IM platforms, such as AIM, closed in 2017, and Windows Live Messenger was merged into Skype. Today, most instant messaging takes place on messaging apps which by 2014 had more users than social networks.'} | null | null | What year did the company headquartered in Cupertino , California launch their instant messaging service ? | 2011 |
0b7804c4cbc8b708 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Chi_members', 'title': 'List of Sigma Chi members', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wade Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wade_Bowen', 'summary': "Wade Bowen is an American Texas Country/Red Dirt singer from Waco , Texas . Bowen was a member of the band West 84 with friend Matt Miller until 2001 when he left the group to pursue a solo career . He released his first album in 2002 , Try Not To Listen , which became a regional hit in Texas . He released his first live album in 2003 , followed by studio albums Lost Hotel in 2006 and If We Ever Make It Home in 2008 . On November 21 , 2009 , Bowen recorded his second live album at Billy Bob 's Texas in Fort Worth . The album was released on April 27 , 2010 , as a CD/DVD combo . Bowen released his fourth studio album , The Given , in 2010 . It was his first on a major label , Sony imprint BNA Records , though he returned to releasing music independently after BNA closed . He released a self-titled studio album in 2014 , followed by a duets album in 2015 with singer Randy Rogers of the Randy Rogers Band , titled Hold My Beer Vol . 1 . Bowen 's next album was Then Sings My Soul : Songs for My Mother , a solo gospel influenced studio release ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_University', 'summary': "Texas Tech University ( Texas Tech , Tech , or TTU ) is a public research university in Lubbock , Texas . Established on February 10 , 1923 ( 1923-02-10 ) , and called until 1969 Texas Technological College , it is the main institution of the four-institution Texas Tech University System . The university 's student enrollment is the seventh-largest in Texas as of the Fall 2017 semester . The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and hosts 60 research centers and institutes . Texas Tech University has awarded over 200,000 degrees since 1927 , including over 40,000 graduate and professional degrees . The Carnegie Foundation classifies Texas Tech as having highest research activity . Research projects in the areas of epidemiology , pulsed power , grid computing , nanophotonics , atmospheric sciences , and wind energy are among the most prominent at the university . The Spanish Renaissance-themed campus , described by author James Michener as the most beautiful west of the Mississippi until you get to Stanford , has been awarded the Grand Award for excellence in grounds-keeping , and has been noted for possessing a public art collection among the ten best in the United States . The Texas Tech Red Raiders are charter members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Red Raiders football team has made 36 bowl appearances , which is 17th most of any university . The Red Raiders basketball team has made 14 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament . Bob Knight has coached the second most wins in men 's NCAA Division I basketball history and served as the team 's head coach from 2001 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas country Singer and Songwriter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Bryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Bryan', 'summary': "Thomas Luther Luke Bryan ( born July 17 , 1976 ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . He began his music career writing songs for Travis Tritt and Billy Currington - before signing with Capitol Nashville with his cousin , Chad Christopher Boyd , in 2007 . Bryan 's first nine albums - I 'll Stay Me ( 2007 ) , Doin ' My Thing ( 2009 ) , Tailgates & Tanlines ( 2011 ) , Crash My Party ( 2013 ) , Spring Break.Here to Party ( 2014 ) , Spring Break.Checkin ' Out ( 2015 ) , Kill the Lights ( 2015 ) , Farm Tour . Here 's to the Farmer ( 2016 ) , and What Makes You Country ( 2017 ) ; have included 23 number-one hits . Bryan often co-writes with Jeff Stevens . In 2013 , Bryan was named Entertainer of the Year by both the Academy of Country Music Awards and the Country Music Association . In 2019 , Bryan 's 2013 album Crash My Party received the first Album of the Decade award from the Academy of Country Music . He has sold over seven million albums and 27 million singles worldwide . Luke Bryan was announced as the artist with the 7th most album sales of all of the decade during 2010-2019 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Southern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Southern_University', 'summary': "Georgia Southern University ( GS ) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia . Its flagship campus is in Statesboro , and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in Hinesville . Founded in 1906 as a land grant college , Georgia Southern is the fifth largest institution in the University System of Georgia and is the largest center of higher education within the southern half of Georgia . The institution offers over 140 different academic majors in a comprehensive array of baccalaureate , masters , and doctoral programs . The university has a combined enrollment of approximately 27,000 students from all 50 states and approximately 85 nations . Georgia Southern is classified as a Doctoral and Research Institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , plus a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia . On the Statesboro Campus is the Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball , Jr. Raptor Center , an educational and research facility that is home to Georgia Southern 's bald eagle mascot as well as 85 other birds , 67 reptiles , 70 amphibians , and eight mammals . The university also manages the Effingham Wetlands , some 1,400 acres donated by the Southeastern Trust for Parks and Land ( STPAL ) with the express purpose of creating a vibrant living laboratory . The George-Anne , the university 's flagship publication , is published twice a week during academic semesters . There are also magazines published by students , such as The Reflector , a student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern University and , until 2016 , The Miscellany , a literary arts magazine composed of submissions from the student body and university community . Georgia Southern University 's intercollegiate sports teams , known as the Eagles , compete in the Sun Belt Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Country Musician and Songwriter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Collins_(producer)', 'summary': "Bernie Tom Collins ( born May 30 , 1942 ) is an American music producer and publisher in Nashville , Tennessee who has received three CMA Awards as Producer of the Year , and seven Grammy nominations . He produced a steady stream of country music hits over a 30-year span from artists including Ronnie Milsap , Barbara Mandrell , Sylvia , Tom T. Hall , Jim Ed Brown , James Galway , Marie Osmond , and Steve Wariner . Collins served as Chairman of the Board of the CMA in 1979 and 1980 . In 1982 alone , Collins produced four number one country hits : Nobody ( Sylvia ) ; I Would n't Have Missed It for the World and Any Day Now ( Ronnie Milsap ) ; and 'Till You 're Gone ( Barbara Mandrell ) . His publishing Company , Tom Collins Music , received BMI 's Robert J. Burton Award in 1983 for Most Performed Song of the Year , Nobody , by Sylvia . During the period from 1970 to 1990 , Collins ' catalog holdings grew to make him one of Nashville 's most successful independent producers ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tennessee', 'summary': "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Country music producer , CMA ( Country Music Association ) Board Chairman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brett James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_James', 'summary': "Brett James Cornelius ( born June 5 , 1968 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , and record producer based in Nashville . James ' compositions have been credited on 494 recordings by a wide variety of artists . Signed to Career Records ( a division of Arista Nashville ) as a solo artist in 1995 , James charted three singles and released a self-titled debut album that year . He returned to Arista as a recording artist in 2002 , releasing two more singles . Since the early 2000s , James has become known primarily as a songwriter for other country and pop music artists . Among his compositions is Carrie Underwood 's 2006 number-one hit Jesus , Take the Wheel , which received Grammy Awards for Best Country Song and Best Female Country Vocal Performance . His writers ' credits also include number-one hits for Jessica Andrews , Martina McBride , Kenny Chesney , Rodney Atkins , and Jason Aldean ."}]}, {'value': 'Baylor University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_University', 'summary': "Baylor University , or simply Baylor , is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco , Texas . Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas , it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States . Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35 , between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin , the university 's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world . Baylor University 's athletic teams , known as the Bears , participate in 19 intercollegiate sports . The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': 'Grammy-award winning Songwriter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cole Swindell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cole_Swindell', 'summary': 'Colden Rainey Swindell ( born June 30 , 1983 ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . Swindell has written singles for Craig Campbell , Thomas Rhett , Scotty McCreery , and Luke Bryan , and has released three albums for Warner Bros. Records Nashville . He has released nine singles , of which seven have charted within the Top 5 of Hot Country Songs and/or Country Airplay .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Southern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Southern_University', 'summary': "Georgia Southern University ( GS ) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia . Its flagship campus is in Statesboro , and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in Hinesville . Founded in 1906 as a land grant college , Georgia Southern is the fifth largest institution in the University System of Georgia and is the largest center of higher education within the southern half of Georgia . The institution offers over 140 different academic majors in a comprehensive array of baccalaureate , masters , and doctoral programs . The university has a combined enrollment of approximately 27,000 students from all 50 states and approximately 85 nations . Georgia Southern is classified as a Doctoral and Research Institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , plus a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia . On the Statesboro Campus is the Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball , Jr. Raptor Center , an educational and research facility that is home to Georgia Southern 's bald eagle mascot as well as 85 other birds , 67 reptiles , 70 amphibians , and eight mammals . The university also manages the Effingham Wetlands , some 1,400 acres donated by the Southeastern Trust for Parks and Land ( STPAL ) with the express purpose of creating a vibrant living laboratory . The George-Anne , the university 's flagship publication , is published twice a week during academic semesters . There are also magazines published by students , such as The Reflector , a student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern University and , until 2016 , The Miscellany , a literary arts magazine composed of submissions from the student body and university community . Georgia Southern University 's intercollegiate sports teams , known as the Eagles , compete in the Sun Belt Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Country Artist , Songwriter , and Performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Taggart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Taggart', 'summary': "The Chainsmokers are an American electronic DJ and production duo consisting of Alexander Alex Pall and Andrew Drew Taggart . They started out by releasing remixes of songs by indie artists . The EDM-pop duo achieved a breakthrough with their 2014 song # Selfie , which became a top twenty single in several countries . They have won a Grammy award , two American Music Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards and nine iHeartRadio Music Awards . According to Forbes 2019 list of highest paid celebrities , the Chainsmokers were the highest paid DJs , dethroning Calvin Harris after six years . Their debut EP , Bouquet , was released in October 2015 and featured the single Roses which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Do n't Let Me Down , featuring American singer Daya , became their first top-five single on the Billboard chart and won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 59th awards ceremony . Their single Closer , featuring American singer-songwriter Halsey , became their first number-one single on the Billboard chart . The duo 's second EP , Collage , was released in November 2016 . Their debut studio album , Memories.Do Not Open , was released in April 2017 and topped the US Billboard 200 chart . Their second album , Sick Boy , was released in December 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Syracuse University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'One-half of the multi-platinum/Grammy nominated The Chainsmokers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chainsmokers', 'summary': "The Chainsmokers are an American electronic DJ and production duo consisting of Alexander Alex Pall and Andrew Drew Taggart . They started out by releasing remixes of songs by indie artists . The EDM-pop duo achieved a breakthrough with their 2014 song # Selfie , which became a top twenty single in several countries . They have won a Grammy award , two American Music Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards and nine iHeartRadio Music Awards . According to Forbes 2019 list of highest paid celebrities , the Chainsmokers were the highest paid DJs , dethroning Calvin Harris after six years . Their debut EP , Bouquet , was released in October 2015 and featured the single Roses which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Do n't Let Me Down , featuring American singer Daya , became their first top-five single on the Billboard chart and won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 59th awards ceremony . Their single Closer , featuring American singer-songwriter Halsey , became their first number-one single on the Billboard chart . The duo 's second EP , Collage , was released in November 2016 . Their debut studio album , Memories.Do Not Open , was released in April 2017 and topped the US Billboard 200 chart . Their second album , Sick Boy , was released in December 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Ogdin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Ogdin', 'summary': "Robert Ford Ogdin ( born September , 1945 ) is a Nashville-based recording session pianist . He is best known as a member of Elvis Presley 's TCB band . He performed on 20 of Presley 's recordings and accompanied him on 45 live shows until Presleys ' death in 1977 . Ogdin 's experiences during these tours have been chronicled in a four-part series of video interviews by Billy Stallings . Over a career spanning four decades as a session player , Ogdin recorded with country artists including Kenny Rogers , Willie Nelson , George Jones , The Judds , Kenny Chesney , Ray Charles , and Ronnie Milsap . In rock music , he was a member of the Marshall Tucker Band for five years ( 1984-1989 ) after departures of some of the original members . He also recorded and performed concerts with the alt-rock band Ween ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tennessee', 'summary': "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ."}]}, {'value': "Member of Elvis Presley 's TCB Band , recording session pianist for major artists", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Presley', 'summary': "Elvis Aaron Presley [ a ] ( January 8 , 1935 - August 16 , 1977 ) , also known simply as Elvis , was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply The King . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience . Presley , on rhythm acoustic guitar , and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage him for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , Heartbreak Hotel , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular - and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided ."}, {'url': '/wiki/TCB_Band', 'summary': 'The TCB Band was a group of professional musicians who formed the core rhythm section of Elvis Presleys band from August 1969 until his death in 1977 . The initialism TCB stands for Taking Care of Business , a personal motto Presley adopted in the early 1970s . Although personnel changed over the years , the original members were James Burton ( lead guitar ) , Jerry Scheff ( bass ) , John Wilkinson ( rhythm guitar ) , Larry Muhoberac ( keyboards ) and Ron Tutt ( drums ) . They first appeared live at Presleys first Las Vegas performance at what was then known as the International Hotel ( later the Las Vegas Hilton , now Westgate Las Vegas Resort and Casino ) on July 31 , 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Utley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Utley', 'summary': "Michael Mike Utley is an American musician , songwriter , and record producer for Jimmy Buffett 's Coral Reefer Band . He is the musical director of the band . Born in Blytheville in Mississippi County , Arkansas , he graduated from the University of Arkansas where he was initiated into the Sigma Chi Fraternity . He was recognized by Sigma Chi as a Significant Sig in 2017 . Early in his career , Utley worked with the house band for Atlantic Records in Miami , Florida 's Criteria Studios backing performers such as Aretha Franklin , Jerry Jeff Walker , and the Allman Brothers and in California playing with Rita Coolidge and Kris Kristofferson . Jerry Jeff Walker recruited Utley to play keyboard instruments on Buffett 's first major label album , A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean , in 1973 . Utley continued to work with other performers in the mid-1970s while appearing on Buffett 's subsequent albums until Buffett 's 1977 breakout Changes in Latitudes , Changes in Attitudes when he joined the Coral Reefer Band full-time . Utley has title credit on several albums , the first being an instrumental record with fellow Coral Reefer Band member Robert Greenidge titled Mad Music . Utley has gone on to produce or co-produce a number of Buffett albums beginning with One Particular Harbour in 1983 . He has toured with the Coral Reefers ever since . During the song Volcano , Utley 's name is mentioned . Right before the first solo , Jimmy Buffett says Mr. Utley ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': "Musician and Songwriter , Founding Member of Jimmy Buffett 's Coral Reefer Band", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett', 'summary': "James William Buffett ( born December 25 , 1946 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , author , actor , and businessman . He is best known for his music , which often portrays an island escapism lifestyle . Together with his Coral Reefer Band , Buffett has recorded hit songs including Margaritaville ( ranked 234th on the Recording Industry Association of America 's list of Songs of the Century ) and Come Monday . He has a devoted base of fans known as Parrotheads . Aside from his career in music , Buffett is also a best-selling writer and is involved in two restaurant chains named after two of his best-known songs ; he owns the Margaritaville Cafe restaurant chain and co-developed the Cheeseburger in Paradise restaurant chain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coral_Reefer_Band', 'summary': "The Coral Reefer Band is the touring and recording band of American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett . Originally it was a fictional band consisting of the imaginary members Marvin Gardens , Kay Pasa , Al Vacado and Kitty Litter . The name Coral Reefer alludes to both coral reefs ( in line with Buffett 's tropical-themed music ) and also reefer , which is slang for a marijuana joint ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sigma_Chi_members_20', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable alumni of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Many notable Sigma Chi Brothers are awarded the Significant Sig Award by headquarters, indicated by as superscriptS.'} | null | null | Which seminary can the roots of the university that Drew Taggart attended be traced to ? | Genesee Wesleyan Seminary |
0b7b88c5089d57d8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Alberta', 'title': 'List of colleges in Alberta', 'header': ['Institution', 'City', 'Founded', 'Enrollment'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alberta Bible College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta_Bible_College', 'summary': 'Alberta Bible College is a Canadian Bible college offering quality Christian Higher education to young adults and older adults in Alberta . Non-Denominational , ABC is born of roots in Christian Churches and Churches of Christ'}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CLAC Career Development College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CLAC', 'summary': "The Christian Labour Association of Canada ( CLAC ) is a labour union that represents workers in the construction , healthcare , and food industries . It was established in 1952 to represent workers on the basis of Christian social principles . The union claims that its approach to labour relations develops workers ' sense of responsibility , participation , stewardship , and dignity . It opposes what it calls the undemocratic , adversarial , and monopolistic practices of the labour movement ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambrooks College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's University", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_University_College,_Calgary", 'summary': "St. Marys University is a private Catholic university in Calgary , Alberta . A teaching and research university , St. Mary 's is accredited by Alberta Advanced Education as an Independent Academic Institution and offers degrees in the liberal arts , sciences and education . The university has 875 full- and part-time students , 80 full- and part-time faculty , and an average class size of 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peace River Bible Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_River_Bible_Institute', 'summary': "The Peace River Bible Institute is a degree-granting college recognized by the province of Alberta . PBRI 's Bachelor of Religious Education course was recognized after its establishment in the 1980s by the American Association of Bible Colleges . The Bible college is located in Sexsmith , Alberta , Canada . Mission Statement : To conduct a Bible College , the training of students in a thorough knowledge of the Word of God , Holy Scriptures , and the training of students to become ministers , whether at home or abroad . Vision Statement : To train believers to become disciple-makers who know God , model His character , and are able to build into others the life-changing principles of God 's Word ."}]}, {'value': 'Sexsmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sexsmith,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Sexsmith is a town in northern Alberta , Canada . It is located on Highway 2 , 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of the City of Grande Prairie . Sexsmith is located in the Peace River Country region of Alberta , one of the most fertile growing areas in the province . The town was once known as the grain capital of the British Empire : In a 10-year period from 1939 to 1949 , it shipped more grain than any other port in the empire .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prairie Bible Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_Bible_Institute', 'summary': 'Prairie College is a private Christian post-secondary school located in the town of Three Hills , Alberta . Founded as Prairie Bible Institute , classes began on October 9 , 1922 , on the property of the McElheran family farm . Prairie College offers resident , commuter and distance education humanities , intercultural and ministry three , four and five year degree programs with major concentrations in :'}]}, {'value': 'Three Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Hills', 'summary': 'Three Hills is a town located in the southern part of the province of Alberta , Canada . It takes its name from the three highly visible hills that are situated to its north .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taylor Seminary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanguard College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanguard_College', 'summary': 'Vanguard College , formerly known as the Northwest Bible College and Canadian Northwest Bible Institute , is a college offering Christian education , located in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Their mission is to develop innovative spirit-filled leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private colleges', 'section_text': 'The following private colleges are accredited to grant degrees : [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_colleges_in_Alberta_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of colleges in Alberta. Post-secondary education in the Canadian province of Alberta is regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education. Alberta has the following tertiary education institutions:'} | null | null | What is the city of the college with an average class size of 25 ? | Calgary |
0b7c2930d86759e5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon', 'title': 'Decathlon', 'header': ['Year', 'Score', 'Athlete', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,683', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafer Johnson ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafer_Johnson', 'summary': "Rafer Lewis Johnson ( born August 18 , 1935 ) is an American former decathlete and film actor . He was the 1960 Olympic gold medalist in the decathlon , having won silver in 1956 . He had previously won a gold in the 1955 Pan American Games . He was the USA team 's flag bearer at the 1960 Olympics and lit the Olympic flame at the Los Angeles Games in 1984 . In 1968 he , football player Rosey Grier , and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy . After he retired from athletics , Johnson turned to acting , sportscasting and public service and was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics . His acting career included appearances in The Sins of Rachel Cade ( 1961 ) , the Elvis Presley film Wild in the Country ( 1961 ) , Pirates of Tortuga ( 1961 ) , None but the Brave ( 1965 ) , two Tarzan films with Mike Henry , The Last Grenade ( 1970 ) , Soul Soldier ( 1970 ) , Roots : The Next Generations ( 1979 ) , the James Bond film Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) , and Think Big ( 1990 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,709', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Mulkey ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Mulkey', 'summary': "Philip Roy Phil Mulkey ( born January 7 , 1933 ) is an American track and field athlete , primarily known for the multi-event decathlon . Mulkey was the second place American behind Rafer Johnson at the 1960 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships which served as Olympic Trials . He failed to finish the 1960 Olympic competition , dropping out after the discus throw . Mulkey had been a competitor at the 1952 Olympic Trials finishing 17th as a high schooler from Purdy , Missouri and the 1956 Olympic Trials finishing 7th representing the University of Wyoming . Mulkey placed second at the 1959 Pan American Games behind Dave Edstrom . In 1961 he surpassed Vasili Kuznetsov 's world record by scoring 8,727 points at the Southeastern AAU ( the equivalent of USATF in the day ) meet in his home town of Memphis , Tennessee , but the record was never ratified by the IAAF because the field was not approved . Mulkey competed for Memphis State College and then the University of Wyoming . He never quit the sport , moving from the open division into the early days of masters athletics . He competed at many Masters Athletics World Championships and set several world records as he progressed through the age groups . His M60 American Record was decertified as the American record after World Masters Athletics changed the implement specifications , but it remains the best mark . He coached his then girlfriend Philipa Raschker ( Phil and Phil ) , one of the most successful Masters athletes ever . Both Phils each were named the 1993 and 1994 USATF Combined Athletes of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County , Tennessee , United States . The 2018 city population was 650,618 , making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River , the second most populous city in Tennessee , as well as the 26th largest city in the United States . Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States , with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017 . The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region , which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas and Mississippi . Memphis is the seat of Shelby County , the most populous county in Tennessee . As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States , the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods . The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World . The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi would then be contested between the Spanish , French , and the English as Memphis took shape . Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans : John Overton , James Winchester , and future president Andrew Jackson . Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods , natural resources like lumber , and the American slave trade . After the American Civil War and the end of slavery , the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber . Home to Tennessee 's largest African-American population , Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's 1968 assassination ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,248', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuan-Kwang Yang ( ROC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuan-Kwang_Yang', 'summary': 'Yang Chuan-kwang , or C.K . Yang ( Amis : Maysang Kalimud , Chinese : 楊傳廣 ; pinyin : Yáng Chuánguǎng ) ( July 10 , 1933 - January 27 , 2007 ) , was an Olympic decathlete from Taiwan . Yang attended college at UCLA where he trained and competed with team mate and Olympian Rafer Johnson and was coached by Elvin C. Drake .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulare,_California', 'summary': "Tulare ( /tʊˈlɛəri/ tuu-LAIR-ee ) is a city in Tulare County , California . The population was 59,278 at the 2010 census . Tulare is located in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley , eight miles south of Visalia and sixty miles north of Bakersfield . The city is named for the currently dry Tulare Lake , once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes . The city 's mission statement is : To promote a quality of life making Tulare the most desirable community in which to live , learn , play , work , worship and prosper . The Stockton seaport is 170 miles ( 270 km ) away , and the Sacramento port is 207 miles ( 333 km ) away . The Los Angeles and San Francisco ports are each approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) away , making Tulare a hub or central location for product movement ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,089', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuan-Kwang Yang ( ROC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuan-Kwang_Yang', 'summary': 'Yang Chuan-kwang , or C.K . Yang ( Amis : Maysang Kalimud , Chinese : 楊傳廣 ; pinyin : Yáng Chuánguǎng ) ( July 10 , 1933 - January 27 , 2007 ) , was an Olympic decathlete from Taiwan . Yang attended college at UCLA where he trained and competed with team mate and Olympian Rafer Johnson and was coached by Elvin C. Drake .'}]}, {'value': 'Walnut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walnut,_California', 'summary': "Walnut is a city in the eastern part of Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California . Money 's Best Places to Live ranked Walnut # 70 in 2009 and # 57 in 2011 , the highest ranking for a California city in both years . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 29,172 , and in 2018 the population was estimated at 30,006 . The greater Walnut Valley is located between the steep San Jose Hills mountain range to the north , and the gentle Puente Hills to the south . Quality housing consists of master-planned single family homes ranging in size from 1,800 to 11,200 square feet ( 170 to 1,040 m2 ) . The city hosts a highly ranked public school system - the Walnut Valley Unified School District , which has been ranked by numerous sources as one of the top public school districts in Southern California as well as Mt . San Antonio College . Walnut is one of the cities with the lowest crime rates in the San Gabriel Valley . The city covers nearly 9 square miles ( 23 km2 ) and is home to hundreds of businesses . According to the 2010 United States Census , Walnut has a median household income at one of the top earning percentiles in the country at $ 101,250 . The city 's name is derived from the Rancho Los Nogales Mexican land grant , nogales being the Spanish word for walnut trees . The native California black walnut is a common tree of the San Jose Hills ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manfred Bock ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manfred_Bock', 'summary': 'Manfred Bock ( 28 May 1941 - 31 October 2010 ) was German track and field athlete who started for West Germany at the European Championship of 1962 and received the bronze medal in the Decathlon . He was born in Hamburg . In the 1960 Olympic Games , he took 10th place . Manfred Bock was a member of the Hamburg SV . During his racing career Bock stood 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) high and weighed 90 kg ( 200 lb ) . Bock died in October 2010 in Uetersen .'}]}, {'value': 'Liestal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liestal', 'summary': 'Liestal ( Alemannic German : [ ˈliə̯ʃd̥l̩ ] , Standard German : [ ˈliːstal ] ) , formerly spelled Liesthal , is the capital of Liestal District and the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland , 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of Basel . Liestal is an industrial town with a cobbled-street Old Town . The official language of Liestal is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mykhaylo Storozhenko ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mykhaylo_Storozhenko', 'summary': "Mykhailo Storozhenko ( born 12 November 1937 ) is a Soviet athlete . He competed in the men 's decathlon at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiev', 'summary': "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,234', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Toomey ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Toomey', 'summary': "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ."}]}, {'value': 'Salina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salina,_Kansas', 'summary': "Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census [ update ] , the city population was 47,707 . Located in one of the world 's largest wheat-producing areas , Salina is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas . It is home to multiple colleges ."}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,319', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurt Bendlin ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Bendlin', 'summary': 'Kurt Bendlin ( born 22 May 1943 ) is a retired West German decathlete . In 1967 he became the first German person to set a world decathlon record in 34 years ; he was voted German Sportsman of the Year , received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt , and was cast in bronze by Arno Breker . Next year he won a bronze medal at the 1968 Olympics . Bendlin won national decathlon titles in 1965 , 1967 , 1971 , and 1974 . Besides sport , he worked as policeman and teacher of physical education . He also organized outdoor camps and training courses for managers , and in 1986 published a related book Fitness für Manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Heidelberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heidelberg', 'summary': "Heidelberg ( /ˈhaɪdəlbɜːrɡ/ HY-dəl-burg , German : [ ˈhaɪdl̩bɛʁk ] ( listen ) ) is a university town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg , situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany . In the 2016 census , its population was 159,914 , of which roughly a quarter consisted of students . Located about 78 km ( 48 mi ) south of Frankfurt , Heidelberg is the fifth-largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region . Heidelberg University , founded in 1386 , is Germany 's oldest and one of Europe 's most reputable universities . Heidelberg is a scientific hub in Germany and home to several internationally renowned research facilities adjacent to its university , including the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and four Max Planck Institutes . The city has also been a hub for the arts , especially literature , throughout the centuries , and it was designated a City of Literature by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . Heidelberg was a seat of government of the former Electorate of the Palatinate and is a popular tourist destination due to its romantic cityscape , including Heidelberg Castle , the Philosophers ' Walk , and the Baroque old town ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,222 A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations', 'summary': 'The sports under the umbrella of athletics , particularly track and field , use a variety of statistics . In order to report that information efficiently , numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport . Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , Track and Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field . But these abbreviations have also been adopted by , among others , the IAAF ; the world governing body , various domestic governing bodies , the Association of Track and Field Statisticians , the Association of Road Racing Statisticians , the Associated Press and the individual media outlets who receive their reports . These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Toomey ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Toomey', 'summary': "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ."}]}, {'value': 'Echo Summit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echo_Summit', 'summary': 'Echo Summit is a mountain pass over the Sierra Nevada in the western United States , located in eastern El Dorado County , California . At 7,377 ft ( 2,249 m ) above sea level , it is the highest point on U.S. Route 50 in California , which traverses it at postmile 66.48 between Twin Bridges and Meyers , south of Lake Tahoe . The Sierra Nevada Southern Route ( aka the Pioneer Route ) of the Lincoln Highway , the first road across the United States , was routed over nearby Johnson Pass [ citation needed ] in 1913 . The current alignment over Echo Summit was constructed between 1936 and 1939 . The Sierra Nevada Northern Route of the Lincoln Highway went over Donner Pass . Echo Summit is a trailhead for the Pacific Coast National Scenic Trail .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Toomey ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Toomey', 'summary': "William Anthony Toomey ( born January 10 , 1939 ) is a former American track and field competitor and the 1968 Olympic decathlon champion . A graduate of Worcester Academy and the University of Colorado , Toomey was named ABC 's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year in 1968 . He set the world record in the decathlon in December 1969 and received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1969 . He won 23 of the 38 decathlons he competed in , scoring over 8,000 points a dozen times . He was on the cover of the October 1969 issue of Track and Field News . A week after his world record , Toomey married Olympic gold-medal winning British athlete Mary Rand in 1969 and they had two daughters , Samantha and Sarah . They divorced after 22 years of marriage . Toomey was head coach in track and field at the University of California at Irvine in the early 1970s . Before that he worked as a television broadcaster and marketing consultant ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rüdiger Demmig ( GDR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,244', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurt Bendlin ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Bendlin', 'summary': 'Kurt Bendlin ( born 22 May 1943 ) is a retired West German decathlete . In 1967 he became the first German person to set a world decathlon record in 34 years ; he was voted German Sportsman of the Year , received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt , and was cast in bronze by Arno Breker . Next year he won a bronze medal at the 1968 Olympics . Bendlin won national decathlon titles in 1965 , 1967 , 1971 , and 1974 . Besides sport , he worked as policeman and teacher of physical education . He also organized outdoor camps and training courses for managers , and in 1986 published a related book Fitness für Manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,466', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mykola Avilov ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mykola_Avilov', 'summary': "Mykola Avilov ( Ukrainian : Микола Вікторович Авілов , Russian : Николай Викторович Авилов , born 6 August 1948 ) is a retired Ukrainian Soviet decathlete ( Odessa ) who competed at the 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Olympics . He won a gold medal in 1972 , setting a new world record , a bronze in 1976 , and finished fourth in 1968 . Unusually tall for his time Avilov first played basketball , then changed to high jump in 1962 , and only in 1966 turned to decathlon . He won that event at the 1970 Universiade and finished second in 1973 . In 1971 he married Valentyna Kozyr , an Olympic high jumper . Avilov retired in 1980 after finishing fifth at the Soviet Championships . He then coached athletics in Ukraine , Iraq , China , Egypt and the Seychelles . In the 2015 Odessa regional election Avilov was elected into the Odessa Oblast parliament as the first of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc 's election ballot ."}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lennart Hedmark ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lennart_Hedmark', 'summary': "Lennart Per-Olav Hedmark ( born 18 May 1944 in Skellefteå ) is a retired Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the decathlon . He represented his country three times at the Summer Olympics ( 1968 , 1972 and 1976 ) . He started his career as a javelin throw specialist and claimed three straight titles in the event at the Swedish Championships from 1963 to 1965 . He was selected to compete at the 1964 Summer Olympics , but did not start the competition . His first international medal came at the 1965 Summer Universiade , where he was the bronze medallist . Hedmark changed his focus to combined events in 1967 and he was one of his region 's dominant athletes over his career : he had four consecutive victories in the Nordic Combined Events Championships from 1967 to 1970 , and in a decade of national competition he won seven Swedish decathlon titles in addition to five titles in the pentathlon . At the 1968 Summer Olympics he came eleventh in the decathlon . International medals came at the 1970 Summer Universiade , where he took the silver behind Mykola Avilov , and at the 1971 European Athletics Championships , finishing as runner-up to the defending champion Joachim Kirst . He made his second Olympic appearance at the 1972 Munich Games , but he did not manage to finish the competition . The following year he was the inaugural winner of the European Combined Events Cup . His best performance of the year came in Bonn and his total of 8163 points was the best by any athlete that year . Hedmark 's final major appearance came at the 1976 Summer Olympics and had his best Olympic outing with a score of 8002 for eighth place ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryszard Skowronek ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryszard_Skowronek', 'summary': 'Ryszard Skowronek ( born 1 May 1949 in Jelenia Góra ) is a retired decathlete from Poland . He set his personal best in the event ( 8208 points ) on 21 June 1973 at a meet in Warsaw .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,429', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Jenner ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner', 'summary': "Caitlyn Marie Jenner ( born William Bruce Jenner ; October 28 , 1949 ) is an American television personality and retired Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete . Jenner played college football for the Graceland Yellowjackets before incurring a knee injury that required surgery . Convinced by Olympic decathlete Jack Parker 's coach , L. D. Weldon , to try the decathlon , Jenner culminated a 6 year decathlon career by winning the men 's decathlon event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , setting a third successive world record and gaining fame as an all-American hero . Given the unofficial title of world 's greatest athlete , Jenner established a career in television , film , writing , auto racing , business , and as a Playgirl cover model . Jenner has six children with three successive wives - Chrystie Crownover , Linda Thompson , and Kris Jenner - and has since 2007 appeared on the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians with Kris , their daughters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kris 's other children Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob Kardashian . Assigned male at birth , Caitlyn Jenner publicly came out as a trans woman in April 2015 . Her new name was publicly announced in July of that year , with her name and gender being legally changed the following September . From 2015 to 2016 , Jenner starred in the reality television series I Am Cait , which focused on her gender transition . In January 2017 , she underwent sex reassignment surgery . Jenner has been called the most famous transgender woman in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,634', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Jenner ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caitlyn_Jenner', 'summary': "Caitlyn Marie Jenner ( born William Bruce Jenner ; October 28 , 1949 ) is an American television personality and retired Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete . Jenner played college football for the Graceland Yellowjackets before incurring a knee injury that required surgery . Convinced by Olympic decathlete Jack Parker 's coach , L. D. Weldon , to try the decathlon , Jenner culminated a 6 year decathlon career by winning the men 's decathlon event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , setting a third successive world record and gaining fame as an all-American hero . Given the unofficial title of world 's greatest athlete , Jenner established a career in television , film , writing , auto racing , business , and as a Playgirl cover model . Jenner has six children with three successive wives - Chrystie Crownover , Linda Thompson , and Kris Jenner - and has since 2007 appeared on the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians with Kris , their daughters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kris 's other children Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob Kardashian . Assigned male at birth , Caitlyn Jenner publicly came out as a trans woman in April 2015 . Her new name was publicly announced in July of that year , with her name and gender being legally changed the following September . From 2015 to 2016 , Jenner starred in the reality television series I Am Cait , which focused on her gender transition . In January 2017 , she underwent sex reassignment surgery . Jenner has been called the most famous transgender woman in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Grebenyuk ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Grebenyuk', 'summary': "Aleksandr Grebenyuk ( Russian : Александр Гребенюк ; born 22 May 1951 in Zelenokumsk , Stavropol Kray ) is a retired decathlete from the Soviet Union . He set the best world 's year performance in 1977 , collecting 8400 points at a meet in Riga on 3 July 1977 . He won the European title in 1978 , and collected three Soviet titles ( 1977 , 1978 and 1979 ) . His cousin is Ekaterina Grebenyuk , future physician ."}]}, {'value': 'Riga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,493', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guido Kratschmer ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guido_Kratschmer', 'summary': "Guido Kratschmer ( born 10 January 1953 in Klotzenhof , West Germany ) is a retired West German decathlete . His sports club was the USC Mainz . Kratschmer competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , where he won the silver medal in the men 's decathlon event . He could not participate at the 1980 Summer Olympics because of the boycott . In 1980 , Kratschmer broke the world record held by Daley Thompson , but in 1982 , Kratschmer 's mark was in turn topped by Thompson . Kratschmer 's personal best total in the decathlon was 8667 points , achieved in June 1980 in Bernhausen , West Germany . This total ranks him sixth all-time among German decathletes , behind Jürgen Hingsen , Uwe Freimuth , Siegfried Wentz , Frank Busemann and Torsten Voss ."}]}, {'value': 'Bernhausen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,476', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guido Kratschmer ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guido_Kratschmer', 'summary': "Guido Kratschmer ( born 10 January 1953 in Klotzenhof , West Germany ) is a retired West German decathlete . His sports club was the USC Mainz . Kratschmer competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , where he won the silver medal in the men 's decathlon event . He could not participate at the 1980 Summer Olympics because of the boycott . In 1980 , Kratschmer broke the world record held by Daley Thompson , but in 1982 , Kratschmer 's mark was in turn topped by Thompson . Kratschmer 's personal best total in the decathlon was 8667 points , achieved in June 1980 in Bernhausen , West Germany . This total ranks him sixth all-time among German decathletes , behind Jürgen Hingsen , Uwe Freimuth , Siegfried Wentz , Frank Busemann and Torsten Voss ."}]}, {'value': 'Krefeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krefeld', 'summary': "Krefeld ( /ˈkreɪfɛld , -ɛlt/ KRAY-feld , -\u2060felt , German : [ ˈkʁeːfɛlt ] ( listen ) ) , also spelled Crefeld until 1929 ( though the spelling was still being used in British papers throughout the second world war ) , is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located northwest of Düsseldorf , its centre lying just a few kilometres to the west of the river Rhine ; the borough of Uerdingen is situated directly on the Rhine . Because of its economic past , Krefeld is often referred to as the Velvet and Silk City . It is accessed by the autobahns A57 ( Cologne-Nijmegen ) and A44 ( Aachen-Düsseldorf-Dortmund-Kassel ) . Krefeld 's residents speak Hochdeutsch , or standard German , but the native dialect is a Low German variety , sometimes locally called Krefelder Plattdeutsch , Krieewelsch Platt , Plattdeutsch , or sometimes simply Platt . The Uerdingen line isogloss , separating general dialectical areas in Germany and neighboring Germanic-speaking countries , runs through and is named after Krefeld 's Uerdingen district , originally an independent municipality ."}]}], 'section_title': "Season 's bests", 'section_text': '[ citation needed ]', 'uid': 'Decathlon_1', 'intro': "The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events. The word decathlon was formed, in analogy to the word pentathlon, from Greek δέκα (déka, meaning ten) and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning contest or prize). Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a points system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon. Traditionally, the title of World's Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the decathlon, thus the world's greatest athlete of all times is the record-man of decathlon (Kevin Mayer as of September 2018). This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe, You, sir, are the world's greatest athlete after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912. The event is similar to the pentathlon held at the ancient Greek Olympics, and also similar to a competition called an all-around, which was contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884. Another all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics. The modern decathlon first appeared at the 1912 Games. The current official decathlon world record holder is French Kevin Mayer, who scored a total of 9,126 points at the 2018 Décastar in France."} | null | null | What score was achieved by the athlete born on August 18 1935 ? | 8,683 |
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